History of photography (part 1): age of portraits
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History of photography (part 1):age of portraits
Marc LevoyComputer Science DepartmentStanford University
CS 178, Spring 2011
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! Marc Levoy
Outline
! invention of photography
! daguerreotypes and the age of portraits
! more in later lectures...
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! Marc Levoy
The camera obscura
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(Gustavson)
Vermeer, The Music Lesson (c. 1665)
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! Marc Levoy
Nicéphore Niépce (1765-1833)
! first photographic image
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View from the window at Le Gras, 1826
• bitumen on pewter plate
• 8-hour exposure
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! Marc Levoy
Louis Daguerre (1787-1851)
! painter
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The Effect of Fog and Snow Seen through a Ruined Gothic Colonnade, 1826
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Louis Daguerre (1787-1851)
! inventor of the diorama
6Diorama in Regent’s Park, London, 1823
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! Marc Levoy
Louis Daguerre (1787-1851)
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modern diorama at theAmerican Museum of Natural History
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! Marc Levoy
Louis Daguerre (1787-1851)
! the daguerreotype
8Still life, 1837
• silver halide on polished metal
• no negative, so cannot reproduce
• tone reversal unless lit carefully
(Newhall)
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! Marc Levoy
Louis Daguerre (1787-1851)
! the daguerreotype
9Still life, 1837
• silver halide on polished metal
• no negative, so cannot reproduce
• tone reversal unless lit carefully
(Newhall)
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! Marc Levoy
William Talbot (1800-1877)
! the calotype
10Latticed window at Lacock Abbey, 1835
• paper impregnated with silver chloride
• fading arrested with hyposulfite of soda (“hypo”)
• negative, so allows any number of positive prints
• name “photography” suggested by F. W. Herschel
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! Marc Levoy
The daguerreotype portrait
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making a daguerreotype, 1843
• sitter’s head stabilized with a metal brace
• hands clenched toavoid movement
(Rosenblum)
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! Marc Levoy
The daguerreotype camera
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Giroux camera, 1839
Petzval’s lens, 1840
• f/3.7
• reduced exposure time 20!
• exposure still 5-8 seconds
f/15
manual shutter
instead of f/16.7
(Gustavson)
I apologize for messing up this calculation in class. The Petzval lens increased the available light 20x. This corresponds to an aperture 20x larger in area, or sqrt(20) larger in diameter, or 4.5 doublings of the aperture diameter. The correct calculation for the pre-Petzval lens is thus f/3.7 x sqrt(20) = 3.7 x 4.5 = f/16.7.
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! Marc Levoy
The daguerreotype portrait
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Gustav Oehme, Three Young Girls, c. 1845
(Rosenblum)
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! Marc Levoy
Pop quiz - who are these people?
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Alexander von Humboldt, 1847(photograph by Hermann Blow)
• naturalist and explorer of Central and South America
• father of modern meteorology
• magnetic declination, igneous origin of rocks, etc.
(Rosenblum)
painting of Humboldtby Friedrich Weitsch(1806)
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Samuel Morse, ca. 1845
• inventor of telegraph(and Morse code)
• painter
painting by Morseof Mrs. Bacot(1830)
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Abraham Lincoln, c. 1846(photograph by Nicholas Shepherd)
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Edgar Allen Poe, 1848(photograph by W.S. Hartshorn)
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Lewis Caroll, 1863(photograph by Oscar Rejlander)
• mathematician andauthor of children’s books(Alice in Wonderland)
• albumen print(from here on)
(Rosenblum)
photograph byLewis Carollof Alice Lidell(1858)
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Sarah Bernhardt, 1865(photograph by Gaspard Tournachon)
• most famous actressof the 19th century(“divine Sarah”)
(Rosenblum)
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Julia Jackson, 1867(photograph by Julia Margaret Cameron)
• mother ofauthor Virginia Woolf
(Rosenblum)
Virginia Woolf
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! Marc Levoy
Slide credits! Newhall, B., The History of Photography, Little, Brown & Co., 1982.
! Rosenblum, N., A World History of Photography (4th ed.), Abbeville Press, 2007.
! Gustavson, T., Camera, Sterling Publishing, 2009.
! http://wikipedia.org
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