History of Mathematics (Egyptian and Babylonian)
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Transcript of History of Mathematics (Egyptian and Babylonian)
Loving heavenly Father we come to you this hour asking for your blessing and help as we are gathered to-gether.
We pray for guidance in the mat-ters at hand and ask that you would clearly show us how to conduct our work with a spirit of joy and enthusiasm.
Give us the desire to find ways to excel in our work. Help us to work together and en-courage each other to excellence.
We ask that we would challenge each other to reach higher and farther to be the best we can be.
We ask this in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ
Amen.
Ice Breaker
Mathematics inEarly Civilization
Prepared by:Daniel KoEileen M. Pagaduan
EgyptianMathemat-
ics(Introduction)
Egyptian Numeric Symb ols
The Egyptian zero symbolize beauty, complete and ab-straction.
The Egyptian zero’s conso-nant sounds are “nfr” and the vowel sounds of it are un-known.
The “nfr” symbol is used to expressed zero remainders in an account sheet from the Middle Kingdom dynasty 13.
Numeric Symbols
1= simple stroke10= hobble for cattle100= coiled rope1000= lotus flower10000= finger100000= frog1000000= a god raising his adoration
Egyptian Fraction
The Eye of Horus
EgyptianArithmetic
Addition and Subtraction in Egyptian Numerals
365
+ 257
= 622
Egyptian Multiplication
• Doubling the number to be multiplied (multiplicand) and adding of the dou-blings to add together.
• Starting with a doubling of numbers from 1,2,4,8,16,32,64 and so on.
• Doubling of numbers appears only once. Examples: a. 11= 1+2+8 b. 23= 1+2+4+16 c. 44= 4+8+32
Applying the distribution law: a x (b+c)=(a x b) + (a x c) Example: 23 x 13= 23x (1+4+8) = 23 +92 +184 = 299
Multiply 23 x 13
1+4+8 = 13
Result: 23+92+ 184= 299
23
46
92
184
12
3
8
Divide 299/23=?
Dividend: 1+4+8 = 13
Result: 23+92+ 184= 299
23
46
92
184
12
3
8
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Numbers that cannot divide evenly e.g.:35 divide by 8
8 1
16 2
√ 32 4
4 1/2
√ 2 1/4
√ 1 1/8
35 4 + 1/4 + 1/8
doubling
half
EgyptianGeometry
Reporter: Eileen M. Pagad-uan
Egyptian Geometry• Discusses a spans of time period rang-
ing from ca 3000 BC to ca. 300 BC.
• Geometric problems appear both the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus( MMP) and Rhind Mathe-matical Papyrus (RMP).
• Used many sacred geometric shapes like squares, triangles and obelisks.
Moscow Mathematical Papyrus
• Golenishchev Mathemati-cal
Papyrus• Written down 13th century
based on the older mate-rial dating Twelfth dy-nasty of Egypt.
• 18 feet long, 1 ½ and 3 inches
wide and divided into 25 problems with solution.• Older than the Rhind Mathematical Papryus.
Rhind Mathematical Papyrus
• Named after Alexander Henry
Rhind• Dates back during Second Intermediate Period of Egypt• 33 cm tall and 5 m long • Transliterated and mathe-
matically translated in the late 19th
century.• Larger than the Moscow
Mathematical Papyrus
AREAObject Source Formula (using
modern nota-tion)
Triangle Problem 51 in RMP and prob-lem 4,7 and 17 in MMP.
A= ½ bh
Rectangle Problem 49 in RMP and prob-lem 6 in MMP and Lahin LV.4.,problem1
A= bh
Circle Problem 51 in RMP and prob-lems 4,7 and 17 in MMP
A= ¼( 256/81)d^2
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Area of Rectangle
Problem: 6 of MMP
Calculation of the area of a rectangle is used in a problem of simultaneous equations.
The following text accompanied the drawn rectan-gle.
1. Method of calculating area of rectangle.2. If it is said to thee a rectangle in 12 in the area is 1/2 1/4 of
the length.3. For the breadth. Calculate 1/2 1/4 until you get 1. Result 1
1/34. Reckon with these 12, 1 1/3 times. Result 165. Calculate thou its angle (square root). Result 4 for the
length.6. 1/2 1/4 is 3 for the breadth.
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Area of Rectangle
Problem: 49 of RMP• The area of a rectangle of length 10
khet (1000 cubits) and breadth 1 khet (100 cubits) is to be found 1000x100= 100,000 square cubits.
• The area was given by the scribe as 1000 cubits strips, which are rectan-gles of land, 1 khet by 1 cubit.
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Area of triangle
Problem: 51 of RMPThe scribe shows how to find the area of a triangle of land of side 10 khet and of base 4 khet.
The scribe took the half of 4, then multiplied 10 by 2 obtaining the area as 20 setats of land.
Problem: 4 of MMPThe same problem was stated as finding the area of a triangle of height (meret) 10 and base (teper) 4.
No units such as khets or setats were mentioned.
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Area of CircleComputing π
Archimedes of Syracuse (250BC) was known as the first person to calculate π to some accuracy; however, the Egyptians already knew Archimedes value of
π = 256/81 = 3 + 1/9 + 1/27 + 1/81
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Area of CircleComputing π
Problem: 50 of RMP
A circular field has diameter 9 khet. What is its area? The written solution says, subtract 1/9 of the diameter which leaves 8 khet. The area is 8 multiplied by 8 or 64 khet.
This will lead us to the value of π = 256/81 = 3 + 1/9 + 1/27 + 1/81 =
3.1605
But the suggestion that the Egyptian used is π = 3 = 1/13 + 1/17 + 1/160 = 3.1415
VolumeObject Source Formula
Cylindrical granaries RMP 41
Cylindrical granaries RMP 42, Lahun IV.3
Rectangular gra-naries
RMP 44-46 and MMP 14
Truncated granaries MMP 14
ENDنهاية
Babylo-nianArith-metic
Reporter: Ko, Doungjun [Daniel]
Babylonian~!
• The Babylonian number system is old. (1900 BC to 1800 BC)
• But it was developed from a number system be-longing to a much older civilization called the Sumerians.
• It is quite a complicated system, but it was used by other cultures, such as the Greeks, as it had advantages over their own systems.
• Eventually it was replaced by Arabic Number.
After 3000 B.C, Babylonians devel-oped a system of writing.
Pictograph-a kind of picture writ-ing
Cuneiform - Latin word “cuneus” which means “wedge”
Sharp edge of a stylus made a vertical stroke (ǀ) and the base made a more or less deep impression (∆).
The combined effect was a head-and-tail figure resembling a wedge .
• Like the Egyptians, the Babylonians used to ones to represent two, and so on, up to nine.
• However, they tended to arrange the sym-bols in to neat piles. Once they got to ten, there were too many symbols, so they turned the stylus on its side to make a different symbol.
• This is a unary system.
• The symbol for sixty seems to be ex-actly the same as that for one.
• However, the Babylonians were work-ing their way towards a positional system
• The Babylonians had a very advanced number system even for today's stan-dards.
• It was a base 60 system (sexigesi-
mal) rather than a base 10 (deci-mal).
• When they wrote "60", they would put a single wedge mark in the second place of the numeral.
• When they wrote "120", they would put two wedge marks in the second place.
• A positional number system is one where the numbers are arranged in columns. We use a posi-tional system, and our columns represent powers of ten. So the right hand column is units, the next is tens, the next is hundreds, and so on.
(7 ∙ 100) + (4 ∙ 10) + 5 = 745
Positional number system
10^2 = 100 10^1 = 10 10^0 = 1
7 4 5
123
• The Babylonians used powers of sixty rather than ten. So the left-hand column were units, the second, multiples of 60, the third, multiplies of 3,600, and so on.
(2*602) + (1*60) + (10 + 1) = 7271
Positional number system
(2*3600)+
(1*60) +
(10 + 1)
=7271
x 3600 x 60 Units Value
1
1 + 1 = 2
10
10 + 1 = 11
10 + 10 = 20
60
60 + 1 = 61
60 + 1 + 1 = 62
60 + 10 = 70
60 + 10 + 1 = 71
2 x 60 = 120
2 x 60 + 1 = 121
10 x 60 = 600
10 x 60 + 1 = 601
10 x 60 + 10 = 660
3600 (60 x 60)
2 x 3600 = 7200
They had no symbol for zero. We use zero to dis-tinguish between 10 (one ten and no units) and 1 (one unit).
The number 3601 is not too different from 3660, and they are both written as two ones.
The strange slanting sym-bol is the zero.
Lack of zero
123
• The Babylonians used a system of Sexagesimal fractions similar to our decimal fractions.
For example: if we write 0.125 then this is
1/10 + 2/100 + 5/1000 = 1/8.
FRACTION!!! =)
• Similarly the Babylonian Sexagesi-mal fraction 0;7,30 represented
7/60 + 30/3600
which again written in our notation is 1/8.
FRACTION!!! =)
• We have introduced the notation of the semicolon to show where the integer part ends and the fractional part begins.
• It is the “Sexagesimal point".
FRACTION!!! =)
References• From Book:
Burton, D. M. (2003). Burton’s The History of Mathematics: An Introduction, 5th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill.
• From online
• http://www.math.wichita.edu/history/topics/num-sys.html#babylonian
• http://www.math.wichita.edu/history/topics/num-sys.html#babylonian
• http://www.slideshare.net/Mabdulhady/egyptian-mathematics?from_search=1
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_mathematics• http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/Ancient-Africa/mad_ancient_egypt_arit
h.html