History of Manned Spaceflight

8/3/2019 History of Manned Spaceflight

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History of Manned Spaceflight


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Where Does Space Start?

The Federation Aeronautique Internationale has

established the Krmn line at an altitude of 100kilometers.

Theodore von Krmn calculated at100 km a vehicle wouldhave to travel faster than orbital velocity in order to derivesufficient aerodynamic lift from the atmosphere to supportitself.

The United States designates people who travel abovean altitude of 50 miles (80 km) as astronauts.

NASA's mission control uses 76 miles (122 km) astheir re-entry altitude, which roughly marks theboundary where atmospheric drag becomes

noticeable.


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Sputnik

First artificial satellite put intoEarth orbit.

Launched by Soviet Union onOctober 4, 1957

About twice the size of abasketball.

Measured density of upper

atmosphere. Broadcast simple radio signal.

The first recording was made byRCA engineers in Riverhead.


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US Reaction Space Race

Cold War: 1947 1991

Conflict between the USSR and the US

Political, Military, Economic, Technological!

Everything seen as a competition between communism

and capitalism.

Soviet victory in this leg of the Space Race

embarrassing to US.

Technological victory for USSR.

National Defense Education Act 1958

Provided funding for science and mathematics education.

Provided money to college students studying science and

mathematics.


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US Reaction National Defense

Sputnik launched by an R-7 rocket. First Intercontinental Ballistic

Missile (ICBM)

Originally designed to carrynuclear warheads up to 8000 km.

Roughly the distance between

Moscow and Washington, DC Fear of nuclear war intensified.


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Animals in Space

1949 Rhesus Monkey, Albert II,

first monkey in space. Parachutefailed, died on impact. (US)

1951 Dogs Tsygan and Deziksent into space, not orbit. Firstanimals recovered alive. (USSR)

1957 Dog Laika is the first livingcreature to orbit the earth. Diedduring flight due to stress andheat. (USSR)


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Animals in Space

1959 Monkeys Able andBaker become first monkeys to

survive spaceflight. (US)

Able died shortly after mission,

Baker lived until 1984 at the US

Space and Rocket Center.

1960 Dogs Belka and Strelkaorbit the earth and are

returned safely. (USSR)


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Yuri Gagarin

First human in space andfirst human to orbit theEarth.

Soviet Vostok 1 mission.

April 12, 1961

1 hour 48 minutes

Ejected from hisspacecraft, as planned, ataltitude of 7km.

Vostok 1 Launch
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfhulSjjGXAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfhulSjjGXAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfhulSjjGXAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfhulSjjGXA


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US Response

Kennedy's Address to Congress, May 25, 1961

Kennedy Speech, Rice University, September12, 1962

Kennedy at meeting with NASA Administrator

James E. Webb
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUXuV7XbZvUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwFvJog2dMwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwFvJog2dMwhttp://whitehousetapes.net/exhibit/jfk-and-space-racehttp://whitehousetapes.net/exhibit/jfk-and-space-racehttp://whitehousetapes.net/exhibit/jfk-and-space-racehttp://whitehousetapes.net/exhibit/jfk-and-space-racehttp://whitehousetapes.net/exhibit/jfk-and-space-racehttp://whitehousetapes.net/exhibit/jfk-and-space-racehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwFvJog2dMwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwFvJog2dMwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUXuV7XbZvU


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US MANNED MISSIONS


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Cape Canaveral

Home of Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and

Kennedy Space Center.

NASAs primary launch location.


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Vehicle Assembly Building

Used to assemble and house mannedlaunch vehicles from 1968 to 2011.

One of the largest buildings in theworld.

Largest single story building in the world.

Largest doors in the world (139 meterstall)

As tall as the Great Pyramid at Giza

Flag

Each star 6 feet across Blue field is the size of a regulation

basketball court.

Each stripe is the width of a standardroad lane.


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Mercury 1959-1963

20 unmanned launches 6 manned launches

2 suborbital

4 orbital

Named for Roman god Mercury, associated withspeed.

Goals: To orbit a manned spacecraft around the earth

To investigate the pilots ability to function in space

To recover both the pilot and spacecraft safely


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Launch Vehicles

Mercury Redstone Launch Vehicle

SM-65 Atlas Launch System

Both originally designed for

the delivery of nuclear

warheads.


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Mercury Capsule


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Unmanned Missions

Test of launch escape system 4 times

Test of Heat shield

Test of Atlas/spacecraft interface Test of Aerodynamics

Test of Abort system

Test of Tracking Network


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Notable Mercury Missions

Mercury Redstone 2 January 31, 1961

Ham the Chimp

First time crew performed tasks in space. (not just

along for the ride)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYYlW9BhWm0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYYlW9BhWm0


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Mercury 7

Left to Right: Grissom, Shepard, Carpenter, Schirra, Slayton, Glenn, Cooper


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Notable Mercury Missions

Mercury Atlas 5 Enos the chimp makes 2 orbits

of the Earth

Freedom 7Mercury

Redstone 3

May 5, 1961

Alan Shepard

First American in space

15 min 22 sec

Max altitude: 116 miles.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKFQClij1cchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKFQClij1cchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKFQClij1cchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKFQClij1cc


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Freedom 7 Trajectory


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Notable Mercury Missions Friendship 7Mercury Atlas 6

February 20, 1962

John Glenn

First American to orbit the Earth

3 orbits in 5 hours

Faith 7

May 15, 1963

Gordon Cooper First American to spend a full

day in space.

Last American to orbit the Earth solo.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=38deOWJPiFkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=38deOWJPiFk


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Gemini Program

1964-1966

2 unmanned launches 10 manned launches

Geminiin Latin means twins or side-by-side.

Gemini spacecraft carries two crewmen.

Goals: To send humans into space for the extended period (8-

14 days) required for a Moon landing. To rendezvous and dock with another vehicle.

To perform Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA).

To provide astronauts with experience required forApollo.


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Gemini Launch Vehicle and Spacecraft

Titan II Based on the Titan II Intercontinental

Ballistic Missile.

Gemini Spacecraft


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Notable Gemini Missions

Gemini IV

James McDivitt & Ed White

June 3-7, 1965

First extravehicular activity by an

American.


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Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA)

Space Walk

White floated, tethered, 15 feetaway from the capsule andperformed experiments with theHand-Held Maneuvering Unit.

White spent 20 minutes floatingfreely in space.

White had to be coaxed back into

the capsule by McDivitt. Upon reentry of the spacecraft

White remarked, This is the

saddest moment of my life.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7K5DiKsZhTkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7K5DiKsZhTk


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Gemini V Gordon Cooper & Pete Conrad

August 21-29, 1965

First week long flight

Gemini VI & VII

Schirra/Stafford & Borman/Lovell

First successful space rendezvous Rendezvous: two spacecraft arrive at

same orbit and approach to a very

close distance.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_cHm7bJolnEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_cHm7bJolnE


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Gemini VIII

Neil Armstrong & David Scott

March 16, 1966

First docking with another

space vehicle

Agena Target vehicle
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1rp1BRL4qYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1rp1BRL4qY


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Apollo

1966-1972

6 unmanned launches

12 manned launches

6 moon landings

Named for Greek god of light and music byNASA manager Abe Silverstein.

Goals:

To land men on the moon and return them safelyto Earth


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Apollo Spacecraft

Launch Vehicle: Saturn V Rocket

Tallest, heaviest, most powerful rocket

ever.


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Rockets


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Command/Service Module (CSM)

Command Module: a cabin

which housed a crew of three

and equipment needed for re-

entry and splashdown.

Service Module: provided

propulsion, electrical power

and storage for consumables

required during a mission.


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Lunar Excursion Module (LEM)

Lander portion of Apollo spacecraft Carried crew of two to the lunar surface


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Apollo 1

First manned mission ofthe Apollo program.

Crew: Gus Grissom, Ed

White, Roger Chaffee Slated for launch:

February 21, 1967

During a launch pad test,

January 27, a cabin firekilled all three crewmembers.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rROC8RoIRgIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rROC8RoIRgI


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Fire

Ignition source never conclusively identified.

Investigators found a copper wire without its insulation.This wire ran near a junction in an ethylene glycol

cooling line which was prone to leaks. The combination

could cause an exothermic reaction.

Many types and classes of combustible material.

Pure oxygen atmosphere

Later flights 60% Oxygen 40% Nitrogen Hatch opened inward, and could not be operated

until the cabin had been vented.

Later capsules had hatches that opened outward.


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Apollo 8

A flight of many firsts. First flight to leave earth orbit.

First to be captured by and escape gravitational

field of another body. First to return safely to Earth from another

celestial body.

First to see the Earth as a whole planet.

First to see the dark side of the moon.

First manned launch of a Saturn V rocket.

First manned launch from Kennedy Space Center.


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Apollo 8

Crew:

Commander: Frank Borman

Command Module Pilot: Jim Lovell

Lunar Module Pilot: William

Anders Launch date: December 21, 1968

3 days to travel to the moon

10 lunar orbits

3 days back to Earth


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Earthrise

Taken on December 24, 1968 by the crew ofApollo 8.

One of LIFEs 100 Photographs that Changed the

World


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Crawler-Transporters

Two tracked vehicles used totransport spacecraft from the

VAB to the Launch Complex.

Weighs 3000 tons Burns 125.7 gallons of diesel

fuel per mile.

Maximum speed 1 mph.

Named Hans and Franz.
http://www.hulu.com/watch/276401/saturday-night-live-hans-and-franzhttp://www.hulu.com/watch/276401/saturday-night-live-hans-and-franz


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Apollo 10

Dress Rehearsal for lunar landing.

Crew:

Commander: Thomas Stafford

Command Module Pilot: John Young

Lunar Module Pilot: Eugene Cernan

Launched May 18, 1969

Command Module: Charlie Brown

Lunar Module: Snoopy

Descent Toward Lunar Surface
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5N2pygq42Ahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5N2pygq42A


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Descent Toward Lunar Surface Stafford and Cernan in LEM descended

toward the lunar surface and made

measurements of moons gravitational

field.

Allow for safe landing for Apollo 11 crew.

Descended to within 16 km of the lunarsurface.

Scouted the landing site of Apollo 11.

Ascent module, which returns crew

members to the CSM, was short fueled.

If they had landed they would not have had

enough fuel to make it back to the CSM and

ultimately the Earth.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5N2pygq42Ahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5N2pygq42A


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Apollo 11

First landing of humans on the moon.

Crew:

Commander: Neil Armstrong

Command Module Pilot: Michael Collins

Lunar Module Pilot: Buzz Aldrin

Launched July 16, 1969

Command Module: Columbia

Lunar Module: Eagle
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXbQ1-fifRAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXbQ1-fifRA


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Moon Landing

July 20, 1969

Sea of Tranquility

Six and half hours after

landing Armstrong took thefirst steps on the moon.

Astronauts receive call from

President Nixon.

Astronauts collect sample of

moon rock and dust.

Return Home
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXbQ1-fifRAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cwmrnd10IFMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cwmrnd10IFMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXbQ1-fifRA


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Return Home

After 21.5 hours on the surface of

the Moon, Armstrong and Aldrin lift

off the moon and return to Michael

Collins and the Columbia.

July 24, 1969 Columbia splashes

down in the Pacific.

Crew placed in mobile quarantine

aboard the USS Hornetfor 21 days.

A ll 13


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Apollo 13

NASAs successful failure

April 11, 1970

Crew:

Commander: Jim Lovell Command Module Pilot: Jack

Swigert

Lunar Module Pilot: Fred Haise

Command Module: Odyssey

Lunar Module:Aquarius

Incident


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Incident 200,000 miles from the Earth the number

2 oxygen tank exploded.

Command Module left with limitedduration battery power.

Crew forced to use the LEM as alifeboat.

Plenty of oxygen in LEM, limitedelectricity. LEM forced to power down as much as

possible.

Carbon dioxide filters not suited to handle3 people for 4 days. Engineers at mission control improvised a

way to connect the cube-shaped CSM filters

to the cylindrical LEM sockets.


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Apollo 13 Path


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Safe Return

April 17, 1970

South Pacific Ocean

USS Iwo Jima


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Apollo 15

First use of lunar rover.

A ll 17


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Apollo 17

Mission of lasts and longests.

Last manned mission beyond lowearth orbit.

Last humans to set foot on celestialbody.

Longest manned lunar landing

flight. Longest lunar EVAs

Longest time in lunar orbit

Eugene Cernan, last man on the moon.

Skylab


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Skylab

First space station of the US.

Launched May 14, 1973 Launch vehicle: Saturn V rocket (last

flight)

Goals: To provide a long term (1-3 months)

habitat in space

to prove that humans could live and

work in space for extended periods

To expand our knowledge of solar

astronomy


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C f bl S H bi i


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Comfortable Space Habitation Earlier spacecraft were

very small and used forshort periods of time.

Astronauts would live on

Skylab for months at a time. Each astronaut had private sleeping area,

sleeping bag, and locker.

Station included a shower and a toilet. Food was improved for Skylab astronauts.

Skylab had a refrigerator and a freezer.

Skylab Missions


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Skylab Missions Crews of three were ferried to Skylab in

Apollo CSMs atop a Saturn IB rocket.

Skylab 2

Replaced damaged sun shield and

repaired damage Skylab sustained duringlaunch.

Spent 28 days in space.

Skylab 3

Performed experiments designed

by high school students.


Skylab Missions


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Skylab Missions Skylab 4

All rookie crew. Inadvertently(?) photographed

Area 51.



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Apollo-Soyuz Test Project

In the 70s the Americans

and Soviets were attempting

cooperate with each other

more.

The rendezvous and docking

of Apollo and Soyuzspacecraft would be a

symbolic gesture.

ll


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Apollo-Soyuz Test Project

Docked July 17, 1975

3 American astronauts

2 Soviet cosmonauts

Upon separation, the Apollo craft created a

solar eclipse for the Soviets so they could

photograph the suns corona.


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Preparing for Spaceflight - Microgravity

There is gravity in space Fg = (Gm1m2/r

2)

r distance from the center of the earth.

r only increases about 5%

The force of gravity only decreases about 9%

If there was no gravity, spacecraft wouldnt orbit they would fly off into space.

Astronauts experience weightlessness becausethey are infreefall.

Constantly falling around the earth.

Like going over a hill on a rollercoaster.

Preparing for Spaceflight Microgravity


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Preparing for Spaceflight - Microgravity

In order to experience weightlessness, astronauts

train in airplanes flying parabolic paths.

NASAs plane unofficially dubbed Vomit Comet.

Two thirds of passengers become ill.

Zero G
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrjosOjvlOchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrjosOjvlOc


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Space Shuttle

1972 President Nixon announced that NASA

would pursue the development of the space

shuttle.

Goals:

Create a reusable spacecraft.

Launch as many as 50 missions per year.

Drive down per-mission costs.

Concept Space Shuttles


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Concept Space Shuttles

Space Transportation System


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Space Transportation System

STS composed of three main parts

Orbiter

External Fuel

Tank

Solid Rocket

Boosters

Orbiter


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Orbiter Carries crew and payload into Low

Earth Orbit. Used to perform in-orbit

operations.

Re-enters the atmosphere,returning the crew to earth as a

glider.


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Orbiter

Crew: 6-8 (2 minimum) Commander

Pilot

Mission Specialists

Payload Specialists

Passengers to/from space station

Maximum payload: 55,250 pounds

3 main engines: provide lift and steer shuttle

1.2 million pounds (5 million newtons) of thrusttotal

External Fuel Tank


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External Fuel Tank

Carries liquid hydrogen fuel

and liquid oxygen oxidizerrequired by shuttle mainengines.

Jettisoned at altitude of 70

miles.

Breaks up in atmosphere,remaining pieces land in ocean.

Structural backbone of STS. Tank connects to orbiter.

Solid rocket boosters connect totank.

External Fuel Tank


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External Fuel Tank

Evolution of fuel tank: Standard Weight Tank, STS-1 to STS-5, 35000 kg

Lightweight Tank, STS-6 to STS-90, 30000kg

Super Lightweight Tank, STS-91 to STS-135, 26500kg Fuel tank of STS-1 and 2 painted white to protect

against UV light. Determined to be unnecessary.

Future tanks unpainted, saving 600 lbs.

Solid Rocket Boosters


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Solid Rocket Boosters

Pair of large solid rockets.

Provide 83% of thrust for

liftoff.

6.2 million pounds (27.6 million

newtons)

Jettisoned after 2 minutes

Parachutes deployed and

boosters recovered.

Refurbished and reused many

times.

Shuttle Mission Profile


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Shuttle Mission Profile

Shuttle LaunchSTS-129(skip to 9:00)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKzi8dj-qAshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKzi8dj-qAshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKzi8dj-qAshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKzi8dj-qAs


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Orbiters

Enterprise 1st Orbiter (1977)

Never intended for spaceflight.

Performed flight tests in the atmosphere. Lacked engines and heat shield.

Conducted approach and landing tests (ALTs) Carried to altitude by Boeing Shuttle Carrier.

Will be on display at Intrepid Sea, Air, & Space

Museum in NYC.

Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft


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Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft

Used to ferry orbiters from landing sites to

Kennedy Space Center.

Heavily modified to support 200,000 lb

orbiter.

Orbiters


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Orbiters

Columbia 1st spaceworthy orbiter.

First Launched on STS-1, April 12, 1982.

Completed 27 missions.

Orbiters


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Orbiters

Challenger 2nd orbiter

First launched on STS-6, April 4, 1983


Orbiters


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Orbiters

Discovery 3rd Orbiter

First launched on STS-41D, August 30, 1984



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Orbiters

Atlantis 4th

Orbiter First launched on STS-51J, October 3, 1985

Completed 33 missions

Challenger Disaster


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Challenger Disaster

STS 51-L

January 28, 1986

73 seconds after launch

O-ring in SRB failed

Leads to disintegration

All seven crew membersdied.


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Challenger Disaster

Teacher in Space Program (TISP) To inspire students, honor teachers,

and spur interest in mathematics,science, and space exploration.

STS-51-L is the first TISP mission.

First (only) participant ChristaMcAuliffe

Her backup, Barbara Morgan, leftteaching and became a full timeastronaut.

Flew on STS-118

Challenger Disaster


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Challenger Disaster

Unusually cold weather

18 degrees overnight

Temp. in the low 30 during launch

SRB has three sections Rubber O-rings at joints contain hot, high pressure

gas produced by burning rocket fuel.

Gas expelled from end of rocket to provide thrust

In cold temperature, rubber contracts,damaging seal.

Challenger Disaster


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Challenger Disaster

When the SRBs ignited, the O-rings didnt

form a good seal, and escaping gas damagedthe struts that attached the SRB to the fueltank.

Around T+73s the right SRB pulled away

from the strut and rotated, striking theexternal fuel tank.

The trajectory of the shuttle was altered, andit was subjected to fatal aerodynamic forces,

causing it to break apart. It is unknown how long the astronauts

remained alive and conscious after the breakup.

f f


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Aftermath of Challenger

Shuttle fleet grounded foralmost three years Investigations

Hearings

Redesign of SRBs

September 29, 1988 Discoverylaunched on STS-26

Scheduled launches of shuttlescontinued uninterrupted until2003.

Orbiters


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Orbiters

Endeavour 5th orbiter; replacement for

Challenger First launched on STS-49, May 7, 1992

Completed 25 missions

Columbia Disaster


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STS-112

February 1, 2003 Columbia disintegrates upon re-

entry into the Earths

atmosphere.

All seven crew members died.

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Columbia Disaster

About 82 seconds after launch a suitcase-sizedpiece of insulating foam broke off the externalfuel tank.

This piece of foam struck the leading edge ofColumbias left wing, damaging the heatresistance panels.

During re-entry, hot gases passed through the

damaged panels and destroyed the internalstructure of the wing.

Vehicle quickly broke apart following this.

Aftermath of Columbia Disaster


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Shuttle missions delayed fortwo years.

Later missions would includein-orbit inspection of thermalprotection system.

A designated rescue missionwas at the ready for futureshuttle flights.

All future missions (with one

exception) would be flown toInternational Space Station,which would be a safe havenin need be.

Accomplishments of Space Shuttle Program


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Accomplishments of Space Shuttle Program

Launched many satellites Civilian & Military Hubble Space Telescope

Chandra X-ray Observatory

Compton Gamma Ray Observatory

Launched probes Magellan to Venus

Galileo to Jupiter

Five missions to repair/upgrade Hubble

Assembly of International Space Station Transferred crew to/from Mir and ISS

Resupplied space stations

Numerous experiments conducted

Spacelab

Spacelab


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p

Reusable laboratory carried on 22 Space Shuttlemissions.

Housed in shuttles cargo bay.

Constructed by the European Space Agency.

Habitable Module Gave astronauts more space in which to perform

experiments.

Pallets Platforms used to mount experiments requiring exposure

to the vacuum of space.

Could be assembled in different configurations fordifferent missions.

S l b


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Spacelab

Canadarm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tf-RPir8Oe8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tf-RPir8Oe8


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Shuttle Remote Manipulator

System Used to maneuver payload for

deployment.

Used to capture free-flyingpayload and return it to the

payload bay.

Developed by Canadian SpaceAgency

Used on shuttles and ISS

I t ti l S St ti
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tf-RPir8Oe8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tf-RPir8Oe8


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International Space Station

Habitable artificial satellite.

Constructed from 1998-2012

Continuously inhabited since November 2000

Expected to be in operation until at least 2020.

I t ti l S St ti


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Combination of three space station projects:

Russian Mir-2

American Freedom

European Columbus

Astronauts from 15 countries have be aboard

the ISS

I t ti l S St ti


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Experiments conducted scientific fields of: Biology

Human physiology

Physics Astronomy

Meteorology

Conducts tests of spacecraft systems that willbe required for missions to the moon andMars.

I t ti l S St ti


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Assembly Sequence
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_the_International_Space_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_the_International_Space_Station

History of Manned Spaceflight

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