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History of IranEssential Question: How has the
relationship between the U.S. and Iran become what it is today?
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The Geography of The Geography of IranIran
The Geography of The Geography of IranIran
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Constitutional Revolution, 1906-1911
• Ruling Qajar Dynasty = weak, inefficient– Social class discontent– Protestors want political change
• Shah creates parliament (Majlis) & constitution
Agha Mohammad Khan
Bakhtiari Revolutionaries in camp outside Esfahan (June 1909)In front, in a white coat with a sword, is Mohammad Ebrahim
Khan, Zabet of Julfa.Source: www.iranchamber.com
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Coup D’Etat, 1925
• Shah resented foreign influence (oil!)– British & Russians competed for domination– Allied forces in WWI– Britain controlled more territory
• British helped military takeover over gov’t• Reza Khan crowned Shah of new
Pahlavi Dynasty– Modernization program
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Abdication of Shah Reza Khan
• Shah Reza Khan friendly with Germany during WWII– British, U.S., & Soviet troops occupy Iran
• 1941 – Shah Reza Khan forced to abdicate– Gives power to son Mohammad Reza
• Effects– Hurts Iran’s economy– Weakens Iran’s gov’t– FamineGrowing resentment
of foreign influence!
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Iran & Nationalization of Oil, 1951
• Protests begin against foreign control of oil
• Politician Mohammad Mossadegh forms National Front and is elected Prime Minister Promised to nationalize Iran’s oil
• Alarms the West– U.S. – secret operation by CIA &
“Seven Sisters” (major oil companies) to boycott Iran’s oil
– Boycott backfired
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Iranian Oil Iranian Oil ResourcesResourcesIranian Oil Iranian Oil ResourcesResources
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Return of the Shah
• PM Mossadegh dissembled Parliament, current Shah fled the contry
• CIA helped military units took over gov’t, imprisoned Mossadegh
• Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi returned to throne– “Dictatorship” from 1953-1960
– Supported by U.S. and Britain (due to oil) & is Pro-West
– The people of Iran do not necessarily agree
• Disbands National Front & imprisons its members– Forms SAVAK, a secret police
– Oppression, poverty
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The Shah The Shah & His Wife, Farah& His Wife, Farah
The Shah The Shah & His Wife, Farah& His Wife, Farah
Iranian elite/upper- and intellectual classes: verypro-Western.
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The White Revolution, 1963
Does Modernization = Westernization?Does Modernization = Westernization?
Conflict creates unrest with the people
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Why a revolution?• Internal instability - economy worsens, human rights
issues, resentment over foreign influence & “Westernizing” of Iran, unhappy with Shah
• Shah’s troops open fire on student demonstrations– Protests continue
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Ayatollah Khomeini
• Ayatollah = cleric, Islamic scholar• 1963 – Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
criticizes the Shah’s reforms and gov’t– Ayatollah Khomeini is anti-West– Saw Shah’s rule as hurting Islam– Fundamentalism = return to
traditional, conservative religious practices
• Shah orders Khomeini to be exiled– Protests break out, thousands killed
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Anarchy & Anarchy & RevolutionRevolutionAnarchy & Anarchy & RevolutionRevolution
The Shah leaves Iran on 1/16/79.
The Shah leaves Iran on 1/16/79.
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Ayatollah Ayatollah KhomeiniKhomeiniLeads the Leads the RevolutionRevolution
Ayatollah Ayatollah KhomeiniKhomeiniLeads the Leads the RevolutionRevolution
Khomeini returns to Iran on February 11,
1979.
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Islamic Republic of Islamic Republic of Iran, 1979 Iran, 1979
Islamic Republic of Islamic Republic of Iran, 1979 Iran, 1979
• Ayatollah Khomeini as Supreme Islamic Jurist (Supreme Leader)• Had religious & political
control – THEOCRACY• Constitutional Compromise?
• Agreement between religious leaders & secularists
• Elections of President & Majlis• Guardian Council ensures laws do
not violate Islam
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Iranian Hostage Iranian Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981Crisis, 1979-1981Iranian Hostage Iranian Hostage
Crisis, 1979-1981Crisis, 1979-1981• Why? Iranian students worry that U.S. will stage another coup• Protestors storm U.S. Embassy in Tehran
• 52 American hostages taken• 444 days
• Increased tensions between U.S. & Iran (U.S. did not approve of revolution)
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52 American 52 American HostagesHostages
Released in Jan., Released in Jan., 19811981
52 American 52 American HostagesHostages
Released in Jan., Released in Jan., 19811981
Released the day Reagan became President
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Iran Gives Iran Gives Support for the Support for the
Palestinian CausePalestinian Cause
Iran Gives Iran Gives Support for the Support for the
Palestinian CausePalestinian Cause
The Ayatollah with
Yasir Arafat.
Funds Hamas and Hezbollah.
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The Iran-Iraq WarThe Iran-Iraq War(1980-1988)(1980-1988)
The Iran-Iraq WarThe Iran-Iraq War(1980-1988)(1980-1988)
• Iran and Iraq have border/territorial disputes
• Religious tensions since Iranian Revolution (Iran’s Shi’ite leadership)
• Iraq (under Saddam Hussein) invaded Iran
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Khomeini’s Death, June 1989
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Iranian Supreme Leader Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali KhameneiAyatollah Ali KhameneiIranian Supreme Leader Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali KhameneiAyatollah Ali Khamenei
The Ayatollah represents the fundamentalist Mullahs.
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Recent Presidents of Iran
• Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, 2005 – 2012– Conservative
– Supports Iran’s uranium enrichment program
– Peaceful or for nuclear weapons?
– Not in favor of Israel’s statehood
– Not a friend of the West
– Economic problems, human rights issues
• Hassan Rouhani = current Pres.
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Another Nuclear Another Nuclear Power?Power?
Another Nuclear Another Nuclear Power?Power?
US satellite photo of Iranian nuclear facility
near Arak.
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Sources:
Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS
Chappaqua, NY
Choices Timeline
www.
Sources:
Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS
Chappaqua, NY
Choices Timeline
www.
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BibliographyBibliographyBibliographyBibliography
“23 Year Pictorial History of Iran.” http://home.att.net/~iranshahr/
“Iranian.com.” www.iranian.com/Revolution/war.html.
“Iran Hostage Anniversary.” CBS News. www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/01/18/ iran/main265244.shtml.