History of EducationHistory of Education

National UniversityNational University TED – 615TED – 615 Professor John Henry DenhalterProfessor John Henry Denhalter Group ProjectGroup Project James Holan, Micaela Ramirez, and James Holan, Micaela Ramirez, and

Johnny Mills Johnny Mills February 2010February 2010

History of EducationHistory of Education Intro to History of EducationIntro to History of Education In this presentation we will take a look at the history of In this presentation we will take a look at the history of

education. Many of the views presented in the chapter are education. Many of the views presented in the chapter are expressed from different types of historians perspectives. expressed from different types of historians perspectives. History is not an exact science and is open to interpretation.History is not an exact science and is open to interpretation.

Many argue that it is hard to have an accurate history of Many argue that it is hard to have an accurate history of education since it has been recorded through so many education since it has been recorded through so many different perspectives while the world and cultures around it different perspectives while the world and cultures around it were evolving.were evolving.

Three basic ideas about the history of education are Three basic ideas about the history of education are • Since the beginning of time adults have informally Since the beginning of time adults have informally

educated there youths. A necessary practice to prepare educated there youths. A necessary practice to prepare them for the rest of their lives.them for the rest of their lives.

• When people developed written language, there may have When people developed written language, there may have been a demand for schools to teach these written skills too been a demand for schools to teach these written skills too continue to document and pass on knowledge to later continue to document and pass on knowledge to later generationsgenerations

History of EducationHistory of Education• That early societies around the world developed That early societies around the world developed

independent and unique educational practices and independent and unique educational practices and programs to teach skills that fit the peoples needsprograms to teach skills that fit the peoples needs

The Brown decision declared that education is, “the very The Brown decision declared that education is, “the very foundation of good citizenship.”foundation of good citizenship.”

Throughout history teachers have always been and needed to Throughout history teachers have always been and needed to be creative, savvy, caring, knowledgeable, and even be creative, savvy, caring, knowledgeable, and even sometimes patriotic. It has always been important that sometimes patriotic. It has always been important that teachers teach lessons from there countries civics and teachers teach lessons from there countries civics and history.history.

The Beginnings of Education (476ce)The Beginnings of Education (476ce) All people regardless of place or time in history have cared for All people regardless of place or time in history have cared for

there young and have informally educated them. A basic there young and have informally educated them. A basic instinct and necessary practice to prepare them for the rest of instinct and necessary practice to prepare them for the rest of their lives. their lives.

Once written language was invented the need for a more Once written language was invented the need for a more formal mode of education was necessary because the body of formal mode of education was necessary because the body of knowledge increased and got more complex.knowledge increased and got more complex.

History of EducationHistory of Education Non Western EducationNon Western Education It is not possible to tell exactly when the first school came It is not possible to tell exactly when the first school came

into existence. The discovery of cuneiform mathematics into existence. The discovery of cuneiform mathematics textbooks in Sumeria (Iran) that dated back to 2000bce textbooks in Sumeria (Iran) that dated back to 2000bce suggest that some form of schools existed around that time. suggest that some form of schools existed around that time. Hindu EducationHindu Education• Ancient Hindu societies deeply rooted in caste system, Ancient Hindu societies deeply rooted in caste system,

meaning that a child's family status determined the social meaning that a child's family status determined the social position they would have.position they would have.

• The Hindu religion had an emphasis on non-earthly values, The Hindu religion had an emphasis on non-earthly values, this led to very little interest in education. Only boys from this led to very little interest in education. Only boys from the highest caste usually received formal education, the the highest caste usually received formal education, the priests were the educators. Writings of Buddha suggested priests were the educators. Writings of Buddha suggested that education had a heavy emphasis on morals, writing in that education had a heavy emphasis on morals, writing in the sand and regular punishments with a rod.the sand and regular punishments with a rod.

History of EducationHistory of Education Hindu EducationHindu Education

• Men from the priestly caste had further education included Men from the priestly caste had further education included disciplines like logic, rhetoric, astronomy and mathdisciplines like logic, rhetoric, astronomy and math

Hebrew EducationHebrew Education• The Hebrew society seemingly historically values education The Hebrew society seemingly historically values education

more than any other society.more than any other society.• Hebrew education is derived from Jewish scripture which Hebrew education is derived from Jewish scripture which

taught religious faithfulness.taught religious faithfulness.• Harsh discipline was enforced at home and schoolHarsh discipline was enforced at home and school• Early Hebrew schools taught girls to prepare food, sing, Early Hebrew schools taught girls to prepare food, sing,

dance, spin, and weave. Boys were taught to read and write.dance, spin, and weave. Boys were taught to read and write.• Teachers were greatly respected, the Talmud dictated “If Teachers were greatly respected, the Talmud dictated “If

your teacher and your father have need of your assistance, your teacher and your father have need of your assistance, help your teacher before helping your father, for the latter help your teacher before helping your father, for the latter has given you only the life of this world, while the former has has given you only the life of this world, while the former has secured for you the life of the world to come.”secured for you the life of the world to come.”

History of EducationHistory of Education Chinese EducationChinese Education

• Chinese education has always been characterized by Chinese education has always been characterized by tradition, formality, and conformity. This was done to help tradition, formality, and conformity. This was done to help students function in a regular, mechanical, and predictable students function in a regular, mechanical, and predictable routine.routine.

• Two philosophers, Lao-tszu and Confucius, exerted an Two philosophers, Lao-tszu and Confucius, exerted an enormous influence on the Chinese education system. enormous influence on the Chinese education system.

• All Chinese students are taught Confucius's five cardinal All Chinese students are taught Confucius's five cardinal virtues. They included universal charity, impartial justice, virtues. They included universal charity, impartial justice, conformity, rectitude of heart and mind, and pure sincerity.conformity, rectitude of heart and mind, and pure sincerity.

• Early Chinese education placed little importance on Early Chinese education placed little importance on individuals and didn't include subjects like math, language, individuals and didn't include subjects like math, language, science, history, or geography.science, history, or geography.

History of EducationHistory of Education Egyptian EducationEgyptian Education

• Egyptian society had civil and intellectual advancements Egyptian society had civil and intellectual advancements very early in history.very early in history.

• As with most societies education was only offered to the As with most societies education was only offered to the privileged males.privileged males.

• Many Greek philosophers like Pythagoras, Solon, and Plato Many Greek philosophers like Pythagoras, Solon, and Plato completed there education in Egypt.completed there education in Egypt.

• Egyptian society was a caste system, priests holding the Egyptian society was a caste system, priests holding the highest position. They received education in philosophy, highest position. They received education in philosophy, astronomy, geometry, medicine, history, and law. The astronomy, geometry, medicine, history, and law. The priest then provided the education to other privileged priest then provided the education to other privileged individualsindividualsWestern EducationWestern Education

The Age of Pericles (455be) was when western societies had a The Age of Pericles (455be) was when western societies had a need for formal forms of education. Greece consisted of many need for formal forms of education. Greece consisted of many city states. Sparta, a militaristic state, had formal education city states. Sparta, a militaristic state, had formal education that centered developing such ideals as courage , patriotism, that centered developing such ideals as courage , patriotism, obedience, cunning and physical strength.obedience, cunning and physical strength.

History of EducationHistory of Education The contrast to Sparta was Athens. Athens, another Greek city The contrast to Sparta was Athens. Athens, another Greek city

state, had developed an educational model that emphasized in state, had developed an educational model that emphasized in grammar, writing skills, counting, gymnastics music, history, grammar, writing skills, counting, gymnastics music, history, drama, poetry, speaking, and science.drama, poetry, speaking, and science.

The western worlds most famous philosophers came from The western worlds most famous philosophers came from Athens. The three standout philosophers Greek produced are Athens. The three standout philosophers Greek produced are Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

SocratesSocrates• Socrates is responsibly for the Socratic Method of teaching. Socrates is responsibly for the Socratic Method of teaching.

Which is a method of asking a series of questions that will Which is a method of asking a series of questions that will lead the student to a certain conclusion.lead the student to a certain conclusion.

• Socrates was eventually put on trial for inciting the people Socrates was eventually put on trial for inciting the people against the Government by his ceaseless questioning. against the Government by his ceaseless questioning. When found guilty he chose death instead of ending his When found guilty he chose death instead of ending his teachings. He became a martyr for education.teachings. He became a martyr for education.

History of EducationHistory of Education PlatoPlato

• Plato was a student of Socrates. In his book Plato was a student of Socrates. In his book The RepublicThe Republic, , Plato gives his recommendations for a perfect society. He Plato gives his recommendations for a perfect society. He suggests three classes, Artisans to do the manual work, suggests three classes, Artisans to do the manual work, Soldier to defend the society and Philosophers to advance Soldier to defend the society and Philosophers to advance the knowledge of the society.the knowledge of the society.

• Plato believed that an individuals talents should be Plato believed that an individuals talents should be nurtured and used to serve the society.nurtured and used to serve the society.

AristotleAristotle• believed that a persons most important purpose in life was believed that a persons most important purpose in life was

to improve and serve humankind.to improve and serve humankind.• Aristotle's educational method was scientific, practical, and Aristotle's educational method was scientific, practical, and

objective.objective.• He felt that the quality of a society was determined by the He felt that the quality of a society was determined by the

quality of education found in that societyquality of education found in that society

History of EducationHistory of Education Roman SchoolsRoman Schools

• In 146bce when the Romans conquered Greece they In 146bce when the Romans conquered Greece they absorbed there Greek teachers and there educational absorbed there Greek teachers and there educational system.system.

• Young children attended schools called Young children attended schools called ludi's,ludi's, where the where the rudiments of reading and writing were taughtrudiments of reading and writing were taught

• Later they would attend Later they would attend Grammaticus, Grammaticus, or grammar school or grammar school was an early type of school that emphasized the study of was an early type of school that emphasized the study of Latin, literature, history, mathematics, music, and Latin, literature, history, mathematics, music, and dialectics. dialectics.

• ..

History of EducationHistory of Education Education of the Middle Ages:Education of the Middle Ages: Period covering (476 – 1300).Period covering (476 – 1300). Roman Catholic Church became the greatest power in Roman Catholic Church became the greatest power in

government and education in the West.government and education in the West. Rise of the Church is cited as the reason for the Western Rise of the Church is cited as the reason for the Western

world’s plunge into the Dark Ages.world’s plunge into the Dark Ages. Dark Ages (400 – 1000).Dark Ages (400 – 1000). Dark Ages Dark Ages is when human learning and knowledge didn’t is when human learning and knowledge didn’t

stand still it regressed.stand still it regressed. It was caused by political and religious oppression of the It was caused by political and religious oppression of the

common people.common people. Some believe that this was actually a period of considerable Some believe that this was actually a period of considerable

progress. progress. Charlemagne (742-814) Charlemagne (742-814) realized the value of education, realized the value of education,

but education was a low activity. but education was a low activity.

History of EducationHistory of Education The church mainly inducted people into faith and train The church mainly inducted people into faith and train

religious leaders.religious leaders. Most schools were Catechumenal schools teaching church Most schools were Catechumenal schools teaching church

doctrine, catechetical schools taught catechism, and doctrine, catechetical schools taught catechism, and cathedral schools trained clergy. cathedral schools trained clergy.

Alcuin (735-804) Alcuin (735-804) was selected by Charlemagne to help was selected by Charlemagne to help improve education he was a former teacher in Englandimprove education he was a former teacher in England

He was appointed the Chief Educator, and was the most He was appointed the Chief Educator, and was the most famous of his day. It was said that Charlemagne himself often famous of his day. It was said that Charlemagne himself often sat in the Palace School with the children to further his sat in the Palace School with the children to further his education. education.

The phrase The phrase seven liberal artsseven liberal arts came into use describing came into use describing curriculum taught in schools. curriculum taught in schools.

The liberal arts consisted of the The liberal arts consisted of the trivium trivium (grammar, rhetoric, (grammar, rhetoric, and logic).and logic).

Quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy)Quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy)

History of EducationHistory of Education The Revival of LearningThe Revival of Learning Little progress was made, but however between 1000-1300 Little progress was made, but however between 1000-1300

referred to “age of revival of learning”referred to “age of revival of learning” Learning was revitalized with writings of ancient philosophers Learning was revitalized with writings of ancient philosophers

mainly Aristotle.mainly Aristotle. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) helped change the church’s helped change the church’s

view on learning more than anyone.view on learning more than anyone. Aquinas formalized Aquinas formalized scholasticismscholasticism referring to the study of referring to the study of

beliefs of the church.beliefs of the church. His most important writing was the His most important writing was the Summa Theologica.Summa Theologica. Medieval Universities Medieval Universities included such schools as University of included such schools as University of

Bologna 1158, University of Paris 1180Bologna 1158, University of Paris 1180 Medieval Universities cont..Medieval Universities cont.. Oxford University 1214, University of Salerno 1224.Oxford University 1214, University of Salerno 1224. When Christopher Columbus sailed to America in 1492 there When Christopher Columbus sailed to America in 1492 there

was already about 80 universities in Europe.was already about 80 universities in Europe.

History of EducationHistory of Education Education in Transition (1300-1700)Education in Transition (1300-1700) This was the period when the Renaissance and the This was the period when the Renaissance and the

Reformation took place.Reformation took place. During the Renaissance represented a rebellion on part of the During the Renaissance represented a rebellion on part of the

common people being suppressed by the wealthy and the common people being suppressed by the wealthy and the church.church.

Vittorino Da Feltre (1378-1446) Vittorino Da Feltre (1378-1446) very influential educator very influential educator advanced education and established schools. advanced education and established schools.

Erasmus (1466-1536) one of the most famous educators of the Erasmus (1466-1536) one of the most famous educators of the Renaissance.Renaissance.

He wrote two books: He wrote two books: The Right Method of InstructionThe Right Method of Instruction and and The Liberal Education of Boys.The Liberal Education of Boys.

History of EducationHistory of Education The Reformation The Reformation this was during the fifteenth and sixteenth this was during the fifteenth and sixteenth

centuries. The Roman catholic Church and The Pope had centuries. The Roman catholic Church and The Pope had enormous power and even more that the kings and queens at enormous power and even more that the kings and queens at this time.this time.

Martin Luther (1483-1546) Martin Luther (1483-1546) published his 95 theses, which published his 95 theses, which stated his disagreements with the Roman Catholic Church.stated his disagreements with the Roman Catholic Church.

One of them had great implications on formal education One of them had great implications on formal education because education now became a way of obtaining salvation. because education now became a way of obtaining salvation. Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) organized the Society of organized the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) 1540. They established schools to further the Jesus (Jesuits) 1540. They established schools to further the cause of the Roman Catholic Church.cause of the Roman Catholic Church.

Rules which they conducted their schools was stated in the Rules which they conducted their schools was stated in the Ratio Studiorum Ratio Studiorum that is still used today.that is still used today.

Johann Amos Comenius (1592-1670) Johann Amos Comenius (1592-1670) remembered most for remembered most for his textbooks including Orbis Pictus because they was the first his textbooks including Orbis Pictus because they was the first with illustrations.with illustrations.

History of EducationHistory of Education

John Locke (1632-1704) John Locke (1632-1704) influential English educator important influential English educator important works such as works such as Some Thoughts n EducationSome Thoughts n Education a a Essay Essay Concerning Human Understanding.Concerning Human Understanding.

Viewed young child mind a blank slate, and teachers needed to Viewed young child mind a blank slate, and teachers needed to create nonthreatening environments.create nonthreatening environments.

History of Education Educational AwakeningEducational Awakening

17001700 Why many of our current educational ideas can be traced to Why many of our current educational ideas can be traced to

the early 1700s…the early 1700s… The Age of ReasonThe Age of Reason Superstition and ignorance was the main factor that Superstition and ignorance was the main factor that

influenced education during the 1700sinfluenced education during the 1700s

Was started by revolts for intellectuals freedom.Was started by revolts for intellectuals freedom.

Francois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778) also known as Voltaire, Francois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778) also known as Voltaire, was one of the leaders from the Rationalist movement.was one of the leaders from the Rationalist movement.

Rationalist Moto:Rationalist Moto:

• ““If one places greater emphasis on human ability to If one places greater emphasis on human ability to reason, then education takes on new importance as the reason, then education takes on new importance as the

way that humans develop this power”.way that humans develop this power”.

History of Education The Age of ReasonThe Age of Reason

Descartes and VoltaireDescartes and Voltaire

Rene Descartes (1596-1650) laid the foundation of Rene Descartes (1596-1650) laid the foundation of Rationalism and involved three axioms.Rationalism and involved three axioms.

First What is an Axiom:First What is an Axiom: 1. a self-evident truth that requires no proof.1. a self-evident truth that requires no proof. 2. a universally accepted principle or rule. 2. a universally accepted principle or rule. 3. Logic, Mathematics. a proposition that is assumed without 3. Logic, Mathematics. a proposition that is assumed without

proof for the sake of studying the consequences that follow proof for the sake of studying the consequences that follow from it.from it.

History of Education Descartes Three Axioms:Descartes Three Axioms: 1.That the reason was supreme1.That the reason was supreme 2. That the Laws of nature were invariable2. That the Laws of nature were invariable 3. Truth could be verified by exact methods of testing.3. Truth could be verified by exact methods of testing.

These ideas helped debate traditional teaching of the These ideas helped debate traditional teaching of the church, resisting bonds that royalty had traditionally placed church, resisting bonds that royalty had traditionally placed on common people.on common people.

These methods of thinking or “ideas” influenced Voltaire These methods of thinking or “ideas” influenced Voltaire where he was given credit for the French Revolution and where he was given credit for the French Revolution and American revolution in his lifetime.American revolution in his lifetime.

History of Education Fredrick the Great (1712-1786)Fredrick the Great (1712-1786)

Was a great supporter of Voltaire and believed that Was a great supporter of Voltaire and believed that education was of value.education was of value.

He was a liberal leader and gave common people liberties He was a liberal leader and gave common people liberties that many rulers considered dangerous such as: freedom of that many rulers considered dangerous such as: freedom of speech and of religion.speech and of religion.

He gave education an opportunity to develop and flourish by He gave education an opportunity to develop and flourish by passing laws that required teachers to obtain licenses and passing laws that required teachers to obtain licenses and special training in order to teach.special training in order to teach.

History of Education The Emergence of Common ManThe Emergence of Common Man

This was the Second trend that affected This was the Second trend that affected education.education.

Emergence of Common Man argued that common Emergence of Common Man argued that common people deserved better lives.people deserved better lives.

Politically Politically

Economically Economically

SociallySocially

EducationallyEducationally

History of Education The Emergence of Common ManThe Emergence of Common Man

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) He was a philosopher not an educatorHe was a philosopher not an educator

NaturalismNaturalism

Method: “Natural State”Method: “Natural State” Education must be a natural process not an artificial one. Education must be a natural process not an artificial one.

He believed that children were inherently good which He believed that children were inherently good which challenged the churches believe of born with sin.challenged the churches believe of born with sin.

Social Contract (1762)- was an influence book in the French Social Contract (1762)- was an influence book in the French RevolutionRevolution

Emile (1762)- was an educational piece which concerned Emile (1762)- was an educational piece which concerned the ideal education for the youth.the ideal education for the youth.

History of Education The Emergence of Common ManThe Emergence of Common Man

Johann Heirnrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827)Johann Heirnrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827) Swiss EducatorSwiss Educator

Method: Patience for children. Compassion for the poor and Method: Patience for children. Compassion for the poor and the use of objects and sense perceptions the basis for the use of objects and sense perceptions the basis for

acquiring knowledge.acquiring knowledge. Created two schools for boys, Burgdorf (1800-1804), Yverdun Created two schools for boys, Burgdorf (1800-1804), Yverdun

(1805-1825).(1805-1825). Wrote an influence book called, Wrote an influence book called, Leonard and GertrudeLeonard and Gertrude, which , which

teaches educators that children need to be treated with love teaches educators that children need to be treated with love and kindness.and kindness.

History of Education The Emergence of Common ManThe Emergence of Common Man

Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841)Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841) Mentor was PestalozziMentor was Pestalozzi

Herbartian teaching MethodHerbartian teaching Method Method: Formal psychology and education and learning by Method: Formal psychology and education and learning by

association.association. Preparation: Preparing students to receive new idea.Preparation: Preparing students to receive new idea.

Presentation: presenting the student with the new idea.Presentation: presenting the student with the new idea. Generalization: Generalizing the new idea derived from combinations Generalization: Generalizing the new idea derived from combinations

of old and new ideas.of old and new ideas. Application: Applying the new knowledge.Application: Applying the new knowledge.

Friedrich Frobel (1782-1852)Friedrich Frobel (1782-1852) Influenced by Rousseau and PestalozziInfluenced by Rousseau and Pestalozzi

Created first KindergartenCreated first Kindergarten Social Development, Cultivation of creativity, concept by doing.Social Development, Cultivation of creativity, concept by doing.

Women are best suited to teach childrenWomen are best suited to teach children

History of Education Evolving Perspectives of Education in Our Developing NationEvolving Perspectives of Education in Our Developing Nation

American-European SettlersAmerican-European SettlersProvided a least rudimentary education for their childrenProvided a least rudimentary education for their children..

Colonial EducationColonial Education Southern Colonies: Southern Colonies:

Made up of tobacco plantations where slaved were importedMade up of tobacco plantations where slaved were imported from Africa and used as cheap labor. Slaves were taught to read the from Africa and used as cheap labor. Slaves were taught to read the

BibleBible Plantation children were given tutors and sent to College in Europe.Plantation children were given tutors and sent to College in Europe.

Middle Colonies: Middle Colonies: Were mainly Dutch, Swedish and religious backgrounds were Were mainly Dutch, Swedish and religious backgrounds were

Puritan, Mennonite, Catholic. Were called the melting pot of the Puritan, Mennonite, Catholic. Were called the melting pot of the nation. Had common public school system and received nation. Had common public school system and received

education through apprenticeship were they learned a trade education through apprenticeship were they learned a trade from a Master teacher.from a Master teacher.

Northern Colonies:Northern Colonies:Mainly Puritans. In 1630 approx. 1,000 Puritans settled in Boston. Mainly Puritans. In 1630 approx. 1,000 Puritans settled in Boston.

Unlike Southern Colonies people in New England live close to Unlike Southern Colonies people in New England live close to each other. Towns were Political and Social life centers and due each other. Towns were Political and Social life centers and due

to the industrial economy more semiskilled workers were to the industrial economy more semiskilled workers were education which created a larger middle class.education which created a larger middle class.

History of Education Early School LawsEarly School Laws

1642- General Court of Massachusetts enacted laws that 1642- General Court of Massachusetts enacted laws that encouraged citizens to look after the education of their children.encouraged citizens to look after the education of their children.

1647- required towns to provide education for their youth also 1647- required towns to provide education for their youth also known as the, Old Deluder Satan Act, due to its relies motive.known as the, Old Deluder Satan Act, due to its relies motive.

Types of Colonial SchoolsTypes of Colonial Schools Dame School- Conducted by housewives.Dame School- Conducted by housewives. Writing School- To teach children to write.Writing School- To teach children to write.

Church, Charity and Pauper Schools- taught by missionaries.Church, Charity and Pauper Schools- taught by missionaries. 1635- First permanent school was made in Boston (Latin 1635- First permanent school was made in Boston (Latin

Grammar School).Grammar School). The Grammar school was a preparatory school for college.The Grammar school was a preparatory school for college.

1755- College of Philadelphia1755- College of Philadelphia 1764- Brown1764- Brown

Traditional education and emphases theology and the classics. Traditional education and emphases theology and the classics. Religious motive dominated colleges.Religious motive dominated colleges.

History of Education Early American CollegesEarly American Colleges

1636- Harvard was the first Colonial College preparing 1636- Harvard was the first Colonial College preparing ministers.ministers.

1693-William and Mary1693-William and Mary 1701- Yale1701- Yale

1746- Princeton1746- Princeton 1755- College of Philadelphia1755- College of Philadelphia

1764- Brown1764- Brown Traditional education and emphases theology and the Traditional education and emphases theology and the

classics. Religious motive dominated colleges.classics. Religious motive dominated colleges.