History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure...

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History of Computers

Transcript of History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure...

Page 1: History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies.

History of Computers

Page 2: History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies.

Counting

Man started off by counting on his digits

Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies

Page 3: History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies.

Primitive Calendar

Stonehenge Home for thousands of years to

ceremonial and religious events involving the summer solstice

Page 4: History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies.

The Abacus:

The First “Automatic” Computer The abacus first attempt at automating the counting

process. The abacus is not really an automatic

machine it is more a machine which allows the user to remember his current state of calculations while performing more complex mathematical operation.

Page 5: History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies.

Forefathers of Computing

Forefathers of Modern Computers

Blaise Pascal

Charles Babbage

Gottfried Wilhelm

Page 6: History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies.

The First MechanicalCalculator

Pascal’s Gear System A one tooth gear engages its single tooth

with a ten-teeth gear once every time it revolves; the result will be that it must make ten revolutions in order to rotate then ten-teeth gear once.

This is the way that an odometer works for counting kilometers. The one tooth gear is large enough so that it only engages the next size gear after 1km has passed.

Page 7: History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies.

The Difference Engine

Never built Steam-driven Fully automatic Next idea was the Analytical Engine

Page 8: History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies.

The Conditional

Babbage’s Conditional The conditional point allows us to check

to see what the current value of “S” is. If “s” is greater than “3”, then we want the computer to output the value of “s” (4 in this case.) If “s” is less than or equal to 3, then we want the computer to output the value “0”

Page 9: History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies.

Hermann Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine

This machine was so successful that Hollerith started a firm to market it which later became known as IBM

Page 10: History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies.

Binary Representations

Numbers can be converted to decimal to adding together the values of the holes, given that the first hole = 1 and the second 2, etc.

For example, 26=2^5+2^3+2^1+2^0

Holes represent an “on” signal. With 6 holes permissible, 2^6

numbers possible.

Page 11: History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies.

Harvard Mark I

Grace M. Hopper working on the Harvard Mark-I, developed by IBM and Howard Aiken. The Mark-I remained in use at Harvard until 1959, even though other machines had surpassed it in performance, providing vital calculations for the navy in World War II.

Page 12: History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies.

Alan Turning

Sample Turning Machine Problem: Output a 1 if 3 or more ones

in a row encountered; otherwise )

Page 13: History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies.

ENIAC

Page 14: History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies.

John Von Neumann

The Von Neumann Machine Data and program can be stored in the same

space. Thus, the machine itself can alter either its program or its internal data.

Conditional goto’s to other points in the code Von Neumann worked with Mauchly and Eckert

on the design for EDVAC Also a contributor to the fields of game theory

and cellular automata

Page 15: History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies.

John Von Neumann

Page 16: History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies.

EDVAC

Page 17: History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies.

Advances in the 1950’s

Transistors Freedom from vacuum tubes, which were

extremely bulky Integrated Circuits

Allowed the placement of many transistors into a small area.

Both these advances enables machines to become smaller and more economical to build and maintain

Page 18: History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies.

The Altair

Bill Gates and Paul Allen in 1975 approached Ed Roberts if MITS, the company who developed the Altair, and promised to deliver the BASIC complier.

They did so and from the sale Microsoft was born

Page 19: History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies.

Creation of Microsoft

BASIC- Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code Developed by Kemeny and Kurtz in

1964. two mathematicians at Dartmouth

Simple, easy-to-understand syntax allowed students to quickly learn it.

Provided ease of programming and easier debugging than machine code or assembly

Page 20: History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies.

Other Languages

FORTRAN FORmula Translator Used for science, math, & engineering

PASCAL Developed by Niklaus Wirth in the 60’s Disciplined approach to structure and data

description COBOL

Common Business Oriented Language Data description stored separately from the pgram.

C Derivative of ALGOL It and its decendant’s very popular today for system

programming

Page 21: History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies.

The PC Explosion

IBM Acorn released under the unassuming name PC in 1981 1984, 286-AT Whole Host of clones introduced & Compaq releases a

portable Apple

Apple II, 1977 Apple III, 1980 Lisa, 1983; first machine with a mouse and graphical user

interface Macintosh introducted in 1984

Other TRS-80 from Radio Shack 1977 Commodore PET 1980’s 1981, journalist Adam Osborn commissions design of

Osborne I which used CP/M

Page 22: History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies.

Bill & Steve Before Microsoft

Page 23: History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies.

PCs Today

Fast Graphical User Interfaces (GUI)

Allows you to use a mouse to control the computer

Can run thousands of different sets of instructions (programs)

Page 24: History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies.

The Web

The Web can be used for: Looking up information on publications Shopping for books, computers, or CD’s Investigating staff or research at unveristies Downloading pictures, games, or other files/

The Web (World Wide Web) was developed at CERN lab in Zurich, Switzerland/ Requires a client program (such as NetScape

or Lynx) and a server (HTTP) to send information to the client

Page 25: History of Computers. Counting Man started off by counting on his digits Needed ways to measure months and seasons in order to perform festivals and ceremonies.

Internet

New form of communicating 2 things needed to view the internet

Internet connection Browser