History of Classification Classification – grouping of objects or organisms based on a set of...
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Transcript of History of Classification Classification – grouping of objects or organisms based on a set of...
History of ClassificationHistory of Classification
• Classification – grouping of objects or organisms based on a set of criteria
• Aristotle (394-322 B.C.)• Greek philosopher
• Classified organisms as either plants or animals
• Believed species were distinct, separate and unchanging (limited his method)
• Carolus Linnaeus (18th century)• Swedish naturalist – “father of
classification”
• Based on morphology (body type), behavior and habitat
• System of taxonomy – concerned with identifying, naming and classifying species based on natural relationships
• Modern classification• Includes evolutionary ideas as well as
Linnaeus’ system of classification
Dichotomous KeysDichotomous Keys
• A way to identify or categorize objects
• Each step involves a choice between two characteristics
• Leads to a final “choice” which will identify the object
• When making your own keep in mind to:
• Use characteristics that will not change (vary)
• Use measurements rather than terms like "large" and "small"
• Do not use seasonal or changeable characteristics
• Make the choice a positive one - something "is" instead of "is not"
• If possible, start both choices of a pair with the same word
Taxonomic CategoriesTaxonomic Categories
• Domain – broadest grouping (3 major groups)• Kingdom – (6 major groups)• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus• Species – most specific grouping
• Species – a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
• Genus – a group of species which are closely related and share a common ancestor
• Family – a group of similar related genera who share certain characteristics
• Order – contains related families
• Class – contains related orders
• Phylum – contains related classes
• Kingdom – contains related phyla
The Domains of LifeThe Domains of Life
• Domain Bacteria• Consists of kingdom
eubacteria
• Prokaryotes (cells
without a nucleus)
• Domain Archaea• Consists of kingdom archaeabacteria
• Prokaryotes which live in
extreme environments
• Domain Eukarya• Consists of cells with a
nucleus (eukaryotes)
• Kingdom protista, fungi,
plantea and animalia
Kingdoms of LifeKingdoms of Life• For homework:
• Using your foldable, use your textbook to fill in the following information for each:
• Characteristics of the kingdom• Examples of the kingdom• Which domain does it belong to• Cell type• Cell wall composition• Number of cells• Method of nutrition
• Use textbook pages 499-503 and the reference handbook in the back of the text
Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Eubacteria (Domain Bacteria)(Domain Bacteria)
• Characteristics: • Round, spiral or rod-shaped• Parasitic• Can form colonies
• Cell Type: Prokaryote
• Cell wall with peptidoglycan
• Unicellular
• Autotrophic (photosynthetic) or heterotrophic (through absorption)
• Example: Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Mycobacterium, Treponema, Prochloron, Nostoc
Kingdom ArcheabacteriaKingdom Archeabacteria(Domain Archea)(Domain Archea)
• Characteristics:• Found in extremely harsh environments like hot
springs, deep-sea thermal vents, swamps, and salt marshes
• Cell Type: Prokaryote
• Cell walls without peptidoglycan
• Unicellular
• Autotrophic (photosynthetic) or heterotrophic (through absorption)
• Example: Methanopyrus,Halobacterium, Methanobaccillus, Mycoplasia
Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista(Domain Eukarya)(Domain Eukarya)
• Characteristics:• Free-living or parasitic• Use pseudopods (false-feet), cilia or flagella to move
• Cell Type: Eukaryote
• Cell walls with cellulose
• Unicellular or multicellular
• Autotrophs or heterotrophs
• Example: Paramecium,
Amoeba, Diatom, Algae,
Euglena
Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi (Domain Eukarya)(Domain Eukarya)
• Characteristics:• Have spores (used for reproduction)• Can be parasitic
• Cell Type: Eukaryote
• Cell walls with chitin
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophic (through absorption)
• Example: Mushroom, Bread Mold, Yeast
Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae (Domain Eukarya)(Domain Eukarya)
• Characteristics:• Have spores or seeds (for reproduction)• Live on land or in water
• Cell Type: Eukaryote
• Cell walls with cellulose
• Multicellular
• Autotrophs (photosynthetic)
• Example: Moss, Ferns, Palm Trees, Roses
Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia (Domain Eukarya)(Domain Eukarya)
• Characteristics:• Invertebrates and vertebrates• Live on land, in water and in the air• Simple to complex
• Cell Type: Eukaryote
• No cell walls
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophs
• Example: Earthworm,
Sponge, Hydra, Planaria, Leech, Butterfly, Sea Cucumber,
Panther
Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature• Developed by Linnaeus
• Gives each species a scientific name consisting of two parts (genus & species)
• Latin
• Use of scientific name avoids the confusion created when using common names• Ex. Star fish• Ex. Sea cucumbers• Ex. Red bird versus cardinals
• Rules of naming:
• First letter of the genus name is CAPITALIZED
• Species name always LOWERCASE
• Should always be typed in ITALICS
• Should always be UNDERLINED when written by hand
• Genus name can be abbreviated to one
letter AFTER it has been written fully once
in the written work