History of Cities. The first cities In agricultural villages, all inhabitants were involved in some...
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Transcript of History of Cities. The first cities In agricultural villages, all inhabitants were involved in some...
The first cities In agricultural villages, all inhabitants
were involved in some way in getting food Cities were more removed from everyday
agricultural activities Food was supplied to the city Not all city dwellers were involved in actual
farming Another class of city dwellers supplied
services — such as technical skills, and religious interpretation
The first cities Two elements were crucial to this social
change Generation of agricultural surplus was
necessary for supporting nonfarmers Social system where people had different jobs
Existence of distinct elite and lower classes Facilitates the collection, storage, and
distribution of resources Well-defined channels of authority that exercise
control over goods and people These two set the stage for urbanization
Models for the rise of cities Technical
The hydraulic civilization model, developed by Karl Wittfogel Large-scale irrigation systems were the main
reason urbanization happened Higher crop yields resulted Food surplus supported development of a
large nonfarming population Strong, centralized government, backed by an
urban-based military Farmers who resisted new authority were
denied water
Models for the rise of cities Technical
The hydraulic model cannot be applied to all urban hearths Urban civilization blossomed without
irrigation in parts of Mesoamerica The question of how or why a culture
might first develop irrigation
Models for the rise of cities Religious
Paul Wheatley suggests religion was the motivating factor behind urbanization
Knowledge of meteorological and climatic conditions was considered to be within the domain of religion
Religious leaders decided when and how to plant crops
Successful harvests led to more support for this priestly class
Priestly class exercised political and social control that held the city together
In this scenario, cities are religious spaces functioning as ceremonial centers
First urban clusters and fortification seen as defenses against spiritual demons or souls of the dead
Urban hearth areas Where the first cities appeared, for
example: Mesopotamia The Nile Valley Pakistan’s Indus River Valley The Yellow River valley (or Huang Ho) in
China Mesoamerica
Next slide gives general dates of urban life emergence for each region
Urban hearth areas Generally agreed first cities arose in
Mesopotamia River valley of the Tigris and Euphrates in
what is now Iraq Cities, small by current standards,
covered one-half to two square miles Populations rarely exceeded 30,000 Densities could reach 10,000 per square
mile —comparable to today’s cities
Urban hearth areas Early cities, also called cosmomagical cities,
exhibited three spatial characteristics Great importance accorded the symbolic center
of the city, which was thought to be the center of the known world Often marked by a vertical structure of
monumental scale representing the point on Earth closest to the heavens
This symbolic center took different forms The ziggurat in Mesopotamia The palace or temple in China The pyramid in Egypt and Mesoamerica The Stupa in the Indus Valley
Urban hearth areas Early cities, also called cosmomagical cities,
exhibited three spatial characteristics. 2nd characteristic: In Mesopotamia, this area was known as the
citadel and housed the elite who lived in relative luxury Streets were paved, drains and running water
were provided Private sleeping quarters, bathtubs, and water
closets were provided Privileges did not extend to the city as a whole
Urban hearth areas Early cities, also called cosmomagical cities,
exhibited three spatial characteristics The city was oriented toward the four cardinal
directions Geometric form of city would reflect the order
of the universe Walls around the city delimited the known and
ordered world from the outside chaos Attempt to shape the form of the city according
to the form of the universe Thought essential to maintain harmony
between human and spiritual worlds
The diffusion of the city from hearth areas Diffusionists believe ideas and
techniques from Mesopotamia were shared with people in the Nile and the Indus River valley
An alternate view is that trading took place only after these cities were well established
The diffusion of the city from hearth areas Little doubt diffusion is responsible for the
dispersal of the city in historical times City used as vehicle for imperial expansion Initially, military controls newly won lands and
sets up collection points for local resources As collection points lose some military
atmosphere they begin to show the social diversity of a city
Native people are slowly assimilated into the settlement as workers and may eventually control the city
The process repeats itself as the empire pushes outward
Introduction Patterns seen in the city today are a
composite of past and present cultures Two concepts underlie our examination of
urban landscapes Urban morphology — physical form of the city,
which consists of street patterns, building sizes and shapes, architecture, and density
Functional zonation — refers to the pattern of land uses within a city, or existence of areas with differing functions
The Greek city Cities had two distinctive functional
zones —the acropolis and the agora The acropolis was similar in many ways
to the citadel of Mesopotamian cities Had the temples of worship, storehouse of
valuables, and seat of power Served as a place of retreat in time of
siege
The Greek city The agora was the province of the
citizens A place for public meetings, education,
social interaction, and judicial matters Later, after the classical period, it became
the city’s major marketplace without losing its atmosphere of a social club
Roman cities As the empire expanded, city life diffused
into areas that had not previously experienced urbanization Most cities were established as military
(castra) and trading outposts Focal points for collection of local
agricultural products Supply centers for the military Service centers for long-distance trading
network
Medieval Town: Hirschhorn am Neckar, Germany This town reveals
three important features of urban morphology: castle, wall, and cathedral. Hirschhorn castle caps the summit of a fortified spur in the bend of the Neckar River, affording a clear view of the river and forested valley.
The Renaissance and Baroque periods Form and function of the city changed significantly
during the Renaissance (1500 — 1600) and baroque (1600-1800) periods
Absolute monarchs arose to preside over a unified nation-state Rising middle class slowly gave up their freedoms to
join with the king in pursuit of economic gain City size grew rapidly because bureaucracies of
regional power structures came to dominate them Trade patterns expanded with the beginning of
European imperial conquest City planning and military technology acted to remold
and constrain the physical form of the city
The Renaissance and Baroque periods A national capital city rose to prominence
in most countries Provincial cities were subjected to its tastes Power was centralized in its precincts First office buildings were built to house a
growing bureaucracy Most important, it was restructured to
reflect the power of the central government and insure control over urban masses