History of History of ChinaChinaLongest continuous Longest continuous

CivilizationCivilization中国 中国 ChinaChinaSpeaker :Speaker :Alice Alice WangWang

ChinaChina

History of History of ChinaChina

9,600,0009,600,000 km km2 2

3434 provincial administrative regions provincial administrative regions

Population (2006): Population (2006):

1.31591.3159 billion (Mianland) billion (Mianland)

22.8422.84 million (Taiwan Province) million (Taiwan Province)

6.996.99 million (Hong Kong SAR) million (Hong Kong SAR)

0.580.58 million (Macau SAR) million (Macau SAR)

5656 ethnic groups ethnic groups

The Han people constitute about The Han people constitute about

91% 91% of the population of the population

History of History of ChinaChina

Satellite Image of China in AsiaSatellite Image of China in Asia

▲▲From hunter-gatherers to From hunter-gatherers to farmersfarmers •Inhabited more than Inhabited more than a million a million yearsyears ago by ago by Homo erectusHomo erectus..

History of History of ChinaChina

•Excavations at Excavations at YuanmouYuanmou and and LantianLantian show early habitation. show early habitation.

•Most famous specimen of Homo erectus is Peking Man found in 1923.

History of History of ChinaChina

•Late Neolithic Late Neolithic timestimes

•The The Yellow RiverYellow River valleyvalley

•Cultural CentersCultural Centers began to appearbegan to appear

•First villages were First villages were foundedfounded Map of China in Neolithic Age

History of History of ChinaChina

▲▲Prehistory Prehistory

•ComplicatedComplicated •Lack of a written languageLack of a written language

•Existence of documents from Existence of documents from later time periods later time periods •Problem:Problem:Centuries of Centuries of introspectionintrospection of Chinese of Chinese people blurred the distinction people blurred the distinction between between factfact and and fictionfiction..

History of History of ChinaChina

▲▲Ancient HistoryAncient History (Three Dynasties)(Three Dynasties)•Historical RecordsHistorical Records byby Sima Qian Sima Qian•Yellow EmperorYellow Emperor, , the ancestor of the the ancestor of the Chinese people.Chinese people. •System of System of inherited rulershipinherited rulership

•Historical China beganHistorical China began

Sima QianSima Qian(145/135B.C.~?) (145/135B.C.~?)

Yellow EmperorYellow Emperor

History of History of ChinaChina1.Xia Dynasty (abt 21~16c. B.C.)1.Xia Dynasty (abt 21~16c. B.C.)

•11stst historic dynasty, but unproved historic dynasty, but unproved

•Sima Qian: the founding of Sima Qian: the founding of Xia, Xia, 4,0004,000 years ago years ago

•Date has not been Date has not been corroborated with no clear corroborated with no clear written recordswritten records

•Remains poorly Remains poorly understoodunderstood

History of History of ChinaChina

2.Shang Dynasty 2.Shang Dynasty (1523~1027 B.C.)(1523~1027 B.C.)

•11stst proved historic proved historic dynastydynasty

•Complex Complex agriculturalagricultural society society

•Bureaucracy and Bureaucracy and defined social classesdefined social classes

•Well-developed Well-developed writingwriting

•Great age of Great age of bronzebronze casting casting

•1st Chinese 1st Chinese CalendarCalendar

History of History of ChinaChina

Oracle BonesOracle Bones Bronze Casting of ShangBronze Casting of Shang

History of History of ChinaChina

3.Zhou Dynasty3.Zhou DynastyWestern Zhou (1027~771 B.C.)Western Zhou (1027~771 B.C.)

Eastern Zhou (770~256 B.C.)Eastern Zhou (770~256 B.C.)

Spring and Spring and Autumn PeriodAutumn Period(770~476 B.C.)(770~476 B.C.)

Warring Sates Warring Sates PeriodPeriod(475~221 B.C.)(475~221 B.C.)

History of History of ChinaChina

•Semi-feudal systemSemi-feudal system

•Mandate of HeavenMandate of Heaven

•Expansions into the Expansions into the Yangtze RiverYangtze River valley valley

•Military leadersMilitary leaders vie forvie for hegemony hegemony

•Power of Zhou kings Power of Zhou kings in namein nameonly states and unification at lastonly states and unification at last

•New local administrative systemNew local administrative systemof commandery and prefecture of commandery and prefecture

History of History of ChinaChina•Decline of enfeoffmentDecline of enfeoffment

system and rise of feudalitysystem and rise of feudality

Confucius Confucius (551~479 B.C)(551~479 B.C)

Yin and YangYin and YangCast-iron Cast-iron helmethelmet

•Classical age: Chinese Classical age: Chinese philosophy blossomedphilosophy blossomed Hundred Schools of Hundred Schools of Thought (Confucianism,Thought (Confucianism, Taoism…)Taoism…)

•Written lawsWritten laws

•Iron implementsIron implements

ChimeChime

History of History of ChinaChina

▲Imperial China

Qin Dynasty (221~207)(221~207)

•Shi Huangdi: 1st Emperor

•1st Tightly centralized legalist government

•Burning and burying of scholars

•Unification of the other six powers

•Great Wall

•Unifying legal code, written language, and currency

History of History of ChinaChina

Han Dynasty:Han Dynasty:A period of A period of ProsperityProsperity

Western Han Western Han (206 B.C.~(206 B.C.~24 A.D.)24 A.D.)

Eastern HanEastern Han(25~220)(25~220)

History of History of ChinaChina

•Philosophy of Philosophy of ConfucianismConfucianism

•Great advances in Great advances in arts and sciencesarts and sciences(Such as Paper-(Such as Paper-making)making)

•Conflicts Conflicts with Hunswith Huns

•Silk RoadSilk Road

History of History of ChinaChina

Three KingdomsThree Kingdoms

Wei Wei (220~265)(220~265)

Shu Shu (221~263)(221~263)

Wu Wu (222~280)(222~280)

•An era of warlordsAn era of warlords

•Greatly romanticized(Romance of the Three Kingdoms)

•Increased importance of Increased importance of TaoismTaoism and and Buddhism Buddhism

▲▲Era of Disunity Era of Disunity (220~581)(220~581)

History of History of ChinaChina

Jin DynastyJin Dynasty

Northern and Southern Northern and Southern Dynasties (420~581)Dynasties (420~581)

Western Jin (265~316)Western Jin (265~316)

Eastern Jin (317~420)Eastern Jin (317~420)

•Non-Han Chinese ethnic groups controlling of Northern China

•Han Chinese migrations to south of the Yangtze

History of History of ChinaChina

History of History of ChinaChina

▲▲From Reunification to From Reunification to prosperityprosperity

Tang Dynasty (618~907)Tang Dynasty (618~907)

Sui Dynasty (581~618)Sui Dynasty (581~618)•Similar to Qin DynastySimilar to Qin Dynasty(Reunification, tyranny(Reunification, tyrannyand short dynasty)and short dynasty)

•Return to prosperityReturn to prosperity•Most splendid dynastyMost splendid dynasty

History of History of ChinaChina•Innovations in arts and

technology

•Buddhism became the predominant religion

•Trade routes

•Civil service examinations

•Achievements in poetry (Li Bai)(Li Bai)

History of History of ChinaChina

▲▲Political disunity & Political disunity & defeat of Han people defeat of Han people

Five Dynasties & Ten Five Dynasties & Ten Kingdoms (907~960)Kingdoms (907~960)

•Period of warfare Period of warfare

•Development of printing

•Paper money Paper money

History of History of ChinaChinaNorthern Song Northern Song

Dynasty (960~1127)Dynasty (960~1127)

Southern Song Southern Song Dynasty (1127~1279)Dynasty (1127~1279)

Jin Dynasty Jin Dynasty (1115~1234)(1115~1234)

Liao Dynasty Liao Dynasty (916~1125)(916~1125)

Western Xia Western Xia DynastyDynasty

History of History of ChinaChina

•Economic prosperity Economic prosperity

•Great technological developments Great technological developments

•Gunpowder wildly Gunpowder wildly used militarily used militarily

•Invention of compass &maritime commerceInvention of compass &maritime commerce

History of History of ChinaChina

Mongols & Yuan Mongols & Yuan Dynasty Dynasty (1271~1368) (1271~1368)

•Genghis Khan Genghis Khan (1162(1162 ～～ 1227) 1227)

•Kublai KhanKublai Khan(1215-1294)(1215-1294)

•Unity of Mongol tribes Unity of Mongol tribes

•Establishment of Establishment of Yuan Dynasty Yuan Dynasty Genghis KhanGenghis Khan Kublai Khan

History of History of ChinaChina

•Growing contact with West Growing contact with West (Marco Polo)(Marco Polo)

•Adopting Han Adopting Han Chinese customs Chinese customs

•BeijingBeijing as capital of whole as capital of whole China for the 1st timeChina for the 1st time

•Playwriting Playwriting

History of History of ChinaChina▲▲Revival of Han ruleRevival of Han rule

Ming DynastyMing Dynasty(1368~1644)(1368~1644)•Pushing back Pushing back Mongolians to Mongolians to the steppes the steppes

•Large urban centers (Nanjing, Beijing) Large urban centers (Nanjing, Beijing)

History of History of ChinaChina•Growth of private Growth of private

industry industry •Voyages of Voyages of Zheng He Zheng He

•Forbidden City Forbidden City •Great Wall Great Wall

History of History of ChinaChina

▲▲The last dynastyThe last dynasty

Qing Dynasty Qing Dynasty (1644~1911)(1644~1911)

•The ManchuThe Manchu

•Adopting Adopting Confucian normsConfucian norms

•The “Queue” & The “Queue” & Manchu-style Manchu-style clothingclothing

History of History of ChinaChina

•““Eight Banners” systemEight Banners” system

•Opium War (1840)Opium War (1840)

•Treaty of Treaty of Nanking (1842)Nanking (1842)

History of History of ChinaChina

•Taiping Rebellion Taiping Rebellion (1851~1864)(1851~1864) •Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion

•Imperialist powers’ Imperialist powers’ invasioninvasion

History of History of ChinaChina•Self-Strengthening Self-Strengthening

MovementMovement

•Dowager CixiDowager Cixi •Democratic Democratic RevolutionRevolution

History of History of ChinaChinaRepublic of China Republic of China

(1912~1949)(1912~1949)•1st 1st republic in Asiarepublic in Asia

•Sun Yat-sen •Yuan Shikai & imperial ambitions

•National Protection War

History of History of ChinaChinaWarlord Era (1916-1928) Warlord Era (1916-1928)

•World War I & Treaty of World War I & Treaty of Versailles Versailles

•May Fourth May Fourth Movement Movement

•Communist Party Communist Party (1921.7)(1921.7)

•Chiang Chiang Kai-shekKai-shek

•Northern Northern Expedition Expedition

History of History of ChinaChinaNanjing Decade Nanjing Decade

(1928-1937)(1928-1937)•Central Plains War (1930)Central Plains War (1930)

•Chinese Soviet Republic & Long March (1934)

•Mukden Incident (1931.9.18)

History of History of ChinaChinaSino-Japanese War Sino-Japanese War

(1937~1945)(1937~1945)•July Seventh Incident

•Nanjing Massacre Nanjing Massacre

•Collaboration between KMT & CCPCollaboration between KMT & CCP

•Surrender of JapanSurrender of Japan

History of History of ChinaChinaCivil War (1945-1949)Civil War (1945-1949)

•United States influenceUnited States influence

•Chongqing Negotiation Chongqing Negotiation

•Defeated KMT ArmyDefeated KMT Army

•Retreat to TaiwanRetreat to Taiwan

History of History of ChinaChinaPeople’s Republic of China People’s Republic of China

(Since Oct. 1, 1949)(Since Oct. 1, 1949)

•Mao Zedong Mao Zedong

•Tiananmen gate Tiananmen gate

National FlagNational Flag

National EmblemNational Emblem

History of History of ChinaChinaSocialist transformationSocialist transformation

(1949~1966)(1949~1966)

•Land ownership Land ownership reforms reforms

•Industry and commerce Industry and commerce reformsreforms

•Great Leap Great Leap Forward (1957)Forward (1957)

•Class struggle Class struggle

•People's People's communecommune

History of History of ChinaChinaCultural RevolutionCultural Revolution

(1966~1976)(1966~1976)

•Red Guards

•Cult of personality

•Little Red Book

•Down to the Countryside Movement •Gang of Four

History of History of ChinaChinaPictures of Cultural Pictures of Cultural

Revolution periodRevolution period

History of History of ChinaChinaReform and openness Reform and openness

(1976~1989)(1976~1989)

•Deng XiaopingDeng Xiaoping

•Special Economic Zones Special Economic Zones •Economic reforms Economic reforms

•Mao passed Mao passed away (1976.9.9)away (1976.9.9)

Funeral ceremonyFuneral ceremony

History of History of ChinaChinaThird generation Third generation

period (1989~2002)period (1989~2002)

•Jiang Zemin Jiang Zemin

•Macroeconomic Macroeconomic reforms reforms •Three Gorges Three Gorges Dam Dam

•Hong Kong Hong Kong & Macau & Macau

•World Trade World Trade Organization Organization

History of History of ChinaChinaChina today

(2002~present) •Hu Jintao & “fourth Hu Jintao & “fourth generation” leadershipgeneration” leadership

•Harmonious society Harmonious society construction construction •Manned Space Manned Space

•Future prospects:Future prospects:2008 Beijing Olympics2008 Beijing Olympics2010 Shanghai Expo 2010 Shanghai Expo

Thank Thank You!You!