HISTORY OF HISTORY OF BIOMECHANICSBIOMECHANICS

JENNIFER KLOTZJENNIFER KLOTZOLGA THEOUOLGA THEOU

NICOLE WOODNICOLE WOODCHRIS DUNCANCHRIS DUNCAN

WON CHUNGWON CHUNG

AGENDA AGENDA

AntiquityAntiquity 650BC – 200AD 650BC – 200AD Middle AgesMiddle Ages 200AD – 1450AD 200AD – 1450AD Italian RenaissanceItalian Renaissance 1450AD – 1600AD 1450AD – 1600AD Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution 1600AD – 1730AD 1600AD – 1730AD EnlightenmentEnlightenment 1730AD – 1800AD 1730AD – 1800AD The Gait centuryThe Gait century 1800AD – 1900AD 1800AD – 1900AD The 20th century and beyond 1900AD - ….The 20th century and beyond 1900AD - ….

Antiquity Antiquity

650 B.C – 200 A.D650 B.C – 200 A.DHistories of sciences Histories of sciences usually begin with the usually begin with the ancient Greeksancient GreeksKnowledge and myth Knowledge and myth were separated were separated developing what we developing what we would call today “true would call today “true scientific inquiry”scientific inquiry”Observation to Observation to develop theoriesdevelop theories

PythagorasPythagoras

About 580 – 500 B.CAbout 580 – 500 B.C “…“…..all things have form, ..all things have form,

all things are form, and all all things are form, and all things can be defined by things can be defined by numbers”numbers”

His definition of the His definition of the universe and the human universe and the human body were based on his body were based on his mathematical analysis of mathematical analysis of musicmusic

Pythagoras’ famous Pythagoras’ famous theorem for rectangles theorem for rectangles and triangles: aand triangles: a² + b² = c²² + b² = c²

AristotleAristotle 384 – 322 B.C384 – 322 B.C ““Father of Kinesiology”Father of Kinesiology” Every motion presupposed a moverEvery motion presupposed a mover The motions of falling bodies and The motions of falling bodies and

projectiles fascinated himprojectiles fascinated him• Average velocity of a falling body over a given Average velocity of a falling body over a given

distance is proportional to the weight of the distance is proportional to the weight of the falling bodyfalling body and inversely proportional to the and inversely proportional to the density of the mediumdensity of the medium

His bookHis book “About the movement of “About the movement of Animals” Animals” describeddescribed• Movement and locomotion for the first timeMovement and locomotion for the first time• The first scientific analysis of gaitThe first scientific analysis of gait• The first geometrical analysis of muscular The first geometrical analysis of muscular

actionaction Explained ground reaction forces “….for Explained ground reaction forces “….for

just as the pusher pushes, so the pusher just as the pusher pushes, so the pusher is pushed”is pushed”

ArchimedesArchimedes

287- 212 B.C287- 212 B.C He claimed that he would be able to He claimed that he would be able to

move the Earth if he only had a place move the Earth if he only had a place to stand in order to do soto stand in order to do so

He used a close approximation for He used a close approximation for ππ to measure volumes and areas of to measure volumes and areas of solidssolids

He established statics and He established statics and hydrostatics hydrostatics • He determined hydrostatic principles He determined hydrostatic principles

governing floating bodies that are still governing floating bodies that are still accepted in swimming todayaccepted in swimming today

• He discovered the principle of water He discovered the principle of water displacement while bathingdisplacement while bathing

• His inquires included the laws of His inquires included the laws of leverage and determining the centre leverage and determining the centre of gravity and the foundation of the of gravity and the foundation of the oretical mechanicsoretical mechanics

GalenGalen 131- 201 A.D131- 201 A.D First “sport physician” and “team doctor” First “sport physician” and “team doctor”

in history – “Father of Sports Medicine” in history – “Father of Sports Medicine” For 4 years he practiced surgery and For 4 years he practiced surgery and

dietetics among the gladiators, gaining dietetics among the gladiators, gaining substantial knowledge of the human body substantial knowledge of the human body and human motionand human motion

““On the function of the parts” – On the function of the parts” – first text first text on physiology on physiology

Distinguished between skeletal muscles Distinguished between skeletal muscles and muscle parts, such as the heart and and muscle parts, such as the heart and the stomachthe stomach

Described tonus and distinguished Described tonus and distinguished between motor and sensory nerves, between motor and sensory nerves, agonist and antagonist musclesagonist and antagonist muscles

Established the science of myologyEstablished the science of myology• He taught that muscular contraction resulted He taught that muscular contraction resulted

from the passage from the passage spiritus animalius spiritus animalius from the from the brain through the nerves to the muscles brain through the nerves to the muscles

The Middle Ages

When and What?

• 200 B.C. – 1450 A.D.• Also known as the “Dark Ages”• Scientific development decreased• Religious and spiritual development

increased• Arab scholars saved scientific investigations

of antiquity from disappearing completely• The only type of knowledge desired was the

knowledge of God

Connection to Biomechanics

Italian RenaissanceItalian Renaissance

When and What?When and What?

• 1450 A.D. – 1600 A.D. • The authority of the Church replaced with the

authority of the ancients (Less fear of the church)• Period characterized by freedom of thought and

intellectual adventure• Revival of ancient Greek philosophy, literature and

art• Man became the “measure of all things”

• 1450 A.D. – 1600 A.D. • The authority of the Church replaced with the

authority of the ancients (Less fear of the church)• Period characterized by freedom of thought and

intellectual adventure• Revival of ancient Greek philosophy, literature and

art• Man became the “measure of all things”

Biomechanics ConnectionBiomechanics Connection

• Scientific work revived

• Foundations laid for future work in anatomy and physiology

• Movement and muscle actions were studied as connected entities

• Scientific work revived

• Foundations laid for future work in anatomy and physiology

• Movement and muscle actions were studied as connected entities

The Major PlayersThe Major Players

• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

• Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)

• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

• Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)

Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci

• Self taught man• Best known as an artist

but primarily served as an engineer

• A very talented and imaginative man; inventions include the tank, helicopter, parachute, steam cannon, and hang glider.

• Self taught man• Best known as an artist

but primarily served as an engineer

• A very talented and imaginative man; inventions include the tank, helicopter, parachute, steam cannon, and hang glider.

Contributions to BiomechanicsContributions to Biomechanics

• Had the unique ability to communicate dynamic human movement in visual form

• Had the unique ability to communicate dynamic human movement in visual form

Contributions con’tContributions con’t

• Mechanical analysis of movement included joints, muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage

• Most successful illustrations included the anatomy of the arm, elbow, and hand

• Mechanical analysis of movement included joints, muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage

• Most successful illustrations included the anatomy of the arm, elbow, and hand

Contributions con’tContributions con’t

• Depicted correctly the muscles (threads) by demonstrating their origin and insertion points as well as the mechanical action of the muscle dependent on its shape

• Depicted correctly the muscles (threads) by demonstrating their origin and insertion points as well as the mechanical action of the muscle dependent on its shape

Contributions con’tContributions con’t

• Fused art and science by stressing perspective in his illustrations, accurately depicted ball and socket joints (hip and shoulder) as well as the correct shape of the pelvis

• Fused art and science by stressing perspective in his illustrations, accurately depicted ball and socket joints (hip and shoulder) as well as the correct shape of the pelvis

VesaliusVesalius

• Education vastly contrasted da Vinci’s

• Received formal training in medicine and eventually became a physician

• Taught and published his anatomical theories

• Education vastly contrasted da Vinci’s

• Received formal training in medicine and eventually became a physician

• Taught and published his anatomical theories

Vesalius ContinuedVesalius Continued

• Originally a proponent of Galen, he noticed contradictions in his work

• Convinced Galen’s work was dissections of animals and wrongly portrayed the human body

• Dissected executed criminals

• Originally a proponent of Galen, he noticed contradictions in his work

• Convinced Galen’s work was dissections of animals and wrongly portrayed the human body

• Dissected executed criminals

Contributions to BiomechanicsContributions to Biomechanics• In 1543 published De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem

(On the Structure of the Human Body)• Boldly stated that human anatomy could only be learned from

dissection and observation of the human body• Re-evaluated the anatomy of muscles (human muscles differ

from animal muscles)• Stimulated scientific debate between the relationship of

nerves and muscles (muscles attached to tendons and embraced nerve fibers)

• His detailed descriptive anatomy laid the foundation for modern day anatomy.

• In 1543 published De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem (On the Structure of the Human Body)

• Boldly stated that human anatomy could only be learned from dissection and observation of the human body

• Re-evaluated the anatomy of muscles (human muscles differ from animal muscles)

• Stimulated scientific debate between the relationship of nerves and muscles (muscles attached to tendons and embraced nerve fibers)

• His detailed descriptive anatomy laid the foundation for modern day anatomy.

Scientific Revolution1600-1730

•Galileo, Santorio, Harvey, Descartes, Boreli, Newton•Science was supported by private and political institutions•Intellectual freedom was highly respected•Scientists from different European countries made contact with each other•**Experimentation became the cornerstone of the new Scientific Method

Who is this?•“If I have been able to see further it was because I stood on the shoulders of Giants” -Newton

Galileo Galilei“The Wrangler”(1564-1642)•University of Pisa to

study medicine•He could not accept what professors told him on faith.

•University of Padua to study mathematics•He focused on experimentation

•Telescope

Galileo & Biomechanics•Mechanical aspects of bone structure and allometry

•Animals’ mass disproportionately to their size. Therefore bones’ girth must •Marine animals vs. terrestrial animals

•Buoyancy relieves tissues of weight

• Disproved Aristotle’s doctrine of falling bodies• Impossible that the rate of falling is a

function of the object’s weight. Gravity?

• Most fundamental contribution to science:• Scientific Method

• Need to examine facts critically and reproduce known phenomenon experimentally so as to determine cause & effect for what is observed.

Galileo in Today’s Biomechanics•Aquatic PT

•“water’s buoyancy relieves tissues of weight”

•Provided Foundation for Newton’s 3 laws

•Theory of uniform motion, projectiles, inclined plane, and he defined momentum

?(1596-1650)

Rene Descartes’ Contributions•Cartesian Coordinate System

•The Legend is that he invented this system while lying in bed observing a fly in the corner of his room

Contributions cont.•One of the first to use a mathematical approach to analyzing mechanics & applied it to the human body•Theory of inertia

•Related the fact that motion continues in a straight line unless acted on by an external force, to the motion of planet

Who is this?

Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608-1679)

• Began as Galileo’s student in Rome • Became Math teacher in Messina, Pisa, &

Florence • Co-developer of “iatrophysical” approach to

medicine• Mechanics, not chemistry, is key to understanding

the functioning of the human body

• Discovered forces required for equilibrium in various joints of the body before Newtown developed his laws

• Determined human’s COG• Calculated inspiration and expiration volumes

Borelli

•One of the first men to understand that the levers of the musculoskeletal system magnify motion rather than force

“Father of Biomechanics”

•De Motu Animalium•Published after 1679

•Contents:•Used geometrical method to describe jumping, running, flying, swimming, etc.•Gait analysis & analysis of muscles•Muscle function in specific joints (knee)•Influence of muscle fibers for force production

Findings Hypothesized in Treatise

•“Jumping”•Proposition CLXXVIII:

•In jumping at an inclination to the horizon, the trajectory of the jump is parabolic

•Proposition CLXXIX:•Why a jump during running is longer and higher

Does anyone know who this is? (1642 – 1727)

Isaac Newton & the “Principia”

•Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy•Book I:

•Science & mechanics•3 Laws (Inertia, accleration, & action-reaction)

•Book II:•New scientific philosophies

•Descartes & Kepler

•Book III:•Applications of his dynamics

•Law of gravitation

Newton’s Laws

• Law of Inertia• A body will remain at rest or continue to

move at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force

• Law of Acceleration• The acceleration of an object is directly

proportional to the force causing it, it is in the same direction as the fore, and it is inversely proportional to its mass

• Law of action-reaction• For every action there exists an equal and

opposite reaction

• Universal Gravitation• All objects attract each other with

gravitational force that is inversely proportional to the square of the distance b/n the objects

• This force of gravity is proportional to the mass of each of the two bodies being attracted to each other

Putting the Puzzle Together

•Pieces of the Puzzle:•Galileo’s law of falling bodies & projectiles•Descartes’ law of inertia•Galileo failed to mention a driving force in his theory•Descartes’ theory mentioned straight lines, but the planets do not move in a straight line

THE AGE OF THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENTENLIGHTENMENT

(1730 AD – 1800 AD)(1730 AD – 1800 AD) Period of increased understandingPeriod of increased understanding Mechanical philosophers - mathematiciansMechanical philosophers - mathematicians Causes of motion disagreed Causes of motion disagreed The concept of force more clearly The concept of force more clearly

understoodunderstood Advances in chemistry and a new Advances in chemistry and a new

approach to physiologyapproach to physiology

Daniel BernoulliDaniel Bernoulli

Born: 8 Feb 1700 in Groningen, NetherlandsBorn: 8 Feb 1700 in Groningen, NetherlandsDied: 17 March 1782 in Basel, Switzerland Died: 17 March 1782 in Basel, Switzerland

Family of mathematicians Family of mathematicians

HydrodynamicaHydrodynamica

Bernoulli’s principleBernoulli’s principle

Bernoulli’s principleBernoulli’s principle

A rise (fall) in pressure in a flowing fluid must A rise (fall) in pressure in a flowing fluid must always be accompanied by a decrease (increase) in always be accompanied by a decrease (increase) in the speed, and conversely, if an increase the speed, and conversely, if an increase (decrease) in , the speed of the fluid results in a (decrease) in , the speed of the fluid results in a decrease (increase) in the pressure. decrease (increase) in the pressure.

Bernoulli’s principleBernoulli’s principle

Albrecht von HallerAlbrecht von Haller

Born: 16 October 1708 in Bern, Born: 16 October 1708 in Bern, Switzerland Switzerland

Died: 07 December 1777Died: 07 December 1777

A prodigyA prodigy

The founder on neurologyThe founder on neurology

Gait Century

When and What?When and What?1800 A.D. – 1900 A.D.1800 A.D. – 1900 A.D.Period of time where a complementary Period of time where a complementary development of mind and body was reborn development of mind and body was reborn (Rousseau’s novel (Rousseau’s novel EmileEmile, 1762), sport and , 1762), sport and movement ideal formmovement ideal formDevelopment of sport and leisure during the late Development of sport and leisure during the late 1818thth Century created a renewed scientific interest Century created a renewed scientific interest in human locomotion in human locomotion The 19The 19thth Century was a period of development Century was a period of development and discovery of instruments and experimental and discovery of instruments and experimental methods to increase knowledge of human methods to increase knowledge of human movementmovementGait AnalysisGait Analysis

Biomechanics ConnectionBiomechanics ConnectionMeasuring methods developed to quantify Measuring methods developed to quantify kinematics and kinetics of movementkinematics and kinetics of movementMeasuring methods developed to quantify Measuring methods developed to quantify electrical current during muscular electrical current during muscular contractionscontractionsEngineering principles applied in biological Engineering principles applied in biological and biomechanical analysisand biomechanical analysisTransformation of biomechanics from an Transformation of biomechanics from an observational science to one based on observational science to one based on quantification and mathematical analysisquantification and mathematical analysis

The Major PlayersThe Major Players

Etienne Jules Marey (1838-1904)Etienne Jules Marey (1838-1904)

Edweard Muybridge (1830-1904)Edweard Muybridge (1830-1904)

Du Bois Reymond (1818-1896/1922?)Du Bois Reymond (1818-1896/1922?)

GuillaumeGuillaume BenjaminBenjamin Amand Amand Duchenne (1806-1875)Duchenne (1806-1875)

Jules MareyJules MareyGreatly influenced the development Greatly influenced the development of biomechanics by providing the of biomechanics by providing the ability to quantify movements and ability to quantify movements and by his rigorous scientific natureby his rigorous scientific natureHe was the first to combine and He was the first to combine and synchronize kinematics and force synchronize kinematics and force measurement (inspired measurement (inspired comprehensive locomotion analysis)comprehensive locomotion analysis)Analyzed movement of adults and Analyzed movement of adults and children during sport and work as children during sport and work as well as the movements of animals well as the movements of animals (facility devoted to biomechanics (facility devoted to biomechanics research)research)Variety of his data collection Variety of his data collection inspired others to adapt and create inspired others to adapt and create devices for the quantification of devices for the quantification of motionmotion

Marey’s ContributionsMarey’s ContributionsCorrelated ground reaction forces with Correlated ground reaction forces with movement (dynamometric table; first movement (dynamometric table; first serious force plate)serious force plate)

Developed technology to record sequential Developed technology to record sequential motion at high speeds (rifle camera)motion at high speeds (rifle camera)

Invented the “Chronophotographe a Invented the “Chronophotographe a pellicule” or modern cinecamera (frame by pellicule” or modern cinecamera (frame by frame analysis)frame analysis)

Pioneer or modern day motion analysisPioneer or modern day motion analysis

Marey’s WorkMarey’s Work

Edweard MuybridgeEdweard MuybridgeBegan career in locomotion Began career in locomotion studying horses for Leland studying horses for Leland Stanford (Stanford University)Stanford (Stanford University)His contribution to biomechanics His contribution to biomechanics is the sheer number of images is the sheer number of images he produced documenting he produced documenting movementmovementProduced over 20,000 images Produced over 20,000 images later published in later published in Animals in Animals in LocomotionLocomotion and and The Human The Human Figure in MotionFigure in MotionMuybridge lacked a scientific Muybridge lacked a scientific methodologymethodology

Muybridge’s WorkMuybridge’s Work

Wilhelm Braune and Otto FischerWilhelm Braune and Otto FischerIn 1891 made precise In 1891 made precise mathematical analysis mathematical analysis possible by conducting possible by conducting the first tri-the first tri-dimensional analysis dimensional analysis of human gaitof human gaitExperimental method Experimental method of determining center of determining center of gravity; concluded of gravity; concluded that the original that the original position of frozen position of frozen cadavers could be cadavers could be considered a normal considered a normal one one

Du Bois Reymond and DuchenneDu Bois Reymond and DuchenneLaid the foundations of Laid the foundations of electromyographyelectromyographyDu Bois Reymond refined Du Bois Reymond refined methods for measuring currents methods for measuring currents and traced electricity in and traced electricity in contracting muscles to its contracting muscles to its independent fibersindependent fibersDuchenne developed electrodes Duchenne developed electrodes that could stimulate the that could stimulate the superficial musclessuperficial musclesDuchenne published Duchenne published Physiologie des MouvementsPhysiologie des Mouvements which described the muscle which described the muscle action of every important action of every important superficial musclesuperficial muscle

Duchene's InventionsDuchene's Inventions

2020thth Century Century

Kinesiology Era vs. Biomechanics EraKinesiology Era vs. Biomechanics Era Kinesiology EraKinesiology Era

ScholarsScholars Textbooks/CurriculumTextbooks/Curriculum Research/InstrumentationResearch/Instrumentation

Biomechanics EraBiomechanics Era Textbooks/CurriculumTextbooks/Curriculum Graduate ProgramsGraduate Programs Research/InstrumentationResearch/Instrumentation

Other 20Other 20thth Century Research Century Research Biomechanics Seminar/Congress/JournalBiomechanics Seminar/Congress/Journal

Kinesiology Era vs. Kinesiology Era vs. Biomechanics EraBiomechanics Era

Kinesiology EraKinesiology Era “…“…Spans the first 6 decades of the 20Spans the first 6 decades of the 20thth Century and represents the Century and represents the

infancy of biomechanics”infancy of biomechanics” Biomechanics EraBiomechanics Era

Begins in the 1960’s to the presentBegins in the 1960’s to the present Biomechanics begins to branch away from Kinesiology and become its Biomechanics begins to branch away from Kinesiology and become its

own disciplineown discipline Graduate programs begin in universities and creation of scholarly Graduate programs begin in universities and creation of scholarly

societiessocieties New research and developmentNew research and development

Kinesiology Era: ScholarsKinesiology Era: Scholars

•Arthur Steindler, MD (1878-1959)Arthur Steindler, MD (1878-1959)1930’s: taught graduate level Kinesiology classes at the University of Iowa1930’s: taught graduate level Kinesiology classes at the University of Iowa1935: his lectures and notes are compiled together in a book, 1935: his lectures and notes are compiled together in a book, Mechanics of Normal Mechanics of Normal and Pathological Locomotion in Manand Pathological Locomotion in Man

1st to use term “biomechanics” in physical education text1st to use term “biomechanics” in physical education text1942: has article in JOHPER advocating the application of biomechanics to study 1942: has article in JOHPER advocating the application of biomechanics to study human movement and made strong arguments for the following questions:human movement and made strong arguments for the following questions:

can human movement be expressed in mathematical formula?can human movement be expressed in mathematical formula? If it can be analyzed with math, can it be of practical benefit?If it can be analyzed with math, can it be of practical benefit?

•Ruth B. Glassow (1891-1988)

1924: hired to teach Kinesiology courses at University Illinois

•Designed new course in which students classified movement patterns and applied them to basic mechanical principals

1932: Fundamental of Physical Education textbook

Pioneer in use of motion picture to analyze human movement in physical education

Pioneer in tests and measurements

•1938: Glassow & Broer write Measuring Achievement in Physical Education

Kinesiology Era: ScholarsKinesiology Era: Scholars

•Marion Broer (1918- )

1936 & 1937: spoke about the phases of human motion and body mechanics related to posture at the Central & Midwest Health and Physical Education & Recreation meeting

•Primary interests: fundamental movement patterns, efficiency of motion, and application of mechanical principles to movement patterns

1960: wrote textbook, Efficiency of Human Movement

•Strongest premise: a generality in the mechanics of movement existed and needed to be learned by the student of movement

Broer is still teaching exercise and the application of mechanics to daily movement to senior citizens

Kinesiology Era: Texts/CurriculumKinesiology Era: Texts/Curriculum

1909: 1909: Gymnastic Kinesiology Gymnastic Kinesiology (William Skarstrom, MD)(William Skarstrom, MD)– First scientific textbookFirst scientific textbook– Primary emphasis: structural/functional aspects of the human bodyPrimary emphasis: structural/functional aspects of the human body

1912: 1912: The Action of Muscles in Bodily Movement and Posture The Action of Muscles in Bodily Movement and Posture (Wilbur (Wilbur Bowen)Bowen)– Dealt with structural aspects of skeletal, nervous, & muscular systems with Dealt with structural aspects of skeletal, nervous, & muscular systems with

application to gymnastics, industrial movements, and some sport movementsapplication to gymnastics, industrial movements, and some sport movements

1935: 1935: Mechanics of Normal & Pathological Locomotion in Man Mechanics of Normal & Pathological Locomotion in Man (Arthur (Arthur Steindler)Steindler)– 11stst formal presentation of basic info. on the application of mechanics to internal formal presentation of basic info. on the application of mechanics to internal

structures of the body as well as references to external mechanics such as structures of the body as well as references to external mechanics such as balance, Newton’s Law of Motion, COG, and calculations of external forcebalance, Newton’s Law of Motion, COG, and calculations of external force

1942: 1942: Analysis of Human Motion: A Textbook in KinesiologyAnalysis of Human Motion: A Textbook in Kinesiology (M. Gladys (M. Gladys Scott)Scott)– Benchmark for current framework of undergrad. Kinesiology courses that exist Benchmark for current framework of undergrad. Kinesiology courses that exist

todaytoday– Most comprehensive and understandable text at that timeMost comprehensive and understandable text at that time

Kinesiology Era: Kinesiology Era: Research/InstrumentationResearch/Instrumentation

Motion picture photography (Muybridge and Marey)Motion picture photography (Muybridge and Marey)

COG and description of body as segmental organic links (Wilhelm COG and description of body as segmental organic links (Wilhelm Braun & Otto Fischer)Braun & Otto Fischer)– Fundamental to understanding of all resistive forces involved in Fundamental to understanding of all resistive forces involved in

human movementhuman movement

Wallace O. Fenn: 1Wallace O. Fenn: 1stst published biomechanical research studies that published biomechanical research studies that set the standard for analysisset the standard for analysis– Used motion pics in calculating velocity, kinetic energy, and Used motion pics in calculating velocity, kinetic energy, and

muscular power while working with the Eastman Kodak muscular power while working with the Eastman Kodak CompanyCompany

Biomechanics Era: Biomechanics Era: Texts/CurriculumTexts/Curriculum

Starting in the 1960’s, more universities were requiring an Starting in the 1960’s, more universities were requiring an undergraduate Kinesiology course as part of their core curriculumundergraduate Kinesiology course as part of their core curriculum

In response to the differences between the terms “kinesiology” and In response to the differences between the terms “kinesiology” and “biomechanics.” the “biomechanics.” the Kinesiology AcademyKinesiology Academy appointed a task force appointed a task force to develop guidelines for undergraduate Kinesiology courses:to develop guidelines for undergraduate Kinesiology courses:– ““Guidelines and Standards for Undergraduate Kinesiology,”Guidelines and Standards for Undergraduate Kinesiology,”

edited by Kathryn Luttgens & published in Feb 1980 edition of edited by Kathryn Luttgens & published in Feb 1980 edition of JOPER, included the following standards/areas of focus:JOPER, included the following standards/areas of focus:

1.1. Structural and functional aspects of the NM systmeStructural and functional aspects of the NM systme2.2. Mechanical application to human movementMechanical application to human movement3.3. Qualitative application to human movementQualitative application to human movement

Biomechanics as a graduate Biomechanics as a graduate specializationspecialization

1960’s: term “biomechanics” recognized as a graduate specialization1960’s: term “biomechanics” recognized as a graduate specialization

– Louis AlleyLouis Alley: 1966 article about the design of a graduate program that : 1966 article about the design of a graduate program that trained specialists in the mechanics of human movementtrained specialists in the mechanics of human movement

– Richard NelsonRichard Nelson: Penn St, 1964: established a lab for biomechanical : Penn St, 1964: established a lab for biomechanical research (1research (1stst to be identified by the term “biomechanics”) to be identified by the term “biomechanics”)

– John CooperJohn Cooper: Indiana University, 1960’s: graduate program and : Indiana University, 1960’s: graduate program and research labresearch lab

– At this time, most graduate experience was coursework and At this time, most graduate experience was coursework and descriptive research utilizing methods of cinematography and descriptive research utilizing methods of cinematography and electromyographyelectromyography

Biomechanics Era: Biomechanics Era: Research/InstrumentationResearch/Instrumentation

Most important: incorporation of the digital computer to collection and analysis of Most important: incorporation of the digital computer to collection and analysis of biomechanical databiomechanical data

1970’s: primary focus was instrumentation1970’s: primary focus was instrumentation Cinematography: design of the LoCam 16-mm motion picture camera which Cinematography: design of the LoCam 16-mm motion picture camera which

permitted film rates up to 500 frames per secondpermitted film rates up to 500 frames per second• Allowed for accuracy of frame rate and small enough to take into the field for Allowed for accuracy of frame rate and small enough to take into the field for

on-site researchon-site research Kistler forceplate to measure forcesKistler forceplate to measure forces 3D cinematography: more realistic 3D cinematography: more realistic Electronic digitizerElectronic digitizer

1980’s: 1980’s: data analysis systems that permit the automatic tracking of reflective markers data analysis systems that permit the automatic tracking of reflective markers

placed on the body placed on the body New systems for measuring pressure distribution between the foot and shoe have New systems for measuring pressure distribution between the foot and shoe have

advanced research in kineticsadvanced research in kinetics

APX Fastcam by Image Diagnostics, Ltd.

•Up to 2,000 fps with full resolution 1,024 by 1,024 pixel resolution

2020thth Century Researchers Century Researchers Nicholas Bernstein (1896-1966)Nicholas Bernstein (1896-1966)

1920’s-1940’s in Soviet Union1920’s-1940’s in Soviet Union Developed method for measuring movement based on mathematical analysisDeveloped method for measuring movement based on mathematical analysis ““biodynamic” studies included proper use of tools such as the hammer and sawbiodynamic” studies included proper use of tools such as the hammer and saw Not published in N. American until 1967Not published in N. American until 1967

ElftmanElftman 1938 &1939-quantified internal forces in muscles and joints1938 &1939-quantified internal forces in muscles and joints Developed a force plate to quantify ground reaction forces and the Developed a force plate to quantify ground reaction forces and the

center of pressure under the foot during gaitcenter of pressure under the foot during gait• Found that muscles act by using transmission, absorption, release, Found that muscles act by using transmission, absorption, release,

and dissipation strategiesand dissipation strategies

SocietiesSocieties

ACSM - American College of Sports MedicineACSM - American College of Sports Medicine ANZSB - Australian and New Zealand Society of BiomechanicsANZSB - Australian and New Zealand Society of Biomechanics ASB - American Society of BiomechanicsASB - American Society of Biomechanics Biomechanics Section of BASES - British Association of Sport and Exercise SciencesBiomechanics Section of BASES - British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences BiomechanicBiomechanic World Wide World Wide Biomechanics Yellow PagesBiomechanics Yellow Pages CSB - Canadian Society for BiomechanicsCSB - Canadian Society for Biomechanics (en (en françaisfrançais)) DGfBDGfB - Deutsche - Deutsche GesellschaftGesellschaft fürfür BiomechanikBiomechanik (German Society of Biomechanics) (German Society of Biomechanics) ESB - European Society of BiomechanicsESB - European Society of Biomechanics ESMAC - European Society for Movement Analysis in Adults and ChildrenESMAC - European Society for Movement Analysis in Adults and Children GCMAS - Gait and Clinical Movement Analysis SocietyGCMAS - Gait and Clinical Movement Analysis Society ISB - International Society of BiomechanicsISB - International Society of Biomechanics – ISB Technical Group on Computer Simulation (TGCS)ISB Technical Group on Computer Simulation (TGCS) – ISB Technical Group on Footwear BiomechanicsISB Technical Group on Footwear Biomechanics – ISB Technical Group on the 3-D Analysis of Human MovementISB Technical Group on the 3-D Analysis of Human Movement – International Shoulder GroupInternational Shoulder Group

ISBS - International Society of Biomechanics in SportsISBS - International Society of Biomechanics in Sports ISPGR - International Society for Posture and Gait ResearchISPGR - International Society for Posture and Gait Research SB - SB - SociétéSociété de de biomécaniquebiomécanique SCB - SCB - SociétéSociété canadiennecanadienne de de biomécaniquebiomécanique (in English)(in English)

First International Seminar on First International Seminar on BiomechanicsBiomechanics

August 21-23, 1967 in Zurich, SwitzerlandAugust 21-23, 1967 in Zurich, Switzerland Discussed topics such as: technique of motion studies, Discussed topics such as: technique of motion studies,

telemetry, principle of human motion studies, & applied telemetry, principle of human motion studies, & applied biomechanics in work, sport, and clinical aspectsbiomechanics in work, sport, and clinical aspects

During the 1973 conference in Penn State, the ISB (Internat’l During the 1973 conference in Penn State, the ISB (Internat’l Society for Biomechanics) was founded by J. Wartenweiler.Society for Biomechanics) was founded by J. Wartenweiler.

• At the 1975 conference, ISB changed to ICB (Internat’l At the 1975 conference, ISB changed to ICB (Internat’l Congress for Biomechanics)-which is the name still used Congress for Biomechanics)-which is the name still used todaytoday

First World Congress of First World Congress of BiomechanicsBiomechanics

1989 in San Diego1989 in San Diego Chairman- Y.C. FungChairman- Y.C. Fung Biomechanics started to develop sub-disciplines in the Biomechanics started to develop sub-disciplines in the

1980’s (i.e., locomotion, orthopaedic, sport, muscle, 1980’s (i.e., locomotion, orthopaedic, sport, muscle, material, tissue, dental, cardiac, etc.material, tissue, dental, cardiac, etc.

Congress allowed biomechanists from these disciplines Congress allowed biomechanists from these disciplines to meet periodically to exchange ideas and findingsto meet periodically to exchange ideas and findings

ISBISB

International Society of International Society of BiomechanicsBiomechanics

August 30, 1973August 30, 1973

International Society of International Society of biomechanics 20biomechanics 20thth Congress Congress August 1-5, 2005 Cleveland, August 1-5, 2005 Cleveland, OH, USAOH, USA

Membership Membership Full 100.00 AUDFull 100.00 AUD Student 30.00 AUDStudent 30.00 AUD Emeritus 30.00 AUDEmeritus 30.00 AUD

ISBSISBS

The International Society The International Society of Biomechanics in Sports of Biomechanics in Sports

June 20-25, 1982 June 20-25, 1982

ISBS Journal ISBS Journal “Sports “Sports Biomechanics” Biomechanics”

2323rdrd Symposium 2005 Symposium 2005 Beijing, ChinaBeijing, China

Membership fee isMembership fee is Full members €52 Full members €52 Students €42Students €42

ASBASBAmerican Society of American Society of biomechanics biomechanics

October, 1977 October, 1977

September 8-11, 2004 September 8-11, 2004 American Society of American Society of Biomechanics Annual Biomechanics Annual Meeting Portland, OR, Meeting Portland, OR, USA USA 

Membership fee isMembership fee is Full members €40 Full members €40 Students €15Students €15

SCCBSCCB

Southern California Conference on Biomechanics Southern California Conference on Biomechanics

The Southern California Conference on Biomechanics is The Southern California Conference on Biomechanics is held to achieve the following purposes. held to achieve the following purposes. To foster the professional development of graduate and undergraduate students To foster the professional development of graduate and undergraduate students

in biomechanics and provide these students an opportunity to present their in biomechanics and provide these students an opportunity to present their research to the biomechanics community. research to the biomechanics community.

To increase collaboration and the exchange of knowledge among biomechanics To increase collaboration and the exchange of knowledge among biomechanics programs in the greater Southern California area.  programs in the greater Southern California area. 

To promote biomechanics throughout the greater Southern California area. To promote biomechanics throughout the greater Southern California area. 

March 28-29, 2003 Pepperdine University, Malibu, CAMarch 28-29, 2003 Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA

No registration fees for conference attendanceNo registration fees for conference attendance

ConferencesConferences

20042004 44thth International Conference on Strength Training International Conference on Strength Training

November 3-7November 3-7 Serres, Greece Serres, Greece 99thth World congress on Osteoarthritis World congress on Osteoarthritis December 2-5December 2-5

Chicago, IL, USAChicago, IL, USA

20052005 1717thth Conference of the International Society for Postural Conference of the International Society for Postural

and Gait Researchand Gait Research May 29 - June 2May 29 - June 2 Marseille, France Marseille, France Summer Bioengineering ConferenceSummer Bioengineering Conference June 22-26June 22-26 Vail, Vail,

CO, USACO, USA

20062006 55thth World congress of Biomechanics World congress of Biomechanics July 26 - August 4July 26 - August 4

2006, Munich, Germany2006, Munich, Germany

JournalsJournalsJournal of BiomechanicsJournal of BiomechanicsJournal of Applied Biomechanics Journal of Applied Biomechanics Clinical BiomechanicsClinical BiomechanicsJournal of Electromyographic KinesiologyJournal of Electromyographic Kinesiology

Elsevier ScienceElsevier ScienceBiorheologyBiorheology, , BoneBone, , BiorheologyBiorheology Brain ResearchBrain Research, , Bulletin of Mathematical BiologyBulletin of Mathematical Biology, , Computer Methods and Programs in BiomedicineComputer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, , Computerized Medical Imaging and GraphicsComputerized Medical Imaging and Graphics, , Computers in Biology and MedicineComputers in Biology and Medicine, , Electroencephalography and Clinical NeurophysiologyElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, , Gait and PostureGait and Posture , ,Human Movement ScienceHuman Movement Science, , InjuryInjury, , IsokineticsIsokinetics and Exercise Science and Exercise Science, , Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal RehabilitationJournal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, , Journal of Journal of OrthopaedicOrthopaedic Research Research, , The KneeThe Knee Mathematical BiosciencesMathematical Biosciences, , Medical Engineering and PhysicsMedical Engineering and Physics, , Neuromuscular DisordersNeuromuscular Disorders    

Human KineticsHuman KineticsJournal of Applied BiomechanicsJournal of Applied Biomechanics Jobs and CareersJobs and Careers, , Biomechanics Gateway PageBiomechanics Gateway Page  

IOS PressIOS PressTechnology and Health CareTechnology and Health Care      

Lippincott Williams & WilkinsLippincott Williams & WilkinsMedicine and Science in Sport and ExerciseMedicine and Science in Sport and Exercise      

MiscellaneousMiscellaneousBioMechanicsBioMechanics Magazine Magazine, , Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical EngineeringComputer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, , Ergonomics Australia On-LineErgonomics Australia On-Line, Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology, , Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology, Journal of Theoretical Medicine, BMES Bulletin - Biomedical Engineering Society, Journal of Theoretical Medicine, BMES Bulletin - Biomedical Engineering Society, Sports Biomechanics Sports Biomechanics 

FutureFuture

Biomechanics has grown from infancy to adolescenceBiomechanics has grown from infancy to adolescence If biomechanics continues to grow at the same rate as If biomechanics continues to grow at the same rate as

previously seen then the future of this discipline is previously seen then the future of this discipline is limitlesslimitless

Technological developments will impact the Technological developments will impact the methodologies and instrumentation of biomechanicsmethodologies and instrumentation of biomechanics

““The days of measurement, description, and data are The days of measurement, description, and data are smoothing over”smoothing over”

The future biomechanics will know what is “normal” and The future biomechanics will know what is “normal” and what is “optimal”what is “optimal”

VideoVideo

Question 1Question 1

Who is the father of Who is the father of Kinesiology?Kinesiology?

AristotleAristotle

Question 2Question 2

Who wrote the famous treatise Who wrote the famous treatise “De motu Animanium”?“De motu Animanium”?

BorelliBorelli

Question 3Question 3

Rise in pressure in a flowing Rise in pressure in a flowing fluid must be accompanied by fluid must be accompanied by decrease or increase in the decrease or increase in the speed?speed?

DecreaseDecrease

Question 4Question 4

Who invented the Who invented the “chronophotographe” frame by “chronophotographe” frame by frame analysis?frame analysis?

MareyMarey

Question 5Question 5

What are the 3 standards/areas of What are the 3 standards/areas of focus for undergraduate focus for undergraduate Kinesiology?Kinesiology?

1.1. Structural function aspects of NM systemStructural function aspects of NM system

2.2. Mechanical application to human movementMechanical application to human movement

3.3. Qualitative application to human movementQualitative application to human movement

Past-Present-FuturePast-Present-Future

References References McGinnis, M.P. (1999). McGinnis, M.P. (1999). Biomechanics of sport and exercise. Biomechanics of sport and exercise. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Massengale, J.D., Swanson, R.A. (1997). The history of Massengale, J.D., Swanson, R.A. (1997). The history of Exercise and Sport Science. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Exercise and Sport Science. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics www.arts.usyd.edu.au/…/rihss/keythinkers.htmlwww.arts.usyd.edu.au/…/rihss/keythinkers.htmlwww.schorsch.com/…/right_hand_rule.htmwww.schorsch.com/…/right_hand_rule.htmwww.espacerpa.com/page_envoiA.htmwww.espacerpa.com/page_envoiA.htmGalileo.imiss.firenze.it/museo/b/eborell.htmGalileo.imiss.firenze.it/museo/b/eborell.htmwww.adh.brighton.ac.uk/…/LlnfDes172.htm/www.adh.brighton.ac.uk/…/LlnfDes172.htm/www.uoregon.edu/~kardund/biomechanics/www.uoregon.edu/~kardund/biomechanics/www.adh.brighton.ac.uk/…LlnfDes172.htmwww.adh.brighton.ac.uk/…LlnfDes172.htmAsb-biomech.org/history/biomechanicsAsb-biomech.org/history/biomechanicswww.hao.ucar.edu/…/sp/images/newton.htmlwww.hao.ucar.edu/…/sp/images/newton.htmlwww.lib.udel.edu/…/treasures/images/newton.gifwww.lib.udel.edu/…/treasures/images/newton.gifwww.eia.doe.gov/kids/images/isaac-newton.jpgwww.eia.doe.gov/kids/images/isaac-newton.jpgwww.dilaigraphics.com/5x3x3cube14.jpgwww.dilaigraphics.com/5x3x3cube14.jpgWebvision.med.utah.edu/imageswv/descartes.jpegWebvision.med.utah.edu/imageswv/descartes.jpegwww.chemphys.phys.boun.edu.try/…/far/16.htmlwww.chemphys.phys.boun.edu.try/…/far/16.html

www.amuseum.de/…/brillen/exh_98_99/galileo.jpgwww.amuseum.de/…/brillen/exh_98_99/galileo.jpgAdami, Mimi Rodriguez. Aquatic Fitness (2002)Adami, Mimi Rodriguez. Aquatic Fitness (2002)www.princeton.edu/~his291/Padua.htmlwww.princeton.edu/~his291/Padua.htmlwww.billnye.comwww.billnye.comwww.zebu.uorgeon.edu/…/probs/clipart/gravity.gifwww.zebu.uorgeon.edu/…/probs/clipart/gravity.gif http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Albrecht-von-Hallerhttp://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Albrecht-von-Hallerhttp://www.med.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/classics/Haller.htmlhttp://www.med.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/classics/Haller.htmlhttp://www.mste.uiuc.edu/davea/aviation/bernoulliPrinciple.htmlhttp://www.mste.uiuc.edu/davea/aviation/bernoulliPrinciple.htmlhttp://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Bernoulli_Daniel.htmlBernoulli_Daniel.htmlhttp://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/mod_tech/node68.htmlhttp://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/mod_tech/node68.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enlightenmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enlightenmentwww.asb-biomech.orgwww.asb-biomech.orgwww.isbweb.orgwww.isbweb.orgwww.charndyn.comwww.charndyn.comwww.elservier.comwww.elservier.com

www.hao.ucar.edu/.../ sp/images/aristotle.html www.hao.ucar.edu/.../ sp/images/aristotle.html www.fonline.de/rs-ebs/ www.fonline.de/rs-ebs/ www.thewalters.org/ archimedes/ www.thewalters.org/ archimedes/ ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/.../ page5.html ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/.../ page5.html mcdb.colorado.edu/.../ lectures/class17-1.html mcdb.colorado.edu/.../ lectures/class17-1.html http://www.sportsci.com/media/ http://www.sportsci.com/media/ http://www.isbweb.org/http://www.isbweb.org/www.uni-stuttgart.de/External/isbswww.uni-stuttgart.de/External/isbs http://www.asb-biomech.org/http://www.asb-biomech.org/http://www.health.uottawa.ca/biomech/biomechs.htmhttp://www.health.uottawa.ca/biomech/biomechs.htm