1. Romanesque Architecture The Architectural style of MedievalEurope

2. Outline Introduction CharacteristicsTime and Place Building types and History and Society Examples Religion The Church The Monastery The Fortified Town Why Romanesque? The Castle Materials 3. Time and PlacePeriod: 1000-1200 ADPlace: Western Europe 4. The Migration and Invasion of the Tribes 5. The Decline of Rome and thebeginning of the Dark AgesRome was occupied by barbarians in 476. The Roman Empire in the West had already come to an end in A.D. 475. Franks France Burgundians-Burgundy Lombards-Lombardy Goths/Visigoths-Gothic Vandals-vandalismBecause of these invasions, Romanesque architecture wasobsessed with security, each building was a fortress. Constantwarfare rendered the condition of the people unsettled andcraftsmanship was consequently at a low ebb. 6. The Romanesque WorldPeriod: 1000-1200 ADRomanesque building types Churches Castles Monasteries Fortified TownsNorman Romanesque in BritainOttonian Romanesque in GermanyMedieval society: Landowning lords and knights Peasants and laborers Monks and priests 7. HISTORY AND SOCIETYCharlemagne Feudalism The PilgrimageThe Crusades 8. The election of the first Frankish King Charlemagne (A.D. 799) as Holy Roman Emperor marks the beginning of a new era. Between the time of Charlemagne (about 800 AD) and the beginning of Romanesque two hundred years later, people had built practically no big new buildings. Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor on Xmas Day 800. He encouraged the building of churches and monasteries using masonry.Charlemagne (Reign: 768- 814) Carolingian from Carolus, latin for Charles 9. The Politics of FeudalismThe Romanesque period saw the introduction of the system of feudal tenure,or the holding of land on condition of military service 10. The Crusades 10951270The Crusades were a series ofreligiously sanctioned militarycampaigns waged by much of WesternChristian Europe, particularly theFranks of France and the Holy RomanEmpire. The specific crusades torestore Christian control of the HolyLand were fought over a period ofnearly 200 years, between 1095 and1291.The Crusades brought about a very largemovement of people and, with them,ideas and trade skills, particularlythose involved in the building offortifications and the metal workingneeded for the provision of arms,which was also applied to the fittingand decoration of buildings.The continual movement of people,rulers, nobles, bishops, abbots,craftsmen and peasants, was animportant factor in creating ahomogeneity in building methods anda recognizable Romanesque style,despite regional differences. 11. The Crusades originally had thegoal of recapturing Jerusalem The CrusadesGodefroy de Bouillon a Frenchand the Holy Land from Muslimknight, leader of the First Crusaderule and their campaigns wereand founder of the Kingdom oflaunched in response to a callJerusalem.from the Christian ByzantineEmpire for help against theexpansion of the Muslim SeljukTurks into Anatolia. Crusaders took vows and weregranted penance for past sins,often called an indulgence. There was a total of ninecrusades in the Middle Ages. Although Europe had beenexposed to Islamic culture forcenturies through contacts inIberian Peninsula and Sicily,much knowledge in areas suchas science, medicine, andarchitecture was transferredfrom the Islamic to the westernworld during the crusade era. 12. RELIGION Across Europe, the late 11th and 12thcenturies saw an unprecedented growthin the number of churches. A great number of these buildings, both large and small, remain. 13. Religion in the Middle AgesChristianity was the chiefsource of education andculture. The erection of achurch often resulted inthe foundation of a city.The Monastic system thereligious becomemembers of an order withcommon ties and acommon rule, living in amutually dependentcommunity. Promoted new methodsin agriculture Exercised influence on Angoulme Cathedral, Francearchitecture1128 AD 14. In medieval times, people made long trips to visit the relics or restingThe Pilgrimage places of revered saints.However, as the number of pilgrimsincreased, there were simply toomany people to be housed inmonastic buildings and so inns andboarding houses offered analternative.The pilgrimages allowed for theexchange of ideas including those ofarchitecture and construction. Thepilgrims way was filled withRomanesque churches, monasteries,inns and castles.Head reliquaryMedieval society was often divided sharplyof St Martin of into rich and poor. But, on a pilgrimage,Tours people from all walks of life could meetand travel together. 15. The pilgrim route toSantiago de Compostela 16. Santiago de Compostela, 1078Many pilgrims who were unable to take on the huge prospect of a visit to the HolyLand would instead travel to Rome, home of the worldwide Roman CatholicChurch, or Santiago de Compostella in Spain, where the shrine of St James washoused. 17. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURERomanesque architecture was the first distinctivestyle to spread across Europe since the RomanEmpire. It is used to describe the style which was identifiably Medieval and prefigured the Gothic. 18. WHY ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE?On the decline of the Roman Empire in 478AD, the Romanesque style grew up in those countries of Western Europe which had been under the rule of Rome. Romanesque style is called that because it is a little like Romanarchitecture with similarities between the barrel vault andRoman arch, but it is made around 1000-1200 AD instead ofduring the Roman Empire. Apart from its Roman origin, from which it took its name, theRomanesque style owed something to Byzantine art, which wascarried westwards along the great trade routes, by way of suchcenters as Venice, Ravenna, and Marseilles. With the church as the unifying force, this period was devotedto the glorification of Christianity and the church was thepredominant building type. 19. Climate and Materials Geographical position determined many of the peculiarities of thestyle in each country. Use of local materials (stone or brick, marble or terra-cotta,ready-made columns) depended on the region. The use of localmaterials, whether stone or brick, marble or terra-cotta, as wellas of ready-made columns and other features from old Romanbuildings, accounts for many of the varying characteristics in eachcountry over this wide area, with its different geologicalformations. Climatic conditions contributed to differences of treatment northand south of the Alps & Pyrenees. North window openings were enlarged high-pitched roofs South small window openings flat roofs 20. The building material differs greatly across Europe, depending upon thelocal stone and building traditions. In Italy, Poland, much of Germany andparts of the Netherlands, brick is generally used. Other areas saw extensive use of limestone, granite and flint.San Vittore alle Chiuse, Genga,Italy, of undressed stone, has SantAmbrogio, Milan isa typically fortress-likeconstructed of bricks, 1099AD. appearance. 1011AD 21. CHARACTERISTICSDistinctive features of Romanesque walls, openings, roofs, columns, mouldings and ornaments. 22. Characteristics of Romanesque: thick walls which supportstone roofs round arches sturdy piers groin and barrel vaults large towers decorative arcading small windows to keep thestrength of the walls strong Right: Abbaye-aux-Hommes,Caen, France 11th C 23. Characteristics of Romanesque: stone was cut with precisiona blocky, earthboundappearance large, simple geometric massesthe exterior reflects the interiorstructure and organizationinteriors tend to be darkbecause of the massive wallsthat dictate small windowsgrowing sophistication invaulting to span the largespacessystem of construction:San Antonino, Piacenza, Italy 1104 ADarcuated 24. WALLS characterized byOPENINGS corbelleza arches at thea) introduced the wheel window cornice, one series ofb) the recessed plane of door jambs also called as the order corbel is called corbelwith quarter shaft. table or blind arch ROOF a) used the dome which is normally found at the intersection of the nave and transept b) use of vaultsLeft: a corbel table Above: wheel window and recessed arches, San Pedro, Avila, Spain 1100 25. Columns 1. used variation of the Corinthian and the Ionic capital with a twisted shaft known as the scallop 2. developed the cushion or cubiforal typeand the scalloped capitalUsed the following shafts: a. fluted c. twisted or scallop e. wreathed columns b. zigzag d. chevron 26. Moldings 1. usually in vegetable form/animal form 2. elaborately carvedOrnament1. principal ornamentation were fresco paintings2. characteristic ornamentations in sculpture, carvings andfresco painting usually :a. vegetablesb. animal forms 27. Other Romanesque features Recessed arch entrance Arches Groin and barrel Vaults Blind arcade Absidioles and Ambulatory Square Towers Columns paired, attached, decorated Tympanum Historiated capitals Underground vaults Westwork 28. Recessed arched entrance 29. Arch, barrel vault and the blind arcadeThe half round arch and thebarrel vault. St Sernin,Toulouse, France. A Lombard band is a decorativeblind arcade, usually exterior.Below: A Lombard band in theBasilica di Santa Giulia, northernItaly. 30. The Ambulatory and the Absidiole Ambulatories-The creation of the ambulatory helped to accommodate the growing number of pilgrims. In this arrangement, the aisles flanking the navewere extended alongside the sanctuary and around the apse. Small relic chapels or niche shrines radiated out from this ambulatory facilitating the flow ofpilgrims.Absidioles round chapels around the ambulatory. Below: Cluny Abbey, France1131St Martin of Tours, France 31. Square Towers and Round ArchesFacade of Santa Maria, Cosmedin, with bell tower, 6th C Round arches at the facadeof the cathedral of Lisbon 32. Square Towers and Round ArchesSouth transept of Tournai Facade of Angoulme Cathedral Belgium, 12thCathedral, France with towers century with buttresses. and rounded arches. 33. Domes At St. Andrews Church, The Cathedral of Saint-Front,Krakw, the paired towers are Prigueux, France, has five domes octagonal in plan and have like Byzantine churches, but isdomes of the Baroque period. Romanesque in construction. 34. Columns with attached shafts, internal horizontal divisionsThe cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, has largecolumns constructed of drums, withattached shaftsMainz Cathedral, Germany,possibly the earliest example ofan internal elevation of 3 stages 35. Paired and decorated columns Paired columns like those at Duratn,near Seplveda, Spain, are a feature of Romanesque cloisters in Spain, Italy and southern FranceDurham Cathedral, England,has decorated masonry columns and the earliest pointed high ribs. 36. Alternating piers and columns and the blind arcade The "blind arcade" beneath thisSt. Michaels, Hildesheim haswindow at Canterbury Cathedralalternating piers and columns. has overlapping arches forming points, a common decorative feature of Romanesque architecture in England 37. Dwarf galleries, stone mouldingsOn these much-restoredDwarf Galleries encircle Speyer mouldings around the portalCathedral.of Lincoln Cathedral are formalchevron ornament, tongue-poking monsters, vines andfigures, and symmetricalmotifs in the Byzantine style. 38. Tympanum and Historiated Capitals A Capital from Seu Vella, Lleida, Spain, showing spiralThe tympanum of Vzelayand paired motifs.Abbey, Burgundy, France,1130s, has much decorativespiral detail in the draperies 39. Doorways with a tympanumAlso called Romanesque Portal. They were later decorated and the space between the doorhead and the inner arch was filled by a stone slab called a TYMPANIUM which acted as the focal point of the ornament.St. Trophime 40. Groin vaults and Underground CryptsBayeux Cathedral, the crypthas groin vaults and simplified The painted crypt of SanCorinthian capitals. Isidoro at Len, Spain. 41. The WestworkA westwork is the monumental, west-facing entrance section of a Carolingian,Ottonian, or Romanesque church. The exterior consists of multiple storiesbetween two towers. The interior includes an entrance vestibule, a chapel and a series of galleries overlooking the nave.St Pantaleon, Cologne (960, 1150-The westwork of Corvey Abbey (873-885) 60) 42. ORNAMENTS and PATTERNS Some of the ornamentation and patterns of the Romanesque originated from the Northern tribes. 43. Decorative PatternsChevronA zigzag molding used inRomanesque archsBilletmolding formed by a series of circular,cylinders, disposed alternately with thenotches in single or multiple rows 44. Lozengestongue-like protrusions. A diamondshape decoration found carved on pillarsand arches.Staralso called chip-carved star,motive star flower, or saltire cross 45. Nailheadsmoulding featuring a series of smallcontiguous projecting pyramidsCablea convex molding carved inimitation of a rope or cord, and usedto decorate the moldings of theRomanesque style 46. Frescoes and Stained GlassFresco from Church of St.Clement, now in Museu Stained glass, the ProphetNacional dArt de Catalunya . Daniel from Augsburg Cathedral, late 11th century. 47. ARCHES AND COLUMNS Some examples of arches andcolumn capitals. 48. THE ROUND ARCHSemi CircularArch~A round arch whose intrados is afull semicircle.Segmented Arch ~a shallow arch; an arch that isless than a semicircle 49. THE ROUND ARCHStilted Arch~An arch whose curve begins abovethe impost line.Horseshoe Arch ~also called the Moorish arch andthe Keyhole arch 50. RomanesqueHistoriated or figured capital: Acapital which is decorated withCapitalsfigures of animals, birds, orhumans, used either alone orcombined with foliage. The figuresneed not have any meaning,Block, cushion, or cubic capital: A although they may be symbolic orsimple cube-like capital with bottompart of a narrative sequence.corners tapered. The block capital is Historiated capitals were mostparticularly characteristic ofcommonly used in the RomanesqueOttonian and Romanesque from the late eleventh to mid-twelfth centuries.architecture in Germany andEngland. 51. ROMANESQUE BUILDING TYPESChurchesMonasteries Castles Fortified Towns 52. CHURCHESChristianity, the chief source of education and culture, was graduallyextending throughout northern Europe, and the erection of a church often resulted in the foundation of a city ; for the Papacy had been rising to great power and influence, and rivaled, or even controlled, such civil government as existed. 53. ITALIAN ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE EXAMPLESCENTRAL ITALY NORTH ITALYPisa Cathedral (A.D. 106392) S. Antonino, Piacenza (A.D. 1104)San Michele, Lucca(A.D. 1188, facadeS. Ambrogio, Milan (A.D. 1140)A.D. 1288)S. Michele, Pavia (A.D. 1188)Pistoia Cathedral (c. A.D. 1150)S. Zeno Maggiore, Verona (A.D. 1139)The Cloisters of S. Giovanni in Laterano,Rome (A.D. 1234)The Baptistery, Cremona (A.D. 1167)San Paolo Fuori le Mura, RomeThe Baptistery, Asti (A.D. 1050)(A.D. 1241)The Baptistery, Parma (A.D. 1196)San Miniato, Florence (A.D. 1013) 54. Romanesque, Central Italy Pisa Cathedral (A.D. 106392) with Baptistery, Campanile 55. Romanesque, Central ItalySan Martino, LuccaSan Michele, Lucca(A.D. 1060, facade, A.D. 1204) (A.D. 1188, facade A.D. 1288) 56. Romanesque, Central Italy San Paolo Fuori le Mura, RomePistoia Cathedral (c. A.D. 1150) (A.D. 1241) 57. Romanesque, Central ItalyThe Cloisters of S. Giovanni,Laterano, Rome (A.D. 1234)San Miniato, Florence (A.D. 1013) 58. Romanesque, North ItalySan Antonino, Piacenza (A.D. 1104) San Ambrogio, Milan (A.D. 1140) 59. Romanesque, North ItalySan Zeno Maggiore, Verona (A.D. 1139), San Michele, Pavia (A.D. 1188) 60. Romanesque, North ItalyThe Baptistery, Parma The Baptistery, Cremona(A.D. 1196) (A.D. 1167) 61. Romanesque, Southern Italy Monreale Cathedral (A.D. 1174) S. Giovanni degli Eremiti, Palermo(A.D. 1132) La Martorana, Palermo(A.D. 1129-1143) S. Cataldo, Palermo (A.D. 1161) S. Nicolo, Bari (A.D. 1197)Monreale Cathedral (A.D. 1174) 62. Romanesque, Southern Italy La Martorana, Palermo(A.D. 1129-1143)S. Giovanni degli Eremiti, Palermo(A.D. 1132) 63. Romanesque, Southern Italy S. Cataldo, Palermo (A.D. 1161) S. Nicolo, Bari (A.D. 1197) 64. FRENCH ROMANESQUEThe Abbaye-aux-Dames, Caen (A.D. 1083) Notre Dame la Grande, PoitiersS. Nicholas, Caen (A.D. 1084)(A.D. 11th century)Saint Sernin, Toulouse, France Fontevrault Abbey (A.D. 110119)(1080 1120) Abbey Church of Mont S. MichelS. Madeleine, Vezelay (A.D. 1100)(A.D. 1023)Autun Cathedral (A.D. 1090-1132) The Church at S. Gilles (c. A.D. 1150)The Abbey of S. Denis (A.D. 1132)S. Trophime, Arles (A.D. 1150) S. Philibert, Tournus, Burgundy 65. French RomanesqueThe Abbaye-aux-Hommes, Caen Abbeye-aux- Dames, Caen or S. Etienne, 1120AD1083AD 66. French RomanesqueS. Nicholas, Caen Saint Sernin, Toulouse, (A.D. 1084) (1080 1120) 67. French RomanesqueS. Madeleine, Vezelay Autun Cathedral (A.D. 1100)(A.D. 1090-1132) 68. French RomanesqueThe Abbey of S. Denis S. Trophime, Arles (A.D. 1132)(A.D. 1150) 69. French RomanesqueNotre Dame la Grande,Fontevrault AbbeyPoitiers (A.D. 11th century) (A.D. 110119) 70. French RomanesqueThe Church at S. Gilles(c. A.D. 1150)Abbey Church of Mont S.Michel (A.D. 1023) 71. GERMAN ROMANESQUESpeyer Cathedral (A.D. 1030)Worms Cathedral(A.D. 11101200)Laach Abbey (A.D. 1093-1156)Lubeck Cathedral (A.D. 1173)Treves Cathedral (A.D. 101647)Speyer Cathedral, Germany 1030-1061 72. GERMAN ROMANESQUE Laach Abbey (A.D. 1093-1156)Worms Cathedral(A.D. 11101200) 73. GERMAN ROMANESQUELubeck Cathedral Treves Cathedral(A.D. 1173) (A.D. 101647) 74. PlansThe cruciform and the Greek plan. 75. PLANS USED BY ROMANESQUE CHURCHES1. adopted the Greek and the Latin cross plan2. faces the eastSaint Sernin, Toulouse, France,1080 - 1120 76. PLANS USED BY ROMANESQUE CHURCHESThe Greek Cross Plan,with four equal armsSaint Front, Perigueux, France,1100 77. MEDIEVAL MONASTARIES Monasteries were often sited justoutside the city gates and providedwork, medical care, education, and hostels for travellers. 78. The Mediaeval Science, letters, art, and culturewere the monopoly of theMonasteries religious Orders.Schools attached to monasteriestrained youths for the serviceof religion; monks and theirpupils were the designers ofthe cathedrals.architecture sacred science They initiated the agricultural development of the time: grain production sheep-rearing dry-stone walling techniques water wheels drainage. They also trained masons, carvers, joiners and engineers.St Martin Canigou, 1001-26 79. The Medieval MonasteriesThe Abbey Church, Cluny (A.D. 1089-1131) 80. A TypicalMonastery 81. CASTLESThe castles started as defencestructures. 82. The motte and bailey 83. Building type-CastlesRochester Castle, Kent, England 1130ADCardiffe Castle, England1091AD 84. La Zisa, Palermo (A.D. 1154-66), is a rectangular, three-storey Norman castlewith battlemented parapet, and shows the influence of Saracenic art. 85. FORTIFIED TOWNSA defensive wall isa fortification used to defend a cityor settlement from potentialaggressors. 86. Fortified TownMonterriggioni, 13th C SiennaIn the heart of Tuscany, in the southwest corner of the Chianti region, Monteriggionicastle was built in the second decade of the thirteenth century by the Republic of Siena. Its original purpose was as a defensive outpost against Sienas rival,Florence. 87. The Carcassonne, France 1226AD Since the pre-Roman period, a fortifiedsettlement has existed on the hill whereCarcassonne now stands. In its present form it is an outstanding example of amedieval fortified town, with its massive defences encircling the castle and thesurrounding buildings, its streets and itsfine Gothic cathedral. 88. Avila, Spain, 1090AD Founded in the 11th century to protect the Spanish territories from the Moors, this City of Saints and Stones, the birthplace of St Teresa and the burial place of the Grand Inquisitor Torquemada, has kept its medieval austerity. This purity of form can still be seen in the Gothic cathedral and the fortifications which, with their 82 semicircular towers and nine gates, are the most complete in Spain. 89. Peniscola, Spain, 1294ADPeniscola, often called the"Gibraltar of Valencia," is a fortifiedseaport, with a lighthouse, built on a rockyheadland about 67 m high, and joined tothe mainland by only a narrow strip of land. 90. The Abbey of Mont Saint-Michel, France, 1017ADA Benedictine Abbey, Normandy, France. It is unquestionably the finest exampleboth of French medieval architecture and of a fortified abbey. The buildings ofthe monastery are piled round a conical mass of rock which rises abruptly out ofthe waters of the Atlantic to the height of 300 feet, on the summit of whichstands the great church. 91. FIN 92. Romanesque Capitals Cushion Capital ~ A capital resembling a cushion that ispressed down because of weight on it. Scalloped Capital ~ a capital when each lunette is developedinto several truncated cones. 93. Pisa Cathedral and Campanile, 1063, 1089-1272