HISTORY

S.No Topics Description Class Sixth: Chapter 2

1 Sangam Means an Association. 2 Tamil Kingdoms Chera, Chola, Pandya Kingdoms. Popularly called as

Muvenders. Local Cheiftains like Kadaiyelu vallalgal. 3 Sagnam Literature Tholkappiyam, PathuPattu, Ettuthogai. 4 Twin tamil epics Manimegalai and silappathikaram. 5 Numismatics Study of Coins. 5 Ceylonese Books Mahavamsa and Dipavamsa – help to fix the date of the

sangam. (Pali Language). 6 Sangam Age Third Century B.C to Third Century A.D [Madurai]. 7 Chera Kingdom Titles – Vanavar, Villavar, Malaiyar.

Two Lines: 1. Odiyan Cheralathan. 2. Irumporai. Capital: Vanji. Chief Port: Thondi. Flag symbol: Bow and Arrow. Territory: Kerala. Famous King: Cheran Senguttuvan. (Pathitrupattu and Ahananuru). Led an expedition to Himalayas. Brought stone from there to construct temple in memory of Kannagi. His brother is IIlango Adigal (Silapathigaram). Popular kings among Chera: Cheralathan, Kanaikal Irumporai and Peruncheral Irumporai.

8 Chola Kingdom Surnames: Killi, Valavan, Senni and Cholan.

Names: Cholanadu, Kaverinadu, Punalnadu, Neernadu, Kaverisoozhnadu, Rich water resources. Kaveri River. Capital: Uraiyur. 2ndcapital (port): Kaveripoompattnam or Puhar (Karikalan). Symbol: Tiger. Territory: Thanjavur and Thiruchirapalli districts. Literature: Porunaruatruppadi and Pattinapalai. Famous King: Karikalan. Encourage agriculture and commerce. Built Kallanai across Kaveri river. Popular Kings: Nalamkilli, Killivalavan, Kopperumcholan. Kochenganan is the last in the line of sangam cholas.

9 Pandya Kingdom Territory: Madurai, Tirunelveli and Ramanathapuram. Titles: Maran, Valuthi, Chezhiyan. Capital: Madurai. Port: Korkai. Famous Kings: Mudhukudumi Peruvazhuthi – Palyagasalai. (Sacrifices to celebrate his victories). Bootha Pandian/ Perungoppendu (wife- Poetess). Ariyapadaikadantha Nedunchezhiyan – Awarded death sentence

to Kovalan. Thalaiyalanganathu Nedunchezhiyan – Defeated Chera, Chola and other local chieftains at a place called Thalaialanganam. The Kalabhras occupied the Tamil country for another three centuries.

10 Kadaiyelu Vallalgal Pari, Ori, Malayan, Elini, Pegan, Aay, and Nalli. 11 Tamil Poets Kabilar, Avvaiyar (Athiyaman – Diplomat), Nallathanar and

Perunchithiranar. 12 Kings The king was called as Vendan, Ko and Irai. The local

chieftains were known as Velirs. 13 Officials Iymperumkuzhu (Committee of the great five) and Enperayam

(Council of the great eight). 14 Army Infantary, Cavalry, Chariot and Elephants. 15 Revenue Land revenue and Custom Duties. One sixth of the total produce

was collected as land tax. Tolls were also collected. 16 Administrative

Divisions Mandalam, Nadu, Valanadu and Kuttram. The council of elders looked after the administration of the villages during the Sangam period. These councils were called as Manram, Podiyil, Avai, and Ambalam.

Class Sixth: Chapter 3 17 Social Life Five different natural Landscapes – Tinais.

1. Kurinji – Hilli region (People – Vettuvar and Kuravar). Hunting/Cultivating fruits and vegetables/honey gathering. /Workshipped Muruga/Sheyon.

2. Mullai – Forest (People – Kovalar or Ayar). Shepherds/Produced ghee, milk, dairy products/ Workshipped Thirmal/Mayon.

3. Marudham – Fertile and Cultivable lands.(People –Vellalars). Agriculture/Paddy/Sugarcane/Workshipped Indra/Raingod.

4. Neydal –Coastal (People Parathavar and Meenavar). Fishing/Sold salt/Sailors/Workshipped varunan/seagod.

5. Palai – Desert (People - Maravar or Kalvar). Robbers/Workshipped Kotravai/Kali.

18 Food Rice / Beatle Leaves. 19 Agriculture Paddy Main Crop / Millets, Grams and Sugarcane. 20 Occupation Weaving, Spinning, Hunting, Fishing, Potter, Carpenter,

Blacksmith and Goldsmith. 21 Trade and commerce Barter System. Local Markets – Angadis / Day Market –

Nallangadis and Evening Market – Allangadi. 22 Fine Arts Muthamizh – Iyal, Isai and Natakam.

Class Sixth: Chapter 4 23 Greeks and Romans Referred as Yavanas. Arikkamedu near Pondicherry (Centre of

trade for Greeks and Romans). 24 Exports and Imports Exports: pepper, cardamom, cloves ,ginger sandal paste,

flowers, scents, aromatic wood like Ahil, ivory, pearls, corals,

medicinal plants, banana and rice. Imports: sweet wine, gold coins and ornaments, glass, copper and other articles.

25 Sea Ports East Coast: Mamallapuram, Poduke, Puhar, Poraiyaru, Korkai and Kumari. West Coast: Musiri and Tondi.

26 Light Houses Kalangarai IIangu Sudar. (In tamil). Class Sixth: Chapter 5

27 Kalabhras Captured the Tamil country from the Chera, Chola and Pandyan rulers. Third century A.D. to the end of the Sixth century A.D.

28 Religion Buddhism and Jainism begins to spread. 29 Post – Twin Epics Silappathikaram and Manimekalai. 30 Literary Sources Tamil Navalar Charithai, Yapperunkalam and Periyapuranam.

Sivaka Chintamani and Kundalakesi were composed under Pathinenkilkanakku.

31 End to Kalabhras Ascendancy of Pandyas and Pallavas. Kandungon – Pandya / Simhavishnu – Pallava .

32 Bhuddists educational institutions

Ghatikas. [Buddhadatta, Buddhaghosha and Bodhidharma]

33 Jain Scholars Sarva Nandi and Vajra Nandi. 34 End of Kalabhra rule Saivism and Vaishnavism start emerging.

Class Sixth: Chapter 6 35 Pallava rule Sixth century A.D. to Ninth century A.D. / Thondai Mandalam. 36 Territory River Krishna in the North to the river Palar in the South. 37 Siyuki Hieun Tsangs(China) travel accounts. 38 Tamil Literature Sung by Alwars and Nayanmars. 39 Alwars Nalaira Divya Prabandham. 40 Nayanamars Panniru Thirumarais. Periyapuranam by Sekkilar. 41 Sanskrit Literature Avani Sundari Katha by Dandin.

Loga vibhagam by Sarva Nandi – Importance of simhavishnu. Mahendra Varman I – Mathavilasa Prakasanam.

42 Copper Plates Kuram copper plates – Parameshwaravarman. Velurpalayam Copper Plates – Nandivarman III.

43 Maha and Deepavamsa Relationship between Narasimhavarman I and Manavarman (srilankan king).

44 Pallavas North Indians. Served under Mauryas/ served under satvahanas in Andhra region / Captured thondaimandalam overthrowing Kalabhras.

45 Early Pallavas Pappa Deva and Sivaskandavarman. Coins in prakrit language. 46 Medivial Pallavas Vishnu gopa. Samudra gupta defeated Vishnugopa. Coins in

Sanskrit language. 47 Later Pallavas Simhavishnu overthrown Kalabhras.

Capital : Kanchi 48 Simhavishnu Defeated and Eliminated the Kalabhras.

49 Mahendravarman I

S/o.Simhavishnu 600-630A.D

Follower of Jainism. / Later embraced Saivism(Thirunavukarasar-Appar). Pulakesin II(Chalukya King) defeated Mahendravarman I. (Vice versa at Pullalur). Military Titles: Sathru Mallan, Kalagapriyan. Generosity Titles: Gundbhara. Literature Titles: Chitirakarappuli, Vichitrachitta, Mathavilasa, sangiranajathi. Carved out temples in huge rocks. Rock cut temples or cave temples. Mandagapattu, Mamandur, Mahendravadi, Vallam, Pallavaram, Thirukkazhukunram and Tiruchi. Pallava paintings at chittanavasal. Kudumianmalai – His interest in music.

50 Narasimhavarman I S/o Mahendravarman I 630-668 A.D

Vathapikondan – Defeated chalukyan king pulikesin II at manimangalam. Commander in chief : Paranjothi. Sent expedition to Ceylon to help manavarman to get back his kingdom. Hieun – Tsang visited Pallavas. Buddhist Kadigai. Titles: Mamallan, Sribharan, Srimehan, Srinithi and Vadhya- Vidyatharan. Monolithic temples, rock-cut mandapas and portrait sculptures at Mamallapuram

60 Succession Mahendravarman II. Parameshwaravarman I Narasimhavarman II (Rajasimha) and others. Beemavarman line of pallavas ruled kanchi. Nandivarman. Dandivarman. Nirupatangun. Aparajithan. – Chola Prince Aditya Killed him. Cholas annexed the thondai mandalam region.

Class Sixth: Chapter 7 61 Pallava administration Adopted Mauryan system of administration/Modified. 62 Territory North: Nellore district

South: River Pennar West: Western Ghats East: Bay of Bengal

63 Administrative units Old: Mandalam, Kottam, Nadu and Ur Modern: province, district, taluk and village.

64 Mandalam Autonomous unit/ Prince as the governer of the mandalam. Direct Control.

65 Kottam Mandalam was divided in to kottams. 24 kottams. Officials. 66 Nadu Council called Nattars take care.

67 Oor Sabhas have control. 68 Monarchy Head – King. Succession – Eldest Son.Rep of God.

Maharaja, Maharajathi Raja and Dharma Rajathiraja. 69 Council of Ministers Amatyas.

Titles: Uttamaseelan, Brahmarajan and Peraraiyan. 70 Officials Look after different department. 71 Judiciary Court Dharmasena – Head King.

Court in town – Adikarnas Court in Village – Karnas.

72 Army Infantary, Cavalry, Chariot and Elephants and Navy. 73 Revenue Land tax. 18 Kind.

Tax names: Kaanam, Irai, Pattam, and Puchi. Ex: Kusakanam – Tax for potters. TariIrai – Tax for Weavers.

74 Royal Palace Kumarapandaram managed the royal palace. 75 Oor sabha Members – perumakkal.

Sabha divided – Variyams. Pallavas had laid the foundation for the future expansion of village administration during the Later Cholas.

Class Sixth: Chapter 8 76 Social Structure Brahmins, Kshatryas, Vaisyas and Sudras. Besides the

four-fold division, there were also other sub castes in the society based on their occupation.

77 Brahmins Highly respected / Veda recite / Stayed in Agraharams. / Land grants – Brahmadeyas.

78 Kshatriyas Ruling Class/ Warriors. 79 Vaishyas Agriculture and Trade / Establishing mutts and Choultries./

Public welfare and Progress. 80 Sudras Low grade servants/ Pulayar and Chandalas. 81 Status of Women Property rights were given./ pious and religious/ Chasity

/Spinning and weaving. 82 Food Rice – Staple food. Milk / ghee /curd 83 Education Importance to Sanskrit education. 84 Educational Centre Buddhist kadigai in Kanchipuram was the famous educational

centre. 85 Dharmapala Buddhist scholar was also alumanus of Buddhist Kadigai. 86 Agriculture Paddy and cotton extensively cultivated. Rice exp. to china. 87 Devadana Temples denoted to villages. 88 Mamandur tank –

Chitra Mega Thadakam.

Mahendravarman I Constructed it for irrigation.

89 Internal Trade Barter System Prevalent. Later Pallavas introduced gold and silver coins.

90 Merchants Own organization – Manigramam. 91 Foreign trade Spices, cotton textiles, precious stones and medicinal plants

were exported to the countries like Java, Sumatra, Kadaram, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, China and Burma. The foreign merchants were known as Nanadesi. Mamallapuram, Vasavasamudram and Mylapore were the important seaports of the Pallavas.

92 Land Measurement Lands were measured with the units called Uzhavu, Nivarthanam or Pattiga. The term Hala also refers to a unit of land. Plough was used for measuring the land.

93 Paddy and Rice Chudunazhi. The other units such as Videl, Vidugu and Uzhakku were also used for measurement.

94 Smallest Unit Pidi. 95 Milk/Ghee/Oil Aazhakku, Uzhakku, Uri and Nazhi. 96 Gold Measurement Kazhanju and Manjadi. 97 Religion Saivism and Vaishnavism. Bhakthi movement started. 98 Bhakthi movement Devotion to God.

Low caste saints: Nandhanaar, Kaalathi Nayanar, Thiruppaanazhalvar.

99 Saivism Devotees of Lord Shiva / Saivaites. 63 Nayanmars. Thevaram : Written by Thirunavukarasar, Thirugnanasambandar and Sundarar. Thiruvasagam : Manickavasagar. Women Saint: Karaikkal Ammaiyar. Sects: Kalamukhas and Pasupathas.

100 Vaishnavisam Devotees of Lord Vishnu. / Vaishnavaites. 12 Alwars. Alwars – Poigai, pei, Boothathalwar and Thirumazhisai alwar. Nanmugan Thiruvanthathi – Poigai,Pei and Boothathalwar. Andal – Thiruppavai and Nachiyar Thirumozhi. Hyms of Alwars – Nalaira Divya Prabandham.

Class Sixth: Chapter 9 101 Pallavas Patrons of Sanskrit and Tamil. 102 Kanchi Great Place for learning Sanskrit. 103 Mahendravarman I Mathavilasa Prakasanam and Bhagavatha Ajikkiyam. 104 Sanskrit Scholars Dandin and Bharavi. 105 Tamil Perundevanar – Bharathavenba

Kalladanar – Kalladam Nandikalambakam – Rule of Nandivarman III.

106 Architecture Stone Architecture. 107 Rock cut temples Mahendravarman Style./ Vichitra Chitta. Sanctum Sanctorum –

Walls – Beautiful Pictures / Pillars – Head of lions. Pallavaram, Mamandur, Mahendravadi, Vallam and Thalavanur.

108 Monolithic Rathas Mamalla (Narasimhavarman I) Style of arch. Mamallapuram – City of art and architecture. Pancha Pandava Rathas. Open art gallery.

109 Structural Temples Rajasimha – Construction of struc.temp. Rajasimha and Nandivarma Style.

Kailasanatha temple at Kanchipuram.(Vimana – Hilly Comb)/ Crown of Pallava Architecture./ Rajasimheshwaram. Shore temple at Mamallapuram. Nandivarman II : VaikuntaPerumal temple at Kanchipuram.

110 Fine Arts The Kudumianmalai and Thirumayam music inscriptions show their interest in music. Yaazhi, Mridangam and Murasu were some of the musical instruments of the Pallava period. Mahendravarman I and Narasimhavarman I.

111 Painting Chittanavasal. Mahendravarman I called as Chitirakarapuli. Thatcina Chitram.

Class Sixth: Chapter 10 Pallava and Pandya Rule was contemporary between 6th Century A.D – 9th Century A.D 112 Pandiyan Empire Kadungon defeated Kalabhras. Restored pandya rule in tamil

region at the end of 6th century. 113 Pandiyan Kings Kadungon 575-600 A.D.

Maravarman Avani Sulaimani 600 – 625 A.D – Friend of truth. Chezhiyan Sendan 625 – 640 A.D - Vanavan. – Cave temple at Malaiyidaikkurichi. Maravarman Arikesari 640 – 670 A.D – Parangusan. – Koon Pandiyan. – Ninraseer Nedumaran.- Nelveli Nedumaran. Thirugnanasambandar – Converted him to Saivism. Kochadayan Ranadhira 670 – 710 A.D Up to 10th century – Veerapandiya 946 -966 A.D Killed by Aditya Chola.

114 Temples and Mutts Place of education. Mutts established at Tirunelveli, Seranmadevi, Alagarkoil and Vanamamalai had contributed to the growth of education.

115 Madurai Centre of tamil literature. Tamil Kudal. 116 Pandyas Patronized Saivism, Vaishnavism, and Jainism. 117 Saivaite saints Thirugnanasambandar and Manickavasagar. 118 Alwar saints Nammazhwar, Periyazhwar and Andal. 119 Rock cut temples Malaiyadikkurichi, Anaimalai, Thirupparankundram and

Tiruchi. 120 Stone temples Each temple consists of a Garbagraha, Ardhamandapa and

Mahamandapa. The stone temples of the Pandyas were found at Kovilpatti, Thiruppathur and Madurai.

121 Painting Traces were found at Chittanavasal. Wall paintings – Fresco. Class Seventh: Chapter 1

1 Later Chola Kings 850 A.D – 1279 A.D (430 Years) 2 A.D / B.C Anno Domini / Before Christ 3 Early Cholas Mahavamsam (BookSource) /Megasthanese (ForeignVisitor)/

Marcopolo(European Travellor) / Al – Beruni.(Muslim Historian).

4 Big Temple Brahdeeshwarar temple – Thanjavur – Inscriptions of Chola Period.

5 Inscriptions Thiruvandhipuram – Rajendra III.

Uttaramerur – Kudavolai System,Village Administration,Taxation and Land Revenue. Anbil Plates –Kanyakumari, Karanthai Plates ,Thiruvalangadu Copper Plates – Information of Rajendra Chola.

6 Monuments Brahadeeshwarar temple – Thanjavur. Gangaikondacholapuram temple. Airavateeshwaravar temple – Dharasuram. Kambagareshwarar temple – Thirupuvanam.

7 Coins Gold – Rarely used, Silver and Copper Coins Plenty. Tiger / Name of the chola king was engraved in coins.

8 Sekkilar Contemporary of Kulothunga II 9 Ottakoothar Three ulas, Kulothungan Pillai tamil.

10 Jayamkondan Kalingathuparani. 11 King Vijayalaya Founder of later Chola dynasty. 12 Parantaka I

(Dev.LordShiva) Maduraikondan. Maduraium Ezhlamum Kondan. Pon Veitha Chozhan.(Golden roof to the Nataraja temple at Chidambaram.)

13 Rajaraja The Great 985 – 1014 A.D S/o.Parantaka II & Vanavan Mahadevi “Mummudi Chozhan” “Arunmozhi” “Rajakesari”

“Kandalur salai Kalamarutharuliya”. Defeated Chera at Thiruvananthapuram, and Baskara Ravi the Raja of Kollam. Defeated Pandya King Amarabhujangan. Defeated Mahinda V – King of Ceylon – Annexed Anuradhapuram and northern part of Ceylon. Conquered Mysore, Kalinga and Maldives Island.

14 Temples built by Rajaraja.

Brahadeeshwarar temple. Siva temple in quilon and polanuruva. Buddha shrine at Nagapattinam and anaimangalam village to Buddhist monastery.

15 Rajendra I 1012 – 1044 A.D “GangaiKondan” “KadaramKondan” “Mudikondan” “Panditha Cholan” “Uthama Cholan”

Appointed his son Rajathiraja to assist him. Rajendra defeated Mahipala I and brought water from Ganges to tanjore. Shifted capital from Tanjore to GangaikondaCholapuram. Jeyasimha II – Chlukya King.

16 Kulothunga Cholan I 1070 – 1170 A.D “Sungam Thavirtha Cholan”.

Western Chalukya King – Vikramadithya. Known to China and Sumatra. Abolished many taxes.

Class Seventh: Chapter 2 17 Cholamandalam Thanjavur, Part of Trichy, Pudukottai and South Arcot Dist. 18 Administrative

Division Central Government Provincial Government Local Government

19 Heir Apparent Called Yuvaraja.

20 Central Government “Peruntaram” “Sirutaram”

Head – King. Council of Ministers and Officials – running adm. Of central gov.

21 Provincial Government 9 Provinces.(Mandalams) – Viceroy. Mandalams – Divided – Kottams and Valanadus. Kottam – Divided – Nadu. Nadu – Divided – Oor.

22 Revenue Land revenue. 23 Nadu Nattars. 24 Village Grama Sabha.

Brahmin Settlement was called as Chaturvedi Mangalam. 25 Variyams

“Vairaperumakkal” Male Members. Nyayavariyam – Justice Thotta variyam – Gardens. Dharmavariyam – Temples. Erivariyams – Tanks. Ponvariyam – Finance Gramakaravariyam – Commitees.

Class Seventh: Chapter 3 26 Social Condition Varnasrama, society was divided into four major divisions

namely Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas and Sudras. 27 Valangai and

Idangai(98/98) “King Karikala”

Valangai – Upper caste Idangai –Lower Caste

28 Colleges During the reign of Rajendra I, two colleges were there at Rajarajachaturvedi Mangalam and Tribhuvanam

29 Queens Queen Sembian Mahadevi and Kundavai were patrons of temples.

30 Kanchipuram Textile Industry. 31 Saint Ramanujar Contemporary of chola kings. 32 Hymns Nambi andar Nambi – Saiva Hymns.

Nathamunigal – Vaishnava Hymns. Class Seventh: Chapter 4

33 Poets Kalladanar, Kambar, Pugalandhi, Ottakoothar, Sekkilar, Avvaiyar, Thirutakkadevar lived during the period of Chola period

34 Kalladanar Kalladam about Lord Shiva 35 Thirutakkadevar Seevagasinthamani to spread Jainism. 36 Jayamkondan Kalingathuparani.- Kulothunga I 37 OOtakuthar Court Poest Vikrama Chola, Kulotunga-II and Rajaraja-II.

Saraswathy Andhadhi. 38 Kambar

“Kavichakaravarthi – Kukothungan III”

Sadagopar andhadhi, Mummani kovai

39 Pugazhendhi Nalavenba 40 Avvaiyar Athichudi and Kondrai vendan.

41 Epics Valayapathi, Kundalakesi, Viracholiyam, Nannool belong to this period.

42 Vijayalaya Built temple at Narttamalai. 43 Aditya I Subramaniya temple at Kannanur.

Thirukattalai temple. 44 Parantaka-I Koranganatha temple Srinivasanallur (Trichy District). 45 Kulothunga- I Sun God temple at Kumbakonam. 46 Rajaraja-II Airavatheeswarar temple at Dharasuram. 47 Temple walls Scenes from Ramayanam Mahabharatam, Puranas and

lives of the 63 Nayanmars are sculptured in narrative panels on the walls of temples.

48 Kalahasti temple portraits of Cholamadevi and Kulothunga-III 49 Music The seven music alphabets sa, ri, ga, ma, pa, da, ni were used 50 Dance Bharathanatyam and Kathakali. 51 Koothu Ariyakuthu, Chakki koothu and Santhi koothu.

Class Seventh: Chapter 5 52 Later Pandya Kings

[Madurai/Fish] 1190 AD to 1310 AD.

53 Sources Velvikkudi plates, Seevaramangalam plates. Thalavaipuramplates and chinnamanur plates

54 Inscriptions Pudukottai - judicial and revenue administration. Pudukottai - Kulasekara Pandya’s policies towards land survey and taxation. Thiruvandipuram - warfare of Maravarman Sundara Pandya. Srirangam - victories of Pandya kings. Thirunelveli - names and the titles of the Pandya kings.

55 Monuments cave temples found in Tirumalaipuram Tiruparankundram Anaimalai Kundrakudi Kalugumalai. Meenakshi Temple in Madurai.

56 Century Period of 100 Years. 57 Jatavarman Kulasekara

I (1190 -1210A.D) S/o.Vikaraman “Rajagambheera”

He created the Rajagambira Chaturvedi mangalam, consisting of 1030 Brahmadeyas. Appointed Maravarman SundaraPandya as his crown prince.

58 Maravarman Sundara Pandiyan I 1216 – 1231 A.D B/o.Jatavarman SundaraPandiyan I

A good part of the Vishnu temple at Tiruttangal was built.

59 Maravarman Sundara Pandya II 1238 – 1258 A.D

He made many grants to temples. He defeated the chola king Rajendra-III.

60 Jatavarman Sundara Pandiyan I 1251 - 1258 A.D

“Thirubhuvana Chakaravarthy” “Emmandalamum Kondarulliya pandiya”. “Ponveida Perumal”.

61 Maravarman Kulasekaran I 1268 – 1308 A.D

“Kollam Kanda Pandyan” Morcopolo visited India. He built the outer wall of Nellaiyapper temple in Tirunelveli.

Malik Kafur invaded and carried away as much loote as possible. Class Seventh: Chapter 6

62 Tamil Literature Pandyas organised three Tamil sangams at Madurai namely Mudhal sangam, Idai sangam and Kadai sangam. Sangam was an assembly of Tamil poets and scholars.

63 Nakeerar Chief Tamil Poet. 64 Madurai TamilKoodal. 65 Manickavasagar Thiruvasagam, Thirchilambalakovai. 66 Andal Thiuppavai. 67 Nammalvar Thirupallandu. 68 Sri Kaviraya Thirukkalathinatharula, Thiruvannamalaiyar vannam, Seyur

Murugan ula, Rathinagiriula 69 Mayilainathar Commentary on Nanool 70 Parimelazhagar Commentries on Thirukkural.

Class Seventh: Chapter 7 71 Harihara and Bukka established Vijaya Nagar empire on the Southern banks of the river

Tungabadhra in 1336. Vijaya Nagar was the capital of this empire. Popular ruler: Kumarakampana.

72 Krishna Deva Rayar 1509 -1529 A.D “Nayak System”

Krishna Devaraya created Nayakship in Madurai and Tanjore. Vijaya Nagar rulers continued till they were defeated by the sultans in the battle of Tali Kotta in 1565. Book – Amuktamalayada.(1 of 5 Telugu Kaviyas).

73 Sourashtras Came and Settled in Tamilnadu. 74 Food Rice and Millet. 75 Vadagalai and

Thengalai Vaishnavites Gropus.

78 Vedhantha Desikar Vadagalai Group. / Sanskrit Vedas 79 Manavala Mahamuni Thengalai Group. / Tamil Prabandhams. 80 Ashtadiggajas Eight Scholars. 81 Ganga Devi Madura Vijayam. 82 Telugu Scholars Allasanipeddanna, Nanditimmanna Tenaliramakrishna. 83 Meykandar SivaGnana Bodham. 84 Velliambala

Thambiran Gnanapuranavilakkam.

85 Alagidesikars Sethupuranam. 86 Kachiappassivachariar Kandapuranam. 87 Villiputhurar Translated Vyasa’s Bharatam in Tamil. 88 Thirumalainathar Chidambarapuranam and Chokkanatharula. 89 Pavananthi Nanool.

90 Nallurveerakavirayar HarichandraPuranam. 91 Architecture Dravidian and Indo-Saracenic architecture 92 Temples Two gopuras of Rameswaram temple and Seshagiri mandapam

at Srirangam are the best examples of Vijaya Nagar art. Class Seventh: Chapter 8

93 Nayak Rule 1529 – 1739 A.D

The Nayak rule in Tamilnadu was established by the Vijayanagar emperors.

94 Vishwanatha Nayak (Nayak or Viceroy) 1529 – 1564 A.D

First Nayak of Madurai. Poliga System.( semi military and feudal 5Arrangement)

95 Dalavoy Ariyanathar Minister and military general during the period of ViswanathaNayak.

96 Krishnappa Nayak 1594 – 1572 A.D 97 Veerappa Nayak 1572 – 1595 A.D 98 Thirumalai Nayak

1623 – 1659 A.D He transferred the capital from Trichy to Madurai. He freed himself from the control of Vijayanagar souverignity and became an independent ruler. Theppakulam, Thirumalai Nayakar Mahal, Pudhu mandapam, Raja gopuram were some of his contributions.

99 Rani Mangammal 1689 – 1706 A.D 100 Vijayaranga Chokkanathar 1706AD. – 1732 AD 101 Meenakshi 1732AD. – 1739 AD

The rule of Nayaks of Madurai was brought to an end by the Nawabs. 102 Kumarakurubarar Kandarkalivenba 103 Ellappanavalar Arunachalapuranam 104 Arunagirinathar Thiruppukazh 105 Gnanaprakasadesikar Kachikkalambakam. 106 Namachivayapulavar Chidambara Venba 107 Rhagunatha Nayak Bharata Sutha and Sangeetha Sudha. 108 Veerapa Nayak Aruppukottai Fort. 109 Nayakara System KrishnaDeva Raya.

Class Seventh: Chapter 9 Shahji Bonsle had two popular sons namely Shivaji and Venkaji. Shivaji established a separate Maratha kingdom in the Maharastra region. Venkaji established a Maratha kingdom in Tanjore region of Tamil country. 110 Shivaji Father Shahji Bonsle / Mother – Jijabai.

Dadaji Kondadev – Taught administration. Shivaji killed Afzal Khan. Jagirdar to Chatrapati. Southern Representative – Santhaji.

111 Shahji Bonsle Genaral Under Sultan of Bijapur. 112 Venkaji First ruler of Maratha empire in india. 113 Shahji-I 1684AD – 1712AD

114 Sarfoji I 1712AD–1728AD

Shahji-I was succeeded by his younger brother Sarfoji

115 Sarfoji II He surrendered the principality of Tanjore to the British East India Company. / Sivaganga Shivaji was the last ruler of Tanjore Maratha empire.

116 Sarawati Mahal “Sarfoji II”

Saraswathi mahal became centre of learning and research Institute. In 1805 Safroji II established a printing press at Tanjore

117 Alluri Kuppana Shahjis Court Poet. Kalidasa of Andhra Desa. 118 Maratha Sculpture Bronze image of Ammani Amma, the wife of Pratapsingh. It is

a Portrait figure. It is now in the temple of Tiruvidaimarudur. Class Seventh: Chapter 9 119 Sethupathis Rulers of Ramnad and Sivaganga region of early 17th Century

were called Sethupathis 120 Sadaiakka Thevar

Kuttan Sethupathy Official Headquarter – Ramnad.

121 Sadaikka Thevar II: 1636AD. – 1645AD 122 Raghunatha Sethupathi

– 1645AD. – 1670AD ‘Thirumalai Sethupathi’ Sethupathis loyalty towards the Nayaks was over with thirumalai Nayak.

123 Thayumanavar Lived with the patronage of Raghunatha Sethupathy. 124 Raghunatha Sethupathi II alias Kilavan Sethupathi : 1671AD. – 1710AD 125 Baskara Sethupathi was an exceptionally enlightened zamindar. He was an

English educated ruler. He honoured Swami Vivekananda who attended the parliament of Religion at Chicago.

126 Zulfikar Khan Genaral of Aurangazeb captured Vellore, Gingee, and Arcot. He became the nawab.

127 Arcot Arcot was the headquarters of nawab. 128 Nawabs Dost Ali, Anwar – ud – din of Wallaja.(Killed in Ambur battle.)

Chanda Sahib, Mohammed Ali. 129 Battle of Adyar Between Nawabs army and French Army. French Won. 130 Amir Mahal

“Palace of Arcot Nawab”

Example for Nawab style of architecture.

Class Eight: Chapter 1 131 Portuguese First among the Europeans to arrive in india. 132 Vasco-da-gama

“1498” Portuguese sailor reached Calicut.

133 Blue Water Policy Francisco –de –almeida (First Governer) wanted Portuguese to be te Masters of Indian Ocean. This policy is known as Blue water Policy.

134 Goa Alfonso de Albuquerque(2 Gov)

Portuguese Headquarters.

135 Santhome in Chennai Portuguese Settlement.

136 Dutch Dutch traders came from Holland. 137 Devanampattnam Dutch setup Factory. 138 Nagapattinam Seat of Dutch Government. 139 East India Company The English East India Company obtained Royal Charter from

queen Elizabeth on 31st December 1600 to trade with India. 140 Francis Dey

1639 In 1639 Francis Dey obtained the site of Madras from the Governor of Chandragiri. / For rent.

141 1640 Fort St.George was built. Headqarters of English in the east. 142 1654 Madras became the headquarters of all British Possessions in

the east. 143 Fort St.David Built in Cuddalore. 144 Danish East India

Company 1616 / Denmark. / Founded settlement in Nagapattinam.

145 Francis Martin Francis Martin obtained a small village of Pondicherry from the Sultan of Bijapur

146 Treaty of Ryswick French lost Pondicherry to Dutch. But it was restored by the treaty of Ryswick.

147 Pondicherry Headquarters of French possessions in India. Class Eight: Chapter 2 148 Revolt of Palayakkars

1799 Palayakkars – Vijayanagar Rule – Vishwanatha Nayak. Pulithevan – Nerkattumseval near Thirunelveli. Vir Pandya Kattabomman –Panchalangkuruchi.

149 Colin Jackson British Collector during the period of Kattabomman. 150 Kayathar Kattabomman was hanged near Kayathar Fort, close to the town

of Tirunelveli, in front of the fellow Palayakkars. 151 Marudu Brothers Mookiah Palaniappan and Ponnathal.

Periya Marudu and Chinna Marudu famously called as Marudu Pandiyars.

152 Fort of Thiruppathur The Marudu brothers were executed in the Fort of Tirupathur in Ramanathapuram District

157 Vellore Mutiny 1806 Colonel Gillespie

The soldiers in the Vellore fort decided to oppose the dress regulations introduced by the British. / Shave their head and mushtaches/ No religious markings on the forehead / Tuban.

Class Eight: Chapter 3 158 Ryotwari Settlement

Thomas Munro Direct Connection of farmers with the Government.

159 Kallanai “The Grand Anaicut”

The Grand Anicut (Kallanai) is regarded as one of the greatest engineering feats of ancient India

160 Mettur Dam 1934

Constructed by the British.

161 1857 Sepoy Mutiny against the British. 162 India The plantation industries of Indigo, Tea and Coffee were

the first to be introduced in India. 163 Clothes Clothes made of synthetic fibre were brought to Tamilnadu. /

Replace Khadi.

164 1856 Railway Line between Madras and Arakkonam was Laid. 165 Royapuram

1856 Royapuram near Chennai was the first Railway station constructed by the British

166 Pamban Pamban Railway bridge was built between Rameswaram and Mandabam.

167 All India Radio Station “AIR” - 1936

All India Radio Station was started by British.

168 Handicraft British rule in India, the handicraft industries, once the pride and glory of India declined gradually

169 Agriculture Backbone of our economy. 170 Mahalwari System Lord William Bentick 171 Lord Dalhousie Upper and Lower Anaicut / PWD Department. / Tank

Restoration Scheme. 172 Lord Cornwallis Permanent Land Revenue System. 173 Tea Plantations Ceylon 174 Rubber Plantations Malaya 175 Mines South Africa

Class Eight: Chapter 4 176 Women Poets Avvaiyar, Kakkaipadiniyar, Mudathamakanniyar lived during

the sangam period. 177 Kailasanatha Temple Store House of the Public Documents. 178 Dharmapala Chancellor of Nalanda University belongs to Kanchi. 179 Sekkilar Kundrathur near Chennai. 180 Sasraswati Mahal Lib Estabilished in 1824. 181 Portuguese Started Society of Jesus. / Father Fernandus – Punnakayal. 182 Madurai Father Robert de Nobili

John de Britto 183 Veeramamunivar Father Constantine Joseph Beschi / Thembavani(author). 184 Loyola College Ignatious Loyola Mission 185 Colleges Madras Christian College at Tambaram,

Scott Christian College at Nagarcoil, American College at Madurai St.Joseph College at Tiruchi St.Xavier College at Palayamkottai Women’s Chritisan college at Chennai were founded to give education to people.

186 Charles Wood Charles wood dispatch was called as Magna Carta of Education. 187 Madras University The Act of 1857 created the Madras University. 188 Hunter Commission Working of Education. 189 Annamalai University Established in 1929 by Raja Sir Annamalai Chettiar. 190 Law college, Chennai Established in 1891. 191 Education Under the Government of India Act of 1935, education was

made as a state subject. 192 Library Connemara In 1890 the Governor of Madras Lord Connemara established

the Connemara Library.

Class Eight: Chapter 5 193 Newspapers The Hindu, Swadesamitran and Desabakthan played a

significant role in awakening the people 194 Madras Mahajana

Sabha 1884

Established in 1884. G.Subramaniya Iyer, P.Anandacharlu, Rangaiya Naidu played a significant part in the association to redress the miseries of the people.

195 1885 The Indian National Congress was founded by A.O.Hume in 1885. C.Vijayaraghavachariyar close associate of A.O.Hume, 1 of the member of the committee which Constituted the INC.

196 INC first Conference Bombay – W.C.Banerjee 197 V.O.Chidambaram

Pillai “Kappalotiya Thamizhan”

Started the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company at Tuticorin. In 1908 the mill workers of Tirunelveli and Tuticorin struck work. / Ash –Collector.

198 Surat Congress 1907

Congress got split into extremists and moderates. Extremists – BalaGangadhar Tilak

199 BalaGangadharTilak

“Swaraj is my Birth Right” Supported by V.O.Chidambarm Pillai and Subramaniyam Siva. Lieutenants of Tilak – “Vande Mataram”.

200 Vanchi Iyer Ashe was murdered in 1911 at Maniachi Railway station by Vanchi Iyer.

201 Dr.AnnieBesant Home Rule Movement. 1916 / Common Wheel and New India NewsPapers.

202 Moderates C.Vijayaraghavachariyar Thiru V.Kalyana Sundaranar Varadharajulu Naidu E.V.Ramasamy Naickear S.Srinivasa Iyangar, Sathyamurthy and K.Kamaraj

203 Gandhian Era “1920-1947”

The period from 1920-47 is called the era of Gandhiji in the history of Indian National Movement

204 Non Cooperation Movement “Nagpur Session” 1920

People of Tamilnadu were angry with the British Government because of the Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh tragedy which occurred in 1919. Rajaji – Liertanent of Gandhiji. / Sathyamurthy /EVR

205 Simon Commission Boycotted by Sathyamurthy.(No Indian Member in it). 206 Civil Disobidience

movement 1930

Salt Satyagraha – 1930. – Dandi Rajaji – Vedaranyam.

207 Tirupur Kumaran “Kodikatha Kumaran”

1932 / Result of the lathi charge, Tirupur Kumaran, a freedom fighter sacrificed his life.

208 Freedom Fighters from

Tamilnadu Adikeasava Naicker Salem Adi Narayana chettiar Guruswamy naidu K.Kamaraj Omandoor Ramasamy Reddiar Baktavatsalam, C.Subramaniyam R.Venkatraman participated in the freedom movement.

209 Quit India Movement Bombay – “1942”

K.Kamaraj participated in the movement. Leaders like Muthuranga Mudaliar, Baktavatsalam and R.Venkataraman were arrested.

210 Indian Independence 15th August 1947. / Cripps Mission / Mountbatten Plan. Class Eight: Chapter 6 211 Social Evils Sati

Poligamy Child marriage Untouchability Female infanticide

212 Western Education Democracy, Equality, and Liberty influenced the people. 213 Varnashrama System Caste System. Higher castes ill treated and humilated the

backward and depressed class people. Reformers wanted to free them from the miseries

214 Economic Condition British rule in Tamilnadu drained the economy to a great extent. Exported Cotton and Iron to England.

215 French Revolution 1789 216 Russian Revolution 1917 217 Ramalinga Adigal

1823-1874

“Samarasa Sutha Sanmarga Sangam” - 1867 Born: Chinnamarudur near Chidambaram. Lived: Mint(Vallalar Nagar) in Madras. God: Supreme grace of light(ArutperumJyothi) Religious Ceremony, Social Divisions – No Meaning. Love : Master Key to Spirituality. Realisation: Truth in all religions. Meditations: Form of Prayer. Aim: Religious Unity and Communal Harmony.

218 Sathyagana Sabha Vallalar – Conduct Prayer. 219 Sathya Dharma Sala Vadalur – Food to everyone. 220 Jeeva Karunya Vallalar showed his love and mercy not only on human beings

but also on plants, insects, birds and animals. 221 Dr.Natesa Mudaliar

“Chennai Dravida Sangam”

Opened a non – Brahmin hostel in Triplican 1912.

222 Justice Party 1917 South Indian Liberal Federation.

Came to power in 1920. Subburayalu Reddiar become the Chief Minister for Madras Presidency. 1937 – Final blow.

223 1929 Public Service Commission was established. 224 1929 Andhra and Annamalai University was started. 225 1921 Hindu Religious Endowment Act. Non-brahmins were to be

appointed as Archagas in the temple. 226 Self Respect

Movement 1925 E.V.Ramasamy championed the cause of the Self-Respect Movement

227 E.V.Ramasamy 17th September 1879

“Vaikkam Hero”

Born: Erode. Parents: Venkatta Naicker and Chinna Thayammal. Wife: Nagammai. He left the Indian National Congress in 1925 at the Kancheepuram session on the issue of communal representation. Tamil Weekly: Kudiyarasu English Journal: Revolt 1924 - Vaikkam : - Kerala – Tranvacore. EVR worked for the inter-dining by abolishing the Gurukula system at Seranmadevi near Tirunelveli.

228 Periyar In the Women’s conference held at Madras in the year 1938, EVR was given the title “Periyar”.

229 Devadasi Young women were dedicated to temples and were called ‘Temple girls’. EVR and Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddy Opposed this System.Act of 1930 abolished. Devadasi System

230 Dowry System EVR, Dr. MuthulakshmiReddy,Ramalinga Adigal, G.Subramaniya Iyer, Bharathi, Bharathidasan. Dowry Prohibition Act 1961.(Amended in 1984).

231 1924 Staff Selection Board. Class Eight: Chapter 7 232 Various Commission

on education 1) University Grants Commission. 2) Secondary Education Commission. 3) Kothari Commission. 4) New Education Policy. 5) National Policy on education.

233 UGC 1948 Chairmanship: S.Radhakrishnan. 234 Teachers Day Dr.Radhakrishnan’s birthday is celebrated as “Teachers day” on

5th September every year. 235 Article 45 The Article 45 of the Constitution of India guaranted free and

compulsory education for children below the age of 14. 236 Secondary Education

Commission 1953

Dr.A.Lakshmana Swamy Mudhaliar.

237 Kothari Commission 1964

National Education Commission. Dr.D.S.Kothari 10+2+3 and 3 language formula adopted.

238 Sarva Siksha Abhiyan Primary Education

Improve the quality of education and to avoid dropouts at the primary level

239 Tamil College Medium – 1970 240 Scientists Ramanujam (Mathematics)

Dr.Sir CV.Raman (Physics) Dr.Chandrasekar (Physics) [Nobel Prize Winners] Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam (Space) belong to Tamilnadu.

241 Dr.M.S.Swaminathan Agricultural Scientist. ICAR – Reorganised. HYVP – High Yielding Variety Programme.

242 Agriculture University Coimbatore. 243 Agriculture College Madurai 244 Dr.G.D.Naidu Famous Industrialist of Tamilnadu. 245 Atomic Energy

Commission 1948 Development of Atomic energy. Kalpakkam – Near Chennai. Dr.Chidambaram Koodankulam – Tirunelveli District.

246 ISRO 1972 247 Dr.A.P.J.AbdulKalam

Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam, his Excellency, the President of India father of Agni missile authored a book called ‘wings of fire’. Mahendragiri – Kanyakumari. Kavalur – Vellore – Telescope. – Big in South east asia.

248 Birla Planetarium Chennai 249 Mass Communication Newspaper, radio, television, telephone, etc 250 Prachar Bharati A unit of Government of India is formulating the policies for

information and broadcasting and implementing it. 251 Television J.L.Baird. 252 Telegraph Invented by M.Lammond france. 253 Telephone Invented by Alexandar Graham Bell in 1876. 254 Tidel Park Attract the investers, complexes such as Tidal parks are opened

at Chennai and also at Nanguneri in Trinelvelli district. Class Eight: Chapter 8 255 Planning Commission First Chairman: Jawaharlal Nehru. 256 Coimbatore Manchester of South India. 257 Textile Industries Coimbatore, Ambattur and Ambasamudram. 258 Cotton Tex.Industries Oldest industries. 259 Paper Mills Paper Mills at Sivaganga, Theni, Thirunelveli, Pugaloor are

noteworthy. 260 Chemical Industries Ranipet, Thiruvallur, and Tuticorin. 261 Chennai Detroit of Tamilnadu.

262 Cottage Industries Cottage industries are mostly traditional, producing traditional products by employing traditional methods.

263 Small Scale Industries Based on Capital Investment Match box industry, Coir industry, Palm industry, Khadi industry etc

264 Corporations in Tamilnadu

SIPCOT - State Industries Promotion Corporation Of Tamilnadu. SIDCO - Small Industrial Development Corporation. TIDCO - Tamilnadu Industrial Development Corporation TIIC - Tamilnadu Industrial Investment Credit Corporation

265 Industrial Development

Second Position – Tamilnadu (after Maharashtra).

266 Power Projects Kundah (Hydro) Ennore, (Thermal) Mettur (Hydro) Neyveli (Thermal) Papanasam (Hydro) Pykara (Hydro) and Kalpakkam (Atomic)

267 Internal Trade Goods and services are exchanged within the same political boundaries

268 International Trade Goods and services are exchanged beyond the political boundaries of countries or when it is among different nations of the world.

269 MEPZ Madras Export Processing Zone (MEPZ) is one of the seven export processing zones set up by the Indian Government in Chennai

270 Banks Public Sector Banks, Private Banks and Co-operative Banks. 271 1948 Reserve Bank of India Act. 272 Nationalised Banks All are Public sector Banks. They are 14 in number. 273 Co-operative Banks Most popular is the Tamilnadu State and Apex Co-operative

Ltd. 274 Transport Corporations 21 transport corporations named after the important leaders in

Tamilnadu were removed and were renamed as Tamilnadu State Transport Corporation.

275 River Basin Cauvery Basin 276 Irrigational Projects Bhavani, Parambikulam-Aliyar, Amaravathi, Krishnagiri,

Sathanur, Vaigai, Mettur Class Eight: Chapter 9 277 Social Welfare Board 1954 278 Director of Medical

and Rural Health In-charge of planning and execution of all programmes of Medical services in the Districts.

279 Director of public health

in charge of planning and formulation of various programmes to prevent diseases in rural and urban areas.

280 World Health Day April 7th .

281 Rural Areas Primary Health Centre (PHC) subcentres,mobile Medical units and Mini Health centers

282 Maternity Services The maternity services comprise anti-natal, intra-natal and post-natal care to the mother and infants.

283 SC/ST Education provided free up to degree standard. 284 THADCO Tamilnadu Adi Dravidar Development Corporation. 285 Tribal Communities Toda, Kota, Kurumba, Irular, Pania and Kattunaicken 286 Destitutes 3% reservation in the educational and government institutions

in the educational and employment opportunities Class Eight: Chapter 10 287 Dr.U.V.Swaminatha

Iyer “Grand Father of Tamil”

Tamil scholar Dr.U.V.Swaminatha Iyer had contributed immensely for the development of Tamil literature. He gathered the old manuscripts of the Sangam age literatures and preserved them for future generation.

288 Maraimalai Adigal Important Tamil Scholar. 289 Poondi Ranganatha

Mudaliar Kanchi Kalambagam.

290 Thiru V.KalyanaSundaranar

Murugu, Penin Perumai.

291 Dr.M.Varadarasanar Agal Vizhakku 292 Rajaji Vyasar Virundhu and Chakravarthi Thirumagan 293 Devaneya Pavanar Tamil Dictionary – Agara Mudali. 294 First Tamil Novel Vedhanayagam Pillai.- “Pradabha Mudaliar Charitram”. 295 Kalki (alias)

Krishnamurti “Poniyin Selvan”

296 Akilan Won the Gnanapeeda Award prize for his novel “Chthira Pavai”.

297 Chandilyan Chandilyan’s ‘Kadalpura’ need special mention. 298 Novelists Jayakanthan, T.Janagiraman, N.Parthasarathi, Sujatha,

V.Kothainayaki Ammal, Siva Sankari, Indumathi, Lakshmi, Rajam Krishnan are some of the important novelists who concentrated on social themes.

299 J.R.Rangarajan Chandrakantha detective novel. 300 Patriatism Bharathi kindled the people of Tamilnadu through patriotic

songs. NamakkalKavignar, Bharathidasan Ramalingam Pillai, Kavimani Desiga Vinayagam Pillai, Bharathidasan wrote poems on the promotion of patriotism and women’s liberation.

301 Short Stories Pudumai Pithan’s Sabavimochanam, Rajaji’s Deivanai K.P.Rajagopalan’s Vidiyuma Kalki’sThirudan Annadurai’s Rajapart Rangadurai

302 Drama Pammal Samanda Mudaliar – Father of Tamil Drama Prof.Sundaram Pillai – Manonmaniyam. Suriya Narayana Sastry – Roopavathi C.N.Annadurai – Oru Iravu

Krishnasamy Pavalar – Bombay Mail. Shankaradas Swamigal – Translated famous Kalidasa Sanskrit drama.

303 Drama Actors T.K.S.Brothers, Rajamanikam and R.S.Manohar patronised Tamil drama.

304 BharataNatyam NatyaShastra –Sage Bharatha. / Tamilnadu. 305 Kalakshetra Kalakshetra, a private organisation was founded by Ruckmani

devi Arundel at Chennai to promote the Bharatha natyam 306 Kalaimamani The Tamilnadu Iyal, Issai, Nattaka Mandram is honouring the

artists by ‘Kalaimamani’ awards every year. 307 Folkdances Karakattam, Mayilattam and Kummi. 308 Carnatic Music St.Thiyagaraja’s, Muthuswami Dikshidar, Shyama Sastri

patronised the Carnatic music. 309 M.S.Subbhulakshmi

“Bharat Ratna” Sang kirthanas in United Nations Organisation.

310 Carnatic Singers Chemmbai Vaidhya Natha Iyer Balamuralikrishna, Semmangudi Sreenivasa Iyer, M.L.VasanthaKumari Maharajapuram Santhanam

311 Dr.A.C.Muthiah Grandson of Sri Annamali Chettiyar. 312 Folk Music Kollangudi karuppayi

Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy Vijayalakshmi Navaneethakrishnan.

313 1931 First Talking Movie was introduced in Madras. “Kalidass”

314 Cinema Company A.V.M. and Vijaya Vahini studios at Chennai Pakshiraja company at Coimbatore Modern Theatres at Salem.

Class Nine: Chapter 1 1 India Sub-Continent 2 Topgraphic Map Himalayas, Indo-Gangetic Plain, Deccan Plateau, Coastal

Ghats [Eastern and Western Ghats]

3 Himalayas Hyber and Bholan Pass. 4 Ancient Civilisations Indus Valley or Harappan Civilisation

Gangetic Valley Civilisation and Sangam Civilisation

5 Stone Age Stone age man used weapons and articles made of stones Old Stone Age or Palaeotithic Age and New Stone Age or Neolithic Age.

6 Old Stone age – paeliolithic Nomadic Civilisation. Hunting / Invented Fire / Man used leaves, barks of trees and skins of animals to cover his body.

7 New Stone Age – Neolithic Learnt art of Agriculture. / Animals where domesticated. / Wheel was Invented.

8 Metal Age The discovery of metals was another achievement made by

man. Metals were used for making weapons Metal Age is divided into Copper Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age. In the Iron Age, ploughs and daggers were made of iron. It led to the overall development of mankind

9 Sir John Marshall Mohanjo - daro . Pre Aryan Period. Discovered in 1921 in Harappa.

10 Harappa [3250 -2750 B.C] Situated in bank Ravi, One of the tributes of Sindh.

11 Harappa It is now in Pakistan. 12 Metal In this age, a new metal called bronze by mixing tin and

copper came to be produced. 13 Indus Valley People Had Overseas Contact with Sumeria, Babylonia and Egypt. 14 Planned Cities Mohenja-daro and Harappa were Planned cities. 15 Mohenja-daro Citadel, Lower Town and Small huts. / Granary and Town

hall. 16 Mesapatomia Mesopotamian seals were found in Indus cities and the

Indus seals were found in Mesopotamia 17 Religious Symbol Pipal tree. Pasupathi (Siva) and Mother Goddess. 18 Life after death They buried their dead in huge earthen pots along with

food and ornaments. 19 Indus Scripts Pictographs. Class Nine: Chapter 2 20 Aryans [Khyber Pass]

2000B.C -1500B.C Aryans came from Cetral Asia.

21 Aryan Civilisation Rural Civilisation [ ARI- Foreigner – Stranger] 22 Vedas Rig [Earliest], Yajur, Sama and Atharvana Veda. 23 Literary Works Brahmanas, Upanishads, Aranyakas, Puranas,

Mahabharata and Ramayana are the other literary sources for this period.

24 Sub -Vedas (1) Ayur Veda (Medicine) (2) Dhanur Veda (War tactics) (3) Gandharva Veda (the art or music) and (4) Shilpa Veda (the art of architecture).

The Vedic Age: The Vedic age is divided into two. The Early Vedic period from B.C. 2000 to B.C. 1000 and the Later Vedic period from B.C. 1000 to B.C. 600. We see some differences in the life of the people during these two stages. 25 Food and Drink Intoxicating drinks were produced from soma plant and

sura from barley were offered to Gods and consumed. 26 Workship Prayers were offered to Agni, Vayu and Surya. Agni and

Varuna were the most favourite Gods. Yagas and Yajnas were the most common rituals.

27 Mahabharata Veda Vyasa 28 Ramayana Valmiki. 29 Caste Varna or Caste system developed during the later Vedic

period. Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Sudras. 30 Individual – 4 Stages Brahmacharya or student life

Graihasta or life of a father and husband. Vanaprasta or life as a hermit and finally Sanyasa or total renunciation of the world

31 Gargi and Maitreyi Gargi was one of the learned persons summoned by king Janaka; the Upanishads refer to the conversation between Maitreyi and her husband Yajnavalkaya.

32 Gods Gods like Prajapathi, Pasupathi, Vishnu and Krishna. 33 Theory The theory of Karma and the theory of incarnation were

accepted. / Accepted Moksha. Class Nine: Chapter 3 34 Religious Literature Sanskrit 35 Common People Prakrit and Pali. 36 Jainism [6th Century] Vardamana Mahavira – Founder of Jainism. / Rishaba

Deva. Born: Kundagrama.

37 Mahavira 24th Thirthankara. 38 Places Kosala, Magadha, Mithila and Champa. 39 Jainism Preaching [Soul] 1. Not Believe in the existence of God.

40 Teachings – Triratnas Right Faith, Right Knowledge and Right Conduct or Action Ahimsa, Satyam, Asteya, Tyag, and Brahmacharya.

41 Believe Mahavira accepts theory of Karma. 42 Followers Digambaras[Nudes],

Swedambaras [White Dress]/ Prakrit Language. 43 Kings Rulers like Bimbisara, Ajatasatru in North India extended

support. 44 Thiruthakka Thevar Seevaka Chinthamani. 45 Pavanandhi Munivar Nanool. 46 Holy Books Angas and Purvas. 47 Jain temple Dilwara Temple at Mount Abu. – Rajasthan. 48 Jain Monument Gomateswara statue at Sravana Belgola near Mysore is

another Jain monument 49 Jain Art Udayagiri, Hathigumpha, Ellora and Girnar 50 Siddhartha[Buddha] Parents: Suddhodana and Mayadevi(died when he was 7).

Step Mother: Mahaprajapati Gauthami Wife: Yashodara Son:Rahul.

51 Gaya 12 Years under Pipal tree. One fine morning he attained Supreme Knowledge. From that moment he was called Buddha (the enlightened one) or Sakya Muni (Sage of the Sakya Clan).

52 First Sermon Saranath near Varanasi. 53 Teachings Ahimsa. Eight fold Path. Ashta Marga.

Thought, Belief, Speech, Action, Efforts, Knowledge, Living, Meditation.

54 Books [pali Language] Tripitakas. (Three baskets). The three volumes are Sutta Pitaka, Vinaya Pitaka and Abidhamma Pitaka.

55 Theory Buddha accepted the theory of Karma. 56 Buddhism Attaining Nirvana or enlightment is the basic principle of

Buddhism. The successors of Buddha were called Bodhisathvas.

57 Kings Kings of Kosala, Kausambi, Asoka and Kanishka helped the spread of Buddhism

58 Asoka Asoka’s time Buddhist monks and missionaries went to Egypt, Syria, and Macedonia. Asoka sent his son Mahendra and daughter Sangamitra to Ceylon to spread Buddhism.

59 Kanishka Kanishkha’s missionaries went to Burma, Japan, Tibet and Central Asia through China. China came under the influence of Buddhism.

60 2 Branches Mahayana Buddhism (The Greater Vehicle) and Hinayana Buddhism (The Lesser Vehicle).

61 Educational Centres Many educational centres such as Nalanda, Vallabhi, Kanchi and Vikramasila were famous for Buddhist teaching.

62 Paintings Paintings at Ellora and Ajanta are the gifts of Buddhism. 63 Jina Conquerer. 64 6th Century Zoaratrian in Persia

Confusius in China. 65 Mahavira Great hero. 66 Jainism Highest : Supreme Knowledge. Or Kaivalya. 67 Buddhism Nirvana or Enlightment. 68 Jataka Tales Previous Births of Buddha./ Buddhist Literature. 69 Chaitras Prayer Halls 70 Viharas Monastries. 71 Hemachandra Jain Historian./Yoga Sastra Class Nine: Chapter 4 72 Magadha Rulers Bimbisara and Ajatasatru [Jainism] 73 Ajatasatru Ajatasatru imprisoned his father Bimbisara. 74 Mahapadmananda -Nandas Nandas Captured Power from Magadhas. 75 Dhana Nandha Last ruler of Nandha. Alexandar invaded india during his

rule. 76 Alexandar Son of Philip of Marcedonia.

Died in Babylon near Baghdad. 77 India “Land of Milk and Honey”. 78 Ambi Ruler of Taxila made his submission to Alexander. He

recognized Alexander as his overlord without waging a war.

79 Porus “Treated as a King”.

King of Jhelum.

80 Seleukos Nikator Territories in the northwestern part of India 81 Chandra Gupta Maurya Defeated Selekos Nikator. 82 Kanishka Graeco Bactrian sculptors to Gandhara for making images

of Buddha and Bodhisatvas. 83 Gandhara School of Art Influence by Greeks. 84 Nandhas Atheists Chanakya, a great Brahmin scholar, was the minister of Dhana Nanda. When he was dining in a Dhana sala, Dhana Nanda insulted him. It was a great disgrace for Chanakya. 85 Chandra Gupta Maurya

[Jainism] Chandragupta defeated Dhana Nanda with the help of Chanakya. He founded the Mauryan Empire. Educated at Taxila.

86 Buddhist Council Convened by Ajatasatru in Rajahiri. 87 Alexandars Friend Nearchus. Class Nine: Chapter 5 88 Chanakya Arthasastra[Statecraft] / Compared to Machiavalli of Italy.

Served for Chandragupta and Bindusara. 89 Indica Greek Author Megasthanese. 90 Visakadatta Mudrarakshasa 91 Jataka Tales Buddha Literature. 92 Mahavamsam and Ceylonese Chronicles.

Deepavamsam 93 Mauryan Capital Pataliputra. 94 Helen Sel.Nickator gave her daughter to Chandragupta in

marriage. 95 Chandragiri He came to Sravana Belgola, near Mysore with a Jain

monk called Bhadrabahu. The hill in which he lived until his death is called Chandragiri.

96 Bindusara S/o.ChandraGupta Maurya

Sumana: Viceroy of Taxila. Asoka: Viceroy of Ujjain.

97 Asoka [Buddhism] Influence of “Upa Gupta – Monk”

Defeated Kalinga king Sasanga. Initially workshipped Lord Shiva.

98 Dhamma Prakrit Word for Dharma. Tolerence, Non-Violence, Love and Compassion.

99 3rd Buddhist Council Pataliputra 100 Officials Dharmayukthas and Dharma mahamatras who supervised

and encouraged people to lead a pure and moral life.. 101 Buddhism Son : Mahendra

Daughter: Sangamitra.To preach bud. In Srilanka.

102 Saranath Pillar Pillar at Saranath is a very famous historical monument

103 Sanchi Stupa It was built with bricks. Its height is 23 mts and it has 41 mts high entrances on all four sides.

104 Ajivika Caves Mauryan Art. 105 Brahadrata Last Mauryan King. Class Nine: Chapter 6 106 Pushyamitra Sunga

Hinduism Founder of Sunga Dynasty. The great Sanskrit Grammarian Patanjali is said to have belonged to his time.

107 Cenatral Asia Parthians, Saka, and Kushanas came from Central Asia. 108 Kanishka – Saka Era

Buddhism. Peshawar

109 Ashvaghosa Buddhist Philosopher. 110 Fourth Buddhist Council Kundalvana in Kashmir.

Vasumitra, Nagarjuna and Parsva attended it. Ashwagosha presided over the council

111 Nagarjuna Madhyamika Sutra. 112 Buddhism Mahayana : Sanskrit : Supported by Kanishka / Harsha.

Hinayana: Pali – Supported by Asoka. 113 Kanishka Charaka Samhita 114 Susruta Susruta Samhita – Surgery. 115 Art Gandhara School of Art. Kanishkas time. 116 Satvahana Simukha was the founder of Satvahanas. 117 Cheran Neduncherlathan Himayavaramban. 118 Purananoru Speaks about the Chivalry of the ancient tamils. Class Nine: Chapter 7 119 Sri Gupta Founder of Gupta Dynasty.

Pataliputra(Capital). Golden Age in the history of India.

120 Chinese Traveller Fahien. 121 Chandra Gupta

(A.D 320 - A.D. 330) Maharajathiraja

Lichchavi Princess, Kumara Devi, was the first Indian queen featured on a coin.

122 Samudra Gupta (A.D 330 - A.D 380) S/o.Chandra Gupta I “Indian Napolean”

The Allahabad Pillar inscription gives a vivid description about Samudragupta’s conquests. Harisena, the court poet of Samudragupta, composed it.

123 Chandra Gupta II (A.D 380 - A.D. 415) “Vikramaditya”

He made Ujjain as his second capital. Kalidasa and Amarasimha were famous scholars in his court. Chinese Pilgrim Fa-Hien visited India (A.D. 399 - A.D 414). Arab merchant Sulaiman and a Venetian traveller, Marco Polo have recorded that Chandragupta II was an ideal ruler. The Nine Gems or the nine learned men adorned Chandragupta II’s court.

Chief of Nine Gems: Kalidasa 124 Kumara Gupta

S/o.Chandra Gupta II Founder of Nalanda University. 5th Century.

125 SandhaGupta After Skandagupta, the empire was split into a number of

small kingdoms. 126 Universities Universities like Nalanda, Taxila, Ujjain, Saranath and

Vikramasila were famous. 127 Kalidasa

“Indian Shakespere” Classical Works: Kumarasambavam, Megadhootam and Raghuvamsam. Drama: Shakuntalam, Malavikagnimitram and Vikrama Oorvasiyam.

128 Eighteen Puranas Written during the Gupta Period. 129 Dhanvantri The Famous Physician. 130 Varahamihira The Great Astronomer. / Jyothisasatra.

Brihatsamhita – Astronomy, Astrology, and Architecture. 131 Amarasimha Lexicographer ( Person who compiles Dictionary). 132 VishnuSharma Panchatantra Stroies.

133 Books Shudraka wrote a play called Mrchhakatika. Vishakhadatta

wrote the play Mudrarakshasa 134 Aryabhatta Famous astronomer and Mathematician./Aryabhatiyam. 135 Brahmagupta Brahmagupta explained the theory of gravitation even

before Newton and composed Brahma Siddhanta. 136 Metallurgy The technology of metallurgy was well developed under

the Guptas. The iron pillar found near Mehrauli in Delhi is a good example.

137 Ajantha and Ellora The world famous wall paintings of Ajanta and Ellora belong to the Gupta period.

138 Toramana and Mihirakula, the two powerful kings had weakened the Gupta Empire. 139 Court Language Sanskrit. 140 Vishnugopa(PallavaRuler) Defeated by samudragupta. Class Nine: Chapter 8 Prabhakara Vardhana was the founder of the Vardhana dynasty. He had two sons, Rajya Vardhana and Harsha Vardhana and a daughter Rajyasree 141 Harsha Harsha shifted his capital from Thaneswar to

Kanauj. 142 Prayag Assembly He gave all his personal wealth and belongings in charity

during the Prayag Assembly which was held once in five years.

143 Hieun Tsang (14 Years in India) Siyuki – My Experiences.

During Harsha’s reign, Hiuen Tsang, the Chinese pilgrim, visited India. He Visited Harsha, Pallava and Chalukya Kingdom.

144 Buddhis Council Kanuj. 145 Darmapala Darmapala served as Vice-Chancellor of this university

during Harsha’s time. He belonged to Kanchipuram in Tamilnadu.

146 Harsha Dramas: Ratnavali , Nagananda, and Priyadashika. 147 Bana(Chief Poet) Harsha Charita, Kadambari. 148 Chalukyas Vatapi 149 Popular Chalukyas Pulikesin I and Pulikesin II 150 Pulikesin II Defeated Mahendravarman I 151 Narasimhavarman I Defeated Pulikesin II. Destroyed Vatapi. 152 Rastrakutas Chalukya dynasty was overthrown by Rashtrakhutas. 153 Chalukyas The Chalukya kings were patrons of art. They had built

many grand temples at Aihole and Vatapi now called as Badami. Virupaksha temple.

154 Rastrakutas The term Rastrakutas means designated officers in charge of territorial division. Dandidurga founder of Rastrakutas.

155 Ellora Siva temple of Ellora built by Krishna I. The rock cut shrines at Ellora and Elephanta are unique in their own way

156 Kalki Sivagamiyin Sabhadam. 157 Nandi Thiruvilayadal Puranam. 158 Cholas Bronze idols. Class Nine: Chapter 9 159 PrithiviRaj Chauhan He defeated Muhammad of Ghor in the First Battle of

Tarain Mohammed of Ghor defeated Prithvi Raj chauhan in the Second Battle of Tarain, and put him to death.

160 Kirtivarman Big lake near Mahao. 161 Yashovarman The famous Vishnu Temple was built by Yashovarman at

Khajuraho. 162 Chandelas The last ruler of this dynasty was defeated by Qutb-ud-din

Aibak. And thus came the end of the Chandela rule in Bundelkhand.

163 Bhoja Sanskrit College at Dhara. 164 Gopala Founder of the University at Vikramasila. 165 Rajputs The Rajput forts at Jaisalmer and Chittor in Rajasthan are

well known. Some of the best Rajput palaces are located at Udaipur and Jaipur

166 Temples duing Rajputs The Jagannath temple at Puri, Lingaraja temple at Bhuvaneswar and Sun temple at Konark were built in other parts of India during the Rajput period.

167 Rajputs –Sthamba The Rajputs used to build Vijaya stamba or victory towers to celebrate their victory in a war. One such example is Chittorgarh Vijaya stampa.

168 Jayadeva Gita Govindam 169 Bhartruhari Bhakthi Kavya 170 Bhavbuti Uttar rama Charitram. 171 Muhammad-bin-Quasim

Arab General Islam found its way into India through Sind.

172 Mohammud of Ghazni (A.D. 997-1030) Poet: Firdausi: Shah Nama (Persian epic/Biography) Alberuni.

Mahmud decided to pursue a policy of aggressive warfare against the Hindu rulers of India. He invaded India 17 times. His aim was to plunder the enormous wealth of India. This was the reason why some of his attacks were made on the temples which were the repositories of rich treasure. Attacked Somnath temple.

173 Muhammed of Ghor Genaral: Qutb-din-Aibak as Viceroy.

Muhammad of Ghor who was responsible for founding the Muslim power in India.

174 Qutb-din-aibak Conqured Meerut, Ajmer and Delhi. Made Delhi as his Capital. Qutb-uddin Aibak became the Sultan of Delhi. He was the founder of the Slave dynasty in India.

175 Bhaktiyar Khilji Destroyed Nalanda University

Class Nine: Chapter 10 Slave Dynasty 1206-1290 A.D 176 Qutb-ud-din Aibak (A.D.

1206 to A.D. 1210) First Sultanate of Delhi. He began the construction of the famous Qutb Minar at Delhi but did not live long to complete it. Quwat-ul-Islam Mosque at Delhi.

177 IILtumish Son-in-Law of Aibak (A.D. 1211 to A.D. 1236)

saved India from the hands of the Mongol invasion. – Chengizkhan. [succeeded to the throne in A.D.1211 after defeating Aibak’s son Aram] The completion of the structure of famous Qutbminar at Delhi by the Sultan in A.D. 1232 stands as an imperishable testimony to his greatness.

178 Razia (A.D. 1236 to A.D. 1240) Daughter/o. IIltumish

Married Altuniya. She and her husband Altuniya could not defeat the nobles. She was captured and put to death in A.D. 1240.

179 Nasir-ud-din (A.D. 1246 to A.D. 1266) Youngest Son/o.Illtumish

Balban soon became his chief advisor and held the position of deputy to the ruler. He made his position strong by getting his daughter married to Nasiruddin.

180 Ghiyas-ud-din Balban (A.D. 1266 to A.D. 1286) Father-in-Law/o.Nasir-ud-din

He patronised the famous Persian poet Amir Khusru, who was called Parrot of Hindustan.

KHILJI DYNASTY (A.D. 1290 TO A.D. 1320) 181 Jalal-ud-din khilji (A.D.

1290 to A.D. 1296) Nephew and Son-in-law Ala-ud-Khilji.

182 Ala-ud-din Khilji (A.D. 1296 to A.D. 1316) Genaral: Malik Kafur.

The ambitious nephew got the Sultan killed and declared himself the Sultan in A.D. 1296. Prohibited Wine Selling and also Wine drinking. Built a city called siri near Delhi. Defeated Ranthombar Raja Bheemsingh / His Wife Padmini Commited Jauhar.

183 Jauhar Like Sati. Followed by princess of Rajput when her husband is Captured and Killed during war.

184 Malik kafur Malik Kafur to attack Devagiri, Warangal, Mysore and Madurai. Malik Kafur advanced as far as Rameswaram.

185 Amir Khusru Amir Khusru the great Persian poet, patronised by Balban, continued to live in Alauddin Khilji’s court also.

TUGHLAQ DYNASTY (A.D. 1320 TO A.D. 1414) Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq: Founder of the Tuglaq Dynasty. 186 Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq

(A.D. 1325 to A.D. 1351) “Mixture of Opposites”

Doab: Land between two rivers. Changed Capital: Delhi to Devagiri(Daulatabad) Introduced Copper currency.

2 Expeditions – Persia,Kumoan – Failed.

187 Feroz Tughlaq (A.D. 1351 to A.D. 1388) YoungerBrother/o.Ghias-ud-din Tuglaq.

He had built new towns of Firozabad, Jaunpur, Hissar and Firozpur.

THE SAYYID DYNASTY (A.D. 1414 - A.D. 1451) THE LODI DYNASTY (A.D. 1451 - A.D. 1526) 188 Bahlol Lodi Afghan Governer of Punjab. 189 Sikandar Lodi

S/o.Bahlol Lodi Sikander was the greatest of the Lodi Kings.

190 Ibrahim Lodi S/o.Sikandar Lodi

Babur invaded India in A.D. 1526 and established the Mughal rule over Delhi and Agra which lasted for more than two hundred years.

191 Persian Architecture Qutb-Minar, Alai Darwaza, Jahan Panch, Moti-ki-Masjid, the forts of Daulatabad, Ferozshahbad and Golkonda were constructed in this style.

192 Feroz Tuglaq Separate department of Slaves. 193 Timur Turkish Chief of Central Asia. Plundered the City of Delhi. Class Nine: Chapter 11 194 Bhakthi Personal Devotion to God. 195 Nayanmars Devotees of Shiva. 196 Alwars Devotees of Vishnu. 197 Saints Saints like Sankara, Ramanuja and Madhwa gave their

concepts of God and the individual soul. Hindu Saints of bhakthi movement and Muslim saints of sufi movement were very liberal in their outlook.

198 Ramanuja Born in Sriperampudur. 199 Ramananda

Disciple/o.Ramanuja Ramananda was the first reformer to preach in Hindi, the main language spoken by the people of the North. Educated in Benaras. Ardent workshippe of Rama. 12 – Chief disciples. 1 – Barber. 1 – Cobbler. 1 – Weaver. Kabir (Famous Saint) Padmavati

200 Kabir Disciple/o. Ramananda

He taught that Allah and Eswar, Ram and Rahim are one and the same. They are present everywhere. The devotees of Kabir were known as Kabir Panthis.

201 Namdeva (Waterman – Maharashtra)

Hymns in Marathi – Workshipped Vishnu. Some of his verses are added to the Guru Granth Sahib.

202 Guru Nanak. (A.D.1469 - A.D.1538):

Founder of the Sikh Religion. He went to Mecca and Medina. Against Caste System. Adi Granth (Verses of Guru Nanak) – Later written in different Script Gurumukhi. Holy book of Sikhs : Granth Sahib.

203 Chaitanya (A.D.1485 - A.D.1533)

Great Devotee of Lord Krishna. Popularised: Sankirtan. Followers addressed him as “Mahaprabhu”.

204 Tulsi das Ramacharita Manas

Goswamy Tulsidas was devotee of Lord Rama. Hindi Works: Janakimangal, and Parvathi Mangal.

205 Meerabai “Rajastani Songs”

She was a Rajaput Princess. Married: Rana of Mewar. Her Bhajans are famous.

206 Guru Ramdas Chatrapati Shivaji, the great Maratha ruler, was a follower of Ramdas.

207 Tukaram “Maharashtra” - Marathi

He composed a large number of verses called Abhangas or devotional songs in praise of Panduranga or Krishna.

208 Jnaneshwar “Maharashtra”

He workshipped Vishnu. Age 14: He translated Bhagavat gita, in to Marathi Language. The Book is called as Jnaneshwari.

209 Nayanmars and Alwars In Tamilnadu they spread Bhakthi. 210 Basava Basava lived in Karnataka. He founded the Virasaiva

or Lingayat sect. According to Basava, Siva was the supreme God. Basava opposed child marriage and idol worship.

211 Sufi Muslim Saints who came originally from Persian and Arabian countries. 2 Groups: Chusti and Suharwarti.

212 Followed Holy Koran. 213 Urdu A new language Urdu, a mixture of Persian and Hindi,

was developed. Class Nine: Chapter 12 214 Bahmani Kingdom

Al-ud-din Hasan(Founder) Muhammed Shah I Muhammed Shah II Firoz Shah Ahmad Shah

Gulburga as Capital. Mahur, Bidar, Narnulla and Golkonda are some of the architectural examples of the Sultans. The Golgumbaz in Bijapur shows the skill of the architecture of Bahmani kingdoms.

Class Nine: Chapter 13 215 Babur (A.D. 1526 - A.D.

1530): “Artillery were used for the first time” Baburs’Memoirs or Babur Nama- Autobiography.

First battle of Panipet- 1526 A.D Between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi – Babur killed Ibrahim Lodi in the war and captured India.

Book:Turkish Language. 216 Humayun A.D. 1530 - A.D.

1540 S/o.Babur

Humayun tumbled through his life and tumbled out of it.

217 Sher Shah Suri (A.D.1540 - A.D.1545):

218 Akbar, the Great (A.D. 1556 - A.D.1605): Age: 14

Guardian: Bairam Khan. (Dismissed from service). Foster Mother: Maham Anaga looked after the administration.(Petticoat government). Second Battle of Panipet – Hemu and Akbar. Akbar killed Hemu and captured Power.

219 Akbar Rajput Connection He married Jodhbai, the princess of Jaipur (Amber). He appointed some of them in higher positions in administration such as Raja Man Singh and Raja Bhagawan Das.

220 Birbal Birbal and Todarmal were the other Hindu officials who held high positions.

221 Akbar – New Faith Akbar evolved a new faith called Din-i-Illahi or Divine Faith. Abolished Jizya and pilgrimage tax.

222 Akbar Fazl Abul Fazl is the author of Akbar Nama. Ain-i-Akbari is a part of Akbar Nama.

223 Salim or Jahangir S/o.Akbar

Jahangirs eldest son turned against him and put him into jail.

224 Khurram or Shah Jahan S/o.Jahangir (4 Sons)

Golden Age of the Mughal Period. Taj Mahal built by him. Prince of Builders: Shah Jahan is called as the Prince of Builders. He had built the Red Fort in Delhi. It consisted of the Rang Mahal, Moti Mahal, Diwan-i-Am and Diwan-i-Khas.

225 Jumma Masjid It was built of red sand stone. It is considered as one of the largest mosques in India.

226 TajMahal The Taj Mahal is the most famous building of Shah Jahan. It is located at Agra on the banks of the river Yamuna. Shah Jahan built it in memory of his beloved wife Mum Taj Mahal. Shah Jahan also built Moti Masjid and the Pearl Mosque at Agra and the Tomb of Jahangir

227 Peacock throne and Kohinoor Diamond

The Peacock throne is a golden throne with a Canopy supported by twelve emerald pillars, bearing bore two peacock figures encrusted with Gems. The Government of India is making efforts to get the Kohinoor diamond from England

228 Aurangazeb (A.D. 1658-A.D.1707):

Aurangazeb was the last great Mughal ruler. He ascended the throne after killing his three brothers Dara, Shuja and

“Sunni Muslim” Murad in a fratricidal war. Imosed jizya and pilgrimage tax.

229 Ninth Sikh Guru Teg Bhagadur was murdered by Aurangazeb. 230 Tenth Sikh Guru Guru Govind Singh – Khalsa – Built Powerful Army. 231 Mansabdari System – Akbar Akbar introduced the Mansabdari system, and it was

followed by his successors. Mansab means Rank or place 232 Raja todar Mal Revenue Minister under Akbar.

Introduced the Zabti System. The Mughal disintegration was complete with the death of Aurangazeb. Thus ended the Mughal rule in India Class Nine: Chapter 14 233 New faith Din – I –Iillahi by Akbar. 234 Bulandarwaza Buland Darwaza, an imposing gateway at Fatehpur Sikri

was built to commemorate Akbar’s conquest of Gujarat. 235 Humayun Tomb Delhi 236 Akbar Tomb Sikandar 237 Fatehpursikri Akbar’s office (Diwan-i-Am) 238 Jami Masjid Learning Centre. 239 Akbar Preferred red stones 240 Shahjahn Preferred Marbles. 241 Musician Mian Tansen in Akbars Court. 242 Itimad-ud-daula Buit by Nur jahan. 243 Razamnama Persian Translation of Mahabharata. Class Ten: Chapter 1 1 Morcopolo Venice Merchant 2 Constantinople Modern Istanbul in Turkey. 1453A.D 3 Portuguese Goa, Diu, and Daman 4 Mumbai Can you believe the rent for Mumbai (Bombay) was just £

10 (Approximately 500 rupees) per year in those days. (£ Pounds, the currency used in England)

5 Fort William Calcutta 6 1857 After the Revolt of 1857, Queen Victoria took over the

administration of India. 7 Mahe, Karaikal On the Malabar coast the French got Mahe in 1725

Karaikal, on the coromandal coast, became a French settlement in 1739.

Class Ten: Chapter 2 8 Asaf Jah, Nizam-ul-Mulk Founded the State of Hyderabad. 9 First Carnatic War

1746-1748 Between England and France. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, concluded in 1748. As per the treaty, Madras was given back to the English company in exchange of Louisburg in North America to France.

10 The Second Carnatic War (1748 – 1754)

In 1755, the Treaty of Pondicherry was signed. French possessions were given back to the French.

11 The Third Carnatic War (1756 – 1763)

The Third Carnatic War came to an end in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris. According to the terms of the treaty, Pondicherry, Karaikal and other French possessions were returned to the French on condition that they should not fortify them.

12 Battle of Plassey 1757 Siraj-ud-daulah, was Killed. Robert Clive made Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal. The English company got the territory of the 24 Parganas.

13 Battle of Buxar 1764 As a result of his success in Bengal, Robert Clive was appointed as the first Governor of Bengal (1758 – 1760).

14 Hyder Ali When the ruler of Mysore died, he proclaimed himself as the ruler and became the Sultan of Mysore.

15 First Mysore War (1767 – 1769)

The war ended by the Treaty of Madras (Chennai) in 1769. Territories conquered during the war were restored to each other. Between English and Hyder Ali

16 Second Mysore War (1780 – 1784)

The war came to an end with an agreement signed in 1784, called the Treaty of Mangalore. Both the sides agreed to exchange the captured territories and war prisoners. Thus the Second Mysore War came to End.

17 Third Mysore War (1786 -1793)

Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793) became the Governor General of Bengal in 1786. He was also made Commander-in-Chief of the English army. He fought against Tippu in the Third Mysore war. Tippu signed the Treaty of Srirangapatnam with the English. He had to give half of his kingdom to the English. The English got Malabar, Coorg, Dindugal, and Baramahal (now the Salem and Erode areas).

18 The Fourth Mysore War 1799

Lord Wellesly and Tippu Sultan. Tipu Sultan died during this war.

19 Lord Wellesley 1798-1805

Lord Wellesley was the Governor-General of Bengal from 1798 – 1805.

20 Subsidary Alliance System 1. The Nizam of Hyderabad was the first to accept the subsidiary alliance system. He handed over the territories of Cuddappah, Bellary, Anantapur and Carnool 2. After the death of Tippu Sultan, his kingdom was handed over to Krishna Raja Wadiar who accepted the scheme 3. The Nawab of Oudh accepted this scheme and surrendered Rohilkhant and Southern districts of Doab region. 4. Peshwa Baji Rao II and many Rajput rulers also entered into this alliance.

21 Supreme Head of British in India

The Governor of Bengal was also the Governor-General of Bengal and he was the supreme head of the English in

India. 22 Lord William Bentik

1825 – 1835 A.D 1. So he passed a law in 1829. It declared the practice of Sati as a criminal and illegal offence. The law said that anyone who forced a woman to perform Sati would be given capital punishment. (Raja ram Mohan Roy and Devadranath Tagore Supported it.) 2. Abolition of Human Sacrifice and Female Infanticide. 3. Supression of Thugs.(New Department Under Major Sleeman.) 4. Made English as the medium of School Education. Lord Macaulay, the Governor-General’s Law member, was responsible for it.

23 Lord Dalhousie 1848-1856 “Doctrine of Lapse” (Creation, Dependents, Independents)

One of the greatest governer- general of India. Sir W.W.Hunter, his biographer sums up his work as Conquest. Consolidate. Development. The Doctrine was considered as a violation of Hindu Law which permitted adoption.

24 Rani Lakshmi Bai In the Great Revolt of 1857 Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi took a dreadful revenge for the loss of her throne. She massacred every European who fell into her hands.

25 Railways (Lord Dalhousie)

Mumbai – Thane 1853. Howrah – Ranikanj 1854 Madras – Arakonam 1856

26 Lord Dalhousie Father of Indian Railways and Telegraphs. 27 Public Works Department Ganga Canal.

Grand Trunk Road: Calcutta and Peshawar. 28 Posta System Introduced ½ anna (3 Paise) Postal System.

29 Telegraphs The telegraph system was also introduced. From 1853 to

1856, nearly 4000 miles (6400 k.m.) of telegraphic lines connecting , (Calcutta) Kolkata with Peshawar, (Bombay) Mumbai and (Madras) Chennai was installed. The military value of this was realized during the revolt of 1857.

30 Education Sir Charles woods Despatch of 1854

The Department of Public Instruction (DPI) was opened in each province. He took steps to establish universities at Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. Dalhousie introduced the grants-in-aid scheme to help the private institutions.

These reform measures of Dalhousie led to the modernization of India.

Class Ten: Chapter 3 31 Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru Wrote Discovery of India. 32 Early revolts against the

British Rule – (1765 – 1856) Sepoy Mutiny: Vellore 1806 Barrackpore Mutiny: 1824

Palayakkars (Poligar) resisted the extension of the British authority in their area. Maruthu Brothers Veera Pandya Katta Bomman Pulithevan and Veluthambi.

33 The First War of Indian Independence or The Great Revolt of 1857

The Indian soldiers in the East India Company’s army rebelled against the British in 1857. Lord Canning was the Governor-General of India at that time.

34 Political Causes Annexation policy of British was one of the major causes. The annexation of Oudh and deposition of its ruler Wazid Ali Shah, made Oudh the most prominent centre of the revolt. Rani of Jhansi was not permitted to adopt a son.

35 Racial Arrogance The Indians could not travel in first class train compartments. The conservative section of the Indians were alarmed by the rapid spread of Western culture and English education in India. Christian converts offended the Indian orthodox sentiments.

36 R.D.Mangles R.D. Mangles, a member of the British Parliament, declared openly that ‘Every British must try his utmost to convert every Indian to Christianity and the banner of Christ should wave triumphant from one end of India to the other.

37 Military Causes They were prohibited from their traditional religious practices like wearing a saffron mark on their forehead, growing beard and wearing turbans. Lord Cannings’ Government passed in 1856, “The General Services Enlistment Act”. It compelled the Indian Sepoys to serve abroad, if there was need. They had to cross the seas. It made them angry against the British. They thought that this would offend their religious tradition because the cow is sacred to the Hindus and the pig is detestable to the Muslims.

38 Mangal Pandey, Barrackpore 29 March 1857

A young Indian Sepoy from Bengal Regiment, refused to use the greased cartridge, and shot down his sergeant. He was arrested, tried and executed. When this news spread many sepoys started the revolt.

39 Failure of Revolt Lack of Unity. Lack of Modern Weapons and techniques.

Leadership. 40 Act of 1858 and Queen

Victoria’s Proclamation “Magna Carta”

In August 1858, the British Parliament passed an Act. It put an end to the rule of the East India Company. The British Crown took over the administration.

41 Governer Genaral Viceroy. Representative of British Crown. Class Ten: Chapter 4 42 Foreign Scholars Max Mueller and William Jones. 43 Brahmasamaj 1828

Founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy Akbar II Sent him to England. The Brahmo Samaj was an assembly of all those who believed in a universal religion based on the principle of one Supreme God. The Brahmo Samaj condemned caste, untouchability, the practice of Sati and image worship. The Brahmo Samaj also opposed child marriage and polygamy. It supported widow remarriage.

44 Keshab Chandra Sen

Efforts of one of the leaders of Brahmo Samaj, an Act was passed in 1872. It abolished polygamy and childmarriage

45 Devendranath Tagore

After Raja Ram Mohan Roy the work of the samaj was carried out by Keshab and Tagore.

46 Arya Samaj 1875

“Suddhi Movement” Reconversion.

Dayananda Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj. Born : Gujarat. Disciple/o: Swami Vrajananda. Work:Propagation of Vedas. Motto:Go Back to the Vedas”. Opposed: Idol Workship, Animal Sacrifice, the idea of Heaven and Hell and the concept of fatalism. Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (DAV) Schools and Colleges provide modern education in humanities and sciences. Followers: Lala Lajpat Rai, Lala Hansraj and Pandit Guru Dutt. Bala Gangadhara Tilak and Gopala Krishna Gokale.

47 Theosophical Society 1875 “Knowledge of God – Brahma Gyan”.

Theos and Sopos: Theos – God and Sopos – Wisdom. Greek Words. Madame Blavatsky and H.S.Olcott in USA. Shifted Headquarters to Adyar in Chennai. Mrs. Annie Besant is the famous Member.

48 Mrs. Annie Besant Central College at Benaras. Merged with University of Benaras later. “New India” – Spread Theosophical Ideas.

49 Ramakrishna Mission 1897

“Service to Man means Service to God”.

Rama Krishna Paramahamsa. He was a priest in a temple of Kali at Dakshineswar near Kolkata. He had deep faith in the basic truth of all religions. He preached the unity of all religions. His parables are very simple and famous. Disciple: Swami Vivekananda. – Narendra Nath.

50 Swami Vivekananda

He participated in the World Religious Congregation held at Chicago in the United States of America in 1893. “Brothers and Sisters of this universe.” Missions Motto: Service to Humanity.

51 Syed Ahmed Khan and Aligarh Movement

In 1864 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan started a school at Ghazipur. It was later called as the Scientific Society. Mohammeden Anglo Oriental College (MAO) at Aligarh in 1875. It later developed to Aligarh Muslim University. Magazine: Tahzil-ud-Akhlaq (Reform of Morals).

52 Dadabai Naoroji and Naoroji Furduni

For the progress of women and the spread of modern education they, together, started a journal Rast Goftar.

53 Khalsa College Amristar. 54 Sikh Both Shiromany Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee and

the Akali Dal party aimed at handing over the control of the Gurudwaras to the representative of the Sikh community.

Class Ten: Chapter 5 After the Great Revolt of 1857 the administration of India passed from the hands of the Company to the British Crown in 1858. The Crown, acting through the Secretary of State for India, directly assumed the Indian administration. A 15 member India Council was set up at London to assist the Secretary of State, who controlled the administration of India. 55 Governor Genaral or Viceroy Answerable to Secretary of State. 56 India Council Act 1861 The British Parliament passed the Indian Councils Act in

1861. It increased the number of members of the Governor-Generals Council to 12. The Governor-General could nominate these members. Among the members some were Indians.

57 1870 Telegraph line laid between India and England. 58 Lord Lytton (1876 – 1880) Indians became dissatisfied of his measures.

To prevent Russian expansion, Lord Lytton decided to have a complete control over Afghanistan.

59 1878 Vernacular Press Act 60 1878 Indian Arms Act 61 Lord Ripon (1880 – 1884)

“Father of Local Self Government”

Factory Act 1881 Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act 1881 Census of India 1881 Education Commission 1882 Punjab University.

62 Local Self Government His Government passed a series of Acts in 1883 – 1884 for the establishment of Local Self Government in India. According to them District and Taluk Boards were set up throughout the country.

63 IIlbert Bill 1883 According to it Indian magistrates were to be given the right to try the British accused. It made the Indian judges equal in power to the European judges.

64 Lord Curzon (1899 – 1905) Famine Commission and allocated a large sum of money for relief work. Agricultural Research Institute was started at Pusa in Bengal. Imperial Cadet Corps was founded to train young men for military service. Department of Archaeology and Epigraphy was established in 1904.

65 Partition of Bengal 1905 “Divide and Rule”

Lord Curzon’s decision to partition Bengal in 1905 was the greatest blow to the national aspirations of Indians.

66 Swaraj Dayananda Saraswathi was the first Indian who used the word Swaraj.

67 NewsPapers The Social Reformer, the Times of India, the Madras Mail, the Statesman, the Hindu, the Amrit Bazaar Patrika, the Kesari, the Maratha, the Tribune, the Bombay Samachar and Rast Goftar were quite popular.

68 The Indian National Congress – 1885

Allan Octavian Hume, a retired British civil servant, was mainly instrumental in the formation of the Congress. The first session of the Congress was held at Mumbai. W.C. Bannerjee.

69 Moderates “Political Mendicancy”

Surendranath Banerjee, Dadabai Naoroji Pheroze Shah Metha Gopalakrishna Gokhale and M.G. Ranade

70 Extremists Bala Gangadhara Tilak (Bal) – Newspaper - Kesari Lala Lajpat Rai (Lal)

Bibin Chandra Pal (Pal) - NewIndia Arabindo Ghosh. – Bandemataram.

71 Swadeshi Movement Slogan - VandeMataram

Instead of dividing the people, the partition of Bengal united them. It paved the way for the birth of the Swadeshi Movement, an economic boycott.

72 Vande Mataram A great regard to the Mother country 73 V.O.C V.O. Chidambaram Pillai of Tuticorin, popularly known as

V.O.C., established the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company for carrying trade between India and Ceylon.

74 Formation of the Muslim League – 1906

The Muslim League was set up under the leadership of Salimullah Khan, the Nawab of Dacca, in 1906.

75 Surat Split – 1907 The Congress became divided and the Extremists left the Congress. This is known as the Surat Split.

76 Minto Morley Reforms – 1909 Minto – Viceroy Morley – Secretary of State

Minto, the Viceroy and Morley, the Secretary of State for India jointly proposed reforms to the Indian Councils.

77 Lucknow Session in 1916 Nehru met Gandhiji.

The policy of Divide and Rule made the Moderates indifferent towards the Government and paved the way for their re-union with the Extremists at the Lucknow Session in 1916. the Congress and the Muslim League signed a pact agreeing to Co-operate with each other in order to achieve selfgovernment

78 The First World War 1914 – 1918

The British Government wanted India to participate in the war on behalf of Britain.

79 Home Rule Movement 1916 Bala Gangadhar Tilak formed the Home Rule Movement. Mrs. Annie Besant started it in Chennai. Self Government for Indians. Motilal Nehru and C.R.Das Supported this movement. Annie Besants NewIndia banned. August Declaration 1917.

80 Montague – Chelmsford Reforms Act, 1919 Montague – Secretary of State. Chelmsford – Viceroy

By this Act separate electorates were given to three other communities – Christians, Anglo Indians and the Sikhs. It introduced Dyarchy in the Province.

Class Ten: Chapter 6 81 Gandhiji He used the weapons of Satyagraha and Non-violence. 82 Rowlatt Act 1919 The Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919. It empowered the

British Government to arrest anyone without a warrant 83 Jallianwalabagh Massacre,

13 April 1919 General Dyer - About 500 persons were killed and 1200 people wounded. This incident is called as the Jallianwalabagh massacre or Punjab Tragedy

84 Khilafat Movement Protest - Injustice done to

The Ali brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali started the Khilafat Movement in India. The Congress supported

Turkey by British this movement. Gandhi thought that it was an opportunity for uniting the Hindus and the Muslims. The Khilafat movement brought the Muslim League and the Indian Muhammad Ali National Congress closer.

85 The Non-Co-operation Movement 1920

1. Retuning Titles and Honours. 2. Hartals and Demonstrations. 3. Non Payment of Taxes.

86 The Chauri Chaura Incident 1922

In Uttar Pradesh the peasants set fire to the police station in response to wanton police firing. About 22 police men were killed in that incident. This is known as the Chauri Chaura incident.

Therefore he suspended the Non-Co-operation Movement immediately. The British Government arrested Gandhiji. He was imprisoned for six years. 87 The Swaraj Party 1923 –

1925 Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das, formed the Swaraj Party in Alipore Prison.

88 The Simon Commission 1927

People boycotted this Commission when it came to India with the slogan “Simon Go back”.

89 Lala Lajapat Roy “Lion of Punjab”

Lala Lajapat Roy, the Lion of Punjab, who led a demonstration against the Simon Commission at Lahore, died out of police lathi charge. His death was avenged by Bhagat Singh.

90 The Lahore Congress 1929 President:Jawaharlal Nehru

It passed a resolution demanding Complete Independence or Purna Swaraj from the British. Another resolution was also passed. According to it Civil Dis-obedience Movement was launched against the British.

91 26th January 1930 26th January 1950

The Congress tri-colour flag was hoisted on 26 January 1930. The people took pledge to fight for achieving complete independence. It became a red letter day for the Congress. To make this day memorable in our history, the Indian Constitution was formally adopted on 26 January 1950. This day is now celebrated as the Republic Day.

92 The Salt Satyagraha of 1930 or The Civil Disobedience Movement (VandeMataram)

Against Salt Tax. He undertook the historic march to Dandi in Gujarat on 1930.

93 South India Rajagopalachariar, Trichy – Vedaranyam. Kelappan, Calicut – Paiyanur.

94 North western frontier Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan.[Frontier Gandhi] 95 The First Round Table

Conference 1930 London. No Congress leaders Participation.

96 The Gandhi-Irwin Pact, 1931 According to it Gandhi agreed to call off the Civil Dis-obedience Movement. He also agreed to attend the Second Round Table Conference.

97 The Second Round Table Conference 1931

No concrete outcome from the Conference.

98 The Third Round Table Conference 1932

Failure. No Congress leaders Participation.

99 The Communal Award and Poona Pact of 1932

Ramsay Mac Donald announced a scheme called Communal Award. Separate electorates for Depressed and Minority Classes. Dr.B.R.Ambedkar accepted it. Gandhi rejected this. Poona Pact: Between Gandhi and Ambedkar. Instead, it was accepted for the increase of the number of reserved seats for the depressed and weaker classes in the legislature.

100 The Government of India Act 1935 (Based on Simon Commission and 3 round table conferences)

(1) Introduced provincial autonomy, (2) Abolished dyarchy in the provinces (3) Established federal Government at the Centre (4) Provided for the establishment of a federal court to decide the conflicts between the provinces and the centre and (5) Provided for the establishment of a Federal Reserve Bank.

101 Second World War Congress accepted Indias Participation subject to the condition that India would be given freedom at the end of the war.

102 Jinnah’s Two Nation Theory 1940

Muhammed Ali Jinnah put forth the Two Nation Theory in 1940. He demanded a separate nation Pakistan for the Muslims.

103 The August offer 1940 The British Viceroy Linlithgow was responsible for involving Indians in the Second World War. Dominion Status after the war was Promised. Congress rejected this offer.

104 The Indian National Army 1942 “Jai Hind” “Delhi Chalo”

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. Forward Bloc Party. Presidentship of the Indian independence League was handed over to Subash by Rash Behari Bose. A women’s regiment named after the Rani of Jhansi was organized under the captaincy of Lakshmi from Tamilnadu.

105 The Cripps Mission 1942 The Indians should render their help to the British in their war efforts forgetting their hatred towards them. Mahatma Gandhi rejected the assurance as a post-dated cheque on a failing bank. The Cripps Mission ended in failure.

106 The Quit India Movement, 1942 Bombay – Resolution was passed.

He openly declared that there could be no friendly understanding and cooperation between India and Britain. Gandhiji’s memorable speech. ‘‘I am not going to be satisfied with anything short of complete freedom. We shall do or die. We shall either free India or die in the attempt.’’ It was indeed a clarion call for unarmed revolt

on a mass scale. 107 Gandhiji Magazine – Harijan. 108 Second World War end –

1945 Labour Party Came to Power in England. Attlee was the leader.

109 The Cabinet Mission, 1946 Pethick Lawrence, the British Indian Minister, A.V. Alexander, the President of Commercial Committee and Sir Straford Cripps visited India

110 The Mount Batten Plan 1947 In 1947 Lord Mount Batten became the Governor- General of India. He was the last British Governor-General. According to his plan India had to be divided into two independent countries namely the Indian Union and the Pakistan Union.

India became free on 15 August 1947. Tricolour Indian flag was hoisted in the place of British Union Jack on the Historic Red Fort at Delhi. Lord Mount Batten became the first Governor-General of free India and Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister. Later C. Rajagopalachariar became the first and last Indian Governor-General of India. When India became a Republic on 26 January 1950 Dr. Rajendra Prasad became the first President of our country. 111 Integration of Princely States There were 565 states in india. About 562 princely States

were merged with the Indian union. some states like Kashmir (Harisingh) , Hyderabad and Junagath were reluctant to join.

112 French Possessions 1954 With the consent of the French Government, Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahe, Yenam and Chandranagore became the parts of the Indian Union in 1954.

113 Portuguese Possessions 1962 Goa, Diu and Daman were the Portuguese settlements in India.

Class Ten: Chapter 7 114 Bhoodan Movement 1951 Acharya Vinoba Bhave. It wanted the re-distribution of

excess lands from the landlords among the landless poor. 115 Sarvodaya Movement Acharya Vinoba Bhave. Promotion of Cottage Industries

and Khadi movement. 116 Marriage Act 1954 This Act made inter-caste and interreligious marriages

legal. It fixed the marriage age of boys 21 years and girls 18 years. Child marriage is punishable.

117 Hindu Marriage Act 1956 This Act made monogamy legal. It outlaws polygamy among all Hindus. It confers equal rights of divorce on both men and women.

118 Hindu Succession Act 1956 This Act gave equal right to a daughter and her children to succeed equally with the son and his children to all the property of either parent.

119 Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 (Amended in 1984)

This Act protects women against dowry exploitations. Dowry demand is severely punished.

120 Maternity Benefits Act 1961

121 Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 122 Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 123 National Commission for

women 1990(Act) National Commission for Woment was set up on 1922.

124 International Womens year U.N.O declared 1978 as International Womens Day. 125 Indian Factories Act 1948 Prohibits employment of a boy or girl below 14 years in

factories. 126 Plantation Labour Act 1951 Bans the employment of children below 12 years in coffee

and rubber plantations. 127 Mines Act 1952 Restricts the employment of persons below 15 years in

mines. 128 Childrens Act 1960 Children Welfare Boards have set up in all states. 129 Female Infanticide Act 1961 Prevent the killing of female children. 130 Untouchability offences Act

1955 Awards punishment to those who practise untouchability.

131 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989

Provides severe punishment against atrocities to the S.C. and S.Ts.

132 National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992

Provided for the set up of National and State Minorities Commissions. These measures have instilled a sense of security among the minority people in the country.

133 Disabilities Act 1955 To take care of rehabilitating the disabled people.

134 Artificial Limb Manufacturing Corporation of India

Kanpur in 1976.

135 National Handicapped Finance and Development Corporation

1977

136 Unversity Education Commission 1948 New Education Policy 1953

Dr.S.RadhaKrishnan. Dr. Lakshmana Swamy Mudaliar.

137 Kothari Commisssion or National Education Commission. 1964

Its report of 1966 wanted to make the educational structure uniform in India. It gave importance to vocational, technical, engineering, agricultural and science education.

138 Woment Reservation of Jobs in Tamilnadu

30%

Class Ten: Chapter 8 139 Planning commission, March

1950 Jawaharlal Nehru becomes the first chairman of the Planning commission. 1.Draw Five Years Plans 2. Assess the material capital and human resources 3. Determine the areas of resource allocation 4. Appraise the economic progress of the country 5. Advise the Government on economic policies and Programmes.

140 National Development Council. 1952

To strengthen the planned economic development of the country. There is the involvement of the States in this body.

141 Objectives of Planning. 1.Increasing the National Income and the Per Capita income of the people 2. Raising the standard of living of the people 3.Reducing poverty and unemployment 4. Providing equal opportunities to all.

142 Nehru Government Mixed Economy. It means the co-existence of both the government owned (Public Sector) and private owned (Private Sector) industries.

143 Eleventh Planning Commission

2007-2012

144 First Five Year Plan (Rs. 2400 Cr.)

1951 – 1956 Importance: Agriculture.

145 Damodar Project West Bengal and Bihar. 146 Hirakud Dam World’s longest dam across Mahanadhi river in Orissa. 147 Bhakra Nangal Dam Across river Sutlej. [India’s Multi purpose Project]. 148 Tungabhadra Dam Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. 149 Chambal Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. 150 Mayurakshi West Bengal. 151 Nagarjuna Sagar Andhra Pradesh. 152 Second Five Year Plan 1956 – 1961

Heavy Industries. Four Steel Plants Bhilai, Bokaro, Durgapur and Rourkela came into existence. Add. Plants Salem, Badravati and Vishakapatinam.

153 Aluminium Plants Kyon and Korba. 154 Copper Mining Khetri, Agnikundla, Rakha and Malanjhand. 155 Zinc Smelters Udaipur and Dhanbad. 156 Third Five Year Plan 1961 – 1966

Agriculture and Industry. Green Revolution (Agriculture Progress). India attained Food self sufficiency due to green revolution.

157 Annual Plans 1966 – 1969 158 Fourth Five Year Plan 1974 – 1979

Agriculture – 5% growth per annum. Industries – 9% Industrial growh. Garibi Hatao (Remove Poverty). Growh for Social Justice. – Ideal.

159 Industry Policy Resolutions 1973, 1978 and 1980. 160 Operation Flood Programme 1970. Enabled India to become World’s

number one milk producer in 1997.

Poultary Development gained the fifth status in the world in egg production. Balanced regional development.

159 Sixth Five Year Plan 1980-1985 160 Seventh Five Year Plan 1985 – 1990 161 Eigth Five Year Plan 1992 – 1997 162 Ninth Five Year Plan

(Rs. 8, 59,000 Cr.) 1997 – 2002

163 Tenth Five Year Plan 2002 – 2007 164 Eleventh Five Year Plan 2007 – 2012 They aimed at the development of agriculture, industry, human resources, physical and social infrastructure, employment generation, increase of national income, and removal of poverty. 165 Thatchar Era

Privatisation 1976 – 1989 The policy of privatizing the state-owned industries emerged in the 1980s.

166 Liberalisation This process began in India after 1991. Private sector is allowed to start steel, air transport, shipping, heavy machinery and even defence industries. Similarly there has also been the relaxation of all rules and regulations with regard to license, permissions to import and export, price control and marketing. This process is called as liberalization.

167 Disinvestment Disinvestment has become the next step in liberalization 168 New Industrial Policy The New Industrial Policy, announced in 1991, has made

Strategic and High-Tech Industries and Infrastructure as the Government investment areas.

169 Globalisation World Trade Organisation (WTO) on 1 January 1995. Head Quarters: Geneva. The member countries of WTO have to enter into liberal bilateral trade agreements. They must allow free flow of goods, capital, technology and labour. They have to relax trade restrictions in their countries. They have to remove the limits on import and export quotas. At the same time they have to accept WTO conditions. The WTO sets the global norms of trade which the member countries have to accept and follow. This is called as the Globalisation process. India is a member of the WTO.

170 Scientific and Technological Developments after Independence

Prior to independence India produced scientists like J.C.Bose, C.V.Raman and S.Ramanujan.

171 Jawaharlal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru was a great believer in science and technology. He considered them as effective tools to bring rapid socio-economic changes in India. Therefore his Government promoted research in science and technology.

172 Science Policy Resolution 1958

173 Organisations 1.Department of Atomic Energy. H.J.Bhabha. 2.Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. S.S.Bhatnagar. 3.Defence Science Organisation. Headed by D.S.Kothari.

174 Atomic Energy Commission 1948. 1954 – Became full fledged under Homi Jehangir Bhabha. Founder of the Atomic Energy Programme in India.

175 Bhabha Research Centre 1957. Mumbai. 176 Tarapur The first nuclear power station at Tarapur started

generating power in October 1969.Two such centres came at Kota in Rajasthan and Kalpakkam near Chennai in Tamil Nadu. The fourth one was set up at Narora in Uttar Pradesh.

177 Nuclear Explosions India carried out peaceful nuclear explosions at Phokran in Rajasthan on18 May 1974 and 11 May 1998.

178 Council of Scientific and Industrial Research 1942

Nehru became its president. It was placed under S.S. Bhatnagar, a great scientist.

179 ISRO Vikram. A. Sarabhai expanded the work of the ISRO in Bangalore. Space centres in India are located at Bangalore in Karnataka(the ISRO) Thumba near Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala (the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre) Sri Harikota (Satish Dhawan Space Centre) in Andhra Pradesh Mahen-dragiri in Tamil Nadu (the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre) and Ahmedabad.

180 Aryabhatta Launched in 1975. 181 Bhakara I and III 182 Satellite Launch Vehicles and Augumented Satellite Lauch Vehicles. [SLV and ASLV].

Geo-Synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLVs) and Polar Satellite Launch Vehicles (PSLVs). Indian National Satellites (INSAT) launched from 1982 onwards have revolutionized our television, telecommunication, resource survey and management, environmental monitoring meteorological and information technology systems.

183 Research Centre in Antartica Dakshin Gangothri 184 Dr.M.S. Swaminathan Contributed to the success of the Green Revolution of

India. 185 Scientific Manpower

Committee 1947 - Assess the technical personnel needed for the country.

186 Indian Institute Technology (IIT)

Chennai, Delhi, Kanpur, Karagpur and Mumbai. Roorkee and Assam.

187 Class Ten: Chapter 9 188 India’s Foreign Policy 1. Promotion of World Peace

2. Anti-Colonialism 3. Anti-Imperialism

4. Anti-Racialism 5. Panch Sheel 6. Non-Alignment 7. Good Neighbourhood 8. Regional Co-operation 9. Role in the Common Wealth and 10. Anti-Terrorism

189 Member of India 1945 – Member. 190 Mrs. Vijayalakshmi Pandit India is a member of the U.N.O. from 1945. Nehru’s sister

Mrs. Vijayalakshmi Pandit was the first woman President of the U.N. General Assembly (1953 – 54).

191 Anti – Imperialism Conquest, annexation and administration of a weak country by a powerful nation is called imperialism.

192 First World War 1914 – 1918 193 Second World War 1939 – 1945 194 Anti – Racialism Western Countries Practised Racialism. They treated the

Asian and African people as inferior. South African White Government followed the ‘Apartheid’ policy against the blacks. It was due to the continuous struggle of Nelson Mandela and constant moral support of India that the ‘Apartheid’ policy has been dismantled recently.

195 Panch – Sheel 1954 India – China. 1. Mutual respect for each others’ territorial integrity and sovereignty 2. Mutual non-aggression 3. Mutual noninterference in each others internal matters 4 Equality and mutual benefits

6. Peaceful Coexistence. These principles were accepted by as many as 29 Afro-Asian countries which took part in the Bandung Conference held in Indonesia in 1955.

196 Non – Alignment Coined by “Krishna Menon”

US – NATO and SEATO Russia – Backed WARSAW Pact Countries in the west and Communist China in the East.

197 India’s Nehru, Yugoslavia’s Tito, Indonesia’s Sukarno and Egypt’s Nasser became the chief exponents of this policy. They conducted the first conference of NAM at Belgrade in Yugoslavia in 1961. The second conference was held at Cairo in Egypt in 1964. (NAM – 112 Countries).

198 SAARC – 1985 Head Quarters: Kathmandu.(Nepal).

First Meeting – Dacca – Bangaladesh. (1) India, (2) Bangladesh, (3) Pakistan, (4) Nepal, (5) Bhutan, (6) Sri Lanka, and (7) Maldives are the 7 members now.

199 SAPTA They signed a trade agreement called the South Asian Preferential Trade Agreement (SAPTA) in 1993.

200 China War 1962

201 Pakistan War There were wars in 1948, 1965, 1971 and the Kargil war in 1999.

201 Tashkant Agreement 1966 202 Simla Agreement 1972 203 Indian Peace Keeping Force 1990