history mughal

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1 MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE •Mughal architecture owes its origins to its religion, Islam, as a showpiece of prestige and power, for pleasure, and for death. •These concepts are reflected in great mosques, forts, durbars and palaces, gardens and pools, and finally, tombs. Formally and artistically, •Mughal architecture owes as much to its genealogical origins among the Safavids and Timurids, as it does to the passion of its patrons, notably Akbar and Shah Jahan. •It is thus that impeccable Charbagh plans combine with indigenous detailing as in the tombs of Humayun and Akbar, and the forts at Agra, Delhi and Lahore.

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  • *MUGHAL ARCHITECTUREMughal architecture owes its origins to its religion, Islam, as a showpiece of prestige and power, for pleasure, and for death.These concepts are reflected in great mosques, forts, durbars and palaces, gardens and pools, and finally, tombs. Formally and artistically, Mughal architecture owes as much to its genealogical origins among the Safavids and Timurids, as it does to the passion of its patrons, notably Akbar and Shah Jahan. It is thus that impeccable Charbagh plans combine with indigenous detailing as in the tombs of Humayun and Akbar, and the forts at Agra, Delhi and Lahore.

  • *BUILDING TYPESForts

    Palace and garden,

    Mosque and

    Tomb.

  • *FORTThe function of a fort is to command large swathes of territory, To control the trade routes that pass therein, To inspire awe and loyalty amongst the populace, and finally to be a refuge if attacked.

  • *AKBAR : FORTSAgra (from 1564), Ajmer (from 1570), Lahore (from 1580) and Allahabad (from 1583).

  • *AGRA FORTin the form of an irregular semicircle, has its back to the river Yamuna which thus protects its eastern side. The riverside walls are punctuated nevertheless by defensive bastions of which the main one controls an access from the river and numerous underground passages.

  • *FORTOn the town side the bastions are regularly spaced and the height of the walls is 30m.

    The western wall is dominated by the massive main entrance the so-called Delhi Gate- and the Hathi Pol. This gate is approached by a tortuous access ramp. More to the south, the Amar Singh gate is defended by two towers which flank the entrance.

    A remarkable feature in this fort is a hybrid beast, part horse, part lion and part elephant sculpted on a panel. This monster evokes Assyrian men-beasts but also resembles the monsters of Hindu mythology.

  • *FORTmost of Akbars work within the fort walls was demolished or modified by Shah Jahans rebuilding and transformation later. One specimen that does survive is the Jahangiri Mahal. This structure built for the emperors wives and family is similar in character to the Man Mandir at Gwalior.

  • *FORTShah Jahans additions, the Anguri Bagh (Garden of grapes)

    palace and

    the white marble Moti Masjid. Anguri Bagh Moti Masjid.

  • *Tombs I the first great Mughal construction, Humayuns tomb near Nizam-ud-din in Delhi This was the first mosque built on the lines of the Charbagh, gardens with fountains built on the Islamic concept of paradise being gardens in which flow torrents of water. Its construction was undertaken by the late emperors widow, the Hamida Bano Begum, in the reign of Akbar.

  • *The tomb is entered by a long axial processional path, which has on its way great gateways offering teasing views to the superstructure.

    The tomb itself is raised on an arcaded platform, under which can be found numerous lesser graves, which are ascribed to various nobles and workers who served Humayun.

    A great central chamber has four offshoots, double storeyed in height and arcaded on their facades. The central room contains the epitaphs of the emperor Humayun and his queen, and is crowned by great double dome.

    On the exterior, the tomb is clad in red sandstone with marble being used for detail work and inscriptions. Also continued here is the jali work along the facades, rich in detail, which keeps the interiors cool and breezy.

  • *Tombs I the first great Mughal construction, Humayuns tomb near Nizam-ud-din in Delhi This was the first mosque built on the lines of the Charbagh, gardens with fountains built on the Islamic concept of paradise being gardens in which flow torrents of water. Its construction was undertaken by the late emperors widow, the Hamida Bano Begum, in the reign of Akbar.

  • *Akbars Tomb, Sikandra built by his son Jahangir continuing the charbagh formula, is set in the midst of gardens with fountains and canals, and like Humayuns tomb, is also raised on a superstructure.

    Here, however, the similarities lessen, because in plan and detail, Akbars tomb takes much from the indigenious Rajput and Gujarati traditions. The pavillions inside are decorated with motifs ranging from elephants, swans, lotus, swastika and chakras, along with the more conservative arabesques and calligraphy

  • *Badshahi Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri The Badshahi Masjid is the largest and most impressive mosque built during Akbars reign, and its central court is dominated to the south by the Buland Darwaza,

    The materials used are the same which dominated much of Akbars reign, a preponderance of sandstone with marble filigree and detailing. The prayer hall to the west is a departure from the free-standing Afghan mosque halls like Jamali-Kamali near the Qutb, or the Qila-i-Kuhna at the Purana Qila, and is instead integrated into the pillared cloisters. Added later during Jahangirs reign, the dargah of the Sufi saint Salim Chisti was designed in sandstone during Akbars reign, but was eventually executed wholly in marble.

  • * several lesser known structures built during the same period. Jahangirs tomb at Shahdara near Lahore which reflects the influence of Sikandra, Itmad-ud-Daulas (Jahangirs father-in-law) tomb at Agra, mosques at Tatta and Ajmer, the Begam Shahi Masjid of Akbars widow at Lahore, and the Patthar Masjid of Srinagar. This last is one of the few notable mosques built during Jahangirs reign.

  • *Jahangirs tomb. shahdara Lahore.Itmad ud daulahs (Ghiyas beg0 Tomb Agra.Both build by his wife Nurjahan (Nur Mahal Begum)

    Jahangirs tombSquare structure.30.5 m high minarets at each corner.Entire structure of brick withcoloreddecoration distributed all over the surfaceIn the interior fresco paintings used inlay colored works on pavements sides of minarets colored glazed tiles on dados in corridorsWhite marble cenotoph.Not a great work of architecture but a display of works minarets though graceful appear out of proportion due to flat central mass.Set in hugh garden divided into 16 equal squres with fountain and pool at intersection.

  • *Jahangir.Great patron of building arts rather than architecture

    Gardens in Kashmir.Expression of the familiar theme of Mughal architecture.Undulating topography and endless supply of water - result - Cascade and flowing channels and garden pavilions on ascending levels Flagged walkways divide flat rectangular garden areas into formal square spaces with chinar trees and flower bedsplanted in linear patterns along challened paths.At change of levels stone pavilions sometimes in blac k erected.

  • *The reign of Shah Jahan The Mughal empire now stretched across almost the whole subcontinent, and the imperial court was amongst the richest in the world.

    a patron of the arts and architecture. As most rulers did, one of his first acts was to found a new city, Shahjahanabad, the Jama Masjid at Shahjahanabad, Agra and Agra fort. The Jama Masjid at Shahjahanabad is raised on a platform surrounded by arches, and is built on an exceptionally grand scale. In fact, one of the requirements for the Viceroys house built by the British (and now Rashtrapati Bhavan) was that its dome should be higher than that of the Jama Masjid, as a symbol of the supremacy of British power over the previous emperor. The great central arch of the frontispiece of the qibla qubba masks the dome behind, and chattris set off the entrance pavilions. The Jama Masjid is accessed by monumental gates and steps from the bazaar below. Jama Masjid at Delhi

  • *Mosques at Agra, Lahore Moti Masjid is in the precincts of Agra fort.

    This mosque entirely clad in white marble has calligraphy in black marble, and

    perhaps served as an experiment in completely decking a building in this material before the Taj Mahal. . The Badshahi masjid in Lahore is comparable to the one at Delhi in size and importance, (Aurangzeb)but its splendid free standing prayer hall has a minar at each corner, as does the courtyard.

    The squatness of the corner minars, however, does no good to the proportions of the mosque, and the decoration in terms of patterned panels on the sandstone clad surface is more effete than a strong statement. BADSHAHI MASJID

  • *

  • *Shahjahen.