History Exam Notes- CRM_SaliMiftari

8/12/2019 History Exam Notes- CRM_SaliMiftari

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History Exam Revision

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT TERMS:

Term Topic Definition

Boycott Civil Rights

Movement

Withdrawal from commercial or social relations with (a

country, organization, or person) as a punishment orprotest

Segregation Civil Rights

Movement

The action of forcefully setting someone, or a group a part

from someone else, another group or others

Desegregation Civil Rights

Movement

To end a policy of racial segregation

Integration Civil Rights

Movement

The intermixing of people who were previously

segregated

Prejudice Civil Rights

Movement

A preconceived opinion that is not based on reality

Discriminate Civil RightsMovement

To negatively differentiate and make an unjust distinctionof people in different race, gender, religion or age.

Justice Civil Rights

Movement

The provision of appropriate and appropriate reasoning,

treatment and judgement

Injustice Civil Rights

Movement

The provision of inappropriate and unacceptable

reasoning, treatment and judgement

Reconciliation Civil Rights

Movement

The restoration of an orderly and working partnership,

relationship or agreement

Jim Crow Laws Civil Rights

Movement

Set of laws that allowed the practice of segregating black

people in the USLiteracy Civil Rights

Movement

Competence and/or knowledge in a particular area

Literacy Tests Civil Rights

Movement

Government practice of testing the literacy of potential

citizens at the federal level, and potential voters at the

state level. In affect during Jim Crow Laws.

Poll Tax Civil Rights

Movement

A tax levied onto everyone, regardless of wealth and

income

Separate but Equal Civil Rights

Movement

A legal doctrine that permitted the implementation of the

Jim Crow Laws, and therefore, segregation.

Voting Rights Civil Rights

Movement

The unequivocal and equal right to vote.

Sit-in Civil Rights

Movement

A form of protest in which demonstrators occupy a place,

refusing to leave until their demands are met

Non-violence Civil Rights

Movement

The use of peaceful means, not force, to bring about

political or social change.


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Civil Disobedience Civil Rights

Movement

The refusal to comply with certain laws considered unjust,

as a peaceful form of political protest.

Emancipation Civil Rights

Movement

The fact or process of being set free from legal, social, or

political restrictions, also known as liberation.

Emancipation

Proclamation

Slave Trade The announcement made by President Lincoln on 22

September 1862 emancipating all black slaves in states

still engaged in rebellion against the Federal Union.

Although implementation was strictly beyond Lincoln's

powers, the declaration turned the war into a crusade

against slavery.

Civil Right Act Civil Rights

Movement

Legislation put in place at federal or state level that

outlines the rights of U.S Citizens, and are protected by

the constitution.

There have been 8 Federal Civil Rights Acts since 1866,

the last one being enacted 1991.

Declaration of Human

Rights

Civil Rights

Movement

Declared rights for American Citizensthat are part of the

Constitution of the United States.

Empathy Slave Trade The ability to understand and share the feelings of a

person, or a number of people.

Slave Slave Trade A person who is the legal property of another and is

forced to obey them.

Negro

Nigger

Slave Trade A derogatory term relating to black people.

Plantation Slave Trade An estate on which crops such as coffee, sugar, and

tobacco were grown and attended to by negro slaves

Sharecropper Slave Trade A tenant farmer who gives a part of each crop as rent

Transatlantic Slave Trade Crossing of the Atlantic. Opposite sides of the Atlantic.

Native American Slave Trade A member of any of the groups of indigenous peoples of

North, Central, and South America. Lived in the US priorto British colonization.

Domestic Servants Slave Trade Wives and daughters of plantation slaves, who were

tasked with the roles of housekeeping, e.g. Cleaning,

Cooking, preparing kids for school.

Fieldworkers Slave Trade Slaves that were forced to work in fields and crops.

Often worked in inappropriate conditions.

Runaways Slave Trade Slaves who risked their lives to leave and hide from slave

owners. Often were found, tortured and sometimes even

killed.


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Slave Narrative Slave Trade Stories recorded by slaves and their experiences in a

series of multi-volume books

Slave Owner Slave Trade Crop owner and family patriarch who owned slaves for

field and domestic work

Overseer Slave Trade Person responsible for supervising slaves in fields.

Chattel Slave Trade A personal possession, e.g. land, slave, property

Legislation Slave Trade A law passed by parliament.

Abolish Slave Trade To put an end to a process, rule or behavior.

Abolitionist Slave Trade A person who favours the abolition of a practice or

institution

Buck Slave

Trade/CRM

1. To oppose or resist

2. A dollar

Wench Slave

Trade/CRM

A young girl, or women

Punishment Slave

Trade/CRM

The infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution for

an offence

Massa/Missus Slave

Trade/CRM

Massa refers to master- someone superior

Missus is a mans wife

Lynching Slave

Trade/CRM

To unlawfully kill someone for an alleged offence without

a legal trial, especially by hanging.

Interstate Slave

Trade/CRM

Existing or carried on between states, especially of the US

Militant Slave

Trade/CRM

Favouring confrontational or violent methods in support

of a political or social cause

Nationalism Slave

Trade/CRM

To have patriotic feelings, principles, or efforts

Propaganda Slave

Trade/CRM

Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature,

used to promote a political cause or point of view

Picket Slave

Trade/CRM

A person or group of people who stand outside a venue as

a protest or to try to persuade others not to enter during

a strike.


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Person/Group Image Famous For

Homer A Plessy NOT AVAILABLE On June 7, 1892, Plessy bought a first classticket at the Press Street Depot and boarded

a "whites only" car of theEast Louisiana

Railroad inNew Orleans, Louisiana,bound

forCovington, Louisiana.

In doing this, he broke Louisianas Jim CrowLaws.

Linda Brown Daughter of Oliver L. Brown, the mainplaintiff in the case, Brown v Board of

Education. Oliver Brown, a pastor at a local

church, was advised by the NAACP to enrol

Linda in a neighbourhood school, reserved

for white people, and of course, was

rejected. Oliver Brown became the chief

plaintiff out of 13 concerned African-

American Parents. See Brown v Board of

Education notes below.

Emmett Till Emmett Till was a 14 year old boy fromChicago, who was killed in Money,

Mississippi, afterflirtingwith an attractive

white women, Carolyn Bryant. On the night

of August, 28, Carolyns husband, Roy, and

his half brother, J.W Milam, tortured,

murdered and dismembered Tills body, then

wrapped a cotton gin around his neck with

barbed wire, and dumped him in a nearbyriver. Milam and Bryant were acquitted of

their charges, and opened up to the media

about the fact that they did kill Till.

Martin Luther King,

Jr

MLK, Jr was the revolutionary of equality

for African-Americans. He is best known for

his role in the advancement ofcivil rights

using nonviolentcivil disobedience. He led

the 1955Montgomery Bus Boycott and

helped found theSouthern Christian

Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957,

serving as its first president. King's effortsled to the 1963March on Washington,

where King delivered his famous "I Have a

Dream" speech. The son of a priest, he was

born in 1929, and earned a Bachelor of

Divinity and a Bachelor of Arts in Theology,

as well as a Ph.D. He was assassinated in

1968.
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Rosa Parks Rosa Parks was anAfrican-Americancivilrightsactivist,best known for her

involvement in the Montgomery Bus

Boycotts of 1955. After working all day,

Parks boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus

around 6 p.m., Thursday, December 1, 1955,

in downtown Montgomery. She paid her fare

and sat in an empty seat in the first row of

back seats reserved for blacks in the

"colored" section. Parks was ordered by the

driver to vacate the seat for a white man, of

which, she refused too- and was charged

with civil disobedience against Alabamas

segregation laws.

NAACPNational Association for

the Advancement of

Coloured People

The National Association for the

Advancement of Colored People,usually

abbreviated as NAACP, is anAfrican-

Americancivil rights organization in the

United States, formed in 1909. Its mission is

to ensure the political, educational, social,

and economic equality of rights of all

persons and to eliminate racial hatred and

racial discrimination. Its name, retained in

accordance with tradition, uses the once

common termcolored people.Very

influential in major cases throughout the

Civil Rights Movement.

SNCCStudent Nonviolent

Coordinating Committee

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating

Committee (SNCC) was one of the

organizations of theAmerican Civil RightsMovement in the 1960s. It emerged from a

series of student meetings led byElla Baker

held atShaw University in April 1960. SNCC

grew into a large organization with many

supporters in the North who helped raise

funds to support SNCC's work in the South.

Malcolm X Malcolm X was anAfrican-American Muslimminister and human rights activist. To his

admirers, he was a courageous advocate for

the rights of blacks, a man who indicted

white America in the harshest terms for itscrimes against black Americans. Detractors

accused him of preaching racism,black

supremacy,and violence. He has been called

one of the greatest and most influential

African Americans in history. As a

spokesman for the Nation of Islam he taught

black supremacy and advocatedseparation

of black and white Americansin contrast to

thecivil rights movement's emphasis on

integration.
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Ku Klux KlanKKK

Ku Klux Klan, often abbreviated KKKand

informally known as the Klan, is the name of

three distinct past and presentfar-right

organizations in the United States, which

have advocated extremistreactionary

currents such aswhite supremacy,white

nationalism,andanti-immigration,

historically expressed throughterrorism.The

third KKK emerged after World War II and

was associated with opposing theCivil Rights

Movement and progress among minorities

Little Rock Nine The Little Rock Ninewere a group of African-American students enrolled inLittle Rock

Central High School in 1957. The ensuing

Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were

initially prevented from entering theracially

segregated school byArkansasGovernor

Orval Faubus,and then attended after the

intervention ofPresidentEisenhower,is

considered to be one of the most important

events in theAfrican-American Civil Rights

Movement.The nicknamed "Little Rock

Nine" consisted ofErnest Green,Elizabeth

Eckford,Jefferson Thomas,Terrence

Roberts,Carlotta Walls LaNier,Minnijean

Brown,Gloria Ray Karlmark,Thelma

Mothershed,andMelba Pattillo Beals.

Elizabeth Eckford Elizabeth Eckford (born October 4, 1941)was one of theLittle Rock Nine,a group of

African-American students who, in 1957,were the first black students ever to attend

classes atLittle Rock Central High School in

Little Rock,Arkansas.Elizabeth's public

treatment was captured by press

photographers on the morning of September

4, 1957, after she was prevented from

entering the school by the Arkansas National

Guard.

Black Panthers The Black Panther Partywas an African-Americanrevolutionary socialist organization

active in the United States from 1966 until1982. A split political party who separately

advocated for black supremacy and equality,

and based on the 10 point program.

USA United States of AmericaNorthern States after the Emancipation

Proclamation, current country.
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CSA Confederate States of America11 Southern States after 1862, who endorsed

slavery, white supremacy and segregation.

Yankees A term to describe Americans today, and theNorthern States not a part of the

CSA

Rebs Soldier of the Confederate States of Americain the American Civil War

Abraham Lincoln American Republican statesman, 16thPresident of the US 18615. His

election as President on an anti-

slavery platform helped precipitate

the American Civil War; he was

assassinated shortly after the war

ended. Lincoln was noted for his

succinct, eloquent speeches,

including the Gettysburg Address of

1863. Wrote, and signed (as

president) the Emancipation

Proclamation, in affect, freeing the

slaves.

Black Power A movement in support of rights andpolitical power for black people,

especially prominent in the US in the

1960s and 1970s. Also a political

slogan used for promoting the

African American ideologies of that

time period.


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Event Key Dates Summary

Triangular Slave

TradeLate 16

thcentury, until the mid

19th

century (Emancipation

Proclamation)

From Europe, textiles, iron and other raw

materials were transported to Africa, then,

Slave were sent to the Americas, where

sugar, cocoa, tobacco and cotton were sent

back to Europe.

Underground

Railroad

Formed early in the 19th

Century, peak use in between

1850 to 1860

The Underground Railroad was a network of

secret routes andsafe houses used by 19th-

centuryblackslaves in the United States to

escape tofree states andCanada with the

aid ofabolitionists and allies who were

sympathetic to their cause.

American Civil War 1861-1865 The American Civil War (18611865), in theUnited States often referred to as simply the

Civil War and sometimes called the "War

Between the States", was acivil war fought

over thesecession of theConfederate

States.Eleven southernslave states declared

their secession from the United States and

formed the Confederate States of America

("the Confederacy"); the other 25 states

supported the federal government ("the

Union"). After four years of warfare, mostly

within the Southern states, the Confederacy

surrendered and slavery was abolished

everywhere in the nation.

Missouri

Compromise

1820 The Missouri Compromisewas an

agreement passed in 1820 between thepro-

slavery andanti-slavery factions in the

United States Congress,involving primarily

the regulation of slavery in thewestern

territories.It prohibited slavery in the former

Louisiana territory, except within the

boundaries of the proposed state of

Missouri.Prior to the agreement, theHouse

of Representatives had refused to accept

this compromise, and a conference

committee was appointed.

Plessy v Ferguson Boarding of Train: June 7th

,

1892

Homer A Plessy bought a ticket for a train

ride, and took a ride in the whites only

carriage. The conductor repeatedly ordered
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Court case in Louisiana: Late

1892-1893

Appeal of Plessy v Fergusonin

the US Supreme Court:

1896

Plessy to vacate the car, but, he was defiant-

until law enforcement arrested and charged

him on civil disobedience. The court in

Louisiana, as expected, found him guilty and

in fault, therefore, Plessy and his counsel,

took the decision to appeal in the US

Supreme Court. As no precedent had been

set in Supreme Court on breaking the Jim

Crow Laws, 7 of the 9 justices of the court

deemed the Separate but Equal to be valid,

as long as the state provided facilities that

were equal. Thus, Plessy was not acquitted,

and, the struggle for Civil Rights went

backwards, not forwards.

Brown v Board of

Education

Attempt of Enrolment at

Sumner School (Whites Only):

September, 1950

Law Suit: 1955

Brown II Case: 1957

Oliver Brown had attempted to enroll his 8

year old daughter, Linda, into an attractive

public school in Topeka, Kansas. The only

problem was that Linda and Oliver were

black, and because of Kansass segregation

laws- Sumner School was for whites only.

With the help of Thurgood Marshall, Senior

Lawyer at the NAACP, Brown argued his way

through the courts with Marshall to sue the

city of Topeka, as well as the Kansas Board of

Education for fostering the ideal to

segregate learning. This case was unique, as

it didnt fight for equality in the facilities and

conditions of schools, but, for the issue that

segregation existed- contrary to the 14th

Amendment in the US Constitution-All USCitizens should be equal. Marshall argued on

the point of psychological impact on

students who went through segregated

schools. As expected, in the Kansas court

upheld the separate but equal laws, but, on

appeal the US Supreme Court, the court

unanimously decided that the separate but

equal was invalid, and out of place-

overturning the decision in Kansas, and

therefore beginning to desegregate schools.

Though many schools upheld the decision, anumber werent, so, Marshall went back to

the court to ensure schools obeyed the

decision.

The Birmingham

Campaign

1963 The Birmingham campaignwas a strategic

movement organized by theSouthern

Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to

bring attention to the unequal treatment

thatblack Americans endured in

Birmingham, Alabama.The campaign ran

during the spring of 1963, culminating in

widely publicized confrontations betweenblack youth and white civic authorities, that
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eventually pressured the municipal

government to change the city's

discrimination laws. Organizers, led by

Martin Luther King, Jr. usednonviolent

direct action tactics to defy laws they

considered unfair.

Murder of EmmettTill

1955 In August 1955, a fourteen year old boy

went to visit relatives near Money,

Mississippi. Intelligent and bold, with a slight

mischievous streak, Emmett Till had

experienced segregation in his hometown of

Chicago, but he was unaccustomed to the

severe segregation he encountered in

Mississippi. When he showed some local

boys a picture of a white girl who was one of

his friends back home and bragged that she

was his girlfriend, one of them said, "Hey,

there's a [white] girl in that store there. I bet

you won't go in there and talk to her."

Emmett went in and bought some candy. As

he left, he said "Bye baby" to Carolyn Bryant,

the wife of the store owner. Although they

were worried at first about the incident, the

boys soon forgot about it. A few days later,

two men came to the cabin of Mose Wright,

Emmett's uncle, in the middle of the night.

Roy Bryant, the owner of the store, and J.W.

Milam, his brother-in-law, drove off with

Emmett. Three days later, Emmett Till's body

was found in the Tallahatchie River. One eyewas gouged out, and his crushed-in head

had a bullet in it. The corpse was nearly

unrecognizable; Mose Wright could only

positively identify the body as Emmett's

because it was wearing an initialed ring.

Emmetts mother, Mamie, chose to show

the body to the world- and raise awareness

for the injustice and inequality experienced

by African Americans. Tenss of thousands of

people attended Emmetts funeral in

Chicago, with images being publishedaround the world in print and TV press.

Civil Rights

Movement

1955-1968 The African-American Civil Rights

Movement(19551968) refers to thesocial

movements in theUnited States aimed at

outlawingracial discrimination againstblack

Americans and restoringvoting rights to

them. The movement was characterized by

major campaigns ofcivil resistance.Between

1955 and 1968, acts ofnonviolent protest

and civil disobedience produced crisis

situations between activists and governmentauthorities. Federal, state, and local
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governments, businesses, and communities

often had to respond immediately to these

situations that highlighted the inequities

faced by African Americans. Forms of protest

and/or civil disobedience includedboycotts

such as the successfulMontgomery Bus

Boycott (19551956) in Alabama; "sit-ins"

such as the influentialGreensboro sit-ins

(1960) in North Carolina;marches,such as

theSelma to Montgomery marches (1965) in

Alabama; and a wide range of other

nonviolent activities. Culminated in the

assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr, in

1968- but, it is said that the Black Power

Movementslightly prolonged the CRM into

the 1980s.

Montgomery Bus

Boycotts

1955-1956 The Montgomery Bus Boycott, a major

event in theU.S. civil rights movement,was

a political and socialprotest campaign

against the policy ofracial segregation on

the public transit system ofMontgomery,

Alabama.The campaign lasted from

December 1, 1955, whenRosa Parks,an

African American woman, was arrested for

refusing to surrender her seat to a white

person, to December 20, 1956, when a

federal ruling,Browder v. Gayle,took effect,

and led to a United States Supreme Court

decision that declared the Alabama and

Montgomery laws requiring segregatedbuses to be unconstitutional.

March on

Washington

1963 The March on Washingtonfor Jobs and

Freedom, was one of the largestpolitical

rallies for human rights in United States

history and called forcivil and economic

rights forAfrican Americans.It took place in

Washington, D.C. on Wednesday, August 28,

1963.Martin Luther King, Jr.,standing in

front of theLincoln Memorial,delivered his

historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating

racial harmony during the march. The marchwas organized by a group of civil rights,

labor, and religious organizations, under the

theme "jobs, and freedom." Estimates of the

number of participants varied from 200,000

(police) to over 300,000 (leaders of the

march). Observers estimated that 7580% of

the marchers were black and the rest were

white and non-black minorities.

Doll Doctor Test 1955, In Brown v Board ofEducation Case

The Doll Doctor test was an experiment by

an African-American psychologist, Dr.

Kenneth Clark. The test was aimed to
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discover the effects and impact of the

segregation towards children. The test

required the person to choose the good

doll- the one youd play with, the bad doll-

the on you wouldnt play with, and the one

that looks like you- the person being

tested. Thurgood Marshall used this as

evidence in his arguments, and the Chief

Justice, Earl Warren, stated that the results

from the experiment majorly influenced his

decision.

Freedom Riders 1961 Freedom Riderswerecivil rights activistswho rode interstate buses into the

segregatedsouthern United States in 1961

and following years to test theUnited States

Supreme CourtdecisionsBoynton v. Virginia

(1960) andIrene Morgan v. Commonwealth

of Virginia(1946). The first Freedom RideleftWashington, D.C.,on May 4, 1961, and

was scheduled to arrive inNew Orleans on

May 17.

Freedom Summer 1964 Freedom Summerwas a campaign in theUnited States launched in June 1964 to

attempt toregister as many,African

American voters as possible inMississippi

which had historically excluded most blacks

from voting. The project also set up dozens

of Freedom Schools, Freedom Houses, and

community centers in small townsthroughout Mississippi to aid the local black

population.

Greensboro Sit-ins 1960 The Greensboro sit-inswere a series ofnonviolent protests in 1960 which led to the

Woolworth's department store chain

reversing its policy ofracial segregation in

the Southern United States. On February 1,

1960, four students from theAgricultural

and Technical College of North Carolina sat

down at thelunch counter inside the

Woolworth's store at 132 South Elm Street

in Greensboro, North Carolina. The men,

later known as the Greensboro Four,

ordered coffee. Following store policy, the

lunch counter staff refused to serve the

African American men at the "whites only"

counter and the store's manager asked them

to leave.

The four university freshmenJoseph

McNeil,Franklin McCain,Ezell Blair, Jr.,and

David Richmondstayed until the storeclosed.
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