history denominations viticulture winemaking ageing ... · history denominations viticulture...
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history denominations viticulture winemaking ageing diversity enjoy
history denominations viticulture winemaking ageing diversity enjoy
3,000 years of history
history denominations viticulture winemaking ageing diversity enjoy
Ancient times
The mythical land of Tartessos.
• The Phoenicians introduced the cultivation of vines in the region (Cádiz 1,000 B.C., Xera 700 B.C.).
• Wine-related activity continued by all cultures ever since: Greeks, Carthaginians, Romans...
history denominations viticulture winemaking ageing diversity enjoy
The “Vinum Ceretiense”
Columela, the first great Agricultural Engineer (“De Re Rustica”) had a farm in “Ceret” (Roman for Jerez).
Wine has been exported from Jerez since ancient times.
Great popularity of the “Vinum Ceretiense” in Rome.
history denominations viticulture winemaking ageing diversity enjoy
Year 711 – Battle of Guadalete.
Over 500 years of Islamic culture (800 years in other parts of Spain).
A flourishing period in our history.
The land of “sherish”
ŠeriŠ
Sherish, the Jerez of the moorish.
history denominations viticulture winemaking ageing diversity enjoy
Cultivation of vineyards continued, for:
- production of raisins. - medicinal use of wine.- obtaining alcohol.
Wine consumption allowed in elite circles.
ŠeriŠ
al-cohol
The land of “sherish”
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Same town, different names
Sherry = Jerez
SherrishSherryXera
VI C. (B.C.)
Ceret
II C. (B.C.)
Sherish
VIII C.
Xeres de la Frontera
XIII C.
Xerez
XVI C.
Jerez
today
history denominations viticulture winemaking ageing diversity enjoy
Sherry Viticulture
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••••ROTA
7,000 has. of vineyards, in 9 municipalities
history denominations viticulture winemaking ageing diversity enjoy
••••ROTA
Main climatic factors
Mild winters (4ºC) and very hot summers (40ºC).
620 litres per m2 average annual rainfall.
Average 300 days of sunshine per year.
Two predominant winds: poniente (west), fresh and humid; and levante (east), warm and dry.
history denominations viticulture winemaking ageing diversity enjoy
The “albariza” soil White soil (alba=white), made
from the sedimentation of marine diatoms.
Very chalky: high content of calcium carbonate, with 50% to 70% limestone.
Poor in both organic material (1.3% to 1.5%) and nitrogen.
Highly porous – helps retain moisture.
history denominations viticulture winemaking ageing diversity enjoy
Authorised grape varieties
moscatelpalominopedro
ximénez
history denominations viticulture winemaking ageing diversity enjoy
temperature (approx. 20ºC)
humidity (> 65%)
aeration...
… and alcoholic content
(<16º)
Flor yeasts require precise living conditions:
Flor – live inside the barrel
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biological ageingthe flor protects the wine
from oxidation
at 15º alc.
the wine keeps the flor
The different levels of alcohol determinesthe future ageing of sherry inside the casks
traditional ageingwithout the flor, the wine is
exposed to oxidation
at 17º alc.
the wine loses the flor
history denominations viticulture winemaking ageing diversity enjoy
The “Crianza”(ageing)
history denominations viticulture winemaking ageing diversity enjoy
Exchange of elements through the layers of the wood (osmosis).
Annual ullage (evaporation) of 3 to 4% of total volume.
CH3-CH20H
H20
Most of the loss is water concentration.
vinificación crianza diversidad disfrute
The “bota”
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solera
1st criadera
2nd criadera
a n
d a
n a
“saca”
Vintage
“rocío”
How does the solera work?
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solera
1st criadera
2nd criadera
a n
d a
n a
Vintage
How old is this wine? What determines the average age of the wine?
3. frequency of the “saca”
1. number of scales
2. percentage of the
“saca”
The combination of these three factors (different for each wine)
determines the rotation (R) of the total stock of wine in the system and consequently, the average
age of the wine released:
Total stock in the system
Volume of “sacas” in a yearR=
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The making of Sherry
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Amontillado
Palo Cortado
17%
Production scheme for dry sherries
FinoManzanilla
Oloroso
Crianza (ageing)
palomino
Complete fermentation
flor
fortification
Vinification
15%
17%
Vintage
//
_/_/
/O/O
AoAo
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Crianza (ageing)
Moscatel
PedroXiménez
Production scheme for sweet sherries
moscatelpedro ximénez(over ripe)
partial fermentation
Vinification
15%
“Cabeceos” (blends) – vinos generoso de licor
FinoManzanillaAmontilladoPalo CortadoOloroso
MCR
PX
Pale Cream
Medium
Cream
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Ageing levels
4
industry average
technical limitations
Sherry age-reference is alwaysrelated to average ageing
12 15
Special categories
30+20+2
minimum legal ageing
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Sherry with certified age:V.O.S. & V.O.R.S.
Certification system based on“sacas” of exceptionally old and rare(sacristía) wines.
Mainly applicable to Amontillado, Oloroso, Palo Cortado and Pedro Ximénez.
Three-tier qualification procedure:
1. Blind tasting.
2. Analytical parameters.
3. Shipping quota.
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Analytically, concentration provoques an increase in:- alcoholic content- dry extract / ashes- components derived from barrel
extraction and reactions with the previous ones.
Organoleptically, big increase in: - complexity- concentration of aromas- colour- persistency
Sherry with certified age:V.O.S. & V.O.R.S.
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Examples of some key parameters in VORS