World War I (1914-1918)!!World War I ended on the 11th of november 1918. The German’s agreement to an armistice was based on a draft resolution by Wilson (President of the US). Wilson’s resolution is referred to as “the 14 points”. !The war resulted in; New systems (Germany went from an empire to a a republican system) The separation of Austria and Hungary, the Turkish government signing for an armistice, Self-determination and the creation of a unified slav state by Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia. The peacemakers also had to include in the peace treaty the expectations of the victorious nations as a result of 4 years of propaganda. As well as security stability and compensation. !!The Versailles Conference started on January 18th 1919. !The leading man in the conference were; ! !! US President Woodrow Wilson French Premier Georges Clemenceau British Prime Minister David Lloyd George !

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Wilson’s 14 points aimed to eliminate what he thought was the cause for the outbreak of World War I, it suggested the following;!!• A new political and international world order ! - It would be an open diplomacy !• World disarmament !• Economic Integration !• A League of Nation that was to guarantee Peace !!The 14 points were based on!• Territorial adjustments (meant to solve the collapse of the collapse of the

German, Turkey and Austria-Hungary’s empires!• The recognition of Self- Determination !!The reactions to the 14 points !Proposals for free trade, end of imperialism, open diplomacy and the creation a of League of Nation clashed with the realist approach of those who wanted to ensure countries would be ready in case of another war. As a result, the 14 points were met with reservation from Britain and France !!!!!!

French Aims British Aims Italian Aims

What Protect France from future German Aggression

Avoid German feeling of revenge !Respond to Nation’s Propaganda

Gain territory in order to recover economy and help the shaky political system

Blowing Bubbles !Cartoon published in Literary Digest, September,1920

Why French territory has been one of the major battlefields and France did not believe it could defend it’s frontiers from Germany due to their economy

British economy was at stake since Germany was an important market from Britain + British population’s expectations

!- Economical problems due to war !- Political problems and

social unrest at home

How ! Prevent German recovery: !- reparations !- redrawing European

frontiers !Alsace Lorraine and the annexations of the region of the Saar ! a. Provide Coal & felt historically aspired to control the region!- limiting German armed

forces!- excluding Germany from

the League of nations!- restoration of an

independent Belgium!Protect from German invasion !- independence of Poland

and Czechoslovakia !Protection and isolation of Germany

- ensure neither France of Germany was dominating the continent !

- Protect British economy!a. fast German recovery!Propaganda! !- the use of British

propaganda during the war “Hang the Kaiser”- had gotten Lloyd in power so he had to respond to people’s expectations (hard punishment for Germany)!!

- Also worried of the Bolshevism movement in Russia because it could benefit Germany!

- Mention the Treaty of London in 1915, in which Italy was promised land !

a. The land promised (Dalmatian coast on the Adriatic Sea, Trieste and South Tyrol + a protectorate over Albania) was not achieved !

b. As a result, Italy asked for other territorial gains not included in the Treaty of London (Port of Fiume)!!!

[It was hard meeting Italy’s demand because they went against the idea of self-determination]

Name Drop MacMillan “punish pay & prevention”

Lloyd’s “Fontainebleau Memorandum”. !the document exposed the view that unless Germany saw the treaty as fair, treaty could not sustain peace

“Won the war- lost the peace”

French Aims British Aims Italian Aims

!The terms of the Paris Peace Treaties 1919- 20: Versailles, St. Germain, Trianon, Neuilly, Sevres/ Lausanne 1923 !!Note to self: Fundamental decisions at the conference were taken by the “Big Three”- not “Four” since Italy like a secondary role. The countries that had lost the war and Russia (Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary and Turkey) did not attend the conference. Wilson’s 14 points/ Treaty of Versailles was used as a draft in all the treaties signed!!• Treaty if St. Germain with Austria (1919)!• Treaty of Trianon with Hungary (1920)!• Treaty of Neuilly with Bulgaria (1919)!• Treaty of Sevres with Turkey (1920) Later the Treaty of Lausanne (1923)!!All four defeated countries needed to;!I. Disarm !II. Pay reparations !III. Lose territory !Following self-determination, new nations were set up !

The Treaty of Versailles !Wilson’s 14 points was accepted as a draft as the peace treaty in 1918. However the conflicting aims for the nation proved to be an obstacle for the countries. The areas discussed during the Versailles conference were; !!- Responsibility for the outbreak of the war !!Ha-aa-ha as if they’d say its anyone else but Germany! Lol !well as we all know, as the result of propaganda for four years straight even if the leaders of nation believed Germany was not to blame for the war they basically had to say it was true since they needed to respond to the expectations of their own public. Yeahh Lloyd i see you. !

Finding out who was responsible for the war was directly linked to who was to pay reparations. “The Commission on the Responsibility of the Authors of War and on Enforcement of Penalties ” (representatives from Britain, France, Italy, Japan , Belgium, Greece, Poland, Romania and Serbia) were in charge of deciding who was to blame for the war. !!!!- Reparations !Name Drop: Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles (War Guilt Clause)!“The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.”!Significance: !• Provided legal arguments to make Germany pay for World War I !In addition article 232 of the peace treaty called on Germany to compensate the allies for “all damage done to civilian population and the Allied and Associated Powers” and compensations for the violation of the Treaty of London. !!The issue was that countries looked at reparations for a different purpose !

These conflicts were the reasons why the final figure of how much Germany was to pay was not up until 1921- The countries different views are shown in British economist John M. Keynes’s “The Economic Consequences of Peace” !!!!

France Britain US

- Prioritized security !- Worried about German recovery and

militarization !- Compensations were seen as an

economic burden who would prevent Germany to be a threat

- Lloyd hoped for a Balance of power in Europe between the French and the Germans that would result in a balance of trade thus beneficial for Britain. !

- British Citizens hoped the reparations would reduce Britain’s financial burden

- Shared similar views to Britain

!!- Territorial changes !The collapse of empires gave the peacemakers the opportunity to create new states under the concept on self- determination. Self determination was limited though because new nations needed to have economic resources. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Overview

On Territorial Changes Map !• Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France !• Although France wanted the Rhineland, the treaty made the area a demilitarized zone instead in which Germany

was not allowed deploy military forces !• France wanted the Saarland as a compensation but instead the Saar after a plebiscite was put under the

administration of the League of Nations !• The creation of Poland (Wilson fourteen points, self-determination)!• The major German Port of Danzig became a free city (under LON) !• Territory given to Belgium !• German Territory became Danish !• All territory received by Germany to Russia under the Treaty of • (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) was made independent states ; (Wilson fourteen points, self-determination)!• Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria, a move called Anschulss !• Germany lost overseas colonies which became mandates of the LON. !• Germany also lost the right to trade with countries such as China and Egypt !!!!!!!!!!!

!- Disarmament !!!People believed one of the war’s outbreak was arms race, thus the Treaty of Versailles addressed disarmament. !• Obliged Germany to disarm to the lowest point compatible with internal security ! Germany wartime weapons were destroyed ! Germany was forbidden to have submarines, an air force, armoured cars and tanks ! It was allowed to have 6 battleships and 100, 000 men for internal security ! Allied occupation in the Rhine was there for 15 years ! Germany was not allowed to send troops in respect to their 50 km exclusion zone ! German conscription was banned !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

The German reaction to Versailles !!- Shocked !- Denounced the treaty as a betrayal of the 14 points

and a diktat to German nations !- asked to give a blank cheque - War Guilt Clause

(Article 231) !- Demanded a revision of the treaty !- No one in Germany wanted to pay the price of the

treaty !- Political turmoil !French reaction to Versailles !- Did not think the treaty will assure long term security !!Britain viewed the treaty as too harsh !Americans refused to ratify the treaty and join the LON !Italy thought nations had been betrayed

!!!

!!!!!!!!!

St. Germain (1919) Neuilly (1919) Trianon (1920) Sevres (1920) Lausanne (1923)

- Austria !- loss of territories !- recognition of

Czechoslovakia as an independent republic !

- Creation of Yugoslavia !

- Forbidden to unite with any countries unless they had the authorization of the LON !

- Austrians were put under the Italian rule (against self-determination)!

- Reparations

- Bulgaria had joined the WWI in support to central powers!- As a result of their

loss, they lost access to the Aegean Sea as Macedonia was returned to Greece !

- Recognized Yugoslavia and territorial boundaries !

- Reparations !

- Hungary !- The disintegration f

the Austro-Hungarian Empire !

- Reparation and limitations on their armed forces !

- three million Magyars had been put under foreign rule

- Ottoman Empire !- New territorial

boundaries based on self determination !

- Terms of Sevres were revised after the Greco-Turkish war !

- As a result, the Treaty of Lausanne was drafted !

- Territory returned to Turkey such as Constantinople, Smyrna) !

- Turkish authority on the Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits was recognized although it stayed demilitarized!

! The Treaty of Versailles on Germany (28 June 1919)!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Enforcement of the provisions of the treaties: US isolationism- the retreat from the Anglo-American Guarantee; disarmament- Washington, London, Geneva Conferences !!Background !!The Paris Conference imposed severe clauses on Germany and it’s allies. Countries refused to disarm because of fear for their own security. The US refusal to ratify the treaty and to be part of the League of Nation increased that sense of insecurity. There were rise of nationalistic parties in Italy, Germany and Japan combined with the economic depression!!!!

! World War I

brought the collapse of the German Empire in 1918. The

Weimar Republic was proclaims. Those responsible for singing the treaty were referred to as the “November Criminals”. This led to

political uprisings and economical problems in

Germany !

Impact !Germany lost

approximately 12 % of it’s people and 13 % of territory. !

15 % of agricultural production and 16 % of coal. !Deep resentment of Versailles- !-Loss of territory !-The Anschluss !

-War Guilt Clause

How is it that

Germany gained from the creation of smaller states on its borders ? see page

41.

!!Review with

Sir.

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!!US isolationism and the retreat from the Anglo-American Guarantee !!I. USA was the largest

creditor !II. Wilson saw the end of the war a

way to redefine international relations !

III. Some thought the USA should contribute to international peace by becoming a role model !

IV. Others thought the USA should be part of the Covenant League of Nations to prevent automatic involvement in European Affairs !

V. The Us did not become a member of the League of Nation!!The Big Three compromised on the German demilitarization of the Rhineland for a period of 15 years. !- Territory remained under the sovereignty of Germany. !- No troops could be stationed in it unless it was monitored by Allied troops !- The USA & Britain offered France a military guarantee later known as the Anglo-

American Guarantee signed with the Versailles treaty. !- The fact neither the Versailles Treaty and the associated documents were not signed by the

US made them non mandatory for Britain.!The Impact... more like the reasons !• Little evidence the public was for the commitment to military alliances. !• Britain feared it would be dragged because of France in a conflict in the continent against

Germany.!!

!Disarmament: Washington, London, Geneva conferences !!

The peace treaties imposed disarmaments on defeated nations and hoped the League would impose disarmament son an international level. Several disarmaments took place as a result to try to reach that aim !!!1. The Washington Naval Agreements (1921-22) ! Despite Isolation, The washington conference of 1921-1922 was held in the USA. It addressed two issues; naval disarmament (avoid expensive naval race among powers) and developments in the Far East. !Delegations!• USA!• Britain - 1:1 ratio agreement with the US in order to focus on other matters such as gov. investments and expenditure !• France!• Japan - had made progress in navy however further investments would harm it’s economy !• Italy !• Belgium !• Netherlands !• Portugal China !!The Washington Naval Conference produced several agreements!!I. The Four power Agreement USA, Britain, France, Japan-

guarantee their territorial rights in the Pacific (defend incase rights were threatened).!

II. The Five Power Agreement limit naval forces by establishing ratio. USA: Britain: Japan could have a ratio of 5:5:3 and Italy and France could have half the size of Japanese navy. The nations also agreed not to build battleships for 10 years & destroy ships above the ratio. !

III. The Nine Power Agreement (all countries in the WC) recognized the territorial integrity of China, Japan had to give back the Shantung Peninsula, financial help as well as Open Door Policy . !

!London Conference and Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament (1930)!!!I. Aimed to take further steps in naval disarmaments by including submarines and

warships.!II. All nations were suffering from the great depression thus did not want to invest

into a naval race.!III. The treaty limited the ration of Britain, USA and Japan . !IV. It did not reduce the likelihood of war as it allowed naval escalation and

aggression from a country that did not sign the treaty. !!The Geneva Disarmament Conference (1932-1934)!!I. Aimed at addressing not only naval disarmament but arms reduction as a whole. !II. It was seen as Idealistic. !III. Countries feared their security.!IV. Negotiations on this issue led to friction and little was accomplished.!V. The conference failed to produce disarmament largely because the views of the participant nations on most of these

issues were incompatible. !!!!!!!!!!!!!

!! The League Of Nations; effects of the absence of the major powers; the principle of collective security and early

attempts at the peacekeeping (1920-25) !!The League of Nations was formed during the Paris conference. It aimed to promote international cooperation and to achieve international peace and security. The security promoted by the League of Nations is referred to as “collective security”. The covenant of the League of Nations was like the “security council” in the US. !!1. The absence of the USA (62)!2. The absence of Russia (63)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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Japan 1828 - 1933

- Isolated until 1853!- 1868 Meji Restoration !- Industrialize - Imperialist Power !- Expansionist, aggressive nationalism!- Military leaders - positions of power/

influence !- (1094-95) Sino Japanese War - they

get Taiwan, land !- (1902) Anglo- Japanese Alliance !- (1904/5) Russo- Japanese War!- (1910) Annexed Korea !- WWI (1914-18)- Japan gaining

influence + territory - China “21 demands” German colonies!

Japan was unhappy with the Treaty of Versailles because there was no racial equality + no territorial gains!- (1921-22) Washington Naval

Conference ! 5:5:3:1.67:1.67 ! 4 Power Treaty ! 9 Power Pact ! Territorial integrity of China ! Open doors !“fait accompli”

!!Definitions !!Armistice: an agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time!!Self- determination: the aspiration of racial groups sharing territory, language or religion to form their own national state!!Diplomacy: negotiation(s), discussion(s), talks, dialogue; international relations, foreign affairs.Economic !!realist approach: tending to or expressing an awareness of things as they really are!!Bolshevism movement: The Bolshevism promoted a form of communism based on Karl Marx (overthrow of capitalism)!!Social Unrest: rioting and general chaos. Broadly put it means when the normal order is disrupted!!Compensations: something, typically money, awarded to someone as a recompense for loss, injury, or suffering!!Indemnity: security or protection against a loss or other financial burden!!Plebiscite: a vote by which people of an entire country of district express an opinion for or against a proposal!!Best-Litovsk: a treaty signed between Germany and Russia in 1918. In which Russia had to pay for A LOT (loss of many territories) for ending the latter’s participation in the war. !!Anschulss: Anschluss is a German word meaning "joining together”!!Mandates: an official order or commission to do something!!Conscription: compulsory enlistment in the armed forces !!Diktat: an order or decree imposed by someone in power without popular consent!!

Creditor: entity or organization to whom money is owed by a debtor !!Open Door Policy: giving the opportunity for commercial relations with a country to all nations on equal terms !!Constriction: to raise an army for your citizens