History and Culture Chapter 27:2 China developed in isolation from the rest of the world. Because...
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Transcript of History and Culture Chapter 27:2 China developed in isolation from the rest of the world. Because...
History and CultureChapter 27:2
China developed in isolation from the rest of the world.
Because they viewed their country as the center of the world, they called their homeland Zhōng Guó, or “Middle Kingdom.”
“I hear and I forget.I see and I remember.
I do and I understand.”
- Confucius
Dynasty• a ruling family that passes the
right to rule down from one family member to another• the Xia Dynasty was founded
circa 2000 B.C. when sage-emperor Yu appointed his son to succeed him
The Cycle of History
1. Strong central government unifies China, establishing order out of chaos.
2. Golden Age.
3. Chaos and Disorder.
4. Repeat.
• Warring States Period (475-221 B.C.)
• Qin Dynasty (221-206 B.C.)
• Han Dynasty (206 B.C. – A.D. 220)
• Six Dynasties Period (220-589)
• Sui Dynasty (589-618)
• Tang Dynasty (618-907)
• Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-979)
• Song Dynasty (960-1271)
• Yüan (Mongol) Dynasty (1271-1368)
• Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
• Qing (Manchu) Dynasty (1644-1911)
The Shāng dynasty was established when King Tāng defeated the Xià
army at Mingtiao.
The Shāng Dynasty, which
ruled China circa 1700-1100 B.C., is the first dynasty that can
be dated from written records.
The earliest examples of
Chinese writing are
found etched onto animal bones and
tortoise shells.[Image source: http://www.chinapage.com/calligraphy/oracle/oraclebone1.html]
The Shāng perfected their metal-casting
skills and produced some
of the finest bronze objects
ever made.[Image source: http://emuseum.mankato.msus.edu/prehistory/china/ancient_china/shang.html]
The Shāng also cast massive
ceremonial cauldrons out
of bronze.[Image source:
http://www.users.bigpond.com/wernerschmidlin/ancientchina.html]
Shāng chariot
The Shāng employed the yoke to harness the power of animals in times of both peace and war.
zhànchē
[Image source: http://www.rom.on.ca/pub/shang/]
Shāng warriors in chariots using bronze weapons easily conquered the people of the Huáng Hé valley.
Using their superior weapons, the Shāng eventually conquered much of eastern China.
Shāng kings were entombedin large burial pits.
The retainers of the Shāng monarchs often followed their rulers in death.
Their severed skulls were buried in another part of the grave.
Chinese rulers governed as aresult of the Mandate of Heaven.
[Image source: http://www.he.net/~archaeol/9803/abstracts/china.html]
If a ruler was just and effective, they
received a mandate, or the authority to rule, from heaven.
[Image source: http://www.users.bigpond.com/wernerschmidlin/ancientchina.html]
Indications that a king had lost the Mandate of Heaven included:
• crop failures
• catastrophic floods
• losses in battle
• corrupt government
12
3
6
9
1
2
4
57
8
10
11
New DynastyArises
Corruption
Natural Disasters
Heaven favoursanother dynasty
The last Shāng king lost the Mandate of Heaven and was
conquered by the circa 1028 B.C.
[Image source: http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/index.php?act=Print&client=printer&f=86&t=2477]
Zhōu kings were called the Son of Heaven.
[Image source: http://www.kidspast.com/images/emperor-china.jpg]
[Image source: http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/index.php?act=Print&client=printer&f=86&t=2477]
The Zhōu dynasty controlled their vast realm through appointing relatives to
govern from powerful city-states.
The system of picture writing
begun under the Shāng dynasty was further-
refined by the Zhōu dynasty.
[Source: Chinese Characters: Their Origin, Etymology, History, Classification, and Significance by Dr. L. Wieger, S.J. (New York: New York, Dover Publications, Inc., 1965.), page 380.]
Iron plows were fist employedat the timeof the Zhōu
dynasty.
[Image source: http://members.tripod.com/east_west_dialogue/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/plowfinished.jpg]
The Zhōu are also credited with extending the development of
irrigation and flood-control systems.
[Image source: http://www.antique-prints.de/shop/Media/Shop/3816.jpg]
These inventions contributed to China becoming the most-densely
populated country at the time.
[Image source: http://www.travelshandong.us/images/qiguo.jpg]
Eventually, some of lords
grew powerful enough to
challenge the Zhōu kings’ authority.
[Image source: http://img248.imageshack.us/img248/5898/dscn1445op8.jpg]
Political power fell increasingly to the lords following the defeat of the Zhōu in 771 B.C.
[Image source: http://go-passport.grolier.com/map?id=mh00036&pid=go]
The nobles fought a
number of small wars collectively
known as the Warring States
Period untilthe 200s B.C.
[Image source: http://img130.imageshack.us/img130/1603/siege12vc.jpg]
The crossbowwas invented
during this time.
[Image source: http://authors.history-forum.com/liang_jieming/chinesesiegewarfare/images/navalzhugenu.jpg]
The Qín – a small western state – wiped-out the Zhou and unified northern China by 221 B.C.
[Image source: http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Zhou/mapZhanguo.JPG]
Emperor Qín Shihuangdi
established a strong central
authority.[Image source:
http://www.kidspast.com/images/Qin.jpg]
The Qín employed 300,000 peasants to connect a number of pre-existing walls, creating the 4,000-mile-long Great Wall of
China.
[Image source:
The Han dynasty is to China and Asia what the Roman empire is to Europe.
Emperor Wen of the Sui dynasty rebuilt the Great Wall of China.
[Image source: http://pasture.ecn.purdue.edu/~agenhtml/agenmc/china/images/scenery/gw0.gif]
Emperor Wen of the Sui dynasty constructed a
Grand Canal to link southern and Northern
China.
[Image source: http://www.cis.umassd.edu/~gleun
g/geofo/xyunhe1.jpg]
[Image source: http://www.history.ubc.ca/lshin/teaching/images/maps/canal.gif]
Most of these projects were done using corvée labour, which made him very unpopular with the peasantry.
[Image source: http://egyptianchronicles.freewebsitehosting.com/DIGGINGTHESUEZCANAL5.html]
China was a powerful empire in her own
right when European explorers arrived
during the Age of
Discovery.
[Image source: http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/ralph/ralimage/map21chi.jpg]
China was ruled by
emperors of the Manchu
Qīng (Ch’ing) Dynasty from 1644 to 1911.
[Image source http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/qing1207.jpg]
The Qing (Ch’ing) emperors were assisted by a professional
bureaucratic corps of Confucian-
trained scholars known as
mandarins.[Image source: http://www.lcsc.edu/modernchina/images/Linzexu.gif]
Europeans initially came to exchange goods with the Chinese.
[Image source: http://www.eraoftheclipperships.com/images/chinatea.jpg]
There was little if anything the peopleof the Middle Kingdom wanted from
the Barbarians of the West.
[Image source: http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~chgis/btns/zhenjng_banner.jpg]
Since the Chinese bought little from the West, a trade imbalance resulted
between Britain and China.
[Image source: http://www.secure-eleasing.com/testequity/images/balance.gif]
In an effort to reverse this trend,the British began to grow Opium
in India for export to China.
[Image source:
http://www.sustainablepetaluma.net/films_may-2002/opium-poppypic.jpg]
On a number of different occasions, Chinese authorities
seized and destroyed cargoes
of opium in an effort to halt the pernicious trade.
The British responded with force, resulting in the Opium
War of 1839-42.
[Image source: http://opioids.com/images/opiumwar.jpg]
The Chinese were easily defeated, and the British were able to dictate
the terms of the peace treaty.
[Image source: http://www.interbulletin.com/cspecial/his/his1.jpg]
Results of the Opium Wars• first of a series of unequal
treaties between China and foreign powers-five ports opened to British residence and trade-Chinese are treated as second-class citizens in their own country
extraterritoriality
• immunity from local laws
-foreigners had the right to be tried in court by the laws of their own country before a judge from their own country
British actions highlighted just how weak China was, and soon other European
powers were imposing their will on the Middle Kingdom.
[http://www.historywiz.com/images/china/chinaimperialism.gif]
The Century of Humiliation(Bǎinián Guóchǐ)
百年国耻
[Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_of_humiliation#/media/File:Japanese_Beheading_1894.jpg]
The Century of Humiliation
• Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864)
• Tonkin War, aka Sino-French War (1884)
• Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
• Open Door Policy (John Hay, 1899)
• Boxer Uprising (1899-1901)
• Versailles Treaty (1919)
• Warlord Era (1916-1928)
• Civil War (1927-1950)
Japan used propaganda in the form of art to unify their people and stir up the martial ardor of the nation in its war with China.
Japan gained
control of Korea and Formosa,
and extended influence
into Manchuria.
Manchuria
Spheres-of-Influence
• region in which an outside power claims exclusive trading rights and privileges (monopoly)
• usually along the coast and/or on major rivers
• a result of unequal treaties
John Hay, the American
Secretary of State at the turn-
of the-century, proposed to level the playing field
when he advocated an Open Door
policy in China.
America’s Open Door Policy
An uprising known as the
Boxer Rebellion erupted in
Northern China in the late-1800s.
[Image source:
http://www.grtc.org/articles/martialcivil/image/BoxerWFlag.jpg]
Fueled by a desire to return to
traditional ways of life, its goal was
to expel the evil influences of
European culture, primarily
Christianity.
The Boxer movement
was particularly
strong among the
rural peasants of
North China.
The Dowager Empress Ci Xi
secretly supported the rebels, while
publicly backing the efforts of the European powers
to suppress the rebellion.
[Image source: http://www.isop.ucla.edu/eas/images/cixi2.gif]
The Boxer Uprising was ultimately suppressed by the Western powers.
The Western powers battlingthe Chinese dragon.
Republic of China
Established on 10 October 1911 after a brief revolution.
Dr. Sun Yat-sen(1866-1925)
• aka “Father of the Revolution”• first president of China• founded the Kuomingtang Party
Three Principles of the People
1. Nationalism
2. Democracy
3. Livelihood
Yuan Shih-kai(1859-1916)
• Qing (Ch’ing) general who replaced Dr. Sun Yat-sen as president of China in early-1912• tried to reestablish the
monarchy with himself as emperor-was deposed in 1916[Image source:
http://www.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/comment/chinawwi/images/China03.jpg]
Kuomingtang(aka Nationalist)
• led China towards democracy• had little real power outside of
major cities in the south -country slides into chaos
Chinese Civil War1927-1949
[Image source: http://www.britannica.com/biography/Chiang-Kai-shek ]
[Image source: http://asianhistory.about.com/od/timelinesmaozedong/a/maoonepage.htm]
国故事
泸定桥
泸定桥
Mao attempted to increase food-production through organizing farm land into communes.
[Image source: http://chineseposters.net/posters/e13-593.php]
“The commune is like a gigantic dragon, production is noticeable awe-inspiring.”
The Great Leap Forward
“Brave the wind and the waves, everything has remarkable abilities.”
[Images source: http://chineseposters.net/posters/pc-1958-024.php]
“Go all out and aim high. The East leaps forward, the West is worried.”
[Image source: http://chineseposters.net/posters/e16-33.php]
“Put organizations on a military footing, put actions on a war footing, put life on a collective footing.”
[Image source: http://chineseposters.net/posters/e15-653.php]
The Cultural Revolution
[Image source: http://chineseposters.net/posters/e13-764.php]
“Criticize the old world and build a new
world with Mao Zedong
Thought as a weapon.”
[Image source: http://chineseposters.net/posters/e15-699.php]
“Scatter the old world, build a new world.”
[Image source: http://chineseposters.net/themes/cultural-revolution-campaigns.php]
Vera
老 婆
真 理