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Transcript of History and Careers of Photography From it’s origins to the digital age, featuring innovations,...
History and Careers of History and Careers of PhotographyPhotography
From it’s origins to the digital age, featuring innovations, inventions, people, and careers.
By: Sheila Boester and Lisa Collard
MVHS Photography
By: Sheila Boester and Lisa Collard
MVHS Photography
Photography…Photography…
Is a science and an art. It combines the sciences of physics, chemistry,
and optics with the craftsmanship of printmaking and the aesthetic values
of drawing and painting.
What is photography?What is photography? The name or term
photography was coined by Sir John Herschel in 1839.
He also coined the terms “negative” and “positive” to photographic images, and the word “snap-shot”
Photography is derived from the Greek words for light and writing~ writing with light
(Sir John Herschel)
Camera ObscuraCamera Obscura Latin for “dark
chamber” The Camera Obscura,
first camera, with a pin hole for viewing scenes was invented in 1519.
First drawing of Camera Obscura was made by Leonardo da Vinci.
Camera ObscuraCamera Obscura Go into a very dark room on a bright day. Make a small hole in a
window cover and look at the opposite wall. What do you see? Magic! There in full color and movement will be the world outside the window, upside down! This magic is explained by a simple law of the physical world. Light travels in a straight line and when some of the rays reflected from a bright subject pass through a small hole in thin material they do not scatter but cross and reform as an upside down image on a flat surface held parallel to the hole.
First Successful PhotographFirst Successful Photograph First photograph
was produced in 1826 by Joseph Niepce.
First photograph used silver halide salts on a metal sheet instead of film.
Took 8 hours to expose!
World’s first camera image by Joseph Niepce. Photo from an apartment building window.
Photographic ChemicalsPhotographic Chemicals Procedure for chemical
photo development was developed by Schulze in 1727.
Etched plates were first shown in public by Daguerre in 1839.
Daguerre's prints called daguerreotypes.
Daguerre was the first to widely use chemical photo development.
DaguerreotypesDaguerreotypeswere positive images, one of a kindwere positive images, one of a kind
Gold rush daguerreotype- 1849
1871
1882
Photographic PaperPhotographic Paper Process to produce
negative pictures on paper developed in 1840 by William Fox Talbot.
A positive was made on another sheet of paper chemically sensitized with silver salts.
Talbot’s negative/positive approach formed the basis for all the photographic processes that followed. He called it the Calotype.
A woodcut showingHenery Talbot
Talbot’s first photograph on paper
Photographic PaperPhotographic Paper Calotype- Latin for
“good paper” Make multiple copies
of a single image The paper was washed over
with a solution of silver nitrate and dried by gentle heat. When nearly dry, it was soaked in a solution of potassium iodide for two or three minutes, rinsed and again dried.
Collodion ProcessCollodion Process 1851 Fredrick Scott
Archer- improves photographic resolution by spreading a mixture of collodion (nitrated cotton dissolved in alcohol) and chemicals on sheets of glass. Wet plate collodion photography was much cheaper than daguerreotypes, the negative/positive process permitted unlimited reproductions, and the process was published but not patented.
Wet-plate featuring President Theodore Roosevelt
Carte de Visite
1854 - Adolphe Disderi – introduced a rotating camera which could reproduce eight exposed images on a single negative. After printing on Albumen paper, the images were cut apart and glued to business card sized mounts. These tiny portraits were traded between friends. Thus began the worldwide boom (Cardomania) in portrait studios for the next decade.
Albumen paper The albumen print was
the first commercially exploitable method of producing a photographic print on a paper base from a negative. It used the albumen found in egg whites to bind the photographic chemicals to the paper and became the dominant form of photographic positives from 1855 to the turn of the century, with a peak in the 1860-90 period.
Ambrotypes and tintypes 1855-57: Direct positive
images on glass (ambrotypes) and metal (tintypes or ferrotypes) popular in the US.
Compared with other processes the tintype tones seem uninteresting. They were often made by unskilled photographers, and their quality was variable. However, they are significant in that they made photography available to working classes, not just to the more well-to-do. Until then the taking of a portrait had been more of a special event. After the introduction of tintypes, we see more relaxed, spontaneous poses.
War popularizes photographyWar popularizes photography The Civil War(1861-1865)
was the first war recorded with photography by Matthew Brady.
He became one of the first photographers to use photography to chronicle national history.
He brought “home to us the terrible reality and earnestness of war.”
His war scenes demonstrated that photographs could be more than posed portraits, and his efforts represent the first instance of the comprehensive photo-documentation of a war.
Photo of Matthew Bradytaken in 1864.
Motion PicturesMotion Pictures Zoopraziscope-
produced a series of still images that make a subject move.
Eadweard Muybridge took the first sequence of photos of action in 1877.
It was to settle a bet as to whether or not running horses lifted all four hooves off the ground at one time.
Leads to motion picture industry.
Photography for the massesPhotography for the masses
George Eastman founded Eastman Kodak Company in 1880.
1888 - first mass-market, point-and-shoot camera, called the Kodak.
Simple box camera preloaded with enough film to make 100 exposures.
Sold 100,000 cameras in first 2 years of the company.“You press the button,
we do the rest.”
Photography for the massesPhotography for the masses
George Eastman founded Eastman Kodak Company in 1880.
1888 - first mass-market, point-and-shoot camera, called the Kodak.
Simple box camera preloaded with enough film to make 100 exposures.
Sold 100,000 cameras in first 2 years of the company.“You press the button,
we do the rest.”
Color PhotographyColor Photography Autochrome –
The first color process marketed
Invented in France by the Lumiere brothers in 1907
Color photography not widely available until the 1950s due to cost of film development.
Autochrome of WW I biplane
The SLR CameraThe SLR Camera SLR- single lens reflex 1924: The "Leica", the
first high quality 35mm camera introduced.
Uses and automatic moving mirror system which permits the photographer to see exactly what will be captured by the film
Non-SLR cameras- the view through the viewfinder could be significantly different from what was captured on film.
1942 Kodacolor, Kodak’s first print film
Old school SLR Camera with a zoom telephoto lens
Polaroid CameraPolaroid Camera 1947, Edwin Land-
invention of first instant camera
Founds Polaroid Corporation 1957
Utilized “pack film,” which required the photographer to pull the film out of the camera for development, then peel apart the positive from the negative at the end of the developing process.
February 2008- no longer making Polaroid cameras
The Polaroid Land Camera model J66
The Polaroid SX-70 Model 2
Careers during the early yearsCareers during the early years War Photographer- documentary Photojournalist- newspaper, magazine Portrait Photographer- family,
weddings Freelance- product photography,
fashion Architecture Photographer Landscape Photographer
Photography as Social ChangePhotography as Social Change People who wanted to bring
about social change began to use photography for their causes.
Jacob Riis- New York newspaper reporter- wrote and photographed desperate living conditions of immigrants in slums.
Book- How the Other Half Lives
Photography as Social ChangePhotography as Social Change Lewis Hines- used
Photography to change child labor laws in the U.S.
Produced images of the many dangers of working in mines and factories.
Because of his photography, the laws were changed.
FSA
1935 - Farm Security Administration hires Roy Stryker to run a historical section. Stryker would hire Walker Evans, Dorothea Lange, Arthur Rothstein, et al. to photograph rural hardships over the next six years.
Photojournalists of the 20th Century…Photojournalists of the 20th Century…
Walker Evans- Great Depression 1935
Dorothea Lange Migrant Mother 1936
Photojournalist of the 20th CenturyPhotojournalist of the 20th Century
Robert Capa- Falling Soldier, 1936
Margaret Bourke-White War Photographer- 1945 Concentration Camp- Buchenwald, Germany
Life Magazine, the most prestigous for photographers at the time
Portrait PhotographyPortrait Photography Nadar- first great
portrait photographer Produced formal,
eloquent portraits of the artists, writers, and actors of the time.
1855- patented the idea of using aerial photographs in mapmaking and and surveying.
1863- Nadar
Portrait PhotographyPortrait Photography
Photography would replace painting as the primary medium of portraits.
Photography was inexpensive and became common place.
1859- portrait of Sarah Bernhardt, the most famous actress in the history of the world.- Nadar
Landscape PhotographersLandscape Photographers
Ansel Adams: Tetons and the Snake River- 1942
Brett Weston: Dunes 1946
Recent advances
1985: Minolta markets the world's first autofocus SLR system (called "Maxxum" in the US
1987: The popular Canon EOS system introduced, with new all-electronic lens mount
History of Digital PhotographyHistory of Digital Photography Two inventions made the
miniaturization of computers a reality:
1947- transistors 1959- integrated circuits These advances paved the
way for computers to become smaller.
History of Digital PhotographyHistory of Digital Photography Invention of the imaging chip 1970- CCD (Charge-Coupled Device)
invented by George Smith and Willard Boyle at Bell Laboratories.
They were trying to invent a solid-state camera phone
Their invention became the basis for all video cameras and eventually digital cameras, copiers, fax machines, and scanners.
First film-less camerasFirst film-less cameras Were electronic Video cameras
that captured still images.
1981-Sony Mavica
1986- Cannon RC-701
First film-less camerasFirst film-less cameras 1990- first black
and white only digital camera with a small, one-tenth of a mega pixel (MP) sensor.
Also first year Photoshop was released.
Logitech Photoman
Logitech Dycam Model 1
Consumer oriented camerasConsumer oriented cameras 1994- Apple QuickTake
100 Could record up to eight
color images (640 X 480 pixels) in its internal memory.
At the time, over 12 billon was spent on photography in the U.S.
Logitech Photoman
Digital SLR’sDigital SLR’s 1999- Nikon came
out with the first totally original digital SLR (DSLR)
Nikon D1 SLR, 2.74 megapixel for $6000,
2004: Kodak ceases production of film cameras
2005: Canon EOS 5D, first consumer-priced full-frame digital SLR, for $3000
Nikon D1
And the rest is History!And the rest is History!
Careers Related to Photography TodayCareers Related to Photography Todayhttp://www.khake.com/page45.html•Editorial Photographer
•Camera Equipment Repairers
•Film editing
•Photo Imaging careers
•Photographic Equipment Technicians
•Photographic Processor
•Photojournalist
•Professional Photographer
•Scientific Photographer
•Special Effects Technician
•Fashion Photographer
•Wedding Photographer
•… and much, much more. Follow the link…