History 2020 Study Guide

1. Black codes- laws passed in the south during 1865 and 1866 that restricted black freedom and compelled them to work in a labor economy

2. Carpet Baggers- Northerners who moved to the south during reconstruction to take advantage of the profitability to be had from the instability of their economy.

3. Scalawags-Southerners who supported reconstruction and the republican party after the Civil War

4. Great Compromise of 1876-Unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 election (Hayes vs. Tilden). Rutherford won and Reconstruction ends and removes troops from the South.

5. Free Labor Ideology-The belief that labor should result in independence and wealth distribution.

6. Big Die-up- Blizzard between 1886-1887 that caused all the steer to die. 7. The Birth of a Nation- 1915 silent film depicting the relationship of a pro-union and

pro-confederacy family during the civil war and reconstruction era.8. Jim Crow Laws- Laws enacted by the Gov’t that enforced a separate but equal policy for

blacks and whites.9. Plessy v. Ferguson- Court decision that upheld the Jim Crow Laws.10. Lost Cause Ideology- The Confederates fought because they believed they were right,

not because they thought they were going to win.11. The gilded Age- time of rapid economic growth during the 1870s-1900s.. was good for

the richest but terrible for the poor.12. Mark Twain- greater writer during the late 1800s and early 1900s, wrote adventures of

tom sawyer and huck finn, coined the term gilded age, blah.13. The second industrial revolution- technological revolution which was characterized by

large railroad use, increased production of steel and iron, use of steam power, use of oil, and the beginning of electricity.

14. Sitting Bull- Led the Lakota during resistance of US. Helped inspire people to defeat George Custer during the battle of Little Big Horn

15. Ghost Dance- Religious movement started by Native Americans that preached that proper practice of the religion would bring harmony to the Indians.

16. L. Frank Baum- author of the wizard of oz.17. Dawes Act- act that allowed the President to divide native American lands into

allotments for each individual tribe. 18. Frederick Jackson Turner – author of essay “the significance of the Frontier in

American History” which argued that the western frontier shaped American democracy from the colonial era until 1890.

19. Robber Barons- American men who amassed their wealth by exploiting others during the 1800-1900s.

20. The walking city- idea proposed by Ron Herron to build large robtic structures that would be able to move their resources to wherever needed.

21. Bohunks- A lower class immigrant from Central Europe (Bohemians)22. The Ocala Demands- Series of demands made by the Southern Farmers’ Alliance

(Colored Farmers’ Alliance and Farmer’s Mutual Benefit Association) Called for the abolition of national banks and the establishment of subtreasuries.

23. Graduated income tax- A tax rate in which the tax rate increases as the base taxable amount increases

24. William Randolph Hearst- Built the largest newspaper chain, helped create Yellow Journalism.

25. Social Darwinism- Theory that arose in 1870s that the strong should see their power and wealth increase while poor should see power and wealth decrease.

26. Jacob Riis- Author of “How the Other Half Lives” exposed the terrible conditions of tenet house conditions.

27. Populism- ways of appealing to the interests and conceptions (fears) of the general population by contrasting their interests with those of the elite.

28. Eugene Debs- American Union Leader and founder of the Industrial workers of the world foundation, and 5 time candidate for the socialist party.

29. William Jennings Bryan- 3 time candidate for the Democratic party, was an enemy of national banks and Darwinism.

30. Alfred Thayer Mahan- huge supporter of sea power, wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

31. Emilio Aquinaldo- First President of the Phillipines, Led the Phillipinos against the Spanish in latter part of Phillipine revolution and against US in Phillipine-American War.

32. Philippine Insurrection- Armed conflict between Filipino Revolutionaries and the US33. Exodusters- name given to African Americans who migrated from states near the

Mississippi River to Kanas organized by Benjamin Singleton.34. Ida Wells- African American Journalist, women’s rights and civil rights advocate.

Documented lynching as being used to crush blacks competing with whites.35. Booker T. Washington- Dominant leader of the African American community from

1890-1915, focused on self-help and building the African community instead of challenging Jim Crow Laws. Authored the Atlanta Compromise.

36. W. E. B. DuBois- Cofounder of the NAACP, First African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard. Insisted on full civil rights in contrast to Booker T. Washington.

37. Muckrakers- Reform-minded journalists who wrote to expose social ills and corruption in the 1900s.

38. “The Wobblies”- Term given to members of the Industrial Workers of the world foundation, which sought to create one big union for all social workers to supplant capitalism and fight for fair wages.

39. Albert Parsons- American socialist and later anarchist. Convicted of bomb attack on police known as the Haymarket Affair.

40. Haymarket Affair- bombing that took place during a labor demonstration that resulted from the killing of several workers by police.

41. Tom Watson- Leader of the populist party, nominee for vice president for William Jennings Bryan

42. Ludlow Massacre- Attack by Colorado National guard on a tenet colony of 1200 striking miners.

43. Moral Imperialism- policy of extending a country’s influence by means of colonization either by military force or other means.

44. Upton Sinclair- Muckraking journalist who is most famous for his book “the jungle” which exposed the conditions in the US meat packing industry

45. The bully pulpit- a noticeable position that provides the opportunity to speak out and be heard.

46. Jane Addams- one of the most prominent reformers in Progressive era, received nobel prize, founded Hull House which provided healthcare and shelter to the poor.

47. The Bull Moose Party- party led by Theodore Roosevelt following his split from the Republican party.

48. Clayton Antitrust Act- Part of series of antitrust laws developed by united states which sought to further reduce power of trusts.

49. Keating-Owen Act- prohibited the sale of goods produced by factories that employed children under the age of 14.

50. The Roosevelt Corollary- addition to the Monroe doctrine by Theodore Roosevelt that stated that the United States would intervene in European conflicts to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers.

51. Pancho Villa- One of the most prominent Mexican revolutionary generals.52. Taylorism- theory of management developed by Frederick Taylor that analyzes and

synthesizes work flows, thus increasing productivity. 53. Five dollar day- Annoucement by Henry Ford that improved his worker’s wages to 5

dollars, more than double the current wage.54. Dearborn Independent- Newspaper established in 1901 but published by Henry Ford 55. Zimmermann Telegram- Proposal by Germany for Mexico to join an alliance with them

should the US enter WW156. Alvin C. York- Soldier during world war 1 that attained the medal of honor by attacking

a german machine gun nest, killing 28 and capturing 132.57. Espionage and Sedition Acts- passed during 1917 and was intended to prohibit

interference with the US military, prevent insubordination, and prevent support of US enemies during wartime.

58. Palmer raids- attempts by the US to arrest and deport radical leftists, especially anarchists.

59. Niagara Movement- Black civil rights organization led by WEB dubois which called for opposition to Racial Segregation.

60. Great Migration- movement of 6 million African Americans out of rural southern US to the urban Northwest, West, and Midwest that occurred between 1910 and 1970.

61. Red Summer- race riots that broke out in more than 3 dozen cities in the US in which whites attacked blacks.

62. Marcus Garvey- Jamaican political leader who was a staunch supporter of Black Nationalism and called for the return of blacks to their ancestral lands.

63. “Old Immigrants”- Immigrants from northern or Western Europe who were skilled laborers and were quick to assimilate. Were also protestant and experienced in democracy.

64. Paternalism- limiting a certain person or group’s liberty for the good of that person or group. Expresses superiority.

65. Frederick Winslow Taylor- founder of taylorism, which is the scientific management of businesses.

66. Sacco-Vanzetti- Italian anarchists who were convicted of killing 2 men during an armed robbery, wrongfully convicted.

67. Tom Shutt-Youngest son and athlete who becomes radicalized in college and begins organizing for the United Automobile Workers (UAW)

68. Will Rogers- One of world best-known celebrities during great depression in 1920s. 69. The Man Nobody Knows-Story by Bruce Barton. Says Jesus was a super salesman that

spread Christianity around the world rapidly.  70. Washington Naval Arms Conference-Treaty between a lot of major powers to reduce

their weaponry and money spent on weapons. Attempt to prevent war71. The Lost Generation-time period of american writers in the 20s who moved to europe to

find the meaning of life. fitzgerald, hemmingway72. Harlem Renaissance-an African American cultural movement during the 1920's.

African americans felt safe expressing themselves. Birth of Jazz. Gathering of black artists and musicians.

73. Consumerism-a social order that is based on a desire to purchase goods and services in ever greater amounts.

74. Huey Long-Radical populist, governor of Louisiana, believed in sharing the wealth around and free college education, shot and killed before he can run for president.

75. John Maynard Keynes-British economist; believed that governments could prevent economic downturns by spending money to increase economic output

76. Fireside chats-Radio talk by F.D.R. during the Depression. talked about issues to the american people. helped increase presidential power

77. Andrew Mellon-Secretary of the treasury, wanted to reduce taxes on the rich to promote business investment

78. The New Deal-deal roosevelt created to stabilize the US economy during the Great Depression. Provided food, housing, and created jobs. didn't end great depression, but helped

79. Works Progress Administration-Employed people to work on public projects (Buildings, streets, parks, etc.). Eventually employed nearly 40% of nations workers.

80. The Dust Bowl-Dry weather caused drought, couldn't farm anymore. many moved to california.

The Wagner Act-granted right of every worker to join union farmers, unions became legal.

81. John Collier-commissioner of Indian Affairs 1933-1945. increased number of indian workers.

82. Abner Shutt-Worked with Henry Ford. workaholic83. New Nationalism-a strong government to: protect the middle and working classes,

promote equality 84. New Freedom-Woodrow Wilson's message pledging to use gov power to destroy big

businesses and give smaller ones a greater ability to comptete

85. The Battle of Veracruz (1914)- US Marines who landed at Veracruz were met by gunfire from Mexican soldiers; a violent battle with many American and Mexican deaths. US win.