Historical view Psychology come from the study of two disparate yet connected fields, Philosophy and...
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Transcript of Historical view Psychology come from the study of two disparate yet connected fields, Philosophy and...
Historical view
• Psychology come from the study of two disparate yet connected fields, Philosophy and biology.
Modern View
• Psychology is the study of behavior (in its broadest context).
Philosophical view
• The Platonic allegory of Cupid and Psyche, the passions that rule mankind.
Classical religious people
• The soul as seen from the hands of Augustine and Aquinas
Two ways at looking at man and how he interprets his world
• Socratic/Platonic view.
• All knowledge is already contained in the individual.
• Do not use your sensory experience to understand the world around you.
Meno’s Slave
• Through question and answer Socrates showed that an untrained slave could show he understood the relationship between the hypotenuse and the two sides of a square.
Cave allegory
• Prisoners are chained to a wall.
• They see shadows on the wall and depict this as real.
• The shadows are only reflections of people before a fire outside the mouth of the cave.
The issue for Psychology
• What distinguishes the barbarian from non-barbarian?
• The non-barbarian is locked in argument with his fellow non-barbarian.
What is the argument all about?
• The answer to four specific questions.
Question 1
• The problem of knowledge: how is it that I know anything (reason).
Types of knowing
• Experiential knowledge
• Intuitive knowledge
Question 2
• What does one know?
• The problem of reason.
• What is the one thing each of you know without error?
• Your own existence.
• Descartes “Cogito ergo sum”
Question 3
• How should I behave, i.e. origin of individual conduct (morality)?
Question 4
The problem of governance?
Scope of Psychology
The organism as a whole
• How is the individual effected by…….?
The Central Nervous System (CNS)
• The brain and peripheral nervous system is the organ system of behavior.
• Anesthetize the brain anesthetizes behavior at all levels.
3 methods of studying the brain
• Record
Levels of analysis
• Single neurons
• Multiple neurons
• Thousands of neurons
Reading the Living Brain
• Electroencephalography -- EEG
(cont.)
Method 2
• Lesion: to cut or remove
An example
• Kluver – Busy syndrome in monkeys
• Removal bilaterally of the temporal pole in monkeys.
Behavioral Changes Post Surgery
• High Oral behavior
• Pacing in the light
• Passivity
• High sexual activity
Kling – Riggs study (cats)
• Again removal of the “tip” of the temporal pole
Behavioral changes
• Extreme well directed aggressiveness.
Method 3 of brain study
• Stimulation
Scientific Method
Develop an idea
The idea
• ASSUME: LEARNING IS A GENETIC PROCESS
Rework the idea until a testable hypothesis can be construed.
Reworked idea
• THE ABILITY TO RUN A MAZE WITH NO ERRORS IS GENETICALLY DETERMINED
• ASK THE QUESTION: WHAT IS THE MOST APPROPRIATE ANIMAL TO USE TO ANSWER THE QUESTION PROPOSED BY THE HYPOTHESIS?
• Humans?
• Rats?
• Fruit flies?
• Squid – Octopus?
• RATS WHO RUN A MAZE WITH THE FEWEST ERROR TRIALS ARE BETTER LEARNERS THAN RATS WHO MAKE MORE ERRORS IN THE SAME NUMBER OF TRIALS.
How do I manipulate genes?
How do I manipulate learning?
• Selective breeding manipulates genes:
• Breed fast learners to fast learners, slow learners to slow learners.
• Can the individual be used as its own control or do I need a control group.
• Use groups: fast learners against slow learners. After 20 generations there should be two groups of maze learners with no overlap between groups.
• What is the most appropriate statistical procedure I need to use.