Historical statistics of the United States, Colonial Times ... · of the United States" (based on...
Transcript of Historical statistics of the United States, Colonial Times ... · of the United States" (based on...
chapter Z
Colonial Statistics
Z 1-405. General note.
It would have been possible to distribute these series for
the colonial period among the chapters covering each of the
appropriate subject fields. It was felt, however, that a sepa
rate chapter especially organized to cover this period would be
more valuable in itself and would also provide a more suitable,
less-exacting context for the statistics, many of which are rela
tively roughhewn.
In the past, statistics for the colonial period were largely
dependent on compilations made during the 17th and 18th
centuries by historians such as Whitworth and Macpherson.
Present-day scholars, however, no longer solely rely upon such
compilations. They are ferreting out statistical information
from original records hitherto left unused in archives and
reconstructing statistical series of their own from other sources.
Only five of the tables presented here might be said to be
old standbys. Twenty-two are the work of modern scholars,
half reprinted as originally published, and half supplemented
by reference to other data.
Of those which never before have appeared in print, Stella
H. Sutherland compiled series Z 1-19; Jacob M. Price, series
Z 223-237 and part of series Z 238-240; J. R. House, series
Z 267-273; Austin White, series Z 388-405; and Lawrence A.
Harper (assisted by graduate students), the remainder.
The Public Records Office in London (sometimes hereafter
abbreviated PRO) contains many collections of records which
throw light on commerce between England and the colonies and
to some extent on the development of agriculture and man
ufacturing in the colonies, particularly when considered with
reference to the mercantilist laws passed by the mother coun
try, as has been done here. The laws in question are cited
at various points in the text below by reference to' their
regnal year and chapter numbers—for example, 5 Geo. II
c 22 (the fifth year of the reign of King George II, chapter 22).
The collections in the Public Records Office in London, which
are the original sources for much of the data presented here,
are identified there by title and call numbers. For example,
one collection is titled "American Inspector General's Ledgers"
and is further identified as "PRO Customs 16/1." The most
important of these collections or ledgers of imports and ex
ports are the following: The English Inspector General's
Ledgers (PRO Customs 3) ; the Scottish Inspector General's
Ledgers (PRO Customs 14); the American Inspector General's
Ledgers (PRO Customs 16/1) ; and the colonial naval office
lists (usually found in C. 0. 5).
The English, Scottish, and American Inspector Generals'
Ledgers are conveniently arranged for statistical purposes, but
are so voluminous that it is far more convenient to utilize
contemporary tabulations drawn from them when such sec
ondary sources are available. The lists kept by the naval
officers of that period (for the purpose of helping to enforce
the navigation laws) merely provide chronological data concern
ing the ships which entered and cleared port, together with
their cargoes and destinations.
The task of using the naval office lists has in some instances
been lightened by colonial newspapers, such as the South Caro
lina Gazette, which published data taken from customhouse
records. Also of general assistance in the preparation of many
series presented in this chapter are the compilations from
naval office lists prepared by a Works Progress Administra
tion project conducted at the University of California, entitled
"Trade and Commerce of the English Colonies in America,"
and referred to below as WPA compilations.
Z 1-19. Estimated population of American Colonies, 1610-
1780.
Source: Compiled by Stella H. Sutherland, Oakland City Col
lege, Oakland City, Indiana, chiefly from the following sources:
B. J. Brawley, A Short History of the American Negro, Mac-
Millan, 1913; Elizabeth Donnan (editor), Documents Illustrative
of the History of the Slave Trade to America, 4 vols., Carnegie
Institution of Washington, D.C., 1930-35; Evarts B. Greene and
Virginia D. Harrington, American Population Before the Feder
al Census of 1790, Columbia University Press, New York, 1932;
Stella H. Sutherland, Population Distribution in Colonial Amer
ica, Columbia University Press, New York, 1936; E. R. Turner,
"The Negro in Pennsylvania," Prize Essays of the American
Historical Association, Washington, D.C., 1911; Bureau of the
Census, A Century of Population Growth, 1909; Thomas J.
Wertenbaker, The Planters of Colonial Virginia, Princeton,
1922; and George W. Williams, The History of the Negro Race
in America From 1619 to 1880, 2 vols., New York, 1883. (Also,
a wide variety of source material was consulted for general
information.)
The original data were obtained from the reports of the
colonial officials to the Lords Commissioners of Trade and
Plantations. Not infrequently a census supplied sworn evi
dence of the number of inhabitants; for other reports, the
militia or the tax lists or both were used, commonly accom
panied by an estimate of the whole population as indicated
by the rolls or lists. Estimates made by colonial officials and
by other informed contemporaries who did not disclose the
figures upon which their conclusions were based have occasion
ally been included in these series. However, such estimates
were selected in accordance with the general pattern of popula
tion growth.
The ratio of the militia to the whole population was generally
1 to 5%, but there were many exceptions. In Massachusetts,
it was 1 to 6 in 1751 and 1 to 4 in 1763; in Connecticut, 1
to 6 in 1722 and 1756 and 1 to 7 in 1749, 1761, and 1774;
it was 1 to 6 in Virginia and 1 to 7 in South Carolina at
various times. No generalization can safely be made as to
the ratio borne by the northern polls and ratables and by the
southern taxables and tithables to the whole population of the
Colonies. In every Province the figure was different. In the
North, it ranged from 1 to 4 to 1 to 5% ; in Pennsylvania,
it was 1 to 7 in the 1750's, but 1 to 5.8 was the more common
figure; in Maryland and Virginia, where both male and female
slaves appeared on the tax lists, the ratio was 1 to 3 or 3.5
in the 17th century and 1 to 2.4 or 2.6 in the 18th century.
The North Carolina white taxables were multiplied by 4 and
the Negro taxables by 2.
The figures for Negroes for the 17th century, which are
doubtlessly too low, are largely estimates based upon references
486910 O - 60 - 49
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Z 20-75 COLONIAL STATISTICS
to purchase and sale, to laws governing slavery, and occasion
ally to reports of more or less exact numbers.
Z 20. Percent distribution of the white population, by nation
ality, 1790.
Source: American Council of Learned Societies, "Report of
Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population
of the United States" (based on studies by Howard F. Barker
and Marcus L. Hansen), Annual Report of the American His
torical Association, 1931, vol. I, Washington, D.C., 1932, p. 124.
Distribution was made primarily on the basis of family
names. For explanation of methods used, see source.
Z 21-34. Value of exports to and imports from England, by
American Colonies, 1697-1776.
Source: 1697-1773, Charles Whitworth, State of the Trade
of Great Britain in Its Imports and Exports Progressively from
the Year 1697, G. Robinson, London, 1776; 1774-1776, David
Macpherson, Annals of Commerce, Manufactures, Fisheries and
Navigation, vol. Ill, Mundell & Son, Edinburgh, 1805, pp. 564,
535, and 599.
The English Inspector General's Ledgers (Public Records
Office, London, Customs 2 and 3) provide the original source
for these figures. Unfortunately, Whitworth's erroneous title
has caused many to believe the figures relate to Britain rather
than to England but otherwise his volume has much value.
The source tables cover all countries and appear in two for
mats: One gives England's trade with any one country, an
nually; the other shows all the countries with which England
traded each year. Those interested in studying broader trends
will find value in the decennial averages in John Lord Sheffield,
Observations on the Commerce of the American States, 6th
edition, London, 1784. G. N. Clark's Guide to English Com
mercial Statistics, 1696-1782 (Royal Historical Society Guides
and Handbooks, No. 1, London, 1938) provides a valuable
history and analysis of the basic statistics and a useful ap
pendix which has a chronological list of statistical material for
1663-1783 and specifies where the data may be found.
Users of this material should note the basis on which the
values rest. Smuggling (which so often attracts greater atten
tion but which must always be considered commodity by com
modity, country by country) does not constitute a material
factor during the years under consideration. However, other
difficulties arise with respect to the question of the volume of
exports and the value of all the trade. The repeal of the
export duties on woolen manufactures in 1701 (11 W. Ill c 20)
and of the remaining export duties in 1721 (Geo. II c 15)
removed the penalty for false entries on exports, and some
merchants overstated their quantity for reasons of real or
fancied prestige—a practice which may have injected an ele
ment of error of about 4 percent (Clark, cited above, pp. 16,
27, and 35).
Another problem arose in determining the value of the
merchandise imported as well as exported. The authorities of
the early 18th century were greatly interested in the balance
of trade and at first tried to ascertain the real commercial
value of merchandise. However, the difficulties of doing so,
and the increasing recognition that there were intangible ele
ments which the records could not disclose, led to the abandon
ment of attempts to keep the values current by the end of
the second decade of the 18th century.
The so-called "official values" became stereotyped between
1705 and 1721 (Clark, cited above, pp. 17-23), a fact which
diminished their value for use in striking a balance of trade
but increased their usefulness as a rough-and-ready index of
the relative increase or decrease of the volume of trade.
See also general note for series Z 1-405.
Z 35-42. Value of exports to and imports from England by
New York, 1751-1775.
Source: Virginia D. Harrington, The New York Merchant
on the Eve of the Revolution, Columbia University Press, New
York, 1935, p. 354.
Foreign manufactures "In time" are those which could re
ceive a drawback (refund) of duties; "Out of time" are those
which could not. Outports are all ports in England other than
London.
Z 43-55. Tonnage capacity of ships and value of exports and
imports of American Colonies, by destination and origin,
1769 and 1770.
Source: David Macpherson, cited above in source for series
Z 21-34, vol. Ill, pp. 571-572.
The tonnage figures shown are those used commercially—
not those computed when the Royal Navy was purchasing
vessels (see text for series Z 56-75). The statistics given by
Macpherson are substantially the same as those given in Public
Records Office, London, Customs 16/1, except that Macpherson
put the 1769 inward-bound tonnage data for Southern Europe
in the West Indies column (and vice versa)—an error which
has been corrected here.
The value figures for 1769 provide only a rough-and-ready
index of the relationship among the different trades. Totals
include figures for the Islands of Newfoundland, Bahama, and
Bermuda (a factor which statistically makes only a minor dif
ference). These data are based on the official valuations used
in the customhouse which, according to Macpherson, consider
ably understate the true amount. This defect, however serious
for some purposes, does not destroy the value of the figures
for comparative purposes. Also, it must be remembered that
the value figures exclude the intercolonial coastwise trade
which the tonnage figures show to have been as large as any
other.
See also series Z 21-34, which provide a broader and more
representative base for studying the relative relationship of
the Thirteen Colonies' trade with England.
It should be noted that the use of these figures on volume
of the traffic for the various trades for estimating the amount
of shipping given full-time employment must allow for re
peated voyages of the same vessel.
Z 56-75. Number and tonnage capacity of ships outward and
inward bound, by destination and origin, 1714-1772.
Source: Compiled by Lawrence A. Harper, University of
California, from photographic copies of the naval office lists
in the British Public Records Office (C. O. 5), except for:
1714-1717, Boston, and 1715-18, New York City, E. B. O'Cal-
laghen, ed., Documents Relative to the Colonial History of
the State of New York, vol. V, Weed, Parsons, and Com
pany, Albany, 1855, p. 618; 1733 and 1734, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania Gazette for those years; 1752, Port Hamp
ton, Francis C. Huntley, "The Seaborne Trade of Virginia in
Mid-Eighteenth Century: Port Hampton," Virginia Magazine
of History and Biography, vol. LIX, No. 3, July 1951, pp.
302-303; 1763 and 1764, New York, and 1765 and 1766, New
York, Boston, and Philadelphia, see source for series Z 35-42,
pp. 356-358; and 1768-1772, all ports, American Inspector Gen
eral's Ledgers, Public Records Office, London, Customs 16/1.
Where the classification in Documents Relative to the Co
lonial History . . . did not correspond to that used here, the
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EXPORTS AND IMPORTS Z 76-125
necessary adjustments were made by reference to the Colonial
Naval Office lists (PRO C.0.5).
The colonial naval officers appointed to enforce the English
navigation laws as well as the collectors appointed by the
English Commissioners of Customs under the act of 1673
(25 Car. II c 7) were charged with reporting the entry and
clearance of ships as well as their cargoes. Many of the
copies of the naval office lists have survived from the 18th
century. When they have not, records of the names and
destinations of the ships (but not their tonnages) may be
obtained from the shipping news in the colonial newspapers.
Such data of entries and clearances provide the best rough-
and-ready index of the course of trade and its relative volume.
Although the figures concerning the entry of goods such as
molasses might be distorted by illicit trade, the severity of the
penalty (forfeiture) for failure to enter one's ship and the
difficulty of concealing the offense help to warrant the accu
racy of ship entry figures. Tonnage figures, however, present
a special problem. Ralph Davis in "Organization and Finance
of the English Shipping Industry in the Late Seventeenth
Century" (doctoral thesis, University of London, 1955) states
(pp. 476-479) that the tonnage as calculated when the English
Navy was contracting for the purchase of a vessel was 25 to
33 percent greater than the conventional "tons burden" re
corded in the customhouse books. Since the "tons burden"
figures for the same ship remain constant in the passbooks
and customs entries during the span of time here involved
(although not necessarily for all periods), the difference be
tween this purchase tonnage and the conventional tonnage will
ordinarily not affect use of the data shown here.
See also general note for series Z 1-405.
Z 76. Value and quantity of articles exported from British
Continental Colonies, by destination, 1770.
Source: David Macpherson, cited above in source for series
Z 21-34, vol. Ill, pp. 572-573, supplemented by American In
spector General's Ledgers, Public Records Office, London,
Customs 16/1.
Data do not include coastwise shipments as do the figures
in the American Inspector General's Ledgers (PRO Customs
16/1). Macpherson (see source for series Z 21-34) states
that he omitted fractional parts of the quantities but their
value is retained in the value column. Because of this and
an error which Macpherson saw but had no means of correct
ing, the value column may not be entirely comparable with
the quantity columns. The value figures are not the market
values (which Macpherson believes to have been higher) but
are the official customhouse values at the ports of exportation.
Customs 16/1 presents the quantities in all cases for a longer
time span, 1768-1772, but the data there are not so con
veniently totaled as in Macpherson.
See also general note for series Z 1-405.
Z 77-86. Coal exported from James River ports in Virginia,
by destination, 1758-1765.
Source: Howard N. Eavenson, The First Century and a
Quarter of American Coal Industry, Waverly Press, Inc., Balti
more, 1942, pp. 32-34, and WPA compilations (see general
note for series Z 1-405) of naval office lists at the University
of California.
These figures were compiled from the colonial naval office
lists by Eavenson. They represent only the years for which
records are complete in the case of both the Upper and Lower
James. Comparison with the colonial exports for 1768-1772
(compiled by Eavenson, p. 36, from PRO Customs 16/1) shows
that the James River shipments constituted the great bulk of
th° exports from the Thirteen Colonies. Out of a total of
2,798 net tons recorded, 1,220 net tons were shipped from the
Upper James, 180 from the Lower James, 1,100 from Nova
Scotia, 117 from New Hampshire, and only minor quantities
from other ports (which may have been used as ballast and
originally may have come from Great Britain).
Chaldrons were not converted into tons at the Newcastle
rate of 5,936 pounds equal to 2.97 net tons but on the
measure used after the Revolutionary War, a chaldron equaling
36 bushels or 1.44 net tons.
Z 87-107. Coal imported, by American ports, 1768-1772.
Source: American Inspector General's Ledgers, Public Rec
ords Office, London, Customs 16/1.
Chaldrons and bushels were converted to net tons as de
scribed in text for series Z 77-86.
The WPA compilations (see general note for series Z 1-405)
from the naval office lists show earlier entries of coal
in the several ports, from time to time. The great bulk came
from Britain, the remainder (except in the case of exports
from James River ports) apparently were transshipments, but
it is not until 1768 that records give a good cross section of
the traffic.
Z 108-121. Value of furs exported to England, by British
Continental Colonies, 1700-1775.
Source: Murray G. Lawson, "Fur—A study in English Mer
cantilism, 1700-1775," University of Toronto Studies, History
and Economics Series, vol. IX, University of Toronto Press,
Toronto, 1943, pp. 108-109.
As pointed out in the source, the fur trade is inextricably
interwoven with the manufacture of beaver hats. Thus, the
Hat Act of 1732 (5 Geo. II c 22) forbidding the exportation of
hats by any colony, combined with the enumeration of beaver
skins and furs in 1722 (8 Geo. I c 15), sought to protect the
English hat manufacturers. These series show the importance
to the English of their colonial supply of fur. Comparison of
these figures with those shown in series Z 21-34 will demon
strate the relative unimportance of fur in the colonial balance
of trade.
The source also specifies the different kinds and quantity of
fur England imported from the colonies and elsewhere, as well
as the quantity and value of the different markets of the
world—data given in even greater detail in the original tables
which Lawson has left with the WPA compilations at the
University of California in Berkeley.
See also general note for series Z 1-405.
Z 122-125. Indigo and silk exported from South Carolina and
Georgia, 1747-1775.
Source: Series Z 122-124, Lewis C. Gray, History of Agri
culture in the Southern United States to 1860, vol. II, Carnegie
Institution of Washington, D.C., 1933, p. 1024 (except 1766,
WPA compilations of colonial naval office lists, Public Records
Office, London, C. 0. 5; and 1768-1772, photographic copies
of the American Inspector General's Ledgers, Public Records
Office, London, Customs 16/1). Series Z 125, Lewis C. Gray,
cited above, vol. I, p. 187.
See also general note for series Z 1-405.
The data on indigo are reasonably complete. Although South
Carolina contemplated the production of indigo as early as
1672 little came of it, presumably because of the competition
from the British West Indies. When the British Islands began
to emphasize sugar rather than indigo, England had to depend
upon the French West Indies for her supplies of indigo until
South Carolina (thanks to the enterprise of Eliza Lucas) again
entered the field. The first successful crop in 1744 was
745
Z 126-222 COLONIAL STATISTICS
largely devoted to seed but South Carolina was soon exporting
in quantity. In due course, Georgia became a competitor but
British Florida did not enter the picture until late. Even
during the last 5 years of the colonial period British Florida's
production ranged only between 20,000 and 60,000 pounds
(Gray, cited above, vol. I, pp. 54 and 291-295).
The great bulk of indigo went to Britain (which wanted it
as a source of blue dye), not only because of its enumeration
in the act of 1660 (12 Charles II c 18), but also because of
the bounty England paid of 6 pence per pound (21 Charles
II c 30). However, Customs 16/1 and the WPA compilations
(see general note for series Z 1-405) show that minor quanti
ties went to other Continental Colonies. Gray's Carolina fig
ures, which were taken by him from an English source, appar
ently do not include coastwise shipments. This omission is
relatively unimportant since the coastwise figures for 1768-1773
(as shown in Customs 16/1) represented only 1.6 percent of the
total exports. The figures for Georgia (compiled by an Ameri
can customs official) include shipments coastwise as well as
to England—a matter of statistical significance as they con
stituted 5.1 percent of Georgia's total for 1768-1773.
Comparison of Gray's figures for 1747-1765 with those for
1768-1773 in Customs 16/1 suggests that Gray's figures are
not for Charleston and Savannah alone, as shown by his head
ings, but for South Carolina and Georgia. In the case of South
Carolina, the two series agree exactly in 1768, the one year
when we have figures from both sources. Since Gray's source
(British Museum, Kings Manuscripts, 206, f. 29) is the same
for the earlier years, 1747-1765, it seems probable that the
figures for these years also refer to South Carolina as a
whole.
Customs 16/1 does not conclusively answer the problem in
the case of Savannah. It shows for 1768-1772 that Savannah
was the only Georgia port exporting indigo except in 1772.
For this year, Gray's figures differ slightly from those shown
in Customs 16/1 for Savannah alone and also those for Georgia
as a whole. The decision to change the heading from Sa
vannah to Georgia rests upon the fact that Bernard Romans
(A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida, vol. I,
New York, 1775, p. 104) specifies Georgia rather than Sa
vannah.
Whether or not the figures are for Savannah or Georgia seems
statistically insignificant. In South Carolina, however, ports
other than Charleston provided 7.8 percent of that colony's
exports to England for 1768-1773. Whatever may be true of
Gray's figures, those given for 1768-1773 from Customs 16/1
do include all South Carolina ports and all of Georgia,
but the only figure available for South Carolina for 1766 (from
the WPA compilations) is for Charleston alone.
The figures on silk are from records compiled by the Georgia
Comptroller of Customs (Gray, cited above, vol. I, p. 187). See
also text for series Z 126-130.
Z 126-130. Silk exported and imported by North and South
Carolina, 1731-1755.
Source: Chapman J. Milling, ed., Colonial South Carolina,
University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, 1951, p. 104.
Despite vigorous efforts to encourage colonial silk produc
tion by both British and colonial governments, more silk moved
west than east across the Atlantic. Early figures gathered
by Gray (cited above for series Z 122-125, vol. I, pp. 184-187)
show that in 1654 Virginia reported the production of only
8 pounds; in 1656, 10 pounds (wound silk) ; in 1668, 300 pounds
(sent to Charles II, type unspecified) ; in 1730, 300 pounds
(raw), and that the Carolinas sent "several bales" to London
in 1710 and again in 1716. Georgia's first efforts succeeded
in sending only 20 pounds of silk to England in 1739. In
1741, she produced 600 pounds of cocoons (of which 16 pounds
made 1 pound of silk) as against 37 pounds of wound silk in
all the previous years of the colony. In 1749, the Salzburgers
(a religious colony of industrious peasants and artisans) alone
produced 762 pounds of cocoons and 50 pounds, 13 ounces, of
spun silk. In 1764, the Colonies' total product amounted to
15,212 pounds of cocoons. See also text for series Z 122-125.
The figures for the Carolinas (1731-1755) were taken from
British records and appear in Governor James Glen's Descrip
tion of South Carolina (Milling, cited above, p. 104).
Z 131-222. General note.
Iron was listed in colonial commerce as "pig iron" which
derived its name from the shape assumed by the molten iron
when poured from the furnace, after being separated from the
ore, and "bar iron" which consisted of malleable iron produced
in bloomeries or at the forge. Iron manufactures not specifi
cally described by name, such as anchors, axes, pots, nails,
scythes, etc., were listed as "cast iron" if poured into forms
and "wrought iron" if forged from malleable iron except in
the English Inspector General's records (PRO Customs 3)
where the term "wrought iron" seems to have included both
cast and malleable iron products.
The statistical picture of iron in the colonies can be recon
structed in part from data concerning iron works in the
colonies and in part from the records of colonial trade. The
beginning of this industry came early in the various American
colonies—in Virginia in 1622, Massachusetts in 1645, Connecti
cut in 1657, New Jersey in 1680, Maryland in 1715, Pennsyl
vania in 1716, and New York shortly before 1750. By 1775,
the colonies had at least 82 charcoal furnaces which produced
about 300 tons each, or a total of 24,600 tons, of pig iron and
more than 175 iron forges, some being bloomeries which made
bar iron directly from the ore. Most of them, however,
were refinery forges which used pig iron. Each of the 175
forges produced an average of 150 tons of bar iron a year,
or 26,250 tons in all. In addition, there were slitting mills
and other iron works.
Arthur C. Bining, in British Regulation of the Colonial Iron
Industry, cited below for series Z 131-135, p. 134, provides a
table comparing American production with the world total (see
text table I). These estimates include pig iron, cast iron
wares made at blast furnaces, and bar iron produced at
bloomeries directly from the ore.
Table I. Iron Production of American Colonies and the World
[In tang]
YearAmericanColonies
World
1800 45,00038,00030,00010,0001.500
400,000325.000210,000150,000100,000
1790 -._1775
1700
The figures shown in series Z 131-222 for the movement of
the various types of iron in commerce throw light on England's
efforts to encourage Americans to produce pig and bar iron
by freeing those products from import duties in England, and
to limit further manufacture by prohibiting the erection of
any new slitting or rolling mills, tilt hammer forges, or steel
furnaces (23 Geo. II c 29; 30 Geo. II c 16). Iron was not
added to the list of enumerated products which could only be
shipped to Britain (or another colony) until 1764 (4 Geo. Ill
c 15), and even then the law only forbade shipments to
Europe.
746
EXPORTS AND IMPORTS Z 131-222
Comparisons of colonial production with export figures will
help provide estimates of the home market, which can be re
duced to an approximate per capita base by reference to
series Z 1-19.
See also general note for series Z 1-405.
Z 131-135. Pig iron exported to England, by colony, 1723-
1776.
Source: 1723-1755, and, series Z 131 only, 1761-1776,
Arthur Cecil Bining, British Regulation of the Colonial Iron
Industry, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1933,
pp. 126-133; 1756-1760, and series Z 132-135, 1761-1776,
English Inspector General's Ledgers, Public Records Office,
London, Customs 3.
Basically, all the figures come from the Inspector General's
accounts although Bining obtained his from House of Lords
MSS., No. 185, and Harry Scrivenor, Comprehensive History of
the Iron Trade, Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, Lon
don, 1841.
J. L. Bishop, A History of American Manufactures . . .,
cited below for series Z 153-158, p. 625, gives an earlier figure
when he states that the first iron sent to England from America
was from Nevis and St. Christopher, followed in 1718 by 3%
tons from Virginia and Maryland. Series Z 131 is that of
Bining and, where possible, footnotes explain the reasons for
differences between his totals and those of the extended figures.
The customs records were stated in terms of tons, hundred
weights, quarters, and pounds, but they have here been
rounded to tons.
Z 136-142. Pig iron exported from American Colonies, by des
tination and colony, 1768-1772.
Source: American Inspector General's Ledgers, Public Rec
ords Office, London, Customs 16/1.
The difference in total exports given in series Z 136 for
Great Britain and that in series Z 131 for England should
reflect trade with Scotland except for the variation in terminal
dates and the lapse of time required to cross the Atlantic.
The trade, however, seems to have been minor. J. L. Bishop,
A History of American Manufactures . . ., cited below for
series Z 153-158, p. 628, gives figures showing that the pig
iron exported to Scotland totaled only 264 tons in the 10 years
from 1739 to 1749 and 229 tons in the 6 years from 1750 to
1756.
No figures are available for pig iron imported from England
by the colonies. Such imports were probably negligible.
Z 143-152. Pig iron imported by American Colonies from
other Continental Colonies, 1768-1772.
Source : See source for series Z 136-142.
In addition to the colonies shown, these series also cover
New Hampshire, New Jersey, Georgia, and Florida. However,
these colonies imported no pig iron for 1768-1772.
Z 153-158. Bar iron imported from England, by American
Colonies, 1710-1750.
Source: 1710-1735, J. L. Bishop, A History of American
Manufactures From 1608 to 1860, vol. I, Edward Young & Co.,
Philadelphia, 1861, p. 629; 1750, English Inspector General's
Ledgers, Public Records Office, London, Customs 3.
Shipments of bar iron from England to the Colonies declined
sharply in the last quarter century before the Revolution.
Figures are not available for 1736-1749 to determine when
the decline first became evident.
Imports were relatively few after 1750. The English and
American Inspector Generals' Ledgers show that New England
imported 6 tons in 1764, and again in 1769, and 1,053 bars in
1773. South Carolina imported 19 bars in 1770 and 3 hundred
weight in 1773.
Z 159-164. Bar iron exported to England, by colony, 1718-1776.
Source: 1718-1755, and series Z 159, 1761-1776, Bining,
cited above for series Z 131-135, pp. 128-133; 1756-1760, and
series Z 160-164, 1761-1776, English Inspector General's
Ledgers, Public Records Office, London, Customs 3.
The original sources show data in tons, hundredweights,
quarters, and pounds, but they have here been rounded by
Lawrence A. Harper (University of California) to the nearest
ton.
The source indicates that no bar iron was exported during
1710-1717 and for years which have been omitted in these
series.
Z 165-178. Bar iron imported by American Colonies from
other Continental Colonies, 1768-1772.
Source : See source for series Z 136-142.
Z 179-188. Bar iron exported by American Colonies, by des
tination and colony, 1768-1772.
Source : See source for series Z 136-142.
The difference in total exports given in series Z 179 for
Great Britain and those in series Z 159 for England should
reflect exports to Scotland, except for the variation in terminal
dates and the lapse of time required to cross the Atlantic.
According to J. L. Bishop, these exports were minor—only
11 tons from 1739 to 1749 (see text for series Z 136-142).
Z 189-202. Cast iron imported and exported by American
Colonies, by origin and destination, 1768-1772.
Source : See source for series Z 136-142.
Additional information may be obtained concerning imports
from England in the English Inspector General's Ledgers (PRO
Customs 3) and in the WPA compilations (see general note
for series Z 1-405) of the colonial naval office lists. English
exports to the Colonies list, in addition to the generic heading
"cast iron," such items as ordnance, iron pots, melting pots,
and Flemish iron pots. The WPA compilations show an
active coastal trade in pots as well as a surprisingly large
quantity of sugar pots and sugar molds going to Kingston,
Jamaica, especially from Philadelphia.
The figures for 1769-1771 may include some shipments from
Scotland but the amounts probably are negligible.
Source also indicates additional minor quantities of cast iron
exported to Southern Europe, Wine Islands, and West Indies.
Z 203-210. Wrought iron imported from England by Ameri
can Colonies, 1710-1773.
Source: 1710-1735, Bishop, cited above for series Z 153-158,
p. 629; 1750-1764, and 1773, English Inspector General's
Ledgers, Public Records Office, London, Customs 3; 1769-1771,
see source for series Z 136-142.
The figures for 1769-1771 may include some shipments
from Scotland but the amounts probably are negligible.
The American Inspector General's figures for 1768-1772
(PRO Customs 16/1) disclose no exports of wrought iron from
the Colonies to England, but the figures do show some ship
ments to the West Indies.
Z 211-222. Selected iron products imported and exported by
American Colonies, 1768-1772.
Source : See source for series Z 136-142.
Figures are probably underestimated since the items in
cluded may have been listed under more general designations.
The colonists were not necessarily dependent upon importation
747
Z 223-253 COLONIAL STATISTICS
but may have manufactured their own nails and other articles
from bar iron which was either home-produced or imported.
Since colonial imports of axes and scythes came so pre
dominantly from the other colonies, and steel and nails from
Great Britain, no note has been taken of the negligible impor
tations of these items from other sources.
Z 223-253. General note.
Colonial statistics concerning production and consumption of
tobacco have not been developed yet, and perhaps they can
never advance beyond the rough estimate stage. For the
present, only general deductions from export statistics and
other evidence can be made.
Figures for trans-Atlantic shipments of tobacco in the 17th
century leave much to be desired (see text for series Z 238-
240) but those for the 18th century are reasonably satisfactory.
The 18th century statistics of English imports rest upon con
temporary compilations from customhouse entries. The fig
ures for Scotland are less exact and in the early years they
do not rise above mere estimates. However, Scotland's to
bacco imports were relatively minor in those years. Fortu
nately, as their relative importance grew, the Scottish statistics
became more reliable.
British imports represented virtually all the colonial exports.
The figures given in series Z 223-229 and Z 230-237 give the
landed weight in Britain. Due to the tobacco's loss of moisture
while crossing the Atlantic, the landed weight in Britain is
about 5 percent less than the shipping weight in America
(Arthur P. Middleton, Tobacco Coast, the Mariners' Museum,
Newport News, Va., 1953, p. 104; Rupert C. Jarvis, Customs
Letter-Books of the Port of Liverpool, 1711-1813, the Chetham
Society, Manchester, 1954).
Unfortunately, the English Inspector General's Ledgers of
Imports and Exports (PRO Customs 3) do not differentiate
between shipments from Virginia and Maryland as do the
Scottish (PRO Customs 14) and the American (PRO Customs
16/1).
The validity of British statistics as a reflection of the Amer
ican tobacco trade depends, of course, upon colonial obedience
to the regulations requiring shipment (with minor exceptions)
of colonial tobacco to England (Britain after 1707)—at first
by royal order and after 1660 by the Navigation Act of 12 Car.
II, c 18.
Until the English drove the Dutch from New Netherland
(first in 1664 and finally in 1674) great opportunities existed
for illicit trade in America. The rules also appear not to have
been consistently enforced in Europe (see text for series
Z 238-240). In the 1680's there was a flareup of illegal
shipments to Ireland but it reflected a sudden change in the
law. The offending vessels were apprehended and the great
bulk of the Irish trade thereafter seems to have followed
legal channels. There were lurid accounts of smuggling to
Scotland at the turn of the century but the quantity of tobacco
involved should be viewed in proportion to the trade as a
whole. One cannot reasonably expect the illegal shipments at
that time to exceed the shipments made a decade later with
full sanction of the law. In fact, the illegal shipments pre
sumably were much less because Scotland as a whole at the
end of the 17th century had only one-fourth of the shipping
it had within 5 years after direct trade was permitted. The
Clyde ports, which were most concerned with the American
trade, had only one-tenth of their later shipping (L. A.
Harper, The English Navigation Laws, Columbia University
Press, New York, 1939, pp. 260-261). In view of this differ
ence in the shipping available, the volume of illegal trade
would seem not to have been more than 250,000 pounds, and
a comparison with series Z 223-229 shows that it represented
at most 1 percent of the tobacco crossing the Atlantic lawfully.
During the 18th century there was undoubtedly some smug
gling of tobacco but it does not seem likely to impair the valid
ity of the colonial import statistics. The illicit trader's greatest
profit did not lie in evading the provisions of the Navigation
Act but in escaping the high taxes laid on tobacco in England.
The most effective technique consisted in importing the tobacco
and reexporting it legally to a nearby port (such as the Isle
of Man) whence small craft could "run" it ashore again duty
free (for details, see Jacob M. Price, The Tobacco Trade and
the Treasury, 1685-1733 : British Mercantilism in its Fiscal
Aspects, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University,
1954).
American historians have pointed to the small amount of the
"plantation duties" collected on intercolonial trade as evidence
of the breakdown of the laws. If the American colonists con
sumed the 5 pounds per capita of the Bermudians in the
early 18th century, the 2 pounds of the English at the beginning
of the 18th century, or even their 1 pound per capita at the
end of the 18th century (Alfred Rive, "The Consumption of
Tobacco Since 1600," Economic Journal Supplement, Economic
History Series, vol. I, Jan. 1926, p. 63; H. C. Wilkinson, Ber
muda in the Old Empire), Oxford University Press, London,
1950, p. 14), the colonies would have provided a sizable market
of 2,000,000 to 10,000,000 pounds at the time of the Revo
lution. But that is a figure which can and must be greatly
discounted. In the first place, it should be cut in half be
cause the southern colonies had about half the population
and provided their own source of supply. Similarly, allow
ance must be made for tobacco produced in the north
ern colonies. Pennsylvania, Delaware, New York, Rhode
Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts all at one time or
another grew tobacco (George L. Beer, The Origins of the
British Colonial System, 1578-1660, Macmillan, New York,
1908, p. 88; J. B. Killebrew, Report on the Culture and Curing
of Tobacco in the United States, Department of the Interior,
Census Office, Washington, D.C., 1884, pp. 147 and 237;
Vertrees J. Wyckoff, Tobacco Regulation in Colonial Maryland,
Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and
Political Science, Extra Volumes, New Series, No. 22, Balti
more, 1936, pp. 37, 38, and 65). Philadelphia, Lewes, and New
Castle appear in the WPA compilations (see general note for
series Z 1-405) as suppliers to other ports like New York and
Boston. New York itself exported tobacco (and even more
snuff) coastwise as well as to England, and the exports from
New England continued large even into the 1750's. In the
1760's, Rhode Island tobacco crops provided surpluses sufficient
to warrant shipping 200,000 pounds to Surinam, a colony in
South America (James B. Hedges, The Browns of Providence
Plantations, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1952, pp.
30-40).
It need not be assumed that the colonists were averse to
violating the law. -It may be that violations on a significant
scale were not good business. The fact that the 200,000 pounds
of Rhode Island tobacco sent to Surinam went there illegally
means little. It was a type of tobacco not in general demand
and constituted less than one-third of one percent of the annual
legal trade.
748
EXPORTS AND IMPORTS Z 223-240
Z 223-229. Tobacco imported by England, by origin, 1697-
1775.
Source: Compiled by Jacob M. Price, the University of
Michigan.
The basic sources used by Price are the same as those
used by him for his doctoral dissertation (see below).
The English Inspector General's Ledgers (PRO Customs 3),
which are the original source of the data, distinguish between
entries in London and in the rest of the Kingdom (the out-
ports) but Price has combined them in the interest of saving
space.
Z 230-237. American tobacco imported and reexported by
Great Britain, 1697-1775.
Source: Jacob M. Price, The Tobacco Trade and the Treas
ury, 1685-1 7S3: British Mercantilism, in its Fiscal Aspects,
unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, 1954.
The basic sources of the data for England in Price's doctoral
dissertation were the Inspector General's Ledgers of Imports
and Exports (PRO Customs 2 and 3) except as follows (see
general note for series Z 1-405 for an explanation of the call
numbers which follow): 1703-1722, from PRO CO 390/5/47;
1717-1722, confirmed in PRO T. 1/281/18, BM Add. MS. 33,038
fol. 159; 1722 (London import only), from PRO T 64/276B/327;
1763-1769 (import only), from PRO T. 64/276B/328; 1770-
1773 (import only), from PRO T. 64/276B/332; 1770-1771 (ex
port), from PRO T. 64/276/330; 1772, 1774-1775 (import and
export), from PRO T. 17/1,3,4; 1773-1775 (export), from Adam
Anderson, An Historical and Chronological Deduction of the
Origin of Commerce, vol. IV, J. Walter, London, 1707-1709,
p. 447.
For Scotland, Price's data came from the Scottish Ledgers
of Imports and Exports (PRO Customs 14), except as follows:
1707-1711 (import and export), from PRO T. 1/39/29; 1715-
1717 (import and export), from PRO CO 390/5/13; 1721-
1724 (import and export), from PRO T. 1/282/23; 1725-1731,
1752-1754, 1763, 1769 (import and export), from PRO T.
36/13; 1738-1747 (import and export), from PRO T. 1/329 fol.
125.
Total imports and reexports for 1708-1731 and 1752-1754
were obtained by adding figures not strictly comparable with
each other. Scottish imports and reexports for 1708-1717 are
averages of estimates for several years.
Z 238-240. American tobacco imported by England, 1616-1693.
Source: 1616-1621, Vertrees J. Wyckoff, Tobacco Regulation
in Colonial Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Studies in
Historical and Political Science, Extra Volumes, New Series,
No. 22, Baltimore, 1936, pp. 20-36; 1622-1631, Neville Wil
liams, "England's Tobacco Trade in the Reign of Charles I,"
The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, October
1957, pp. 403-449; 1637-1640, Stanley Gray and V. J. Wyckoff,
"The International Tobacco Trade in the Seventeenth Century,"
Southern Economic Journal, VII, July 1940, pp. 18-25; 1663-
1693, compiled by J. M. Price from PRO CO 388/2 ff.7,13
(1663, 1669), B. M. Sloane MS.1815 ff.34-7 (1683-1689),
PRO T.l/36/9 fo.50 (1689-1693), and Gray and Wyckoff, cited
above (1672-1682).
The figures here are not as satisfactory as those given in
series Z 223-229 and Z 230-237. The total imports for 1686
and 1688 were obtained by adding figures not strictly compar
able with each other. Imports of the outports (English ports
other than London) for 1682-1688 are averages of estimates
for several years. In a few instances the figures from Gray
and Wyckoff include minor quantities of Spanish and Brazilian
tobacco.
As indicated in the general note for series Z 223-253, the
figures shown prior to the time when the Dutch were driven
from New Netherland should not be relied upon too greatly.
Rive (cited in source above, pp. 57-75) suggests that the
doubling of the London import figures between 1637 and 1638
may have been due to better patrolling of the Channel. There
is much evidence to show that the laws restricting tobacco
importations to London and excluding Spanish tobacco were
disregarded at least in part (Beer, cited above in general
note for series Z 223-253, pp. 197 ff ; Williams, cited in source
above, pp. 419-420; Wyckoff, cited in source above, pp. 32-34).
An alternate approach to studying the import figures is to
consider the estimates of tobacco which might be produced
or purchased. English proposals for limitations on tobacco
importation included the following: 55,000 pounds in 1620;
200,000 pounds in 1625 and 1626; 250,000 pounds in 1627;
600,000 pounds in 1635; and 1,600,000 pounds in 1638 (Beer,
cited above in general note for series Z 223-253, pp. 120, 138,
154, and 158). Virginia meantime wanted the King in 1628
to take at least 500,000 pounds annually and by 1639 sought
to reduce the tobacco crop to 1,500,000 that year and 1,300,000
pounds for each of the next two years (Killebrew, cited above
in general note for series Z 223-253, pp. 215-216) .
Another weakness of the figures for these series lies in
their failure to show which colonies supplied the tobacco; how
ever, other data provide some opportunities to estimate the
quantity which the various colonies contributed. Virginia and
Bermuda ran neck and neck in 1620 at 50,000 to 55,000
pounds each. In 1628, Virginia's shipments were twice those of
Bermuda, and thereafter Virginia drew far ahead (Beer, cited
above in general note for series Z 223-253, p. 120; and Wil
liams, cited in source above, pp. 421-449). Her production had
risen from 20,000 pounds in 1619 and went on to 18,150,000
in 1688 and 18,295,000 pounds in 1704 (R. A. Brock, "A Suc
cinct Account of Tobacco in Virginia, 1607-1790," in J. B. Kille
brew, cited above in general note for series Z 223-253, p. 224).
Bermuda's production increased to 500,000 pounds at the most
in the 1680's (George L. Beer, The Old Colonial System,
1660-1754, vol. II, Macmillan, New York, 1912, p. 91). At
the end of the century, Bermuda's exports to England became
negligible, and by the first quarter of the 18th century Ber
muda was importing from Virginia some of the 20,000 pounds
consumed by her population, which was estimated at 3,600
whites and 5,000 slaves in the 1680's (H. C. Wilkinson,
Bermuda in the Old Empire, Oxford University Press, London,
1950, p. 14).
The West Indies were said to have begun growing tobacco
as early as 1625; by 1628, reports show the shipment of about
100,000 pounds, but by the middle of the century sugar began
to take over as the predominant crop (Beer, The Origins . . .,
cited above in general note for series Z 223-253, pp. 89-90).
Meanwhile Maryland, which probably had produced no more
than 100,000 pounds annually by 1639 (Wyckoff, cited in source
above, p. 49), so increased her output that she contributed
about 36 percent of the combined Virginia-Maryland total in
1688—a percentage she approximated at the turn of the 17th
century (Margaret Shove Morriss, Colonial Trade of Maryland,
1689-1715, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and
Political Science, Series XXXII, No. 3, Baltimore, 1914, pp.
31-36) and during the period 1768 to 1773 (see series Z 248-
249).
In the Colonies further south, North Carolina was said to be
growing about 2,000 hogsheads, or 1,000,000 pounds, of tobacco
in the 1670's—an estimate which seems more generous than
the subsequent pattern of exports justifies (Beer, The Old
Colonial System, 1660-1754, cited above, vol. II, p. 195).
749
Z 241-280 COLONIAL STATISTICS
Z 241-253. American tobacco exported and imported, by origin
and destination, 1768-1772.
Source: Compiled by Lawrence A. Harper, University of
California, from American Inspector General's Ledger of Im
ports and Exports, Public Records Office, London, Customs
16/1.
Although they cover only a few years, these series provide
the only known comprehensive data which permit a complete
analysis of the pre-Revolutionary colonial tobacco trade.
In the source, some export figures for 1768 and 1770 for
Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina were shown in
hogsheads or barrels. When the weights of these units were
not indicated, they were converted to pounds by Harper, by
using the overage weights of these units as reflected in the
shipments to Great Britain from the respective colonies for
1768-1772.
Also, the source shows the South Carolina export to Great
Britain for 1771 as 433 hogsheads totaling 40,333 pounds.
This obviously is an erroneous ratio. Since the hogshead figure
is more comparable to other data shown here than the pounds
figure, the former is assumed to be correct. It has been
converted to pounds in the same manner as the 1770 export
figures mentioned above.
Z 254-261. Tea imported from England by American Colonies,
1761-1775.
Source: Compiled by Lawrence A. Harper, University of
California, from the English Inspector General's Ledgers, Public
Records Office, London, Customs 3.
Figures for tea imports shown in the American Inspector
General's Ledgers (PRO Customs 16/1) for 1768-1772 closely
approximate those shown here for the corresponding years
(O. M. Dickerson, The Navigation Acts and the American
Revolution, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia,
1951, pp. 99-100).
Z 262-280. General note.
Information on rice in the colonial period is limited primarily
to the material on the clean rice which entered commercial
trading. Presumably, the weight of this rice bore approxi
mately the same ratio to the rough rice of the plantation at
that time as it does now, that is, 100/162. There are no
known satisfactory statistics on rice production and only scat
tered data concerning domestic consumptipn. Lord Carteret
told the Board of Trade in 1715 that South Carolina "spent
in the country" one-third of the 3,000 tons of rice she was
producing at that time. By the pre-Revolutionary period,
comparison of total exports with net imports for 1769-1772
indicates that only 3 percent of total exports was consumed
in the nonrice-producing colonies.
The basic sources of statistics on clean rice in commerce
are the records of importations in the British Public Records
Office kept by the English Inspector General of Imports and
Exports (Customs 2 and 3, since 1696), by the Scottish In
spector General (Customs 14, since 1755), by the American In
spector General (Customs 16/1, 1768-1772), and the records
kept by the colonial naval officers (supplemented by those kept
by the deputies of the London Commissioners of Customs for
the comparatively few instances when these records have sur
vived).
Data from these basic sources appear in: Gray, History of
Agriculture . . ., cited above for series Z 122-125, pp. 1020-
1023; Francis Yonge, A View of the Trade of South Carolina,
London, 1722; C. J. Gayle, "The Nature and Volume of Ex
ports From Charleston, 1724-1774," The Proceedings of the
South Carolina Historical Association, Columbia, 1937, pp. 30-
31; G. K. Holmes, Rice Crop of the United States, 1712-1911
(Circular 34, Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Statistics,
1912) ; Francis Yonge, Narratives of the Proceedings of the
People of South Carolina, in B. R. Carroll, Historical Collec
tions of South Carolina, vol. II, Harper & Bros., New York,
1836, p. 156; The Case of the Province of South Carolina (Car
roll, vol. II, p. 265) ; Gov. James Glen, Description of South
Carolina (Carroll, vol. II, p. 26) ; "An Account of Sundry Goods
Imported and . . . Exported . . . From the First of November
1738 to the First of November 1739" (printed as a broadside
by P. Timothy, Charleston, 1739), Bernard Romans, Natural
History of East and West Florida, New York, 1775; and WPA
compilations from the Charleston Naval Office lists (see gen
eral note for series Z 1-405) .
Fortunately, the British records measure the quantities im
ported in hundredweights, but the American statistics usually
give only the number of barrels and other containers exported.
Where half-barrels were reported, the number was divided by
two and the result included in the barrel totals.
Miscellaneous units in the American figures have been con
verted to barrels. The term "cask" has been considered
synonymous with "barrel," following the usage of the American
Inspector General's Accounts for 1768, but the remaining
figures are rough approximations suggested by the weights of
other commodities as given in M. Postlethwayt, The Universal
Dictionary of Trade and Commerce, W. Strahan, London, 1774;
J. H. Alexander, Universal Dictionary of Weights and Meas
ures, D. Van Nostrand, New York, 1867, and the Oxford
English Dictionary. A tierce has been considered to equal
1% barrels; a hogshead, 2 barrels; a puncheon, 2% barrels;
a butt, 4 barrels; small barrels and small casks, Vz of a
barrel; seroons, boxes, and bags, % of a barrel; kegs, %;
and bushels, %. Colonial containers varied so greatly that
these estimates seldom, if ever, represented the exact relation
ship. When discussing weights and measures for other uses,
additional information should be obtained and corrections, as
may be necessary, should be made in the formulas employed
here. For present purposes, these maverick units constitute
such a negligible part of the whole that errors in estimating
their weight seem unlikely to exceed those involved in rounding.
The significant problem lies in determining the weight of the
barrel, the principal unit. Holmes (cited above, p. 4) stated
that it weighed 350 pounds in 1717; 400 pounds, 1718-1729;
and 500 pounds, 1730-1788, but as Gray (cited above, vol. II,
p. 1020) points out, these figures conflict with those given by
others. Although Governor Johnson of South Carolina stated
in 1719 that the average barrel contained about 350 pounds,
Francis Yonge, the collector at Charleston, gave the figure of
400 pounds for 1719-1721; a Savannah Rice Association study
declared it to be 325 pounds for 1720-1729; a contemporary
report in 1731 and Governor Glen of South Carolina in 1749
said the barrel contained 500 pounds, but other documents say
that it was 500-600 pounds in 1763; "something over 600
pounds in 1768-1769"; 550 pounds for 1764-1772; and 540
pounds net in 1772. O. M. Dickerson, The Navigation Acts and
the American Revolution (cited above in text for series Z 254-
261, p. 59) states that the formula used by the customs
service for converting barrels to hundredweight had each
barrel containing 4% hundredweight, or 504 pounds (but the
records do not disclose when the formula was calculated nor
how often it was revised) .
Fortunately, an examination of the surviving official statis
tics enables one to obtain averages calculated 'on broad bases.
The decennial totals for 1720-1729 and 1730-1739 (Gov. James
Glen, cited above) give both the number of barrels and the
750
EXPORTS AND IMPORTS Z 262-266
total weight shipped, showing the average barrel to weigh 373
pounds during the first decade and 448 pounds during the
second. Similarly, the naval office lists for 1756-1767, which
record both the number of barrels and pound weights shipped
to Southern Europe and the West Indies, give a weighted
average of about 525 pounds each for some 20,000 barrels.
Comparisons of the number of barrels shipped to Britain
from America with the weight recorded for the rice arriving
there provide another means of estimating the average weight
of the rice barrel. For present purposes, it can be assumed
to have been 350 pounds until 1720, and then to have risen 10
pounds a year until 1730, when it remained at a plateau of 450
pounds until after 1740; then it began to ascend at the rate
of 5 pounds a year until it reached its pre-Revolutionary peak
of 525 pounds in 1755. It must be remembered, however, that
the weight of the barrels might vary radically. New York's
Naval Office list for 1764 shows one shipment averaging 183%
pounds a barrel and another 698 pounds.
Z 262-266. Rice exported from producing areas, 1698-1774.
Source: Compiled by Lawrence A. Harper, University of
California, from references discussed below.
These series attempt to provide a comprehensive statistical
summary comparable to those available for the postcolonial
period. Barrels have been converted to pounds on the bases
described in the general note for series Z 262-280.
There was the problem of totaling the exports from the
three South Carolina ports (Charleston, Beaufort-Port Royal,
and Georgetown-Wynyaw) and those of Georgia. Shipments
from other colonies can be considered as having originated in
South Carolina and Georgia, except possibly those of North
Carolina, and even in this case most of the exports probably
went through South Carolina. In any event, North Carolina's
exports are grouped with South Carolina's shipments in the
English import figures, under the generic heading, "Carolinas."
Shipments to Scotland seem to have been infrequent and in
significant until the French and Indian War (1754-1763).
The Charleston figures, with the exceptions noted below, are
those compiled by Gayle (cited above in general note for series
Z 262-280) from the South Carolina Gazette, although his
figures for less than 12 months have been extended to full
year bases for 1750, 1756, 1757, 1763, and 1767. For 1698-
1724, the figures have been calculated on the assumption that
all American rice imports recorded in the English Inspector
General's Ledgers were equal to Vg of Charleston's total ex
ports, as suggested in 1719 by Francis Yonge, the customs
collector at Charleston, a conclusion corroborated by a com
parison of the WPA compilations of Charleston exports with
the English imports for 1717, 1718, 1719, and 1724, and by
Edward Randolph's remark in 1700 that Mo of Charleston's
exports went to the West Indies alone (Carroll, cited above
in general note for series Z 262-280). For 1731, the figures
come from the WPA compilations of the Charleston Naval
Office list (see general note for series Z 1-405), and for
1734 and 1758, directly from the South Carolina Gazette; for
1765, from the Charleston Year Book (1880) as copied by
Holmes (cited above in general note for series Z 262-280) ;
for 1766, from photographic copies of the Charleston Naval
Office list (PRO C. O. 5) ; for 1768-1772, from the American
Inspector General's Ledgers (PRO Customs 16/1); for 1773
and 1774, from Gray (cited above for series Z 122-125, p.
1022), although his partial figure for 1773 has been extended
to complete the year. The years terminate October 31 except
1698 (September 28); 1699-1724, 1731 (December 24); and
1768-1773 (January 4 of the following year).
Neither Beaufort-Port Royal nor Georgetown-Wynyaw (South
Carolina) seem to have had much importance until 1732. Al
though the former had its first collector in 1729, there was
a lapse of 2% years before his successor took over (PRO
AO 1/804/1038, AO 1/805/1039) ; and the latter appears to have
had its first collector in June 1732 (South Carolina Gazette,
June 24, 1732). Scattered naval office records show George
town exporting 385 barrels for the year 1734 and 509 for the
first quarter in 1735; and Beaufort, 342 during the first half
of 1736. In 1739, Georgetown exported 2,202 barrels and
Beaufort, 2,165 barrels (broadside, cited above, general note
for series Z 262-280), an approximate equality which also ex
isted in the period 1768-1772 (PRO Customs 16/1). For lack
of a better basis, their exports will be considered for present
purposes to have been equal from 1733 to 1768, when exact
figures are available and were used. In 1739, the exports of
the two together equalled GY2 percent of South Carolina's ex
ports—a percentage which dropped by 1769-1772 to 4.4 percent.
Thus, from 1739 to 1768, the Beaufort and Georgetown contri
butions have been assumed to be 5 percent of the total South
Carolina exports. A different formula was used for the years
prior to 1739, when their percentage was growing from the
2Y2 percent which they enjoyed in 1734 (calculated by doubling
the Georgetown figures which have survived for that year). On
the necessarily arbitrary assumption that the rate of increase
was uniform, the two ports each year from 1734 to 1739 added
0.7 percent to their share of South Carolina's exports. Ex
tending the same formula backwards, their share of the Caro
lina total was 1.8 percent in 1733 and 1.1 percent in 1732.
Romans, cited above, general note for series Z 262-280,
provides figures for Georgia for 1756-1767. A comparison
of his figures for Georgia's total exports with those of
receipts from Georgia in England (see series Z 274-280) for
the decade 1756-1765 shows a ratio of one barrel exported
for every 2.07 hundredweight received; and for 1740, 1742,
1750, and 1753-1755, the barrels shipped from Georgia have
been computed in accordance with that formula, on the basis
of English receipts (series Z 274-280). Figures for 1768-
1772 come from PRO Customs 16/1. In 1773 and 1774,
Georgia is assumed to have contributed 13.9 percent of the
total exports, as it did from 1768 to 1772. Years end Jan
uary 4 of the year following, except for the years for which
figures are calculated, as noted above. For those years, no
exact date can be assigned and the data are therefore not
strictly comparable.
The figures for 1768-1772 provide the best basis for the
later period, but for present purposes the 1768 list was not
included in the basic calculations described above because it
lacks data for coastwise exports; however, it provides the
best base for estimating the imports for that year. All that
need be assumed is that the ratio of the coastwise exports to
the other exports was the same in 1768 as the average of the
other four years.
The coastwise entries for 1769-1773 show both inward and
outward entries. Thus, to avoid duplications in the Carolina
and Georgia entries, only the net exports coastwise have been
included. This adjustment cannot be made prior to 1769, but
samples from the WPA compilations (see general note for
series Z 1-405) indicate that it is very minor.
The data for the various colonies are shown here, not because
the individual details are necessarily accurate, but in order
that scholars possessing more complete information may adjust
the figures wherever possible.
The object of presenting these series is to provide the best
possible pattern of the over-all development. The errors in
detail are as likely as not to offset one another. Except for
751
Z 267-297 COLONIAL STATISTICS
1713-1731, when the estimates of the size of the barrels
varied radically, the totals shown here should be within 5
percent of the true figure.
Z 267-273. Rice exported from Charleston, S.C., by destina
tion, 1717-1766.
Source: Compiled by J. R. House from the WPA compila
tions of naval office lists at the University of California,
Berkeley (see general note for series Z 1-405).
The differences in totals here and in series Z 262-266 may
result in part from the differences in year-ending dates, as shown
in the tabular headnotes.
Z 274-280. Rice exported to England, by origin, 1698-1776.
Source: Compiled by Lawrence A. Harper, University of
California, from English Inspector General's Ledgers of Imports
and Exports, Public Records Office, London, Customs 3 (except
1727, from PRO T.64/276B/323).
A large proportion of the exported rice was reexported by
England, not only to Northern but also to Southern Europe.
Z 281-303. General note.
The two basic sources for the study of the colonial Negro
are population statistics (see series Z 1-19) and commercial
statistics concerning slave importations. Although direct
knowledge of the colonial Negro's natural increase is scarce,
available evidence indicates that this increase must have been
considerable. It is reported in 1708 that about half of Boston's
400 Negro servants were born there, and Governor James Glen
of South Carolina stated in 1749 that the number of Negroes
in his colony increased rather than diminished during the nine
years when prohibitive taxes and war "prevented any from
being imported" (Elizabeth Donnan, ed., Documents Illustrative
of the History of the Slave Trade to America, Carnegie In
stitution of Washington, D.C., 1935, vols. Ill and IV, pp. 24
and 303, respectively). Otherwise, discrepancies between im
port and population figures (especially in later years) would
call for the existence of an illegal trade in Negroes of an
extent to which other evidence gives little support.
Donnan's Documents . . ., cited above, provides the greatest
single source on the subject of the slave trade. She supplies
references to many of the varied sources which provide such
knowledge as we have of the 17th century, most helpful of
which are the statistical reports prepared to help settle dis
putes between the Royal African Company and the separate
traders.
After the first quarter of the 18th century, data on the
slave trade usually rest upon the colonial naval office lists
(PRO C. O. 5). Colonial newspapers sometimes reported the
tallies which had been made in the customhouse; Donnan, Docu
ments . . ., cited above, reproduces the individual entries for
most of the lists which have survived, and the WPA compila
tions (see general note for series Z 1-405) give annual totals.
In preparing the series on slaves, photographic copies of the
naval office lists (PRO C. O. 5) were used when the Donnan
entries and the WPA compilations did not agree. It is im
portant to note, however, that the naval office lists report
importations by sea rather than overland movements of slaves.
Also, it is not always known how many of the Negroes sur
vived after their entry was recorded. The Virginia statistics
for 1710-1718 (Donnan, cited above, vol. IV, pp. 175-181) show
that of 4,415 Negro slaves entered, 231 died within the time
allowed to recover the duty and 103 were drawn back for
exportation—7.5 percent of the total importations.
In the case of the southern colonies, the statistics for Vir
ginia and South Carolina are reasonably complete; those for
Maryland and Georgia are spotty; and those for North Caro
lina are virtually nonexistent.
In New England the Negro population appears to have been
due to natural increase rather than extensive importations.
Governor Dudley of Massachusetts reported in 1708 that about
one-half of Boston's Negro servants were born there (Donnan,
cited above, vol. Ill, p. 24), and a comparison of the 1768-1773
trade figures (series Z 281-293) with the population figures
(series Z 1-19) suggests that natural increase had become
even more important than importations by the revolutionary
era.
In the middle colonies the first Negroes were probably
brought to New York from Spanish or Dutch prizes in 1625
or 1626. Dutch records are meager but show a consignment
of 5 in 1660 and another of 300 in 1664. After the English
conquest, New York for a time had an indeterminate trade in
slaves with the pirates of Madagascar (Donnan, cited above,
vol. Ill, pp. 405-406, 420, and 423). In Pennsylvania, the
number of slaves was always small and their entry often
discouraged by high taxes. Donnan (cited above, vol. Ill, pp.
408-409) believes that data about the slave trade there must
be sought in merchant's account books, newspaper advertise
ments, and items of ship news, some of which appear in Edward
R. Turner, "The Negro in Pennsylvania," Prize Essays of
American Historical Association, Washington, D.C., 1911. In
New Jersey, the slave trade centered in the eastern part of
the colony, but here too the number of slaves imported was
relatively small.
Z 281-293. Slave trade, by origin and destination, 1768-1772.
Source: Compiled by Lawrence A. Harper, University of
California, from the American Inspector General's Ledgers of
Imports and Exports, Public Records Office, London, Customs
16/1.
Z 294-297. Slave trade in Virginia, 1619-1767.
Source: 1619-1699, Elizabeth Donnan, ed., Documents Illus
trative of the History of the Slave Trade to America, Carnegie
Institution of Washington, D.C., 1935, vol. IV, pp. 4-6, 49-65,
and Philip A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia in the
Seventeenth Century, vol. II, Macmillan, New York, 1895, pp.
66-85; 1700-1726, Donnan, Documents Illustrative . . ., vol.
IV, pp. 173-187; 1727-1767, Donnan, vol. IV, pp. 187-234, and
WPA compilations of colonial naval office lists (see general
note for series Z 1-405).
The title of these series refers to "slaves" because that
was the status of most Negroes listed, but it should be re
membered that until the middle of the 17th century Negroes
came as servants, not as slaves. Unless otherwise noted, these
figures show the total trade at all Virginia ports. When one
or more quarters of a port's naval office lists are missing, the
total for the full year has been estimated, the calculations
resting upon a chronological or geographic extension—which
ever involved the least element of conjecture. The totals de
pend upon such estimates in all years after 1726 except 1737-
1740, 1743-1745, 1750, 1758, 1761-1762, and 1764, when full
records exist for all the ports except Accomack, which can be
disregarded because of its lack of direct participation in the
slave trade. No figure is given in which the total includes
more than 20 percent estimate.
In the case of slaves exported, the highly variable nature of
this trade did not warrant estimative totals. Of the slaves
exported, 1,055 went to Maryland, 12 to North Carolina, 9 to
Rhode Island, 8 and a shipment (number unspecified) to Bar
bados, 3 to Madeira, 2 to Great Britain, 2 to Georgia, and 1
to Boston.
752
TIMBER—WHALING—WAGES—PRICES Z 298-335
Z 298-302. Slave trade in New York, 1701-1764.
Source: 1701-1718, E. B. O'Callaghan, ed., Documents Rela
tive to tht Colonial History of the State of New York, vol.
V, Weed, Parsons & Co., Albany, 1855, p. 814; 1719-1764,
Donnan, cited above for series Z 294-297, vol. Ill, pp. 462-
509, and WPA compilations of colonial naval office lists (see
general note for series Z 1-405) .
Figures for New York for 1731 were partially estimated, for
missing quarters, by Lawrence A. Harper, University of Cali
fornia. The estimates were derived by obtaining the ratio of
the number of slaves imported for each quarter to the number
annually imported. This ratio was based on figures covering a
period of eight years in which quarterly data were available.
Z 303. Slaves imported into Charleston, S.C., 1706-1773.
Source: 1706-1726, 1749-1751, Donnan, cited above for
series Z 294-297, vol. IV, pp. 255, 267, and 301-302; 1727-
1739, WPA compilations of the colonial naval office lists (see
general note for series Z 1-405) ; 1752, South Carolina Gazette,
Charleston, S.C., October 30, 1752; 1753-1772, O. M. Dicker-
son, The Navigation Acts and the American Revolution, Uni
versity of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1951, p. 62; 1773,
Leila Sellers, Charleston Business on the Eve of the American
Revolution, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill,
1934, p. 132.
Z 304-307. Pitch, tar, and turpentine exported from Charles
ton, S.C., 1725-1774.
Source: 1725-1755, 1760-1764, 1767-1771, Charles J. Gayle,
"The Nature and Volume of Exports from Charleston, 1724-
1774," The Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical As
sociation, Columbia, 1937, p. 31; 1756-1759, 1765, 1772-1774,
South Carolina Gazette, Charleston, S.C., various issues.
The basic source for these series has been the South Carolina
Gazette, which obtained the figures from the customhouse
books and ran them as cumulative totals from November 1st
of most years. The editorial policy of the Gazette was not
consistent, however; it did not always list the same commodities
each year, and sometimes it discontinued the cumulative totals
before October 31st.
The WPA compilations (see general note for series Z 1-405)
from the English copies of these same records (PRO C. O. 5)
provide an alternate source for some years. They also dis
tinguish in detail the destination of the various shipments.
Z 308-313. Timber and timber products exported from
Charleston (S.C.) and Savannah, 1754-1774.
Source: Series Z 308-310, 1754-1755, 1760-1764, 1767-1771,
Gayle, cited above for series Z 304-307, p. 31; 1756-1759,
1765, 1772-1774, South Carolina Gazette, Charleston, S.C, vari
ous issues. Series Z 311-313, Oliver M. Dickerson, cited above
for series Z 303, pp. 26-27.
The original figures for Savannah were compiled by the
Comptroller at that port. For discussion of Charleston figures,
see text for series Z 304-307.
Z 314-317. Number of vessels engaged in whaling, and quan
tity and value of oil acquired, Nantucket, Mass., 1715-1789.
Source: 1715-1785, Obed Macy, The History of Nantucket,
Hilliard, Gray & Co., Boston, 1835, pp. 54-55 and 232-233;
1787-1789, U.S. Congress, American State Papers, Class 4,
"Commerce and Navigation" (two volumes), vol. I, Gales and
Seaton, Washington, D.C., 1832, p. 16.
The figures shown on pp. 232-233 of the source are stated
to be from the Massachusetts Historical Society's Collections.
Those on pp. 54-55 cite no authority; however, the Macy
family descended from the first settlers and Obed Macy's data,
which are generally consistent with information from other
sources, provide the best figures now available.
The development of whaling in Nantucket followed the
process typical of all the colonies [Walter S. Tower, A
History of the American Whale Fishery (publications of the
University of Pennsylvania, series in Political Economy and
Public Law, No. 20), Philadelphia, 1907]. The early settlers
first processed drift whales, then they engaged in the offshore
fisheries which probably reached their height at Nantucket in
1726 when 86 whales were taken (Alexander Starbuck, The
History of Nantucket, C. E. Goodspeed & Co., Boston, 1924,
p. 356). The first deep-sea venture occurred about 1712 when
a strong wind blew an offshore vessel to sea where it caught
a spermaceti whale (Macy, cited above, p. 36). By 1746, Nan
tucket whalers were making their way to Davis Straits and
by 1774 they were sailing as far away as the coast of Brazil
(Macy, cited above, p. 54).
The figures for Nantucket may be viewed in better perspec
tive by noting that in 1730 the New England whaling fleet
totaled 1,300 tons, and in 1763 that of Massachusetts con
sisted of 180 sailing vessels. (Raymond McFarland, A History
of the New England Fisheries, D. Appleton and Company, New
York, 1911, p. 86.) At the time of the Revolution, New Eng
land had 304 whalers totaling 27,840 tons out of an estimated
American fleet of 360 vessels (Tower, cited above, p. 45; Star-
buck, cited above, p. 176).
Z 318-329. Daily wages of selected types of workmen, by
area, 1621-1781.
Source: 1621-1670 and 1776-1781, Richard B. Morris, Gov
ernment and Labor in Early America, Columbia University
Press, New York, 1946; 1710, Richard Walsh, The Charleston
Sons of Liberty, University of South Carolina Press, Columbia,
1959.
The figures do not represent actual payments, which may
have been higher, but they represent what the lawmakers
believed was the proper maximum wage rate. Figures are
payments to master craftsmen; journeymen received less (for
example, 20 pence instead of 2 shillings in 1641).
For New Haven there were two wage rates—one for the
summer, which is shown in these series, and one for the
winter. For each occupation the winter rate was 6 shillings
less in 1640 and 4 shillings less in 1641. Apparently the lower
rate for the winter was paid because of the shorter workday.
The legislative rates also throw light on other labor facts.
When New Haven set the rate for mowers in 1640, correlation
of the daily wage (2 s. 6 d.) with the rate for mowing an
acre of fresh marsh shows that they considered it a day's
work, although they believed that mowing a salt marsh would
take longer and be worth 3 shillings. The next year they
confessed the ratio was inadequate when they lowered the
daily wages without board to 20 d. and raised the rate for
mowing to 3 s. per acre for fresh marsh and 3 s. 6 d. for
salt marsh (Morris, cited above, pp. 79-80).
For discussion of the working day, see text for series
Z 330-335.
Z 330-335. Daily and monthly wages of agricultural laborers
in Maryland, 1638-1676.
Source: Manfred Jonas, "Wages in Early Colonial Maryland,"
Maryland Historical Magazine, vol. LI, March 1956, pp. 27-38.
The source also gives additional information on the cost of
living. Its basic data come from scattered items in the
Archives of Maryland (a series of annual volumes published
by the Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore).
753
Z 336-370 COLONIAL STATISTICS
In Maryland, during the first half of the 17th century, the
working month seems to have extended from 23 to 25 days
and the working day from 10 to 12 hours. The 3 winter
months were generally not included within the terms of labor
contracts. Persons hired by the day worked the same hours
and did not get lodging, but received at least 2 meals at the
job (Jonas, cited above, pp. 30 and 34-35). In the other
colonies the working day was probably much the same. New
Haven, for example, specified in 1640 that a day's work was
from 10 to 12 hours in summer and 8 hours in winter (Morris,
Government and Labor . . ., cited above for series Z 318-329,
pp. 59, 79, and 84).
Z 336. Index of wholesale prices estimated for the United
States, 1720-1789.
Source: U.S. Congress, Hearings Before the Joint Economic
Committee, 86th Congress, 1st session, Part II, Historical and
Comparative Rates of Production, Productivity, and Prices
(statement presented by Ethel D. Hoover, Bureau of Labor
Statistics) .
This index (which extends to 1958 in the source) was
obtained by combining and splicing index numbers constructed
by various investigators for different markets, to approximate
a continuous series. The annual indexes were calculated by
working forward and backward from the selected base period,
1850-59. No adjustments were made to the original series for
differences in coverage or in methods of calculation. How
ever, when wholesale prices in two or more markets were com
bined, the necessary conversions to a common base period
were made, and occasional estimates, as noted in other parts
of the source, were used.
For this series, weighted combinations were made of the
available index series for three major markets (Philadelphia,
New York, and Charleston), except for the years prior to 1732
and the Revolutionary War years. For these years, the esti
mates were based on Philadelphia prices only. The weights
used to combine markets were rough approximations, based
chiefly on estimates of the population and trade for each area
and on the representative character and adequacy of the avail
able indexes.
Z 337-356. Average annual wholesale prices of selected com
modities in Philadelphia, 1720-1775.
Source: Anne Bezanson, Robert D. Gray, and Miriam Hussey,
Prices in Colonial Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania
Press, Philadelphia, 1935, pp. 422-424.
The primary source of the original data was the list of
"prices current" which first appeared in 1719 in the American
Mercury and which was continued in that and other news
papers. Gaps were usually filled by reference to merchants'
account books and letterbooks (as discussed and listed in the
source cited, pp. 3-5, 351-354, and 434-438). The annual
averages were computed "by taking the arithmetic mean of the
12 average monthly prices in each year. When any monthly
price was missing the available data were averaged quarterly
and the annual figure derived from the quarterly averages.
. . . In some cases it was necessary to estimate a quarterly
price by averaging the last monthly quotation in the previous
quarter with the first monthly quotation in the following
quarter. No annual' price was estimated completely. . . ."
The source volume was sponsored by the International
Scientific Committee in Price History, as were a number of
other studies of colonial prices drawn together in A. H. Cole,
Wholesale Commodity Prices in the United States: 1700-1861,
Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1938. In addition to dis
cussion and analyses of prices, this publication offers a statis
tical supplement of monthly prices for the principal commercial
centers. The tables in it, however, rest primarily upon the
Philadelphia prices until the 1750's. Prior to 1750, Boston has
only two series, wheat and molasses, which begin in 1720. Al
though there are gaps in the data, Charleston has series for
bread, corn, rice, rum, wine, molasses, and staves beginning
1732; sugar beginning 1744; beef, pork, and indigo in 1747;
and coffee, leather, and lumber in 1749. New York has series
for flour, bread, rice, sugar, salt, rum, and molasses beginning
1748; and for wheat, beef, and pork beginning 1749.
Price series for the following Philadelphia commodities are
shown in the source (not included here because of space
limitations) : Brown bread, white bread, London loaf sugar,
Pennsylvania loaf sugar, indigo, bar iron, pig iron, hogshead
staves, pipe staves, turpentine, and gunpowder. In addition
to the annual averages, the source contains average monthly
prices and monthly and annual indexes (both arithmetic and
geometric) of 20 commodities in Philadelphia.
The unit of measure of Madeira wine (pipe) consists of 110
gallons and hundredweights equal 112 pounds, except for to-
gallons. Barrels, in the case of beef and pork, consist of 31.5
bacco where it equals 100 pounds.
Z 357. Annual rate of exchange on London for Pennsylvania
currency, 1720-1775.
Source : See source for series Z 337-356, p. 432.
This series is derived from data in papers of Pennsylvania
merchants and the Minutes of the Provincial Council (1739),
supplemented in some years by Victor S. Clark, History of
Manufactures in the United States, 1893-1928, vol. Ill, Carnegie
Institution of Washington, D.C., 1916-1949, pp. 361-362.
Bezanson et al., in Prices . . ., cited above, p. 431, also give
monthly rates of exchanges during the same period.
Z 358. Annual price of an ounce of silver at Boston, 1700-
1749.
Source: A. H. Cole, Wholesale Commodity Prices in the
United States: 1700-1861, Harvard University Press, Cam
bridge, 1938, p. 119.
The original shilling prices were taken from the Suffolk
files by A. M. Davis, Currency and Banking in the Province
of Massachusetts Bay, vol. I, Macmillan, New York, 1901, pp.
368 and 370. Where more than one price was; given for a
year, the high and low figures were averaged to determine the
price for that year.
Z 359-370. Partial list of bills of credit and Treasury notes
issued by American Colonies, 1703-1775.
Source: B. U. Ratchford, American State Debts, Duke Uni
versity Press, Durham, 1941, pp. 26-27.
These series attempt to show the issues of bills of credit
and treasury notes emitted by the Colonies between 1703 and
1775. The £82,000 in bills issued by Massachusetts between
1690 and 1702 are not included, nor are the issues of Georgia,
which never had a large debt. Under the trustees, the princi
pal circulating medium in Georgia was the "sola" bills, issued
only in the original by the trustees. A total of £135,000 of
these bills of exchange were issued but only £1,149 remained
unredeemed in 1752. Thereafter, Georgia emitted at least two
issues of bills: One of £3,000 in 1756 and one of £7,410 in
1761 (Ratchford, cited above, p. 19).
Ratchford concedes that the list may be incomplete and
that many of the issues listed were not made at the time nor
in the exact amount stated. Sometimes the law authorizing
the issue constitutes the only evidence, and nothing indicates
"how, when, or to what extent the issue was actually made."
754
DIETS Z 371-405
The original source for 1737-1748 for Massachusetts is A.
M. Davis, cited above in text for series Z 358. Davis ex
pressed all issues in the terms of old tenor (the form of
bills which existed in February 1737). Ratchford did not
follow this procedure because he did not feel sufficiently
acquainted with the circumstances in each case to make the
conversion with assurance. For all other years, the data rest
upon a variety of sources cited in the footnotes of Ratchford's
first chapter, which provide a helpful bibliography for further
reference.
The footnotes to these series indicate the principal purposes
for which the larger issues were made. For years when several
issues appeared for different purposes, the footnotes indicate
the purpose for issuing the majority of the bills.
Z 371-382. Paper money outstanding in American Colonies,
1705-1775.
Source : See source for series Z 359-370, p. 28.
The original sources of the data are various monographs cited
in Ratchford's first chapter. Unfortunately, the authors of
these monographs did not always attempt to find or to make
estimates themselves. Some of the estimates are those of
legislative committees or public officials and, less frequently,
of contemporary writers. Many of the estimates for 1739 and
1748 come from William Douglass whose work is discussed in
Charles Bullock, Introduction, Economic Studies of the Amer
ican Economic Association, vol. II, No. 1. Georgia did not
warrant a separate series, the only estimate being one for
£5,500 for 1761.
For approximately a fifth of the figures, the actual year of
issuance differs from that indicated in this table by one or
two years ; for exact year of issuance, see source.
Z 383-387. Tax collections in America under the different
revenue laws, 1765-1774.
Source: O. M. Dickerson, cited above for series Z 303, p. 201.
Tax records have long been an untapped source of economic
data. Dickerson has gathered figures from the English Treas
ury Papers for both the revenues collected under the Naviga
tion Act of 1673 (25 Car. II c 7) and the new revenue measures
which followed the French and Indian War (1763). He es
timates (p. 202) that seizures (often highly technical) under
the new revenue program cost the Americans not less than
£60,956 "exclusive of fees, direct plunder, and costs of de
fending suits in the admiralty courts."
Z 388-405. Basic weekly diets in Britain and America, 1622-
1790.
Source: Compiled by Austin White (graduate student, Uni
versity of California) based on the following: Series Z 388,
M. S. Rose, A Laboratory Handbook for Dietetics, Macmillan,
New York, 1937. Series Z 389-405, 1622, see source for se
ries Z 43-55, vol. II, p. 318; 1632, E. M. Leonard, The
Early History of English Poor Relief, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, 1900, pp. 198-199; 1638, John Josselyn,
"An Account of Two Voyages to New England Made Dur
ing the Years 1638-1663," Massachusetts Historical Society
Collections, Third Series, III, 1833, pp. 220-221 ; 1676, Philip A.
Bruce, Institutional History of Virginia in the Seventeenth
Century . . ., vol. II, Putnam, New York, 1910, p. 87; first
half of 18th century, William Douglass, A Summary, Historical
and Political, of the First Planting, Progressive Improve
ment, and Present State of the British Settlements in North
America, vol. I, R & J Dodsley, London, 1760, p. 536; 1735,
Abbot Smith, Colonists in Bondage, University of North
Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1947, p. 212; 1744-1746, Howard
Chapin, The Tartar, the Armed Sloop of the Colony of Rhode
Island in King George's War, Providence, 1922, p. 17; 1747,
Isabel M. Calder, Colonial Captivities, Marches, and Journeys,
Macmillan, New York, 1935, p. 40; 1755, Basil Sollers, "The
Acadians (French Neutrals) Transported to Maryland,"
Maryland Historical Magazine, vol. Ill, March 1908, pp. 8-10;
1757, John Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Wash
ington, vol. II, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C., 1931, p. 72; 1761, "Brigade Order Books, Montreal, Sep
tember 29, 1761," Journals of the Hon. William Hervey, from
1755 to 1814, Paul and Mathew, Bury St. Edmunds, England,
1906, p. 154; about 1770, Walter Besant, London in the
Eighteenth Century, A & C Black, London, 1903, p. 556; 1775,
Fitzpatrick, cited above, vol. Ill, p. 409; 1776, "Journal of the
Committees of Observation of the Middle District of Frederick
County, Maryland," Maryland Historical Magazine, vol. XI,
December 1916, p. 310; 1780 (Continental Army), John W.
Wright, "Some Notes on the Continental Army," William and
Mary Quarterly, vol. XI, 1931, p. 105; 1780 (French prisoners),
Rupert C. Jarvis, ed., Customs Letter-Book of the Port of
Liverpool, Manchester, 1954, p. 106; about 1790, Fitzpatrick,
cited above, vol. XXXI, pp. 186-187; before 1861 (majority of
slaves), Kenneth Stampp, The Peculiar Institution, Alfred A.
Knopf, New York, 1956, p. 282.
The caloric contents of the weekly diet have been divided
by 7 for greater ease in comparing them with modern charts
which are usually stated in daily terms.
The data from The Writings of George Washington have
been calculated on the basis of the ratio for an adult male.
Women slaves referred to in Washington's diary were assumed
to require % of that of a man; children, %. A barrel of corn
was calculated as weighing 196 pounds; a barrel of fish, 290
pounds.
755
Z 1-20 COLONIAL STATISTICS
Series Z 1-19. Estimated Population of American Colonies: 1610 to 1780
Colony
WHITE AND NEGRO
Maine (counties)New HampshireVermont -PlymouthMassachui
Rhode Island .Connecticut. _New YorkNew Jersey. . .Pennsylvania.
Delaware
Maryland.Virginia
North Carolina.
South Carolina.GeorgiaKentuckyTennessee.
NEGRO
Total
Maine (counties) 1New Hampshire..VermontMassachusetts '..
Rhode Island .Connecticut. .New YorkNew JerseyPennsylvania .
DelawareMarylandVirginiaNorth Carolina.
South Carolina.GeorgiaKentuckyTennessee
1780
2.780,369
49,13387,80247,620
268,627!
52,946:206,701210,541139,627327,305
45,385245,474538,004270,133
180,00056,07145,00010,000
575,420
1770
2,148,076
31,25762,39610,000
1760
,593,625
39,093
45854160
4,822
'2,671•5.885
21,05410,4607,855
2,99680,515
220.58291,000
97,00020,8317,200|1,500;
235,308
58,196183,881162,920117,431240,057
35,496202 , 599447,016197,200
124,24423,37615,7001,000
459,822
222,600
45,471142.470117,18893.813183.703
33,250162.267339 . 726110,442
94,074
9,578
1750
27 , 605
188,000|
33,226111,28076,69671,393119,666
1740 1730 1720 1710
905.563 629,445 466, 185 331, 71 1 250, 888 210,372
1700 1690
23,256
151,613
25,25589 , 58063,66551,37385,637
10,765
114,116
16,95075,53048,59437,51051,707
9,375 5,681
91,008,
11,68058,83036,91929,81830,962
4,958
28,704 19,870 9,170 6,385141,073 116,093 91,113 66,133
231,0331180,440 114, OOOj 87,75772,984 51,760 30,000 21,270
325,806
47565425
4,754
3,7615,69819,1128,2205,761
1,83663,818187,605|69,600
75,17810,6252,500
200
600
64,0005,200
236,420
4,866
3,4683,78316,3406,5674,409
1,73349,004140,57033,554
67,3343,578
4,075,
3,3473,01011,0145,3542,872
1,49643,450101,45219,800
39,0001,000
45,000 30,000 17,0482,021
150,024 91 ,021
500 200
3,035 ~"2;780
2,4082,5988,9964,3662,055
1,03524,03160,00011,000
30,000
1,6481,4906,9563,0081,241
68,839
170,
2,150|
5431,0935,7402,3852,000
62,390
7,57339,450121,62519,87224,450
55,941
5.89425,97019,10714.01017,950
4,164
7,42449,504
4,22421,64513,9098,000
11,450
3,645 2,4701 1,48242,741 29.604 24,02478,281 58.560 53,04615,120 10,720 7,600
10,883
44.866
150
478! 70017,220 12,49930,000 26.6596,000, 3, 000|
20,000 12,000
1,310
375750
2,8111,3321,575
5007,945
23,118900
4,100
1680
151 ,507
2,047
6,40039,752
1670
,935
1,805
5,33330,000
1660
75,058
1 , 555!
3, 017| 2,15517,246 12,603
5,704
27,817
130
'800
300450
2,256840430
1353,22716,390
415
2,444
3,900
16,729
9,8303,400
680
1,00517,90443.5965,430
1,200
6,971
400
250200
1,670450270
822,1629,345
300
1,500
5,7541,000
1,980'20.082
1,53917,9804,936
1650
50.368|
1,0001,305
1,56614,037
7864,139
1640
9001.055
1,0208,932
3001,472
4,116 1.930 350
700 540 185.13.226 8,426 4.504 58335,309 27,020 18,731 10.442 2,5003,850 1,000
200
4,535
170
17550
1,20020025
551,6113,000
210j
20ol
65
"i60
116U
SO
401,190.2,000
150
8ol
2,920
50
"422
6525600
30758950211
4(1
295
2520500
16300405
597
3H
150
IE
20150
1 For 1660-1760, Maine Counties included with Massachusetts.' Plymouth became a part of the Province of Massachusetts in 1691.
* Includes some Indians.4 Includes 20 Negroes.
SeriesNo. Colony
514
WHITE AND NEGROPlymouthVirginia
1620
102•2,200
1610
350
Series Z 20. Percent Distribution of the White Population, by Nationality: 1790
Area Total English Scotch
Irish
Ulster FreeState
German Dutch French Swedish Spanish
Total
Maine.New Hampshire- —VermontMassachusetta --
Rhode Island
Connecticut -New YorkNew Jersey -Pennsylvania -
Delaware
Maryland and District of ColumbiaVirginia and West VirginiaNorth CarolinaSouth Carolina—Georgia —Kentucky and Tennessee.
OTHEI
Northwest Territory. .Spanish, United StatesFrench, United States .
100.0
100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0
100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0
100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0
100.0100.0100.0
B0 9
60.061.076.082.071.0
67.052.047.035.360.0
64.568.566.060.257.467.9
29.82.611.2
8.3
4.66.25.14.46.8
2.27.07.78.68.0
7.610.214.816.116.610.0
4.10.31.6
6.0
8.04.63.22.62.0
1.85.16.311.06.3
5.86.25.79.411.57.0
2.90.21.1
3.7
8.72.91.91.30.8
1.13.03 23.56.4
6.55.55.44.43.86.2
1.80.10.7
8.7
0.88.29.2
33.31.1
11.76.34.75.07.614.0
4.30.48.7
3.4
0.317.516.61.84.3
0.60.30.30.40.21.3
1.7
1.30.70.40.80.8
0.93.82.41.81.6
2.2
67.1
64.2
0.7
0.1
0.53 90.88.9
96.512.5
1 Corrected figure; does not agree with source.
756
EXPORTS AND IMPORTS Z 21-34
Series Z 21-34. Value of Exports To and Imports From England, by American Colonies: 1697 to 1776
[In pounds sterling. For years ending December 24, except noted]
Year
1776 _.
1775 ""1774,..17731772
1771
1770176917681767..1766 __
176517641763 _.1762...1761
1760...175917581757 ""1756... "
17551754. ~"
175317521751
17501749174817471746.
1745..1744
174317421741
17401739173817371736.
17361734...17331732 _1781
1730
1729172817271726..
172617241723 _17221721
17201719171817171716
17151714171317121711
1710.1709170817071706
17051704170817021701
170016991698 «1697'
Total
Exports Imports
21 22
103.964!1,920,950!1,373,8461,369,2291,258,5151,339.840,
55,415196,162
2,590,4371,979,4123,012,6354,202.472
New England
Exports | Imports
23
1,015,535 1,925,5711,060,206 1,336,1221,251,454 2,157,2181,096,079 1,900,9231,043,958 1,804,333
1,151,6981,110,5721,106,170742,632847,892
761,099639.909670,720610,684659,356
939,5531,007,759972,740
1,004,182835,661
814,768668 , 524716,626660,715559 , 500
654,431667,524880,807659,227912,291
718,416754,276620,212775,382699,764
652,326611,350669,633519,036660,863
572,585576,282605,324637,135526,303
415,650462,681461,761437,696493,871
468,188463,054
'457,471'426,090'424,389
■297,246■395,774
'303,222'365,971'824,698
'249.814'324,534286,435284,798187,073
160,961321,972204,295835,788309,134
395,021255,397226,055279,852
1,944,1142,249,7101,631,9971.377,1601,652,078
2,611,7642,345,4531,712,8871,628,3481,852,178
1,112,9971,176,2791.452,9441.148,1271,233,168
1,313,0831,230,386830,433726,669755,926
635,253640,881829,273800,052885,492
818.382695,869751,270682,434677,624
668.664556,275548,890531,253536.266
536,860422,958617.861502,927653,297
649,693461,684411,590424,725331,905
319,702393,000'425,333'439,666'402,042
'452,366'388,443■284,556
'309,691'297,626
'298,659'269,596240,183413,244161,691
291,722176,088296,210186,809343,826
344,341403,614458,097140,129
762116,588112,248124,624126.265
24
55,050|71,626
562,476527,055824 , 830
160,381 1,420.119
148,011129,353148,375128,207141,733
145,81988,15774,81541,73346,225
37,80225,98530,20427 , 55647,359
59 , 53366,53883.39574,31363,287
48,45539,99929,74841,77138,612
38,94850,24863,18553,16660,052
72,38946,60459,11663.34766,788
72,89982.25261,98364.09549,048
54,70152.51264 , 68975,05263,816
72,02169,58559,33747,95550,483
49,20654,45261,59158,89869,595
66,55551,54149,90424,69926,415
81,11229.55949,63538.79322,210
22,79330,82333,53937.02632,656
41,48626,66031,25426,282
New York
Exports I Imports
25 26
394,451207,993419,7971406.081409,642
451.299459,765258,854247,385834,225
599,647527,067465,694363,404384,371
841,796329,433345,523273,340305,974
343,659238,286197,682210,640209,177
140,463143.982172,461148,899198,147
171,081220,378203,233223,923222 , 158
189,126146,460184,570216,600183,467
208,196161 , 102194.590187,277200,882
201,768168,507176,486183,722114,524
128,767125,317181,885132,001121,156
164.650121,288120,778128,105137.421
106.338120,349115.605120,63157,050
62.50474.896
69,60864,62586,322
91,918127,27993,51768,468
2,318 _187.018;80,00876,246
82,707i95,875,
69,88273,46687,11561,42267.020
54,95953,69753,99868,88248,648
21,12521,68414,26019.16824.073
28,05426.66350,55340,64842,363
35,63423,41312,35814,9928,841
14,08314,52715,06713,53621,142
21,49818.45916,22816.83317,944
14,15515,30711,6269,41120,756
8,74015,83321,14131,61788,307
24,97621,19127,99220,11815,681
16,83619,59627,33124,53421,971
21,31629,81014,428|12,46612,193
8,20312,25910,84714,2832,849
7,89310,6407,4717,96518,547
17,66716,8188,763
10,093
Pennsylvania
Exports I Imports
27
1,228437,937289,214343,970653,621
475,99174,918
482,930417.967330,829
382,349615.416238,560288.046289,570
480,106630,785356,555353,311250,426
151,071127.497277,864194.030248,941
267,180265,773143,811137,98486.712
54.957119,920135,487167,591140,430
118.777106,070133.438125,83386.000
80,40581,75865,41765.54066,116
64,35664,76081,63467,45284,866
70,65063,02063,01357,47850,754
87,89756,35562.96644,14062,173
54,62944,64346,47018,52428,856
81,475134,57726,89929,85531,688
27,90222,29417,56229,99181,910
49,41042,79225,27914,679
1.421175,96269.61136,65229 , 13331,615
28,10926,11159,40687,64126,851
25,14836,25838,22838,091S9,170i
22,75422.40421,38314 , 19020,095
32,33630,64938,52729,97823,870
28.19114,94412.3633,83215,779
10,1307,4469.5968,52717,158
15,0488,13411,91815,19820,786
21,91920,21714.7768,52412,786
10.5827,43415.23012,8235.960
11,9814,0578,3826,8828.037
7,9286,5645,5884,4996.193
6,4612,663
1781,471
1,277617
2,120786
4,210
1,3092,4306,1604,1465,220
4,6081,4772,7203,347
28
1625426507
728
184199432371
827
86S435284206204
70749826026H
200
144244245201190
217238758273
5462797591
6654615661
48544041
44
48293731ST
4230152621
2427222221
17
14178
19
856
1411
71199
12
1817102
Virginia andMaryland
Exports Imports
29 30
36536665244S909744
881909107830314
868191152199067
998
161953426169
456647644666917
713637330404699
280214340295010
751452450690
618
804392565698260
592799478979634
209324992397548
681068716505842
182927037464408
594881722365037
206819
899342003
529064704
997
73758612589528577
435361406437
461
606559642415455
504357454418337
489573632569460
508
434494492419
899402557427
677
841444391492380
394373403310408
846386413421324
214277287283
867
881332316296281
174280206297273
188261213207149
116264144274235
817198174227
226356030803404848
091892048926693
671408294709083
461228362881
769
668435574453085
618852619371
423709821769
109
997654814246163
995090198799502
174089588
767
780344997091812
482069576884
343
756470263941181
429668493625152
768112928782738
302115053
756
Carolina
Exports
31
Imports
32
1,921628,738328,904793.910920,3261
717,782488,362475,954437,628372,548
383,224515.192555,391417.599
546.350
605.882459,007438,471426,687834,897
286,157323.513356,776825.151347,027
349.419323,600252.624200,088282,645
197.799234,855'328.195264,1861248,582
281.428217,200258.860211,301204,794
220,381172,086186,177148,289171,278
150,931108,931171,092192.965186,981
195,884161,894123,853172,754;127,876|
110,717164.630191,925215,962179,599
199,274128,87376,304
134,583|91,535
127,63980,26879,061
237,90168,016
174,32260,458196,71372,391199,683
173,481205,078310,13568,796
13,668579,549432.302466.513425,923420,311
278,907387,114508,108395,027293 , 587
386,918841,727282,366181,695253,002
162,769206,534150,511130,889222,915
325,525807,238164,634288,264245,491
191,607150,499167,305107,50076.897
91.847192,594235,136154,607286,830
266 . 560286,192141,119187,758214,083
146,348120.466177.845126,207159.771
151,739113.32991,17596,05593,453
91,94290,50478,10379,65061,858
62,73650,37346,38541,27546,287
29,15881,29082,44929,39412,871
20,79320,43110,34023,3118,652
2,69814,06713,19711,87016,973
14,05812,3279,26512,374
Georgia
Exports
33
6,245378,116344,859449,610409,169
146,273306,600289,868244,093296,732
384,709305,808250,132194,170254 , 587
218,131215,255181.002213,949181,780
187.887149,215213,009150,777138,244
133,037164,085160,17295,529102,809
86,81679,141111,499127,063204,770
181,82194.44587,79358,986
101,147
117,83799,65870.46658,29871.145
64,78558.36633 , 06723,25443,934
39,18237,83942,24634,37417,703
18,29019,63015,84125.05827,272
16,63123,71223,96720,01520,406
19,61328,52111,99610,4924,001
19,7886,62112,42810,46013,908
11,00311,40118,4625,289
12 . 569103,47767,64785.39166.08363,810
65,53282,27042,40235.85653,074
34,18331,32514,4696,5225,764
12.1986,074
7,155
4,4373.2368,0671,626
555
1,94251
21,622
92423317
3,01018
203
Imports
' Corrected figures. Figures shown in source for 1709-1718 incorrectly presentedas totals of components.
' For years ending Sept. 28.
757
Z 35-55 COLONIAL STATISTICS
Series Z 35-42. Value of Exports To and Imports From England by New York: 1751 to 1775
[In pounds sterling. For years ending December 24. Foreign manufactures "In time" are those which could receive a drawback (refund) of duties; "Out of time" are thosewhich could not. Outports are all ports in England other than London]
Year
Between New York and London
Exportsto
London
35
Imports from London
Englishmanufac-
36
Manufactures of othernations
In time
37
Out of time
Between New York and outports
Exportsto
outports
Imports from outports
Englishmanufac
tures
Manufactures of othernations
In time Out of time
41
17751774177317721771.
17701769176817671766
17651764176317621761
17601759175817571766
17551754175317521751
95,10649,38154,47658,74372,895
65,19238,58650,51035.50245,683
38,23328,92229,97817,73016,721
6,32810,0123,4429,82813,136
17,98721,28945,86638,48536,997
1,140250,728127,433183,663893,345
284,97348,991
299,481258,012184,866
217,488336,352133,444216,16589,631
387,839483,952263,290228,378169,234
114,45187,499199,578124,329124 , 190
5561,90869,94230,80966,842
45,4943,900
96,38157,58618,940
20,28837,48630,09423,35725,851
42,12459,80430,13643,14931,753
17,09713,50125,76921,84625,530
10,6124,20510,24623,031
15,2482,3258,11117,70547,374
81,31299,03234,14028,0917,103
18.06558,82643,94637,5229,478
4,1917,845
24,95128,91648,177
91,91230,62721,77123,96422,981
14,69134,88136,60625,92121,338
16,72724,77624,01141,15231,927
14,79711,67310,8199,34010,937
10,0675,3744,6872,1645,867
108.27171,470111,175158,764
119,45116,32772,48475,24958,024
42,28534,25038,02419,96218,449
28,62823,90316,15484,78031,311
14,75613,60016,82513,11833,191
335,67316,1667,688
11,588
10,5553,2306,1809,06718,285
19,9097,8372,828
4728,927
2,9954,3002,7728,8648,253
5255,05210,4185,213
17,072
746
39052
272146293339
3.341
1,06845930
455
256620
51
325613780
Series Z 43-55. Tonnage Capacity of Ships and Value of Exports and Imports of American Colonies, by Destination
and Origin: 1769 and 1770
(Value of exports and imports in pounds sterling. For years ending January 4 of following year]
Year and destination or originTotal
NewHampshire
Massachusetts
RhodeIsland
Connecticut
NewYork
NewJersey
Pennsylvania
Maryland
VirginiaNorth
CarolinaSouth
CarolinaGeorgia
1770 TONNAGE
43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 61 52 53 54 55
351,664 20,192 70,282 20.661 20,263 26,653 1,181 49,654 33,474 45.179 21,490 32,031 10.604
Great Britain and Ireland ■98,825
37,237'108,050107,552
1,910186
12,4195,678
18,7785,419
20,95730,128
956755
6,77912,172
426180
9,9239,734
7,3573,0187,0059,273
7,99911,39514,83915,421
17,9675,8375,1185,052
25.1233,682
7.393! 12.457 3,460320
5,1791,645
Southern Europe and Africa 6556,8936,649
6.2918,1945,089
British and foreign West IndiesAmerica, Bermuda, and Bahamas
648 10.0966,278533
VInward bound 331,942 15,362 65,271 18,667 19,223 25,539 1,018 50,901 30,477 44.803 20,963 29,804 9,914
Great Britain and Ireland 82,93437,717106,713104,578
1,200 . 13,9166,21319,91725,225
400101
7,12111,045
210 5,7223,3548,6957,768
7,91715,01015,88312,091
13,6935,0056,0936,686
21,2364.4039,5479,617
6,202440
5,9308,391
10.163 2.275Southern Europe and Africa 140 2,256
10,5886,797
7954,6182,226
British and foreign West IndiesAmerica, Bermuda, and Bahamas
10,3003,862
8,65610,357
365513
1769 TONNAGEOutward bound _ 339,302 19,744 63,666 17,775 17,966 26,859 1,093 42,986 30,996 52,008 23,113 33,855 9.241
Great Britain and Ireland 99,12142,60196,382101,198
2,822170
12,8783,874
14,044 640863
6,06010,312
580200
9,2017,986
6,4703,4835,466
11,440
7,21912,07011,95911,738
16,1166,2243,3585,298
24,5947,486
7,8061,0306,9457,333
15,9025,7736,3775,803
3,029200
4,6541,368
Southern Europe and Africa 5,10217,63226,988
British and foreign West Indies- .America, Bermuda, and Bahamas
555538
11,3978,531
332.146 16,446 66,451 16,836 18.016 26,632 936 45,028 30,688 47,237 23,076 31,107 9,693
Great Britain and Ireland - 90,71084,15194,916112,369
915480
9,5006,551
14,3406,59617,89827,618
415226
5,95810,237
150105
7.7909,971
5,2242,7306,96411,714
9,30910,74512,52112,453
15,4864,0964,6336,574
20,6524,60011,61210 373
6,415 15,281700! 3,325
6,702 6,8939,2691 5,608
2,523625
4,2882.357
Southern Europe and Africa 25257654
British and foreign West Indies.America, Bermuda, and Bahamas
1769 VALUEExports 2.852,441 550, 090 231,906 2,532 410,757 991 ,402 569,585 96,170
Southern Europe and Africa1,531,516673,015747,910
5611 86,503 ! 9,25540.431 123,894! 65,207
142 776 1 118.382
2,66779,395
52 , 19966,325 2;582
1,991
28.112204,313178,331
759,96166.5561 73,63522,3031 68,946
406,0153,3101 73,501
27,944) 59,815
82,270614
13,286
2,623,412 564,034 188,976 399,821 851,140 535,714 81,736
Great Britain 1,604,976228,682789,754
223,69621,9081 2,761165,387 66,840
75,98115,62597,420
204,98014,249
180,592
714,94410,083 16,46232,198 77,454
3272,01310,604
,084 58.34113,9879,408
Southern Europe and Africa 65248,529
26763,994
3271,664
130,34766,666West Indies
1 Figures disagree with source used here (Macpherson); corrected to agree with Bum of components and with original source (PRO Customs 16/1).
758
SHIPS Z 56-75
Series Z 56-75. Number and Tonnage Capacity of Ships Outward and Inward Bound, by Destination and Origin:
1714 to 1772
[Prior to 1768, for years ending December 24, except aa noted; 1768-1772, January 4 of following year. In some yeara, detail will not add to total aince ships \counted twice; see text]
Destination or origin
1772
Number
Tonnage
1771
Number
Tonnage
1770
Num- Ton-ber nage
1769
Number
Tonnage
1768
Number
Tonnage
1765-66,tonnage 1
1755
Num- Ton-ber I nage
1764
Number
Tonnage
1714-17'
Num- Ton-ber nage
Outward bound 845 42,506 794 38 , 995
Great BritainIrelandEurope _AfricaBahama IslandsBermuda IslandsCaribbeanThirteen ColoniesOther American Colonies .
Inward bound _
571
115
81
178443141
852
Great BritainIrelandEuropeAfricaBahama Luanda
Bermuda IslandsCaribbeanThirteen ColoniesOther American Colonies.
20
111
20442796
6,178,17055542021570
10,70817 , 5286,667
43,633
H 5,750'
224
121
136•139
125
821
1,11326732040
9,17116,7646,570
39,420
131464123
819
9,326
11343
7,502
i;055
74
23
34070
12,46914,7135,873
2196382143
21586
12,15612,8275,581
411
188422107
36 . 965 828 37,045 612 33,695 30,444 21,295 447 26 . 669 416 20,927
5,819
8134151100
8,24816,6384,932
38,360
661
20
46
1143
6,70760
1,081495175|20
8,995
6,428170
1,833
457 16,132ISO 8,880
40.483
6,830
1,640
11045
11,08814,1184,629
6!1
172480164
147 10,095281 11.45198 4,218
7,333100
2,129
16020
10,49514,2006,046
5,286436
1,07527660
2,975100
1,863
7,80611,9263,590
3133122HI
31.983 33,786
6,946220
1,871
160 10,811204 8,26691 3,869
5080
7,9454,8643,438
14,585
7,16380
2,018
3,040
851,963
16380
6,29614,37513,612
24814928
602,3915,6611,476
,510165,465
75|260
3,986
14915676
303
10,5217,0523,621
17,575
41 1245 124
191 10,897
11728 1
W
4,448110
2,763
345
7113911
4,4325,847
445
3,683891
(•)
1772 1771
Destination or originNo
Outward bound. 700
Great Britain.IrelandEuropeAfrica
Bahama ]Bermuda ]CaribbeanThirteen ColoniesOther American Colonies.
Inward bound.
391948
968
19982464
710
Great Britain .IrelandEuropeAfrica
611138
Bermuda IslandsCaribbeanThirteen ColoniesOther American Colonies -
116
20885224
Tonnage
28.574
4,2801,6102,4492608885
8,0768.8592,867
28,861
6,117915
2,480
268215
8,1709,2471,449
Number
524
4f,27404
76
19413467
557
631327
94
22018437
Tonnage
25 , 433
1770
Number
612
4,8302,4762,029
115135153
7,7084,9683,019
25,042
6,8501,4111,344
210105
8,1916,4161,615
462958284
18918888
391914
4111
22621789
Tonnage
26,653
4,6652,6922,920
9814496
7,0055,6658,879
25,539
4,0551,6673,124
23028430
8,6955,9411.613
1769
Number
787
473078
I28
12643062
725
411839142
17939447
Tonnage
26 , 859
3,9652,5158,27820585127
5,4669,0682,210
26,650
3,7851,4352,700
304290
6,9649,8841,720
1768
Number
480
563045247
16612566
462
79153129
816813926
Tonnage
1765-66,tonnage 1
23,566 19,862
5,1802,5222,360
8667172
6,9818,7542,545
21,847
2,8722,0853,190
29050
1908,3851,1291,721
18,214
7,1581,3871,500
130204116
6,3013,9521,100
4,8428807102957545
8,2652,460
662
1764,tonnage *
16,982
2,9521,8821,08714093
2307,8981,4961,205
16,750
4,0401,6472,385
103370
7,480646130
1763,tonnage 4
15,741
2,0791,4601,000
7035115
7,5072,4601,025
11.129
3,980550
1,89065
205200
4,124615
1754 < 1739 1735 1734 1783 1727 1726 1715-18'
SeriesNo.
Destination or originNumber
Tonnage
Number
Tonnage
Number
Tonnage
Number
Tonnage
Number
Tonnage
Number
Tonnage
Number
Tonnage
Number
Tonnage
56
NEW YORK—Con.
Great Britain
322 13,322 269 10,012 207 7,358 184 6,374 223 7,704 214 8,052 211 7,855 215 7,464
57586960•162636465
812819488
1805112
2,0861,6167251306076
6,3612,076
440
91621
795820
1,040
12317
838200904
829114
87705
645160475602090
2,7711,959278
966
690160
11 1,030 12 988 21 1,461
276 6 465 8 615 10136
104688
6304075107
3,6081.406
187
Bahama Luanda 13
1139710
2078
4,8382,461
505
31
95735
6046
2,8862,821
250
4 146168
8,6242,849
306
Caribbean6
103866
6104
1604,1492,138
89590
903,8782,761
155Other American Colonies862 110 6
66 266 10,921 261 9,738 196 6,759 213 7,442 217 7,438 215 7,672 202 7,716 (') (■)
676869707172737476
Great Britain 281025668
177287
2,475650
274
2,224860
1,320
26
826
1,648240
1,436
184
24
1,350216
1,571
24 1,823100
17 1,478 811
2,47080
6151,05620612080
22812 640 7 420 10
1Africa 1 12066
25Bahama Islands--- 1
141059311
20426
8,6432,069
321
2188847
40 6197871
145625
2,7071,866241
8169778
2119687
40Bermuda Islands 365
2,509882124
4268,2711,629
3068,7761,768
98569
2758,0721,452
Caribbean 6,020981280
Thirteen ColoniesOther American Colonies 6 6 6 204 8 135 6 149
1 Ending date of year unknown. For Boston, figures given in source for trade withthe remainder of Massachusetts do not follow pattern of other entries and are. therefore, not a component of total. Totals were not taken from source but represent sumof detail as shown in source.
* Annual averages for years ending June 23. For Boston, thenot equal the total shown since the total includes eni
1 Not available.4 For year ending January 4 of following year.
i of the detail does.tries for unknown ports.
759
Z 56-75 COLONIAL STATISTICS
Series Z 56-75. Number and Tonnage Capacity of Ships Outward and Inward Bound, by Destination and Origin:
1714 to 1772—Con.
SeriesNo.
Destination or originNumber
1772 1771
Tonnage
1770
Number
1769
Number
1768
Tonnage
1765-66,tonnage <
1734.number
1733,
"beT
PHILADELPHIA
Outward bound
Tonnage
Number
Number
Tonnage
Tonnage
66 759 44,822 741 43,029 . 40.871 641 36,944 39.262 191 18669
675869606162636465
2324881
114
26830733
3,1232,4918,415
20282125
15,67412,8721,820
2726793133
23033229
3,2223,4707,110
2549
3,2084,79110,940
3732136
1
4,0493,17012,040
SO
40 4,1343,4827,266
1.8304,8304.465
800317242
13,49410,8342,960
2116
1217201
3888 22
Africa. 90263
.25
Bahama Islands 102
12675
13,84212,3701,940
Bermuda Islands _ 65 820622937
10012,0198,1161,838
«74
28745
Caribbean 13,44913.6551,725
24328332
20224624
11,1149,0851,383
Thirteen Colonies- . 502Other American Colonies _ _ 2
66 730 42,300 719 41,740 750 47.489 698 | 42,333 528 34.970 36,872 210 190
676869707172737475
631288
7,7571,1268,120
711669
8.1671,5456,345
4226154
4,7052.26713,620
46 5,5042.9959,685
60
1563
6,9241,470
4,4554,1004,230
40405425
11,7249,6881.805
241117
268
16Africa
32108 6,001
Bahama Islands 102
247287
24770
126
208155
13,39711,058
875
111
15610Bermuda Islands 8 110 12
7968
107758
Caribbean 12,94711,0241,010
23229419
22127421
14,94610,6701.115
214248
11,7269,1603,263
139 11,677218 7,97830 1.810
Thirteen ColoniesOther American (Colonies 21 56
1
SeriesNo.
Destination ororigin
1772 1771 1770 1769 1768 1752 1739 1733 1731 1727
HAMPTON
Number
Tonnage
Number
Tonnage
Number
Tonnage
Number
Tonnage
Number
Tonnage
Number
Tonnage
Number
Tonnage
Number
Tonnage
Number
Ton-age
Number
Tonnage
56 Outward
bound 356 22,293 301 18,593 244 13,851 266 17.046 246 3,966 82 3,769 1*1 4,501 104 4,57715,776 156 8,008 98
6758696061626364
Great Britain 36 5,454 343
20
4,630360
1,790
272
16
3,184 291
4,110100
2,096
331
14
6,252200
1,209
20 2,285 6 745 11 1,110 16 1,633 22 2.046Ireland _ 270
1,405Europe 14 1,155 20 14118
1,1952515
2203,462
7 410 6 440 6 300 2 60AfricaBahama Islands-Bermuda Islands
810
206
60235
11,930
35
180
55123
9,450
312
141
30306
7,410
63
146
6568
8,136
67
148
115
Caribbean206
7,376 818
44240
1.6075
60140
1,6641363
3321,795
1941
4881.366
ThirteenColonies 88 3,459 66 2,285 42 1,156 59 2,396 87 1,369 31 806 83 964 10 415 14 441 20 622
65 Other AmericanColonies 2 90 2 75 1 50
66 Inwardbound 317 21,857 18,915 254 87 4,816 88332 23,966 282 281 19,843 19,673 169 10,557 102 5,746 5.009 94 4,023
6768697071727374
Great Britain...Ireland
621
11.623170
621
10
8,216ISO878
562
8,320195
591
16
8,532105
1,596
55 8,411 37 4,912 21 2,635 19 2,286 21 2,525 18 1.786
Europe. 10187
158
1,05015080
185
18158
132
1,08010355
198
9 1,065 10214
1,01514015
120
5 330 4 440 1 40 2 130Africa... 1 25
60181
1,769
Bahama Islands.Bermuda Islands
66
156
105150
8,532
7
9134
80236
7,575
33
134
3575
8,1529
40830
1,579
25
606
46127
1,760
11687
120421
1,273Caribbean 8,598 6,298 78 3,680Thirteen
75Colonies .
Other American88 4,025
85
77 3,846 64 2,656
10
50 1,425 60 1,935 37 775 29 1,122 10 861 16 667 20 294
Colonies. _- _ 2 1 6 295
1772 1771 1770 1769 1768 1735 1734 1732 1781
SeriesNo.
Destination or originNum-her
Tonnage
Number
Tonnage
Number
Tonnage
Number
Tonnage
Number
Tonnage
Number
Tonnage
Number
Tonnage
Number
Tonnage
Number
Tonnage
56
CHARLESTON (S.C.)
486 31.548 487 31,031 461 29,976 433 31,147 42S 31,551 247 14,530 219 12.841 183 10,322 198 12,366
575859606162636465
Great Britain... 115 15,610 ny 15,792 81 11,727 10! 14.681 121 16,878 88 7,919 81 7,330 73 6,234 94 8,424
Africa162
1,774290452323
5,7496,724
626
261
2,88230
497398
6,1314,875
426
63 6,291 66 5,778 *t 6,615 30 2,685 22 1,830 20 1,666 15 1.185
Bahama IslandsBermuda Islands
25 25 2111
1639824
690343
7,8748,012
539
168
113106
333205
5,8073,698
650
22i
345293
6,8082,862
865
41 582 281
38540
1,8691,897
2223333
24940
1,1341.000
231
3431
1
404
Caribbean11
129166
12163124
118 22661
6702,644
30
2869
201,2801.059Thirteen Coloniei
Other Americanl
21 17 25833S 14
66 Inward bound. . . 462 29,933 489 31,692 466 27,664 433 29,096 44J 34,449 232 13,220 226 13,278 174 9,504 191 12.101
•76869707172737475
Great Britain. 791124252214
12013819
10,9321,1102,6662,171
686386
6,1215,638
626
798
2111292016313281
11,878310
2,861993617606
8,2085,788
931
61 9,153440
115 14,551 13S11If
18,1251,0102,023
574
4,896820
63 5.122700
43 3,660204980495293230
2,2251,843
74
55 5,37574
870765264198
8,5012,030
74
Ireland C20
717
812
110Europe 2,266 13
212010
11410436
1,3102,216
245396
6,1233,0711,186
389
271
426716
8,13088545370
1,600645
445115
Africa 730
621
918Bahama Islands 22
1618411633
466895
9,563
4,2231,058
21 35627,3
8,2383.4101,015
Bermuda Islands ( 46064
74642
95542
Caribbean . 129 2,039 3,666Thirteen Colonies at 2,743
2542,826
56Other American Colonies 38 4 2 8
1 Ending date of year unknown.
760
EXPORTS AND IMPORTS Z 76-107
Series Z 76. Value and Quantity of Articles Exported From British Continental Colonies, by Destination:
[Value In pounds sterling, quantities in units as indicated. For year ending January 4 of following year. Includes Newfoundland. Bahamas, and Bermuda]
1770
Article
Total...
Foreign merchandise(mostlyfrom WestIndies)
Articlesshipped asAmericanproduce
Potash tons.Pearlash do.Spermaceti
candles—lb.Tallow
candles. ..do.
Coalchaldrons.
Castorium. - lbFish, dried
quintals.Fish,
pickled. _bbl.
Flaxseed bu.Indian com .do.
Oats doWheat doPeas and
beans do.Ginseng lbHemp cwt
Iron, pig ..tonsIron, bar doIron, cast ..doIron, wrought
tonsIndigo lb
Whale oil .tonsWhale fins, .lbLinseed oil
tonsCopper
ore doLead ore— do
Bread andflour do
Meal buPotatoes doBeef and
pork bbl
3,437,7151 (')
Value,total
Total'Great Ire
SouthWest
Britain landern
EuropeIndies
Africa
Value
81,555
3.356,160
35,19229,469
23,688
1,238
25
1,680
375.394
22,55135,16943,376
1,243131,467
10,0771,243
130
30,08936,961
33
167131,552
85,01319,121
488
854
(')
1,752,515 118.777 691,912 848,934 21,678
65.860 4,698 6,992 4,765
1, 686, 654'll4. 079:685, 920 844,179! 21,382
297
Quantity shipped '
1,178737
379,012
59,420
20
7,465
660,003
30,068312,612578,349
24,859•751,240
50,38374,604
86
6,017•2,470
2
8584,672
5,667112.971
168j
■11
504 , 553443127
66,035
45,868,4,430|3,382
(!)
1,173737
4,865
7.465'
22,086
1236,780
11,739
74,604;86
5,7472,102
584,593
5,202112,971
161
41
263
450
25305,083
150
14,167
1,630
351,625
57 , 550
20
431,386
307749 1
175,221
3,421149,985 588,561
1,046
26785
3,583
206,081
29 . 682
402^958
21.438955
49,337
175:
18,501
244
7,905
240
81
20
'273
2|
268
23,4494,430|3,382
1 2,870
72
439
Article
Butter lb
Cheese doNew England
rum ga!._Rice bbl..Rough rice .bu
loaflb
Raw silk —doSoap doShoes .pairs. .Ship stuff-.bbl.
Onions . .value.Pitch bbl.Tar,common.do. .
Tar, green -do .Turpentine -do.
Rosin. do.Oil of turpentine-]
doMasts, yards.
etc tons
Walnutwood ..value. .
Pine, oak, cedarboards ft. .
Pinetimber -tons..
Oaktimber—do. .
Housesframed
number . .Staves and
heading, -do. .Hoops do. .
21340
Value,total
,492933
BM693615
Shook hogsheads do
Cattle do. .Horses do.Sheep and
hogs do.Poultry—doz.
Furs value
Deer skins. .lb.Tobacco.value.Tallow and
lard lb.: do.
16
:m542
Id394
4952(10
427261
BOO
279
103
630
US
61X
405
Ml
3,260
7.14,60.
4,1 ,
9157
906
3s
Quantity shipped*
Total '
GreatBritain
10,6481541
86,5853.1497,964
(')9,144
81,422653
17.014
60074,073
541
H3532H
228
479177
4*675063 8
867426
41
3,045
m
42,756,306
11,011
3 , 874
1S3
20.546,3263,852,383
62,6783,184]6.692
12,7972,615
(')799,807
(')
185,143128,523
8,265
78,1161653
15,125
196
11
3,043
106
16,013,519
10,582
3,710
Ireland
7.931
9
329.741
60
10
4.921,020 2,828,76218,912
91,486799,622904,982
80062.794
SouthernEurope
45.310
36,296
600
650
7i327
117
486,078
64
10
1,680,4037,072
10,980
We»tIndies
167,31355,997
2.574• 40,932
8,200
8,548
Africa
300
292. 9B6
117
85,0353,14"
640
6,370
822
8,173
" 1,801
28
30
2
1,500
i'.bbb
35.922.168
315
144
50,629
163
116.141817.899
62.0993,1846,692
12.717
2,615
1,569
183,8931.820
57
134
8,500
30
K7
4502,400
1 Fractional quantities have been dropped; therefore, total may not equal sum ofmts. 1 Information needed to provide totals is not available,pt for a few items where value is shown.
* Figures disagree with source used here (Macpherson) ; corrected to agree with Iof components and with original source (PRO Customs 16/1).
* Quantity in tons of beef and pork.
Series Z 77-86. Coal Exported From James River Ports in Virginia, by Destination: 1758 to 1765
[In net tons of 2,000 pounds. For years ending January 4 of following year]
SeriesNo.
Destination 1765 1763 1762 1761 1760 1758SeriesNo.
Destination 1765 1763 1762 1761 1760 1758
7778788081
Salem . - 161 11223234136247
8283848586
Piscataway.. . 214 16810224
60 288 Philadelphia . 21 47 60Nantucket New Castle..
Rhode Island 256 15640
Lower James 8
New York 136 182 24 21 15 12
Series Z 87-107. Coal Imported, by American Ports: 1768 to 1772
[In net tons of 2.000 pounds. For years ending January 4 of following year]
No.
8788M9091
929394959697
Port
New HampshireFalmouthSalem and Marblehead..BostonRhode Island
New HavenNew LondonNew York
PhiladelphiaPatuxent
North Potomac.
Imports from Continental Colonies
1772
204
1771
50
18317413
87226122
1770
23
76
40
1768
130
101153
88
Imports from Great Britain
1771
627206
2,248
239316
1770
1688
162989208
69
8371,119
65
1769
1230
1,894159
37
1,5371,507
10765
No.
9899100101102
103104105106107
Port
RappahannockJames River—lower .James River—upper _York RiverRoanoke
BrunswickCharlestonSavannahSunburySt. Augustine .
ImportsfromContinental
Colonies,1771
2444
Imports fromGreat Britain
1771
96384
18119
46774
1770 1769
432
9016915
16081566
81,819
74
488910 O - 60 - 50
761
Z 108-135 COLONIAL STATISTICS
Series Z 108-121. Value of Furs Exported to England, by British Continental Colonies: 1700 to 1775
fin pounds sterling. For years ending December 24|
SeriesNo.
1775 1770 1765 1760 1750 17S9 > 1730 1725 1720 1710 1700
108
109110111112113114
115116117118119120121
Total, 53 , 709 47,758 49 , 293 19,985 22,817 25.196 22,348 23,541 19,377 16,284
Continental ColoniesCanadaCarolinaFlorida- -Georgia -Hudson's Bay
New England—NewfoundlandNew YorkNova ScotiaPennsylvania -- - - -Virginia and Maryland -
All other colonies -
51,05834,486
12810863
5,640
1,6421,9133.939
2102,866
632,651
44,39428,433
26689
9,213
2,453403
2,340132
1,148
45.92524,512
491
14,6371,930
20
17,491
'"it
22,536_
19,804
67
21,903
"46
19,128 5,165
"27
13,712
576
539,770
2,811648
5,56578
1,92770
3,368
8,321
946470
1,02324
1,87921
5.348
8,143
1,015420
5,710
13,452
2,481551
5,073
1,909282
5,326
329641
2,660
12,335
2,010500
2,611156
1,642493
2,544
11,180
1,862452
6,952
9,839
2,119457
5,393
1,595553
2,148
2,360
2,435223
4,962
923488
1,6
849467249
7542.675
7232,4332.572
the English customs records for 1740 are not complete, the records for 1739 were used.
Series Z 122-125. Indigo and Silk Exported From South Carolina and Georgia: 1747 to 1775
[For years ending January 4 of following year, except as noted]
Indigo (1,000 pounds)
Total
122
SouthCarolina
123
Georgia
124
Silk 1(pounds) Year
Indigo (1,000 pounds)
Total
122
SouthCarolina
123
Georgia
124
Silk'(pounds)
125
Year
Indigo,
SouthCarolina(1,000
pounds)
123
1775 '.1774 «..1773 >.1772.,1771. _
1770.1769.1768.1767.1766.1765.
' 759 . 8454.1
573.1416.6
"517.7
(')" 506.2351.9
1.122.2747.2720.6
• 746 . 7
434.2
550.8402.7
' 498.0
(')491.8335.8
8w13.119.9
22.313.9
» 19.712.914.416.0
»)
:•)
485438
290332541671
1,084711
1764.1763.1762.1761.
1760.1759.1758.1757.1756.1755.
543.2447.7264.4385.6
519.3696.2572.6894.5232.1308.0
529.1 14 2 898438.9 8.7 953255.3 9.1 380384.1 1.6 332
507.6 11.7 558695.7 0.6 734563.0 9.6 358876.4 18.2 358222.8 9.3 268303.5 4.5 438
1754...1753...1752 " .1751 " .
1750 ■' .
1749 " .1748 ".1747 >'_
129.628.53.819.9
63.1138.362.2
138 3
1 Savannah, Ga.f only. 1 For 6 H months ending Feb. 24.' Not available. * For 11 months ending Oct. 6.fi For year ending Nov. 11. s Plus 302 casks and 5 boxes.
' Plus 196 casks. 8 Plus 357 casks.» From Oct. 31, 1767, to Sept. 8, 1768, Charleston exported 530,092 pounds of indigo.
10 Figures given are for Charleston's exports, the only South Carolina port for whic*1data are available; other South Carolina porta averaged 7.8 percent of the colony's tot a
for 1768-1773.it For 9 1-2 months ending Jan. 5 of following year.a For year ending Mar. 24 of following year.
Series Z 126-130. Silk Exported and Imported by North and South Carolina: 1731 to 1755
[In pounds. For years ending December 24]
Year
Exportsof rawsilk
126
Imports of British silk manufactures
Silk,wrought
127
Silk with
128
Silk withinkle
129
Silk withgrosgrain
130
Year
Exportsof rawsilk
126
Imports of British silk manufactures
Silk,wrought
127
Silk withworsted
128
Silk withinkle
Silk withgrosgrain
Year
Importssilk mat
of British
Silk, Silk iwrought worsted
127 128
17551754..1753 ..1752..1751 ..
1750.1749.1748.1747.
6.5
.....
1184652
3,4162,6823,0273,3652,404
1,6191,7721,7721,313
2,6342,3002,2362,8601,933
1,2581,0661,6582,050
337374190218291
22374
155386
150
50
1746..1745..1744..1748..1742..1741..
18.5
341740.1739.
929544
1,0351,4271,5762,798
1,4541,273
590615
1,2961,2621,3502,452
1,492877
330184181122144440
340
1738.1737.1736.
1736.1734.1733.1732.1731.
1,111691
1,223
1,487943
1,015774970
1.177790516
9371,341892637
Series Z 131-135. Pig Iron Exported to England, by Colony: 1723 to 1776
[In tons of 2,240 pounds. For years ending December 24]
Year
1776.1775.1774.1773.1772.1771.
1770.1769.1768-1767.1766.
1765.1764.1763.1762.1761.1760.
1769.
1 IncludesNewfi
Total
'3162,996
'3,4522,938'3,725'5,303
4,2333,4022,9533,313'2,887
>3,2642,5542,666'1,7672,766•3,265
"1,596
VirginiaandMaryland
132
2081,4671,4581,5811,8792,624
1,5721,6161,718'2,0701,741
2,0711,8372,3251,7332,5123,1231,429
NewYork
133
431,0151,533984766778
1,031864620357648
564371108197651
103
Pennsylvania
385323209706
1,553
1,381634666786299
301307132
714961128
Other '
60130181isa364379
24828850
101
40
23
293012
Year
17581757175617551754175317521751
17501749174817471746
17451744174317421741
Total
'3,717'2,699'3,0113,4413,2452,7382,9793,210
2,9241,7592,1562,1571,861
2,2741,8623,0052,0753,457
VirginiaandMaryland
132
3,4482,4622,4682,1332,5912,3472,7622,950
2,5091,5752,0182,1191,729
2,1311,7482,8161,9263,261
NewYork
133
411157
201457116974133
7617221329
196
81
Pennsylvania
134
19580
234836513243156200
31816711526103
9TKM
S3144153
Other 1
25
'10815256120
27
21
2720
455
43
Year
1740.1789.1738.1737.1736.
1735.1734.1733.1732.1731.
1730.1729.1728.1727.1726.1725.1724.1723.
Total
275418359316729
5611M405333260
717132886484296137
VirginiaandMary-Land
132
2,0202,2422,1132,1202,458
2,3622,0422,3102,2262,081
1,527853643407263137202
Pennsylvania
Other I
159170228169271
19614795107169
1892742437733
9661827
iron exported from New England, Carolina, Barbados, Canada,
and Jamaica.
' Reason for discrepancy in total and sum of components is unknown.' 13 American Colonies only.
762
EXPORTS AND IMPORTS Z 136-164
Series Z 136-142. Pig Iron Exported From American Colonies, by Destination and Colony: 1768 to 1772
[In hundredweights. For years ending January 4 of following year]
Total
136
74,320610
22,688480
128,306
101,3161,280
'25,68030
Massachusetts
1,521
1,301
220
810
810
RhodeIsland
6,325
1,076
5,250
7,820
2,760
5,060
NewYork
139
26 , 755
15,585
11,170
15,770
10,300700
4,74030
Pennsylvania
9.408
8,840160
8400
30,886
29,986
900
Maryland
141
33 , 405
27,215150
6,040
45,245
30,005580
14,660
Virginia
142
20,684
20,304300
K0
27,455
Year anddestination
1770
Total .
Great Britain .IrelandContinental
ColoniesWest Indies...
1769
Total
Great Britain..IrelandContinental
Colonies
1768
Total . .
Great Britain.Continental
Colonies
Total
136
133,079
114,9445,350
12,72560
112,186
93,866930
17,390
' 71 , 194
•62,356
8,838
Massachusetts
137
I ,020
1,020
2.365
1.360370
635
1,077
1.077
RhodeIsland
138
6,957
8,697
3,260
5,980
2,310
3,670
2,220
1,820
400
NewYork
139
26,490
21,5151,250
3,725
23,795
14,96040
8,795
31,119
29,819
1,300
Pennsylvania
140
31,947
31,387560
21,896
21,676220
12,102
10,006
2,096
Maryland
141
35.150
25.8103,540
5,74060
24,830
20,240300
4,290
6.422
1,780
4,642
' Includes 320 hundredweights exported by Connecticut. 1 Includes 760 hundredweights exported by New Jersey.
Series Z 143-152. Pig Iron Imported by American Colonies From Other Continental Colonies: 1768 to 1772
[In hundredweights. For years ending January 4 of following year]
YearTotal
Massachusetts
RhodeIsland
Connecticut
NewYork
Pennsylvania
Maryland
VirginiaNorth
CarolinaSouth
Carolina
143 144 145 146 147 148 149 160 151 152
1772 25.76827,62514,12715,53512,447
5,6803,6402,7104,5551,654
9,6208,8753,4058,020
6201,4201,6401,340
4,7701,980740
8,2801.920
1605,5902,872
204. 528
4,91810,0402,7003,3203,660
1771 1,060 201770 - 60
17691768 360 430
Series Z 153-158. Bar Iron Imported From England, by American Colonies: 1710 to 1750
[In tons of 2,240 pounds. For years ending December 24]
Virginia
TotalNew
EnglandNewYork
Pennsylvania
andMaryland
Carolina
Year Year
163 154 155 156 157 158
1750.. 5 1 S321254
1 17181735 .. 218
363465488365
101263371413243
108905568
68
1717 .1734 17161733 2
36
2591732 1716
1731 102 11 17141713.
1730 . 250405
150338
9268
21
64
17121729 4 1710
Total
190207539
511419302326226
NewEngland
154
154141373
373279211282201
NewYork
155
343147
111984932
10
Pennsylvania
156
4910
82572
13
Virginia
M"arl- |Car°lina
land
157
27109
17
8852
Series Z 159-164. Bar Iron Exported to England, by Colony: 1718 to 1776
[In tons of 2,240 pounds. For years ending December 24]
Total
159
28916
'639'838'9662,222
1,7161,7801,9901,3261,258
1,079»1,069
•310
'110
NewEngland
946
7IS9
NewYork
361284498561
1,493
984861909401400
194241
89
Pennsylvania
114137
18
9820835734288
85272213
VirginiaandMaryland
163
28462244289382
709
598659712569744
689247234107
Other >
164
15
160133
Year
1761.1760.1759.1768.1757.1756.
1755.1754.1753.1752.1751.
1750.1748.1747.1746.1745.
Total
3912727335573181
89027124882
I
64831964
NewEngland
NewYork
161
192
127
Pennsylvania
162
329199101931
79110148
65
VirginiaandMaryland
163
3698
74341Sii48
2991549817
8
64
83193
4
Other 1
164
Year
1744.1741.1740.1736.1735.
1738.1780.1727.1726.1724.
1721.1720.1719.1718.
Total
159
5755
555
19817
15
413
VirginiaandMaryland
1 Includes bar iron exported from Antigua,as noted.
' Reason for discrepancy between total and' From Carolina.
Canada, Jamaica, Barbados, and others
sum of components is unknown.
4 From Pennsylvania.6 From New York.• From New England.
763
Z 165-202 COLONIAL STATISTICS
Series Z 165-178. Bar Iron Imported by American Colonies From Other Continental Colonies: 1768 to 1772
[In hundredweights. For years ending January 4 of following year]
YearTotal
NewHarnp-.shire
Massachusetts
RhodeIsland
Connecticut
NewYork
NewJersey
Pennsylvania
Maryland
VirginiaNorth
CarolinaSouth
CarolinaGeorgia noHd.
165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178
1772 33.15628,06428,33821,86016.905
4.1693,0793,7172,3901,500
14.36710,869
> 13,0528,6487,977
2,3042,2401,2401,1752,322
1,5882.3512,2951,734271
220880120710236
6 940494
1647
4,5402,4202,1051,546
71
1.7492,6041.1861,3521.401
2.7782,5903,9613,1271,775
352419324525317
127911771
1770 166530684
172281769 97
451768 145 161
> Plus 154 bars.
Series Z 179-188. Bar Iron Exported by American Colonies, by Destination and Colony: 1768 to 1772
[In hundredweight*. For years ending January 4 of following year]
Year and destinationTotal
Massachusetts
RhodeIsland
Connecticut
NewYork
NewJersey
Pennsylvania
Maryland
Virginia Other '
1772
179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188
Total 60,916 1,110 354 538 17,245 140 22,008 17.272 2.091 158
Continental Colonies - . .19,70835,8484,620
740
1,110 31440
50434
9,9304,8052.370
140
10040
90019,253'1,595
7,7978,875260340
1,081729281
158West IndiesOther. 260
1771
Total _.. 76,513 985 500 85 28.892 94 21.942 20,080 3,713 222
Great Britain 42,30029,3103,980
923
2 20320120
23,6503.607
935700
20019.4132.196
133
15.5314,207
30240
2,897489Continental Colonies - ... 983 65 14 212
West Indies 20 80 327Other 40 10
353
1770
Total. 78,168 1.029 686 180 33,569 108 22,967 14,823 4,453
Great Britain 42,04728,9495,4571,775
100929
40■606
40
25,9854,6741,6351,335
1,57718.776'2,594
20
10,5303,200
673420
3,815484154
Continental Colonies - 108 172181West Indies 180
Other
1769
75,869 1,009 641 556 24,358 230 21,805 17,965 9,184 (21
Great Britain 43,10526,3784,8261,560
124 98543
17,0905,2231,385660
4.41514,6282,652
110
12,9253,789
461790
8,453514217
Continental Colonies 885 446110
230 1201West Indies
1768
Total. 77,857 1,127 3,199 223 4,422 140 20,969 35,114 12,307 356
Great Britain 50,27124,4033,123
60
(')1.107
20
7392,400
3817114
•6,189
12.621• 2,159
'31,2653,714
135
•11,704 33620
West Indies8,874
548140 356
247Other _ 60 ('»)
1 Includes N.H., N.C., S.C.. Ga., and Fla. ■ Plus 10,627 bars exported to Great Britain and 166 bars to Ireland.
* Includes 40 cwt. exported through New Castle, Del. 7 Plus 730 bars.8 Plus 150 bars. ' Plus 11,664 bars.* Includes 134 cwt. exported through New Castle, Del. * Includes 45 cwt. exported through New Castle, Del. In addition to the 2,159 cwt.,1 Plus 42 bars. there were 2,125 bars exported.
10 Source states that 735 bars were exported to Southern Europe.
Series Z 189-202. Cast Iron Imported and Exported by American Colonies, by Origin and Destination: 1768 to 1772
[In hundredweights. For years ending January 4 of following year)
SeriesNo.
Origin or destination From other Continental Colonies
Imports
From Great Britain To other Continental Colonies
Exports
To West Indies
1772 1771 1770 1769 1768 1771 1770 1769 1772 1771 1770 1769 1768 1771 1770 1769
189
190
Total 4,936 4,884 4,039 3,824 4,733 968 969 2,621 5,231 5,503 fi.309 3,926 2,025 97 42 1(5
21712872
9641,773
40213897
2,3644221045
266290532313
5
172
> 1214044194
05 11
1,7142,795315206
2
18 291,9721,422
129142
188607114120
191192
43 8 0) 2,0702,538
77180
'2,029■1,206
■87
'61
25 1065Rhode Island 7 21
193194195196197198199200201
Connecticut ■1,150i 160
24'1,357
236347297192390
1,58131811615528539163367
256785
76New York. . (') 20
New JerseyPennsylvania • 58
280138
1,131142330
3591,496
651,06636327023
106'30626786069
'231'1,426
5286
3114
29039821287
3562,513
18795
1885199235
353
70
Virginia 733'178
88North Carolina 20
South Carolina 359■ 71
an 89Georgia '49
1 (')
4
202 Florida (')
■ In addition, the following number of pots were imported: From other Continental ' In addition, the following number of pots were exported: Maas.-510, R.I.-116,
Colonies, 1770, N. H.-4, Mass.-20, Conn.-103, N. Y.-52, Pa.-130; from Great Britain, Con.-20, N.Y.-104, and 35 potash kettles from Mass.1771, Md.-2,432, N. C.-169, Ga.-150, FU.-4; 1770, N. H.-187, Maas.-12 pots and 250 1 Includes figures for New Castle, Del., as follows: Imports from other Continental
pounds, Md.-107; 1769, N. Y.-100, Pa.-231. Md.-34, Ga.-71, Fla.-2. Colonies. 1770, 1 cwt.; 1771, 40 cwt. Exports to other Continental Colonies, 1771, 3cwt.
764
EXPORTS AND IMPORTS Z 203-229
Series Z 203-210. Wrought Iron Imported From England by American Colonies: 1710 to 1773
[In hundredweights. For years ending December 24 except 1769-1771, January 4 of following year]
Year
1773...1771...1770...1769...1764...1758...
17501735173417331732
Total
203
56,98859,18619,75633,68529,72035,549
29,50823,84523,15522,64322,800
NewEngland
2,6344,2092,250
■2.907
6,2903,455
7,8846,5446,1927,105
NewYork
205
5,97211,4973,860
6204,8836,280
4,3842,1372,2911,6102,380
Pennsylvania
19,652
176' 1 , 5655,3038,687
4,7652,1023,1502.4202,208
VirginiaandMaryland
207
12,55438,5467,664
21,7344,86610,128
8,6849,7098,6418,8157,446
Carolina
208
12,155'3,2124,393'5,7737,9936.849
3,7333.353
2,8812,6932,168
Georgia
209
1.8551,0681,402•878
385
160
58
Florida
2.166'654
11'208
Yearor period
Total
203
1731..1730..1729..1718..1717..1716..
1715..1714..1713..1712..1710-
1711
26,75320,60416,35713,09715,70515,571
17,80214,34311,17613,729
10,309
NewEngland
9,7277,3807,3943,1103,8195,398
5,7964,6334,8835,345
4,597
NewYork
205
2,6282,7751,9041,3961,1451.094
1,3801,137986639
567
Pennsylvania
206
2,9462,629
851887
1,147963
988924
1,040540
VirginiaandMaryland
207
9.6826,3904,8666,7358,7287,446
8,9476,5982,8606,654
3,014
Carolina
1,7701,4801,342969866670
6911,0611.4071,561
1.143
1 Plus 5 casks and 4 cases. '-' Plus 15 caskB and 1 case. ' Plus 41 casks and 13 packs. 1 Plus 1 cask. 1 Plus 49 packs. 1 Plus 11 packs. 7 Plus 7 packs.
Series Z 211-222. Selected Iron Products Imported and Exported by American Colonies: 1768 to 1772
Imports
Wrought iron
Exports
Axes
YearWrought
ironAnchors Scythes Nails' Steel i Axes
Othercolonies
WestIndies
Anchors ScythesOther
coloniesWestIndies
211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222
Cwt.351513
'256"1.289
(')
Number68
'109'126■12
Dozens494
'340297
'102
(')
Cwt. Cwt. Number5,6037.1446,0636,6655,568
Cwt.301391
■•103
" 1,101» 162
Cwt. Number'8070
11 156
Dozens454
•640
Number6,8007,5747,4835,6062,688
Number2,6732,3851,9614,059
(')
1772 (5)m 47
163167
1771 6,668■22,283
»3,161
1,599'1,578•2,126
1770 3774001769. (")
(")1768.. («) tt (•) 279 (*)
1 Imported from Great Britain. * No listing.1 Plus 36 to West Indies. * Plus, from Great Britain, 15 in 1771.* Plus,' from Great Britain, 129 bundles in 1771 and 46 bundles and 1 dozen in 1769.* 30 dozen to West Indies.7 Wrought iron entry coastwise in source includes 43 cwt. of anchors which may not
have been included in number of anchors. Also, 27 anchors were imported from GreatBritain.
8 Plus 1,993 casks in 1770 and 84 casks in 1769 from Great Britain and 102 barrelsin 1770 from other colonies.
• Plus 4,030 bars, 12.5 faggots, and 36 long steel in 1770, and 1 bundle and 41 faggots
in 1769.10 Includes 110 cwt of anchors which have also been included in the number of
anchors.11 Wrought iron entry coastwise included 363 cwt. of anchors which may not have
been included in the number of anchors.15 Anchors only.u 15 anchors to Africa. All the wrought iron entries this year consisted of anchors.
" In addition to coastwise exports listed under wrought iron, 1 anchor went to theWest Indies.
Series Z 223-229. Tobacco Imported by England, by Origin: 1697 to 1775
[In thousands of pounds. For years ending December 24, except as noted]
Year
1775.1774.1773.1772.1771.
1770.1769.1768.1767.1766.
1765.1764.1763.1762.1761.
1760.1759.1788.1757.1756.
1755.1764.1763.1762.1751.
1750.1749.1748.1747.1746.
1745.1744.1743.1742.1741.
1740.1739.1738.1737.1736.
Total
223
55,96856,06755,92951,60168,093
39,18833,79735,55539,14543,318
48,32054,43365,17944,11147,075
52,34734,78243,96942,23233,291
49,08458,86762,68657,25045,979
51,33944,64850,69551,28939,990
41,07341,43456,76743,46759,449
36,00246,72440,12050,20837,904
VirginiaandMaryland
224
54,45854,78554,91550,66756,888
38,98633 , 55235,45739,09643 , 193
47,60053.66264 , 50041,86246,818
51,28334,66243,62341,64282,943
48,61057,97761,91356,59146,745
50,78544,19049,64660,76539,567
40,89741,11955,66642,83859,007
35,37245,86639,86849,94637,682
Carolina
225
8341,191964684
1,136
1902038844
114
704765647
2,226796
989120273369289
24183645183
182
123213932M7
81
35515558
70
49552
108
Georgia
109
7150135
86
81
Pennsylvania
46
10450
104
NewEngland
228
57
1 (')
14 24635 28568 60567 4
34 44712266 319107 124228
166159 31830 (!)
221 7
427 48305226154100 (')
Other '
229
51010
(')1634
44194
12
132
271311
596
73321
68
21782
a
(')
6115
2716
114
1011856841144
106
1262214
Year
1736. .1734..1733..1732..1731..
1730..1729..1728..1727..1726..
1725..1724..1723..1722..1721..
1720..1719..1718..1717..1716..
1715..1714..1713..1712..1711..
1710..1709..1708..1707..1706..
1705..1704..1703..1702..1701 ..
1700..1699..1698 '.1698 «.1697 •_
Total
223
40,06935,66340,08530,89141,695
35,08039,95142,58843,27532,311
21,04626,63429,29728,54337,292
34,52633 , 68431,84029,60028.316
17,81029,26421,59830,62328,122
23,49834,54728,97528,08819,780
15.66134,86420,07687,20932,189
37,84031,2638,478
23,05235,632
VirginiaandMaryland
224
39,81835.21639,85430,84741,194
34,86039,78542,32843.02632,159
20,96826,61229,25928.38336,949
34.13833,50331.74029,45028,305
17,78329,24821,57330,50228,100
23,36134,46728,71627,68419,379
16,57334,66519,45136,74931,754
37,16630,6418.359
22,73835.329
Carolina
(»)68
47
814
n
Pennsylvania
226
2503381692190
78161155225
142
661323140254
365177941028
18
117651848394
4786
313304270
398656722118
NewEngland
227
14
p)
m
41
421
47
112
41
2
19217
99
1136744
2316
NewYork
228
246
21
465
1
123297
27
Other <
229
18
62
9309
131
6103249
129710
1
10i
(')l8
9
611615
26121077
280
329519386120
23349643
283156
1 Includes Portugal and Madeira Islands, rest of Europe, Turkey, Africa, EastIndies, Antigua, Barbados, Bermuda, Jamaica, St. Kitts, and others and prize.
2 Less than 600 lbs. ' For Sept. 29-Dec. 24.' For years ending Sept. 28.
765
Z 230-240 COLONIAL STATISTICS
Series Z 230-237. American Tobacco Imported and Reexported by Great Britain: 1697 to 1775
[In millions of pounds. For years ending December 24 unless otherwise noted. Leaders denote no satisfactory data available. Outports are English ports other than London]
Imports
Total
230
10297
10097
105
7870696873
81819K
7173
8550706046
64798778
6452
5552675368
415345
England
Total
231
5656565158
3934363943
4854654447
5235444233
4959635746
5145515140
4141574359
364740
5038
London
232
383643
2724232627
2937472227
2818242219
2733873326
2621282919
2224332441
1931253225
Outports
233
181515
129
121416
2017182220
2416202014
2226252420
2623232321
1917241919
1716151913
Scotland '
Reexports
4641454547
3936332929
3326332726
3215261812
15202421
1312
14111110
9
575
Total
7479979487
7359
6763
6885656266
6450434638
45737469
5249
4351585254
424337
England
4445505041
33243136
3954413637
4032262826
3453504939
3344433932
3342474446
3538334132
Scotland i
237
3034464446
4035362630
2931242529
2519171812
10
202320
Year
1735.1734.1733.1732.1731.
1730.1729.1728.1727.1726.
1725.1724.1723 .1722.1721.
1720.1719.1718.1717.1716..
1715..1714.1713.1712.1711.
1710.1709..1708..1707..1706..
1705..1704..1703..1702..1701..
1700..1699..1698'.1697
Total
20
30
253630
Total
4036403142
3540434332
2127292937
3534323028
1829223128
35292820
1635203732
38312336
Imports
England
London
232
2624272029
2427292820
14182119
1512
25
2521
25181026
Outports
10111211
12131310
Scotland i
234
Reexports
Total
235
34
3338353231
1628242530
2119
15
England
1 For 1721-1731 and 1762-1754, for years ending Sept. 28; 1755-1775, years ending Jan. 4 of following year.' For years ending Sept. 28.
Series Z 238-240. American Tobacco Imported by England: 1616 to 1693
[In thousands of pounds. For years ending September 28 except 1637-1640, unknown; 1672-1682, December 24; 1690-1693, November. Leaders denote no satisfactory data
available. Outports are English ports other than London]
YearTotal London Outports •
Year
Total London OutportsYear
Total London Outports
238 239 240 238 239 210 238 239 240
1693 19,866.013,423.514,830.5
1679 12,983.014,455.011,735.011,127.010,539.0
1629.. 178.7652.9876.9333.1
89.0420.1335.3213.3
89.7132.81692 1678 1628
1691... _ 1677 1627 41. «119.81676 1626
1690 12,638.014,392.614,890.514,072.014,641.5
1672 17,559.0 7,020.01689. 1625 131.8
203.0134.661.673 8
111.1187.3119.459.473.8
20.716.615 22.2
1688. 28,385.627,567.028,036.6
13,495.013,495.013,495.0
1669 9,037.37,371.11,257.01,346.08,134.0
16241687 1663 1623
1686 1640 1622
1639 16211684 13,495.0
18,495.08,807.0
16381683 1620... 119.0
46.849.718.82.6
118.045.849.518.8
1.01682. 21,399.0 12,592.0
14,472.011,943.0
1637 1,537.0209.7360.6
16191681.. . 1631 272.3
468.2
62.597.5
1618 0.21680... 1630 1617 _
1616 2.3 0.2
766
EXPORTS AND IMPORTS Z 241-266
Series Z 241-253. American Tobacco Exported and Imported, by Origin and Destination: 1768 to 1772
tin thousands of pounds. For years ending January 4 of following year]
Year and destinationTotal
NewHampshire
Massachusetts
RhodeIsland
Connecticut
NewYork
Pennsylvania
Maryland
VirginiaNorth
CarolinaSouth
CarolinaGeorgia Florida
iirz
241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 260 251 252 253
ExportsGreat Britain
106,979.4106,574.0
2.0 23.7 14.0 1.7 58.6 26.4 33,909 233,902.0
2.54.7
70,632.870,449.4
147.035.9
1,604.81.673.4
11.819.6
527.6479.0
7.4
179.1170.2
West Indies 178.0194.433.0
»87.4
0.523.2
1.84.18.1
16.6
0.814
6.736.616.325.1
Southern Europe and AfricaImports, coastwise
Coastwise 2.0 '22 84.130.8
35.75.6
8.9
1771
18.7
58.0
0.6 0.1 C) 0.6
ExportsGreat Britain .
112,921.2112,508.6
4.4 11 4 5.0 48.2 4.4 38,963.038,931.4
15.316.3
71,468 771,268.7
160.539.5
1,886.61,872.2
2.012.4
436 6401.4
34.934.9
West Indies 181.7197.533.4141.5
4.4 55.62.4
39.3
9.91.5
2.92.1 29.1
19.166.7
1.01.12.314.8
27 :iSouthern Europe and Africa.
Imports, coastwise
1770
12.2
3.7
7.2 1.0
13.5
0.18.1
0.2
Exports..Great Britain.
89,744.389,321.4
165.4248.2
9.3158.7
20.9 0.4 34.6 6.5 27,272.027,266.8
8.12.1
61,048 560,811 1
145.691.8
1,097.31,084.7
2.410.2
233.2145.5
18.413.30.1
0.3
West Indies 10.8 3.421.9
Southern Europe and Africa.Imports, coastwise
Coastwise 8.7 20.9 0.4 2.79.3
72.6
6.5 87.7 0.8
1769
5.9 39.0
46.7
5.4
11.2
32.4
1.2
0.6 2.9
Exports. _Great Britain
84,207.383,945.2
102.3155.24.6
95.2
29.3 12.6 25.790.825,781.8
1.27.8
57,445.267,337.8
78.229.2
554.7649.63.41.00.71.0
310.4275.4
0.134.9
5.20.61.68.0
West Indies 0.345.5
2.36.62.3
13.916.4
1.310.6
Southern Europe and Africa -Imports, coastwise
Coastwise0.9
38.10.7
34.4
1.2
Exports
1768
69,683 169,519.1
139 2
10.6
11.8 3.1
1.2
23.2 6.0
'4.7
24,382.324,382.3
44,876.944,769.7
107.2
380.8867.1
6 4
0.2 5.0
Great BritainWest Indies 1.4
1.4n 3
23.2 1.0Coastwise 20.5
i a11.8 7.3
Imports, coastwise I 22.1
Southern Fnrnnp anH Africa
:i 7 __l ..1 10 0
4 0
5.5 0.8 0.7 1.4
1 Coastwise exports for 1772 include 14,589 lbs. exported by Delaware; coastwise 1 Plus 5 pigtails,imports for 1769 include 224 lbs. imported by the Jerseys. * 5 pigtails.
Series Z 254-261. Tea Imported From England by American Colonies: 1761 to 1775
[In pounds. For years ending December 24]
Virginia Virginia
YearTotal
NewEngland
NewYork
Pennsylvania
andMaryland
Carolina Georgia FloridaYear
TotalNew
EnglandNewYork
Pennsylvania
andMaryland
Carolina Georgia Florida
254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261
1775...1774...1773...1772...1771...1770...1769...1768...
22,19873,274
739,221264,882362,257110,386229,439873,744
8,00630,161206,312161,184282,85785,98586,004291,899
1,304208,385
6301,035269
4,282320,214
8,82531,27326.49178,11732,96118,27037,35541,944
4,33283,95922,91636,385
8,6616,07010,2655,4202,9804.4265,212
5,3682,643
8131,7423,1041,7672.6614.953
1767...1766...1765. _.1764...1768...1762...1761...
480,876361,001518.424489,252188,786161,58856,110
162,435'118,982175,889143,23437,62551,6186,992
177,111124,464226,232265,38583,87070,4603.837
87,74160,79654,53841,94918,2817,884
144
36,08829,17723,28018,24923,48112,77322,244
24,26120,11236,06718,37422,86017,85022,893
2,3256,7982,9181,9892,7681,003
416
208,191128495
672
81,729174,883
1,17612,98234.639
72
(In
Series Z 262-266. Rice Exported From Producing Areas: 1698 to 1774
except as indicated. Data are for various terminal dates, primarily December 24, January 4 (of the succeeding year), and
31; a
Total
Pounds
262
Barrels 1
263
Charleston,S.C.
Beaufortand
Georgia
266
Year
Total
262
Barrels '
263 264 265
Beaufortand
Georgetown,
266
1774..177817721771
17701769
176817671766
76,265,70081.476,32569,218,62581,755,100
83,708,62578,078,95077,284,20063,465,15048,396,600
66,710,57556,907,25061,959,45047,436,82558,480,276
1760 86,827,2501759 80,472,5761758 88,627,6501757 88,976,950
1 Number of pounds per
1765.1764.1763.1762.1761.
145,268156,193131,845156,724
159,446189,198147,208120,88692,184
126,163106,490118,01890,353111,391
67,29058,04373,38664,718
varied
118,482126,940104.821125,151
131,805115.582125,538104,12574,031
107.29291,960
104,80079,652101,889
60,80751,71867,46458,634
year to year; i
6,5946,6814,0765,209
6,5686,9007,0455,4803,896
6,6474,8406,6164,1926,336
3,2002,7223,5513,086
20 , 19221,67222,94825,364
22,07216,71614,62511,28114,257
12,2249,6907,7026,6094,666
3,2833,6032,3712,998
1756.
1755.1754.1753.1752.1751.
1750.1749.1748.1747.1746.
1745.1744.1748.1742.1741.
1740.
45,344,250
59,067,77549,179,62019,747,67542,245,85032,751,270
27,872,50021,381,03028,368,55027,643,06027,335,040
29,818,37539,963,63035,935,20022,706,06088,720,955
43,826,000
86,370
112,49194,67638,34682,83564,854
54,74643,19467,89566,99656,948
62,76585,02977,28049,36185,101
96,280
79,203
104,68288,57035,52378,20861,611
51 , 19041,03455,00054,14664,101
69,62780,77873,41646,19680,846
91,110
4,170
5,6104,6621,8704,1163,243
2,6942,1602,8952,8502,847
3,1384,2513,8642,4314,255
4,785
2,997
2,2991,344952611
861
734
767
Z 262-280 COLONIAL STATISTICS
Series Z 262-266. Rice Exported From Producing Areas: 1698 to 1772—Con.
[In barrels, except as indicated]
Year
1739.1788.1737.1736.
1735.1734.1733.1732.1731.
1780.1729.1728.1727.1726.1725.
Total
Pounds
32,167,80016,327,35020,201,40024,804,000
21,259,80013,991,85023,245,20016,866,00021,753,450
18,774,90014,248,96012,884,95011,291,2809,442,7107,093,600
Barrels 1
263
71,48436,28344,89255,120
47,24431,09351,65637,48048,341
41,72232,38429.96526,88423,03117,734
Charleston,S.C.
264
67,11734,32442,82752,971
45,73230,32350,72637,06848,341
41,72232,38429,96526,88423,03117,734
Beaufortand
Georgetown,
S.C.
4,3671,9592,0652,149
1,512770930412
Year
1724172317221721
17201719171817171716
1715171417131711
Total,pounds
262
8,654,4478,797,3049,732,3777,963,615
6,485,6624,001,2102,956,7272,881,3354,584,927
2,367,6053,139,3613,850,5331,181,430
Year
1710.1709.1708.1707.1706.
1704.1703-1702.1701.
1700-1699.1698'
Total,pounds
,600,983, 610 , 679675.327661 , 185267.309
769 . 536694 , 493612.646194,618
394, 130131,20710,407
1 Number of pounds per barrel varied from year to year; see text. ' Year ending Sept. 28; exports from Sept. 29 to Dec. 24, 1698, were 1,597 pounds.
Series Z 267-273. Rice Exported From Charleston, S.C, by Destination: 1717 to 1766
[In barrels. For 1717-1738, for years ending December 24; for 1758-1766. ending January 4 of following year]
ContinentalColonies
BritishWestIndies
ForeignWestIndies
Countriessouth of
ContinentalColonies
BritishWestIndies
Countriessouth of
YearTotal England Scotland
CapeFinisterre
YearTotal England Scotland
Finisterre
267 268 269 270 271 272 27S 267 268 269 270 271 273
1766.. 85,862103,46182,16951,037
39,46851,33533,21718,517
2,8623,7034,5739,359
3,29716,11710,921
11,73016,46620,2396,962
3,3691,4901,970490
25,13614,34011,23912,163
1735 44,418 28,34524,84926,76638,331
667605
1,4171,737
7131,0611,6041,872
14,69310,7889,2656,397
1763.. 1734 37,30338,94248,337
1762 17321759.. 4,546 1731
1758 61,50132,37237,89653,376
30,68727,33132,32238,158
7,214 4,611696511
6,432643594
12,5573,8024,469
1724. 19,90813,3578,42110,380
16,4528,4236,1877,257
2,1993,2101,0051,980
1,2571,6931,2291,143
1738 _. 1719 ... 311737 17181736 798 1,164 13,266 1717..
Series Z 274-280. Rice Exported to England, by Origin: 1698 to 1776
[In hundredweights. For years ending December 24, except as noted]
Total
274
6,342676,916425,988457,073479,226•452,664
280,847434,444481,891288.537■238,680
357,099320,734271 , 605148,754238,750
108,673109,596102,79474,741167,261
312,845276,935123,682267,210202,943
166,672122,401144,06886,01851,736
75,153196,968243,091136,117263,093313,671254,879128,337
Carolina
275
3,607452,822839,911378,291405,121375,727
222,656362,063380,720257,936193,915
319,164291 , 546251,476138,777224,964
95,773102,00195,74172,785156,279
306,720273,862120,221261,387196,863
164,378121,614143,51685,93950,202
73,792195,249241,820134,368261,110308,178263,380128,187
Georgia
276
2,835110,02069,38772,46964,07859,417
48,84671,48441,39827,53044,387
28,49520,3779,4947,7867,220
11,6286,358
m(•)
5,931
3,9462,7821,9701,047
1,783
<.*>W
8
1,518
m798
NewEngland
277
4,232870
349
8,18392
6,457193
88
5541,6311,537750164
481306
1,3751,359
342
62
1,8154,363
505748
791 ,094
381,32324462
3601,5971,360
149
NewYork
278
7,3125,6962,455360
7,666
66305565
1,65024
6,9164,6746,354408
4,562
309523
4,81967
8,621
1,837204225
1,387923
209
31715660
1,0061,874
106
Pennsylvania
2,5309,9803,8586,3219,399
1,196
5002,7191,072
176
1,6012,2773,6441,0331,840
958233
1,92961471
125
174794
639
344
1,006240888179618
1,624
Virginia
andMaryland
280
2,14652
32156
469329
1,2661,400
Year
1737173617351734173317321781
17301729172817271726
17251724172317221721
17201719
17181717
1716
1715171417181711
17101709170817071706
1704170317021701
170016991698 «...
Total
274
154,318151,234118,29580,263147,272101,838164,616
139,384119,202100,46689,94269,092
53,67063,38367,61376,03462,215
50,66931,25923,09722,50985,820
18,49724,52730,0839,231
12,50811,8025.2764,3852,089
5,9335,4264,7861,521
3,0791,025
81
Carolina
275
154,010150,797116,44179,448147,021101,387161,246
136,678117,65095,97389,94267,041
52,26869,88560,95272,23854,873
44,91526,23319,53017,48427,565
14,40622,26428,6178,678
12,26511,2746,2204,1202,058
5,5605,3204,5681,457
3,0371,018
81
Georgia
276
(!)
(»)1,444
NewEngland
128
286124401
1,784
1,3651,1201,986
C)499
7643,1165,7462,4576,574
6,4444,0352,3033,8225,709
2,0131,6201,393
174
12828949
173
21717
26
NewYork
309222
37
607232
1,918
(')1,466
586656488366620
176147
1,130641871
1,272210165870
105232
3
7962
21864
Pennsylvania
28
180437
97 4300 783 44
1,44850
922 12300
(«)
689•<«T"
87
63327425 2940 33
1,058 90
118 17813 31129 6439 128
1,424
807
261
433
1 Includes exports from Florida in 1766, 91 cwt.; 1771, 64 cwt.;1 Not available.
1772, 1,200 cwt. > Year ending Sept. 28. Data for Sept. 29 to Dec 24, 1698, were 11 cwt. for Carolina
and 2 cwt. for Virginia and Maryland.
768
SLAVE TRADE Z 281-297
Series Z 281-293. Slave Trade, by Origin and Destination: 1768 to 1772
(For years ending January 4 of following year]
NewHampshire
Massachusetts
RhodeIsland
Connecticut
NewYork
Pennsylvania
Maryland
VirginiaNorth
CarolinaSouth
CarolinaGeorgia Florida
282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293
4 4 2 23194
17586827
2,1041.27179439
165 7,2016,1452,027
29463
32811769142
11
169
4 2 145 19150
44
22
20105
4 20 5 463
12 9 22719427622
76213
744
827
3,1002,051
99851
2971
758489148121
20
756
8
1 5687
20
1 1 1 5 28
1 6 1 1 296
123
5 28
69672
53251714111
906631274
115 1,144 181176
1031219145
8142886
83
875126143 r
1 13 227
1 13 15
4 66
10 20318023
493234258
1
16936795456
4,8884,138
67575
2983
68744891148
2761198275
4
4
10
11
28
4 295 28
1212
705911348
26
1414
1919
80128813141
13
354354
19817028141
13
2491876239
1,00197130615
56
2781301481199227
1
1 39
Year and origin or destinationTotal
281
1772
ImportsAfricaWest Indies.Continental Colonies
Exports --West IndiesContinental Colonies
1771
Imports—Africa
West IndiesContinental Colonies
Exports
West Indies...Continental Colonies
1770
ImportsAfricaWest Indies- -.Continental Colonies
Exports-West IndiesContinental Colonies
1769
Imports —AfricaWest Indies-Continental Colonies
Exports— -West IndiesContinental Colonies
1768
Imports -West Indies 1 --Continental Colonies
ExportsWest Indies-Continental Colonies
10,1656,6383,146
381495
8492
4,9702,7542,020
196341
3338
8,0692,266
60020314427117
6,7365,1611,222353336
9327
2,4962,204
292282107175
1 Includes Africa.
Series Z 294-297.
[For years ending December 24, except 1619-1699, unknown,
Slave Trade in Virginia: 1619 to 1767
Italic figures do not purport to be complete. For 1619 and 1727-1767, leaders denote zero except as noted;1621-1726, indicate no data available]
Year
17671766
17651764176317621761
1760 «...175817571756
1755'-.1754 «...175317521751 '...
1750174917471746
17451744174317421741
17401789
1738
Imported
Total
294
61lit
66967
1,1951,8101,581
1,158
Africa
295
(0108
(')922
1,0801,7871,470
1,15243
i
h1
565 456399 249tl (')
3,515 '3,5161,194 982
1,010 8492,338 1,826
t8 (')1,61,7 1 ,299
664 512672 486
1,428 1,8201,529 1,095947 687
1,646 9341,710 1,6231,101 839
Elsewhere
296
61
i
66
4511S23
111
643
41
10915021
212
161612SI*
Si8
142186108434260
71287
262
(')
Exported
0)
10s
9228
(')
(')
(')
(')
6S36
Year
1737..1736 '.
1735..1734..1733 '_1732..1731..
1730.1729.1728.1727.1726.
1725.1724.1723.1722.1721.
172017191710-1718'.
1709.1708.1707-1706.
1705-1704.1703 _1702.
Imported
Total
294
2,1743,222
t.lOi1,4871,720l,t91
181,
'276
i26
735
662
Africa
295
2,0443,166
1,798t,Ml1,2452,CM
ISO
'276
(')n
2,149
781464694239
1,960
1,3681,842233
326693713
1,013
1,639987156481
Elsewhere
296
13056
30635647568Si
(')4t
735
319
Exported
297
2635t
(')
tl
Hi(')
(■)
42455
lit
Year
1701.
1700.1699 <1687.1685.1684.
1679.1678.1677.1674.
1665 «.1662 «.16561652 «_
1649 «.1648 «.1642 «_
1639 «_1638 <_1687 «.1636 <_1636 <_
1628..1623..1622..1621..1619..
Imported
Total
3i9
"til'
5980307
1718
1
4630287
26
100111
21
Africa
796
229
ltO'190
34
OSltO
'150>650
Elsewhere
296
21
1 Information lacking or too incomplete to calculate.' Figures have been extended on basis of partial data.'Annual average. Source alBO shows 72 Indian slaves imported; 231 slaves died
and 103 drawn back for exportation during the 9 years.
' Number of head rights granted.
' Number of Negroes shipped, not those actually arrived.
769
Z 298-307 COLONIAL STATISTICS
Series Z 298-302. Slave Trade in New York: 1701 to 1764
[For years ending December 24, except 1701-1718, unknown; 1754-1764, January 4 of following year]
1764176817541748
174317421741
17401739178817371736
17351734173317321731
1730172917281727
Imported
Total
3520565
■10
71455
5610011899"13
12152
257'139'309
165211130221
Africa
19665
100>0
'130
Continental
Colonies
2111
»2
71143
301
359
10
71248
5289649613
11961
156138
•177
168200126218
Exported
302
41'0
■0
'0'0
Year
172617251724172317221721
17201719171817171716
1715171417121711
1710
17051704170317021701
Imported
Total
1762116410196
205
7710451733462
55537755
53
248
1616536
Africa
59
ContinentalColonies
3268
1
117
7026fi43
38
7755
53
24
11
301
14414656
1009686
661044476819
1753
Exported
816
165
4'8
1 Partial year.' Figures have 1
1 Not available.i extended on basis of partial data.
Series Z 303. Slaves Imported Into Charleston, S.C.: 1706 to 1773
[For years ending: 1706-1724, unknown; 1725-1726, September 28; 1727-1751, December 24; 1752-1772, October 81; 1773,purport to be complete)
September 27. Italics indicate figures do not
Year Number Year Number Year Number Year Number Year Number Year Number
1773.1772.1771.
1770.1769.1768.1767.1766.
1765.
8,0504,8653,079
1494,612
■ 178
' 121 101
7,184
1764.1763.1762.1761.
1760.1759.1758.1757.1756.
8,057 17551,145 1754
602 17531,395 1752
3,4491751
1,879 17503,177 17491,438 17391,952 1738
1.4362,5321,3981,572
831
44272
9962,654
17371736
17851734173317321731
17271726
1,7813,176
2,5161,719
1901,0031,775
6581,751
17251724172317221721
17201719171817171716
433604436323165
60154152967867
17151714171317121711
17101709170817071706
8141915976170
131107
1 Prohibitive taxes limited importation.
Series Z 304-307. Pitch, Tar, and Turpentine Exported From Charleston, S.C.: 1725 to 1774
[In barrels. For years ending October 31. Leaders denote no data available!
Pitch
304
Tar
305
Turpentine
Tar(green)
307
YearPitch
304
TarTurpen
tine
306
Tar(green)
307
YearPitch
304
Tar
305
870821
4,1257,429
4,1335,2566,94812,339
8,7517,4596,0876,3156,626
5,7547,8132,521
1,1761,2362,7282,259
8271,2781,4542,232
2,1838,0931,2651 ,2441,438
8862,2361-.720
1 Data for only 4 months.1 Data for only 7 months.> Data for only 10 months.
1.3941,043864
1,363
1,3353,2015,7613,787
6531,6433,0421,4384,874
2,4201,333937
3962,9951,142
2,1113,849
39265
411
97405328
1757'1756 1
1755.1754.1753.1752.1751.
1750 '1749.1748.1747.1746.
1745.1744.1748.1742.1741.
4,9623,0585,86911,02515,22020,48311,441
11,1577,7965,521
13,73718,016
8,8237,6789,75515,80811,831
2,1032,7112,5962,2956,0082,6516,070
3,8583,7653,0754,4221,519
1,28617 , 5522,2063,1151,811
3371,1952,1715,3756,4966,2711,401
8121,5822,3975,1624,262
9881,2452,0121,9861,691
3971,070
547369
17401739173817371736
17351734173817321731
173017291728172717261725
* Data for only 11 months.' Data for only 9 months.
11,3777,89016,08811,98711,736
24,03628,87418,16532.5939,385
10,8258,8778,18613,65429,77657,422
2.4362,7226,4178,5011,491
5,6367,3366,6044,6751,725
2,0143,4412,26910,9508,3222,333
770
TIMBER—WHALING—WAGES Z 308-335
Series Z 308-313. Timber and Timber Products Exported From Charleston (S.C.) and Savannah: 1754 to 1774
[Charleston, (or years ending October 31; Savannah, unknown. Leaders indicate no data available]
Charleston (S.C.) Savannah Charleston (S.C.) Savannah
YearLumber(feet)
Shingles StavesTimber(feet)
Shingles Staves YearLumber(feet)
Shingles StavesTimber(feet)
Shingles Staves
308 309 310 311 312 313 30K 309 310 311 312 313
1774 1 119,923528.637647,047675.000
858,1001,313,5001.392,075
27,40079,875207,280101,228
1764. 948.121
647,112414.754610.952
1.553,3651,225.160896 , 500
1.354,500
228,016362,065163,990236,327
1.043.635917.384417,449307,690
2,061,1611.470.120685,265606,650
423,251594,356325.47750,969
1773 • 1763 «..
1772 > 2,163,5822.159.072
8,525,9302,224.598
988,471403.253
1762
1771 709,000 1761.
1770 697,393592,026760,125450,118
1,305,6252,072.9472,131,0001,717,800
117.860282.180
182,940240,813
1.805,9921,634,3311,787.2581,767,1991.101,466
2,896.9913,474,5883,669.4772,570,7252,036,947
466,276747,903806,609748,166787,898
1760... 545,8331,018,490639,012234,303202,316780,776764,607
1.354.6001,204,890724.000664,100522.420952,880822. 121)
135.992146,172145,52983,617109.890168,121102.290
1769 1759
1768 ' 1758 .1767 1 1757 '. ..
1766 1756 '1755.
1765 1 697,648 186,375 1,879,454 3.722,050 661,416 1754
1 Charleston data only for 4 months. * Charleston data only for 11 months.' Charleston data only for 7 months. 1 Charleston data only for 9 months.1 Charleston data only for 10 months.
Series Z 314-317. Number of Vessels Engaged in Whaling, and Quantity and Value of Oil Acquired, Nantucket,
Mass.: 1715 to 1789
[Year ending date unknown. Leaders indicate no data available]
NumberTons
burden,eachvessel
OilNumber
Tonsburden,eachvessel
OilNumber
Tonsburden,eachvessel
Oil
Yearor period
ofvessels Barrels
Value 'Year
ofvessels Barrels
Value 'Year
ofvessels Barrels
Value '
(£>(£) (£)
314 315 316 317 314 315 316 317 314 315 316 317
1787-1789 36162819
113 12,060 1770 •125
11975-110 "14,331
19,1401763... 60
7880
9,2389,44012,000
1785 0)6,4002,260
e> 1769 17621784... 14,500
16,2801768 ... •125
10875 '15,439
16,5611756 75 27,600
1783 1767 .1748 60
256
50-7538-50
38
11,2503.700
600
19,6483,200•1,100
1772-1775.. 15098115
90-180 30,0007.82512,754
167,000 1766 11810172
11.96911,51211,983
1730..1772.. 1765 17151771 1764
1 £, pound sterling. See source for value per ton. 1 Different figures are quoted by the source (p. 233) from the Massachusetts His-2 Ships still at sea at time of reporting. torical Society Collection.
* Includes the value of 11,000 pounds of whale bone.
Series Z 318-329. Daily Wages of Selected Types of Workmen, by Area: 1621 to 1781
[£, pound sterling; a., shilling; d.. pence. Pay in local currency; not comparable from colony to colony. Leaders indicate no data available]
Masonsand
bricklayers
With board furnished
Joiners Masonsand
bricklayers
Without board furnished
JoinersYear and area Carpenters and
riggersCoopers Tailors Laborers Carpenters and
riggersCoopers Tailors Laborers
318 319 320 321 322 323 324 32.-> 326 327 328 323
£s. d. £«. d. £ d. £«. d. £«. d. £*. d. £«. d. £«. d. £.. d. £». d. £«. d. £s. d.2-048-08-0
Virginia, 1781 5-072-0
5-073-0
5-0 5-01 17-0-0Providence, 1779 72-0
5-03 to 5-0
Rhode Island, 1776... '3-0 5-0 6-6 5-04-0
•2-8
2-02-6
South Carolina, 1710
2-08 to 5-0
2-02-02-62-04-0
6-02-02-02-6
5-01-8
(,) .1-8
New Haven, 1641 2-02-62-05-0
18New Haven, 1640
3
Massachusetts, 1633. 14 14 144-0
122-0
8
u 4^0Virginia, 1621 3-0 3-0 8-0 2-0 3-0
' Per suit. ' For 32-gal. barrel. • Is. 3d. to 2s.
Series Z 330-335. Daily and Monthly Wages of Agricultural Laborers in Maryland: 1638 to 1676
{»., shilling; d., pence. Leaders indicate no data available]
Daily wages Monthly wages Daily wages Monthly wages
In tobacco In tobacco In tobacco In tobacco
Year Pounds Priceper
pound
Sterling Pounds Priceper
pound
Sterling Year Poundsof
Priceper
pound
Sterling Poundsof
Price
pound
Sterlingof
tobaccoof
tobacco tobacco tobacco
330 331 332 333 334 335 330 331 332 333 334 335
1676I. >. d. s. .. d. s. «. d.
*'2.0'2.0
>. d.
300175320125150600
'1.0'1.61.61.51.50 6
25-021-10
1654 600600
100-0100-01670 1652
20 1.6 2-6 40-0 1649 101520
8.0'2.01.6
2-62-62-6
1669 ■ 15-818-9
1648 250170
'2.01.5
41-821-31669 > 1647
1667 26-01645 170
187167133100
1.5'1.2'1.2'1.2
21-823-4
20-1016-8
1662 266200260
12 26-8 1644 "... 10 >1.6 1-31660 " 1.0
1.0
16-820-10
16441660 1 1644 '-1656 15
2620
'2.02.02.0
2-64-2
1642 1620
0.6'1.2
9 0.6 5-01655 " 1641 2-01655 ' 3-4 1638 8-4
1 Estimate. 1 Source does not explain why 2 (or 3} sets of figures are given.
771
Z 336-356 COLONIAL STATISTICS
Series Z 336. Index of Wholesale Prices Estimated for the United States: 1720 to 1789
[1850-59=1001
Year Index I Year Index Year Index I Year Index f Year Index ! Year Index I Year
1789178817871786
17851784178317821781
1780
94.097.4103.9105.1
105.0112.7119.1139.6
5,085.8
10,544.1
1779177817771776
17751774177317721771
1770
2,969 1 1769598 1 1768329 6 1767108 0 1766
78 0 176584 3 176490 9 1763
98 2 176284 9 1761
80 0 1760
81 2 175980 7 175881 7 175781 7 1756
76 7 175577 2 175483 5 175383 4 175277 5 1751
81 5 1750
85 8 174973 9 174869 6 174769 5 1746
71 2 174571 4 174478 2 174375 6 174272 0 1741
73 9 1740
76 1 173974 3 173865 6 173755 0 1736
53 7 173557 1 173459 7 173369 7 173273 6 1731
59 6 1730
59 6 172969 4 172869 3 172762 6 1726
66 3 172567 0 172459 7 172358 0 172259 2 1721
66 6 1720
Index
62.963.166.368.7
65 760.457.355.553 4
58.6
Series Z 337-356. Average Annual Wholesale Prices of Selected Commodities in Philadelphia: 1720 to 1775
[In Pennsylvania currency; in shillings per unit of quantity indicated, except series Z 352, in pounds. Leaders indicate no data available)
Year
Corn WheatTobacco
Rice
340337 338 339
Bu. Bu. Cwt. 1 Cwt.1775 2 •ill 5.68 17.381774 2 88 6 93 16 921773 3 11 7 .12 18 341772 3 li!) 7.74 32 20 23 391771 3 60 6.78 32 50 16.86
1770.. 3 fid 5.92 28 711 16 291769 2 80 5.48 26 12 17.711768. 2 57 6 31 21 83 17.741767.. 2 98 6.25 21 17.541766 8 2>.l 5.73 20 42 16 69
1765.. 8 01 4.70 IS 18 14.341764 2 7-1 4.60 17 71 14.521763 3 TS 6.06 10 48 15 501762 3 48 5.66 21 ■12 13.901761 2 42 5.03 21 52 16.58
1760. 2 00 6.11 20 43 19.001759... 2 <.i'.< 4 96 20 421758 1 111 3 89 18 881757 1 72 3.79 17 74 14.841756 2 BO 4.34 15 88 14.50
1755. 2 16 4.49 15 IIS 16.501754 2 :)4 4.46 17 77 17 061753 2 :il 4.48 19 17 20 971752 2 :.fi 4 38 19 90 16.321751 2 79 4.28 20 19 17.29
1750 2 56 4.51 19 9S 20.631749. 2 68 5.66 17 10 18.981748 2 28 5.04 IK DO 15 831747... 1 92 3.29 16 88 11.401746. 1 82 2.87 13 93 6.99
1746 1 69 2.60 IS 05 10.001744 1 53 2.49 12 65 11.031743 2 11 2.84 16 25 11 961742.. 2 fi!l 3.58 17 65 16 171741 2 74 4.47 14 88 16 58
1740 1 511 3.25 18 92 12.751739 1 11 2.82 15 63 17.081738. 2 111 3.48 17 00 20.671737 2 OX 3 KK 17 41 17.441736 1 89 3.24 15 08 17.15
1735 1 58 3.85 16 65 18.501734... 2 02 3 551733 2 10 3 061732 1 SI 2.70 15 53
"ioioi1731 1 65 2.47 18 46
1730 1 98 3.681729 2 15 3.70 15 OS 18.741728 2 2fi 3.39 16 061727 2 02 3.27 17 871726. 2
2
13 3.82 17 22
1725 13 3.87 38 46 19.981724 2 12 3 36 14.561723... 1 86 2.73 14. 131722 1 73 2.97 10.25 13.921721 1 7fi 3.06 10 04 15.44
1720 1 73 3.08 13.79 16.92
Bread
Middling
ShipFlour
Cwt.
31 "0830.9331.2328.93
28.5325.4526.3827.4724.54
24.9223.8430 1828.8825.18
24.3622.1421.8421.2421 21
21 4221 6421.5221 9422.37
23 8226.3019 6716.4814.95|
13.0613.3214.3115.9619.58
13 5613.0116.7515 21
12.77
14.5813 7512 8511.9111.72
14.881 1 0013 7213.4614.08
12.7911.9211.6712.5413.00
13.31
342 343
Cwt.
"i4~5717.3019.9515.68
14.113.6515 9116 8015.44
13.8812.9517.8217.4912.67
13.4014 3313.9814.1613.65
14 5015.8913.8713.1714.20
15 2317 6013 8911 5310.15
8.818.479.0611.7715.83
10.319.6012.5811.7810.94
12.3310.9010 39
Beef
344
Cwt.15 3618.1218.9220.2617.50
15.7115.0416.8917.1614.81
13.5012.8116.9416.8214.82
14.9614.6912.2711.3112.76
13.7614.1112.8013.1312 34
13.1016 5915.4110.019.07
8.017.688.6910.9813.66
8.728.0311.1611.719.61
11.4710.518.848.178.02
11 5610 65
10.0211.4612.51
12.1210.958.808.938.83
9.26!
Bbl.
57.0054.3154.5857.0551.48
51.3955.2152.4155.3555.21
58.7560.0060.2958.0454.91
53.7248.6648,1846.4348.96
47.8545.1345.7051.0148.44
38.1737.3144.2940.5541.13
36.8841.9444.7536 6340.63
35 6335.7536.6736.0633.50
30.6130.56
36.31
Pork
Salt
Coarse Fine
345
36.72
30.1730.6530.5830.6730.00
30.00
Bbl.64.8869 5083.9793.4680.31
77,0480.2973.4371.7676.88
74.3698.2686.9585.6373.92
69.3069 1959.4960 9461.42
65.9461.1963 2072.3569.97
63.9960.1661 0457.6653.79
53.0260.4968.5254.1749.83
46.0454 SS59.5854.4441.72
37.5943.5847.5449.4165.97
59.2451.6559.1747.7948.58
39.2936.0040.4845.0045.00
46.46
347
Bu.2.131.881 691 861 66
1 631 481 fil1 61
1 70
1 70
1 922 21
2 si;
1 OS
2 H2 132 362 882 16
1 4!l
1 47
1 431 261 16
1 41
2 is
3 17
3 5K
3 76
2 6:1
2 05
1 0 1
2 0(1
2 47
1 67
1 241 35
1 221 56
1 56
~~i 05i SS
2 51
2 2;l2 051 10
1 46
2.31
Bu3.712.052.221 851.55
1 891.811.531.76
2.86
2 972.402.412.562 39
1.541.631.851.531.30
1.692.513.073 843.76
2.562.232.202.672 19
2.202.162.192.241 92
2.082.042.362 403.14
3 092.15
2.833.142.811.65|1.86!
2.31
Molasses
Sugar,muscovado
348 349
Gal.1.751.791.741.751.77
Cat.52 9655.5650.0249.1850.86
1.861.781 811.741 92
51 8052.7446.4249.4355.74
1 76 52.9448.7349.7952.1549.14
1.631.992.292.42
2.702.872 512.462 04
47.8545.1847.7047.9948.83
1.892.002 031.941.86
48.3950 8551 7048.0047.04
1.692 082 822.632.50
51.9846.8351.6355.0147.15
2.341.801.872.281 82
43 . 0249.9738.9440.9436 40
1.651.591.601.581.68
37.8838.0838.9835.6432.81
1.651.601.391.371.36
35 6429.2028.9433.3533.21
1.541 531.511.431.45
32 1335 0035.1732.6336.35
1.461.491.301 241.16
33.4429 4236.88
3J.8833.13
1.34 35.52
Rum
NewEng
land
350
Gal.
2 172 21
2 192 IS
2 192 1'2 252 OS
2 2:1
2 042 115
2 502 703 04
3 64:i 943 122 742 55
2 272 4 12 472 892 51
2 632 725 60
3 622 60
2 652 522 362 842 46
1 SI
WestIndies
Madeirawine
351
Gal.3.053.033.253.443.35
3 013 293 343 003.02
3.023 263.723.943.93
4.734.993.723.172.73
2 843.223 083.223.49
3.463.774.4.463.03
3.253.203.163.642.96
2.532.332.292.652.24
2.362.632.302.502.64
2.512.602.612.873.19
2.852.352.572.942.31
2.68
352
Pipe64 0655.1756 7554.0350.00
49.58•18.02
47.7350.9748.92
47 2950.5649.3460.7948 83
50.3145.2641 7739 4632 78
29 5628.9630.7030.1030.07
29.7428.7725.6024.4222.90
27.5027.8527.3824.3521.83
20.1721 5822.0020 SS21.58
21.47
Barrel
353
Mil.
72 5463 4971 8575.15
68 6861 3265 4779 6067.71
70.6364.9066.0490.8586.91
68.8260 6960.7350.8241.63
51.5455 9456.8753.2851 50
68 3668.7961.0656.0340.63
39 7940.0040 8547.8149.17
39.4244.5847.5646.3635.21
36 37
Pitch
Bbl.
22 50
20 50 22 5010 OS 22 50
17 09 22 50
15 1314.7014 5412 19
11.5411 9314 3416.1617.25
17.3315.2814.9313 47
14 06
14.4716.0715.1115.1913 93
14.9215 7116 0520 0621.66
18.9115.4114.7613 1911.42
13.5013 9014.2616.2117 54
14 2911.4211.3310.8512.25
12.8312.9217.1713.7514.31
15.0012.0813.1118.4019.19
18.4215.5012.6313.5012.00
14.17
1 Cwt. of tobacco was an exception to the rule that cwt. equaled 112 lbs.; it equaled only 100 lbs.
772
PUBLIC FINANCE Z 357-370
Series Z 357. Annual Rate of Exchange on London Series Z 358.
for Pennsylvania Currency: 1720 to 1775
(Pennsylvania currency for 100 tl sterling]
Annual Price of an Ounce of Silver
at Boston: 1700 to 1749
[In paper shillings. Base 1700]
Year
17751774177317721771
17701769176817671766
1765176417631762176117601759
Rate
166 04 1758169 74 1757165 80 1756161 21 1755
165 57 17541753
1SS 99 1752
158 81 1751166 36166 20 1750
166 35 17491748
171 58 1747172 38 1746173 18175 84 1745
174 12 1744160 30 1743154 71 1742
Year Rate 1
159 21 1741165 95 1740172 52 1739168 88 1738168 16 1737167 96 1736166 66
170 68 17351733
171 10 1732172 36 1731174 88184 66 1730
179 25 17291728
175 70 1727167 35 1722160 31 1721159 69 1720
Year Rate Year
145.18164.06170.00167 . 50167 50165.13
162.50165.00161.10163.13
151.69150.00160.00150.00133 33133 33133 33
174917471746
174517441741
1739173817371736
17351734173317321731
60.0055.0038.60
36.0030.0028.00
28.5027.0026.7526.75
27.5025.5022.0020.0018.75
1730.1729.1728.1727.1726.
1725.1724.1723.1722.1721.
1720.1719.1718.1717.1716.
Price
20 0020.5017.2516.0016.00
15.5016 2515.0014.2513.00
12.3312.0011.0010.0010 00
1715.1714.1713.1712.1711.
17101709.1708.1707.1706.
1705.1704.1703.1702.1701.1700.
Price
9.009.008 608.608.33
8.008.008.008.008.00
8.007.007.007.007.007.00
Series Z 359-370.
{In thousan
Partial List of Bills of Credit and
i of colonial pounds except for Maryland in 1769 and
Treasury Notes Issued by American Colonies: 1703 to 1775
1773. which are in thousands of dollars. Leaders indicate no data available]
Yearchusetts
Connecticut
NewHampshire
RhodeIsland
NewYork
Pennsylvania
NewJersey
Maryland
Delaware VirginiaNorth
CarolinaSouth
Carolina
359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370
1775 60 61622515
1773 '480 '36
1772 -.1771. 2 ' 120 80 •66
1770. 70'1071769 30 '318 10
1768 201767 2
1
201766. 65
1764. '7■10
"65•45
55 '25■10
'SO'25
1763.1762. '60
>7020
•20•13 1 20
1761 •20
•121760. . . '70•70
'30
'15"13'21'20»36
'27'2021
'60•100
'100
•100
'100•100
'100•85
'45•50
'60•40
'18
526289
180'35
•392
1759. . '211758. '12 •11
'15•4
1757 • 229
1756 "14
•240
•62
'63
'40 '2
1755 '62 '40 '15 •40 •60 331754. 10 '4 '40
1763 '31752 ■ 20
1751- "25
1748 ■400■348
"662
30'15'11
"21 '107
1747 _. '28'531746. •28 •60
'27
5 •16 '6 20 '210
1745 » 1,040■344
85117120
•40 «91744. . «19 "60 •10 '11743 1 '61742 _ •30
1741 16 ■1
'81740 80 "49 '2 "801739 •10 '80 '61738 26
8148
' 110301737. 10 '48
1736 •1 '210
1735 39307924
'531734 2 12 '121733 '30 '104
•60'40 90
1731 ■107
1730 13 1 '3 '20
1729 _. 20368825
6 '2 ■ 30 •12 '401728 4 '481727 __ 4 2
3'3 '25 ■ 20
1726 ■ 50
1725 7055404517
'2'2
71724 4 631723 2 2 ■46 • 40 '111722 4 •10 ■12
1721 ' 100
1720 165
15119
341719 41718..1717 '15
2
1
17
1716.. '111
44
6Year
Massachusetts
SouthCarolina
'15
'351715. '40
359 370'24
1714 '501425
1 28 1708. 32324418
881713 ; >22 1707 •8
•41712.. «248
1706 •52•71711.. '95
4446
105
6'7
•10 '5 17051710 1704 32
321709 '19 '3 13 '3 1703 '6
1 Reissues or exchanges.» War costs.4 Indicates years in which there 'from previous i
i issues of different tenor on a different basis
773
Z 371-405 COLONIAL STATISTICS
Series Z 371-382. Paper Money Outstanding in American Colonies: 1705 to 1775
[In thousands of colonial pounds. Leaders indicate no data available]
Massa-chusetts
Connecticut
NewHampshire
RhodeIsland
NewYork
Pennsylvania
NewJersey
DelawareMaryland
VirginiaNorth
CarolinaSouth
CarolinaYear
371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382
1775 27 120 42234443248684
295 80797550
1770 190248155
88303
4981766 2601760 212
1141752 340 60
1748 2.135305243309311
281 114SO
550 8585806969
38 60909090
21 1331744 141739.. 60 23
2227
340 80 602318
1720
535340
25017351730 320 107
1161725 3512301708928
27228
39 37 111720 12
241715 2720
617
367
5 7417101705
Series Z 383-387. Tax Collections in America Under the Different Revenue Laws: 1765 to 1774
[In pounds sterling]
New revenue measures
Navigation
act(1673)
New revenue measures
Navigationact
(1673)Sugaract
(1764, 1766)
Townshendrevenue act
(1767)
Sugar
(1764, 1766)
Stamp Townshendrevenue act
(1767)Year Total Year Total act
(1765)
383 384 386 387 383 384 386 386 387
1774 27,99542,10345.87031,76133,637
27,07439 , 53142,57027,08630,910
9212,5723,3004,6752,727
6722,5171,4901,4461,828
1769. 45,49937,86134,04126,69617,383
39,93824,65933,84426,69614,091
5,56113,202
197
1,2941.1601773 1768. .
1772 1767. 3,9057,8732.954
1771 1766..1770 1765 3,292
Series Z 388-405. Basic Weekly Diets in Britain and America: 1622 to 1790
tin
Year
Before 1861, majority of slaves inU.S
About 1790, slaves on Washington's plantation
1780, French prisoners returned toFrance and English repatriates. .
1780, Continental Army ration
1776, Tory prisoners in Maryland..1775, Continental Army rationAbout 1770, convicts sent to Va.,
Md., and Carolinas from England1761, British Army in Canada1757, Va. militia in the field
1755, Acadians sent to Md1747, English prisoners of French,
at Quebec
1744-1746, R. I. Armed Sloop1735, Ga. trustees, diet for passen
gersFirst half of 18th century, Mass.
Militia:Post allowanceMarching allowance
First half of 18th century, Mass.privateers
1676, Va. Militia1638, Josslyn voyage to New Eng
land, immigrants1632, children's hospital at Nor
wich, England
1622, British naval
Caloriesper day
388
4,187-5.287
3,752
3.2842,478-3,741
3,226-3,9173,032-4,058
2,0612,552-2,921
2,600
1,934
,934-2,2783,951
3,392
2,4802 . 6,HH
4,7484,156
4.527
2,754
4,737-5,459,
Biscuits
389
Bread
390
Flour
391
7 or 77 or 7
77
m
7
654
Oatmeal
Peas
I2:,
7k gal
3 pts1 3 pts
13 pts
U'/ipts■2qts|
1 pt
8H pts
1 qt
IK pts
Rice
394
1 pt
Corn-meal
1 peck
14.4
ltf Pts
1 qt< 1 pt
Fish
396
3.6
Beef Pork Bacon
399
3H or 3>$
71....7or6K
7 or 5J47 or 7 or 5Ji
7 or 4
lJ»or3^orlJi
IK
IKIK
SM
8SM
*7A
8■I
4
7
3K
Cheese Butter
400
ax
H
l'A
3s
H
14'/i oz
3K
Mo-
1 7 gillslJior'/u
VA lb
21 pts
2Jt777
Rum Other
'0.65
-T gills
■Mgill
'7
H
(•)
7 gills .
I" 3 pts
1 Meat.1 Vinegar.3 Peas or beans.* Kpint of rice or 1 pint of
• Gin. '
7 With pork ration only.* 10 M spoonfuls of oil, and 21 spoonfuls of vinegar, with fish only.
* Suet or plums.10 Vinegar and mustard; quantity unknown.
" Pottage.» Sailors received 1 of the 3 different diets.
774