CHAPTER IIITHE RISE OF CONCERN OVER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN SOCIETY: HISTORICAL PERSPECTVE

Manhattan Project most significant technical undertaking from the start of World War II to 1945. cultimates in the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. this event raised the issue of the social responsibility of scientists and engineers to new level of awareness and concern.

Robert Oppenheimer the director of Manhattan Project he acknowledged the radically altered relationship of science, technology and society spawned by the atomic age: The physicist have sin (Oppenheimer 1995)

1945-1960

emerging affluence made possible in part by technology and science & the increasing role of the federal government in funding scientific & technological work served to hinder public considerations of these issues.

Some Responses and Reactions from Society and the Academic Institution

Between 1960 and 1970, the number of developments occurred in various industrial societies that show the growing public awareness and concern with the developmental changes of science and technology in society.

National Environment Policy Actpassed by United States Congress which mandated the preparatin and approval of environmental impact statements or assessment before proceeding with public or private projects requiring planning permission or state funding or any kind of state license, permission or aid Energy crisis which affected several countries (1970s) These dvelopments heightened the growing concern of governments on STS issues.

Science and Technology during the Following PeriodsA. B. C. D. E. F.

Ancient Times Middle Ages Renaissance (17th century) S & T from the 17th century to the early 19th centu S & T in the 19h century S & T in the 20th century

A. Ancient Times

Sumerian Civilization 3,500 BC Mesopotamia a place in Western wherein the first ancient times civilization started Cuneiform first writing process or system wherein a set of word pictures represented in symbols made of triangular marks. Livelihood primarily agricultural in nature. (a) irrigating their fields by constructing dikes and canals. (b) plant crops and raised some livestock for their own family consumption and for trade. Clothing:provided from woven wool from sheepskin. transportation: use of donkey credited the invention of sailboat. built roads in their cities and other commercial places

BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION 3,500 BC 500 BC

located in the border of the fam Euphrates and Tigris r in Iraq.

2 prominent leaders: (a) Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC) (b) Nebuchadnezzar II (604-562 B

BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION Hammurabi promulgated his code of law, vital instrument for him to rule empire. king usually will have to devised some rules and regulations for his people or subjects to follow so as to maintain peace, harmony & prosperity in the kingdom.

BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION Nebuchadnezzar possess the attribute and talent of a structure builder is credited for the construction of the famous Hanging Garden of Babylon

they adopted sexagismal system of counting in unit and intervals of 60 which served as the basis for graduating the circumference of circle to 360 and the 60 min equal graduations to a hour duration in time.

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION 5000-3100 BC Egypt desert areas predominantly cover the country but the presence of the Nile river provide Egypt the necessary water requirements to support agricultural activities. agriculturally inclined and craftsmen. developed pottery items of various shapes and sizes, & work on metals to produce tool implements, weapon & agricultural implements for use in their field. shelter: construct their houses using reeds and airdied mud. Periods: Earliest Egyptian Golden Age Period of New Kingdom (1567-1085 BC)

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

Earliest Egyptian writing started and appeared between 3,300 -3,100 BC. period when they started to study the heavens, the galaxy and heavenly bodies. primarily focus is on the stars. earliest recorded calendar based on the movements of heavenly bodies relative to the earth movement.

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

Golden Age period of prosperity nad changes or innovation. Pyramids at Gizah were constructed The Great Pyramid of Cheofs (2520 BC Pyramids were still stand today as an evidence of the scientific expertise and technical skills of ancient Egyptians in geometry, measuration, engineering, architecture, and manpower management.

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

Period of New Kingdom (15671085 BC) -products in the form of pottery, earthenware, linens, perfumed oils, ointments, jewelry were traded with foreign goods. -Bigger boats made of wood for transportation & trading. -trading was done by exchanging goods based on agreed appropriate/ approximate equal value. -in a later period a system was developed using scales and standard weight

GREEK CIVILIZATION

1100 BCE time of when the significant developments occurred in the fields of physical science, medicine, mathematics, hydraulics, and astronomy.

GREEK WISE MEN Thales (624-547 BC)reasoned that matter was composed of/ convertible to water.

Socrates (470-399 BC)Greek philosopheras become renowned for his contribution to the field ofethics

Hippocrates (400BC)-Greek wise men pioneered in regarding medicine as a science apart from religion. He taught that diseases and illness have natural causes and the human body is capable of healing or providing vital body mechanisms to repair itself. -credited for the oath prescribing physicians ethical responsibility.

GREEK WISE MEN Aristotle (384-322)his part was involved in different areas of scientific work ranging from gathering information on the structure and behavior of plants and animals to their identification, description, and classification.

Archimedes (287-212 BC) -discovery of principles of lever & pulley - law of Bouyancy Pythagoras -Greek mathematician perfected geometry as a single logical process/ system. Ptolemy (100AD) -greatest astronomers of the ancient times.

PERSIAN CIVILIZATION Cyrus the Great - inhabited by the tribes from Central Asia. -Achieve important development activities that resulted to becoming a leading nation in the ancient world. Darius I the Great (522-486 BC) -standard weights & measures, coins of gold silver Alexander the Great (355-323 BC) - Greek culture & influence spread

ROMAN CIVILIZATION construction of big structures like domes, colosseum, monuments, stadiums, and other permanent structures. Active in developing infrastructure networks that they construct roads from Rome to other places in Italy and similarly to Constantinople. Constantinople -landmark of big buildings and trade centers, residential areas andchurches with decorations of marbles, mosaic and silver. -protected from enemy from high & thick walls. -1435, conquered by Ottoman Turks & declared as their capital, Istanbul.

ARABIC CIVILIZATION Muhammad (570-632 AD) founder of Islam trade & commerce Greeks, Indians & Persians influences significantly contributed to Arab knowledge in mathematic & knowledge

CHINESE CIVILIZATION domestically caring for animals for food and for clothing. they work on metals to on fabricate, hand tools, anf farm implements. the idea and method of producting silk started this period.

CHINESE CIVILIZATION Shang Dynasty- 1st dynasty -development of bronze containers or vessels, production of silk for slothing and the development and establishment of system of writing. Chou Dynasty (1122-1027BC) (255256 BC) -Political & cultural behavior and traits were established during this period. -farming was improved Ox-dran plows and other forms of farm implements were developed & introduced to farmers. -the birth of new technology in agricultural farming improved farm outputs and some relief on people particularly engaged in rice and other crop production. 800BC- studying and recording eclipses of the sun.

CHINESE CIVILIZATION

Chin Dynasty (221-206 BC) -the name China was derived from Chin. Shih Huang Ti -1st emperor of this dynasty, instituted a harsh and strict way of governance. He standardized the system of writings, weights & measures, and the sizes of the wagon wheels and roads. -Grat Wall of China

CHINESE CIVILIZATION Han Dynasty -discovery of healing drugs and herbs taken from plants and animal parts. -credited for developing/inventing the earthquake weather clock (now called seismograph). -technology of papermaking and invention of printing press. Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) -advances in medicine, invention of gunpowder, use of coal as a fuel. Sung Dynasty -paper currency and printing of Confucian classic spread. -Bigger boats and ships for traveling the high seas.

INDUS-HINDU CIVILIZATION -construction of layouts of its cities featuring water wells, bathrooms, and waste pipes in their houses. -tools implements are made of stones, bronze and wood. The level of culture, the significant achievements in S& T, arts, medicine & matemathics made India as the home of advance knowledge & practice of medicine. -implication of zero & infinity, square root & cube root, negative & positive.

B. MiddLe Age

Middle Ages

period between Ancient times & Modern times Catholic Church having some sort of wealth and power played an important role during this period. catholic monasteries became the centers of learning and source of relief for the sick and the needy. monks got idea of copying ang preserving the manuscripts and other documents of the ancient classical learning of posterity. Scholars put more emphasis in studying the theology rather than science.

Middle Ages in contrast, the Arabs in the Middle East tried to preserve the scientific knowledge they acquired from the Greco-Roman influence. Arabs were able to demonstrated the important scientific achievements in the field of astronomy, medicine and mathematics. 1000AD achievements of Arab scientists were translated into Latin. Hindu-Arabic number system in Europe introduced. Science and Mathematics were givne particular attention as a component in their educational development process.

C. Renaissance Period

17th century

Renaissance Period 17th century period of rebirth. technology of printing books and other documents. translation of scientific knowledge from Greek to Latin.

Great men of art & science: Leonardo da vinci -interested in studying astronomy, anaomy, geology and mechanics. -invented motorcar, machinegun & submarine. Andreas Versalius -surgeon & anatomist laid out in detail the first scientifically accurate description of human anatomy On the fabric of the Human Body. -recognized as the father of modern medicine.

D. S & T from the 17th century to the early 19th century

Industrial

Industrial Revolution labor and other activities are done by human hands, either directly or with the aid of tools/implements held by hands/with animals guided by man. -in the process, the power provided by man for the man for the production of good services was reinforced by simple devices or machines like the lever, pulley and provisioned weights that were subsequently supplemented by water, air and heat energy to perform work. steam engine which was invented in the late 1600s was significally improved by James Watt (1765) a Scottish engineer by inventing the condensing steam engine.

Industrial Revolution Joseph Black the discoverer of latent heat in thermodynamics 1825 -British engineers constructed the first passenger railway transport. -within the decade, travelers n Europe & North America used railways. Francis Baron -through the useful utilization and application of knowledge, the material pursuit and welfare of society can be advanced and improved. Benjamin Franklin contribution to science was his experiment on electricity. he invented the lightning rod, device that prevents houses from burning when struck by a lightning. Alessandro Volta experiments on metals ended up to his invention of the electric battery in 1800. The unit of electromagnetic force which drives current called volts was derived from his name.

Industrial Revolution Michael Faraday -conducted experimental work on electromagnetism paving the way for his invention of electromagnetic conduction. Oersted -revealed that electric current that flowed on wire and deflected the needle of a magnetic compass. Andre Ampere -explained the magnetic effects in terms of electric currents flowing in small loops and he deduced the if the flow of electricity produced magnetism, the magnetism should be able to generate electric current. Joseph Henry -middle of 19th century, he used power electromagnets for lifting heavy loads. Samuel Morse -developed the first practical telegraph -1835, he developed Morse Code, system of signals composed of dots and dashes combined to represent letters of the alphabets used in wire telegraph.

Industrial Revolution Thomas Alva Edison - invented the electric bulb Alexander Graham Bell -invented the first telephone. He had the pleasure of carrying out the worlds first successful telephone conversation in 1876. Heinrich Hertz -physicist who was able to produce and visualize electromagnetic waves. Guglielmo Marconi -Italian physicist who developed the wireless telegraph apparatus which was patented in 1990. In his contribution, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1909. during this period, society was significantly and beneficially influenced by scientific and technological developments. Theres a big change and more advancement seen in this period in the process of industrialization. Evident of these changes are in the areas of communication, transportation, and electricity

E. S& T in the 19h century

E. S& T in the 19th century marked a crucial point in the relationship of S &T Science-based industries the products produced in these industries were coal tar dye manufacture and electrical power generation and machinery. this period emerged the Industrial Research Laboratory chemistry science had already borne fruit in the area of dyestuffs industry. The basic scientific discovery of electromagnetic induction in 1831 by Michael Faraday The epitome of the pure scientist preceded by about 50 yrs its technical exploitation on a large scale: the construction of the first public power stations. Current-generating dynamo, primitive version of which he developed soon after discovering electromagnetic induction (1880)

F. S& T in the 20th century

F. S& T in the 20th century the growth of Industrial Research Laboratory birth of German coal-tar industry, industry research laboratory. -139 research laboratories were established in American industry. Alexander Graham Bells Laboratory (Boston) Bell Telephone Laboratories American Telephone & Telegraph -parent company of BTL

Technology Not Completely Dependent on Science The 20th century technological activity is much more dependent upon scientific knowledge than ever before. Fundamental research in genetics, physics, &chemistry has been crucial to the progress of the genetic engineering ,nuclear power, & drug industries. Question be produced in timely fashion, using seat of pants, trial and error and other systematic but nontheoretical bases.

The Growing Independence of S & T

During past 130 years, S & T relationship has been one of the progressive symbiosis. 20th century sciences main contribution to technology has been the production of well grounded knowledge on which technological activity can confidently build, that contribution seems likely to take an added dimension in the future. The relationship between science & technology has changed radically over the centuries.

Presented by: GARCIA, John Richard BSN 3-C Presented to: Ms. Apolonia Reynoso