School Counseling Historical Overview

Knowing our history will help us grow and develop to

meet the needs of our community

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At the turn of the century– Psychologists Sigmund Freud,

Alfred Adler, Carl Jung– Educational psychologists:

J.B. Watson G. Stanley Hall – Vocational guidance: Frank

Parsons, Eli Weaver, Jesse Davis– Educators: John Dewey

Historical overview

testing movement continues: WII test and place draftees

term “mental health “ was coined

Federal Legislations were passed in support of guidance George Barden Act of 1946 Sputnik

1940s to early 1960s

1950s

“Mental Health” colleges created programs to

train counselors ASCA formed in1958 as a

division of APGA now ACA

◦ 1964 and extension of the NDEA Act was passed: provided funds for training elem S. Counselors

◦ Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (Titles I and II)

◦ Late1960s: Service Model ◦ 1970’s Influence of developmental theory on

school counseling (Piaget-cognitive, Kohlberg-moral Erikson-psychosocial)

◦ 1980s Emergence of developmental guidance and counseling programs

1960s +

Research literature Position Statement of ASCA

“The role of the professional School Counselor”

“National Standards for School Counseling Programs”

Major influences on the development of Comprehensive Guidance and Counseling Programs (adopted from Sink and McDonald, 1998)

Recommendations of state departments of education http://www.cde.ca.gov/spbranch/ssp/guidelines.rtf

resurgence of vocational interests

concern for efficacy of guidance in schools- accountability and evaluation

societal changes

Influences continued…

prevention and early-intervention; family cohesiveness (parents working, single parents); multi-cultural society (norms and values and different); mainstreaming; learning effectiveness.

Rogerian counseling won’t do the job

So…….

Society’s current (1990 forward) issues creating changes in school counseling

Traditional ApproachedversusContemporary Approaches

of Counseling and Guidancein the Schools

Help those in crisis Effect ALL students

Reactive Proactive Information services Guidance

Curriculum Ancillary Integral Task oriented Goal-oriented Unstructured Accountable

Traditional / Contemporary

What do we need from school counselors and school psychologists?

Where do we go from here?

Student Ecosystem