Historical Evolution of Catheterization & Interventions

Sir James Mackenzie, 1853–1925

• “There are three stages in the history of every medical discovery. When it is first announced, people say that it is not true. Then, a little later, when its truth has been borne on them, so that it can no longer be denied, they say it is not important. After that, if its importance becomes sufficiently obvious, they say that anyhow it is not new.”

Historical Evolution 1. 3000 BC- The Egyptians performed bladder catheterizations2. 400 BC- Air and water were pushed through hollow reeds into cadaveric aortas3. 1651- Catheterization of the inferior vena cava by William Harvey4. 1665 -Wren delivered the first intravenous injection into a dog5. 1667 -Major delivered the first intravenous injection into a human6. 1711 -Hales performs the first documented cardiac catheterization using a horse7. 1844 -Claude Bernard measures blood temperature in the left ventricle of a horse8. 1847- Claude Bernard records intracardiac pressures in a dog9. 1870 -Adolph Fick calculates blood flow by oximetry10. 1895 -Discovery of x-rays by Roentgen on November 8

11. 1896- Williams produces fluoroscopic images of the heart12. 1896- Haschek and Lindenthal perform the first arteriogram with chalk in the brachial artery

in a cadaver13. 1897- Stewart introduces the indicator dilution method to calculate cardiac output using

sodium chloride14. 1899- William Baumgarten performs the first coronary angiograms in cadavers15. 1905- Bleichroeder, Unger, and Loeb insert catheters into blood vessels without x-ray16. 1907- Jamin and Merkel publish the first atlas of coronary arteriography from cadavers17. 1910- First right-heart angiogram done by Franck and Alwens18. 1919- First angiogram using potassium iodide into the hand veins in a living person

performed by Heuser19. 1921- Lipiodol, the first iodinated contrast, is created

20. 1929- Werner Forssmann performs the first right heart catheterization21. 1930- Klein measures cardiac output in humans using the Fick principle22. 1931- First pulmonary angiogram done by Perez Ara23. 1933 -Reboul and Racine perform percutaneous ventricular needle puncture24. 1936- Cournard and Richards begin landmark studies of right-heart physiology25. 1942- Catheterization of the right ventricle by Cournand and Richards26. 1944 -Catheterization of the pulmonary artery by Cournand and Richards27. 1945- Lenegre and Maurince perform endocardial electrocardiography28. 1945- Richard Bing organizes the first diagnostic cardiac catheterization

laboratory

30. 1946–1947 Dexter studies patients with congenital heart disease.31. 1947- Zimmerman developed a completely intravascular technique for left heart catheterization32. 1947 -Bing reports the catheterization of the coronary sinus33. 1949–1950 Development of cineangiography and imaging intensifier34. 1951- Dotter creates the first balloon-tipped angiographic catheter35. 1951- Gorlin and Gorlin develop the formula to calculate stenotic valve areas36. 1952- Facquet and colleagues develop transbronchial left atrial puncture using a rigid

bronchoscope37. 1953 -Bjork performs left atrial puncture using the posterior paravertebral approach38. 1953- Hansen performs left atrial puncture using the suprasternal puncture route39. 1953- Seldinger develops a percutaneous approach for the introduction of catheters40. 1956- Forssmann, Cournand, and Richards are awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology

41. 1956- Brock reports the apical approach to left ventricular puncture42. 1958- Sones develops coronary angiography at the Cleveland Clinic43. 1959- Ross performs the first transeptal left atrial puncture44. 1963 -Dotter, by serendipity, recanalizes an occluded right iliac artery45. 1964 -Dotter and Judkins perform the first intentional transluminal dilatation

in a left popliteal artery46. 1967- Judkins and Amplatz developed catheters for coronary angiography47. 1968- Schoonmaker and King create the multipurpose catheter48. 1970- The Swan-Ganz catheter is introduced49. 1976 -Chazov performs intracoronary lysis with streptokinase

50. 1977- Grüntzig and Myler perform the first human coronary angioplasty during bypass surgery at St. Mary’s Hospital in San Francisco

51. 1977- On September 16, Gruentzig performs the first coronary angioplasty in an awake human in Zurich Switzerland

52. 1978- Rentrop performs dislodgement of intracoronary thrombi with guidewires for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction

53. 1978- Grüntzig reports the first angioplasty of renal artery stenosis

54. 1978 – Myler and Stertzler – 1 st PTCA in the U.S. 55. 1980 – Guiding catheters introduced

56. 1982- Over the wire systems and steerable guide wires.57. 1986-1st coronary self expanding wall stents58. Jacques Puel and Ulrick Sigwart Toulose, France59. IVUS60. 1989 – Palmaz-Schatz stent developed61. 1992 -First cath and PCI from the radial approach– Dr Ferdinand

Kiemeneis Driven by an effort to reduce bleeding complications from femoral access with post procedure anticoagulation

• Date cath lab first opened under the direction of: 1972 Dr. Phillip Shiner• First coronary angioplasty: 1985 Dr. Phillip Shiner and Dr. John Starr• First coronary stent:– 1991• First rotational atherectomy– 1995• First pacemaker:• First ICD: 1995• First Aflutter Ablation– 1988