Historical background of Indian Alchemy
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Transcript of Historical background of Indian Alchemy
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Dr Kulkarni Parag Umakant PG scholar Rasasastra
Govt. Ayurveda College Tripunithura
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Introduction
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Athrvaveda
Ayurveda
Shoka-shatasahastra
Adhyaya-sahastra
Ashtanga
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Rasasastra
?
Kaya
Bala
Graha
Urdhvanga
Shalya
Damshtra
Jara
Vrushana
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Rasasastra is a supportive branch to Ashtanga Ayurveda which had developed in medieval period i.e. 8th / 9th Cent. A.D. and onwards.
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Rasasatra
Although the word Rasa literally means Mercury & Rasasastra is therefore translated as science of Mercury.
In other word we can define Rasasastra as it is essentially the science of inorganic pharmaceutical preparations of Ayurveda.
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Rasasastra Pratipadya Vishaya
(...)
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Origin of Rasasastra
Dehavada
Dhatuvada
Chikitsavada
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Dehavada
Parada was used for Jeevan mukti by Raseswar Darshana which was ultimate aim of Rasasastra.
When Parada undergoes different procedures like Ashtadasha samskara it becomes so much potent and known as
Mahushadha Haragauri Rasa
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The Kramana samskara
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Dhatuvada
Due to use of Kramana samskara the new utility of Rasasastra was found by Rasa scholars, which was Dhatuvada.
In which Ashtadhasha samskarit Parada was being used to convert lower metals like Iorn to higher metals like Gold.
But during the course of time the main aim, Dehavada was totally replaced by Lohavada for Ayshwarya prapti & Dhana prapti.
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Chikitsavada
During the Boudhakala Rasasastra was in its peak popularity.
In late Boudhakala priority of the Rasasastra was change from the Dhatuvada to the Chikitsavada.
So from that period Rasasastra was being used to strengthen the body and to cure various diseases.
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Rasavidyaavtarana Mahadev
Parvati
Shivasuchara Nandi
Bhardvaja
Agstya
Pulastya
22 Shishyas of Pulastya
Dhanvantari
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Development of Rasasastra In Satyayuga
Maharshi Bharadwaja brings Rasachikitsa on Martyaloka
In Tratayuga Shri Ramchandra, Bhairava, Ravana Spread it in south India
In Dvaparyuga Mahrshi Patanjalee, Matta, Mandavya, Vyadi, Bhimsena,
Mayadanava, Nakula Sahadeva, Shishupala, Tarasandha spreads it in western part of India
During Kaliyuga Boudha Bhagvan Spreads it. After Boudha Dharma Vaidya
Samaj spread it.
During the company govt, period the ancient literatures republished
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Chronological Involution of Rasasastra
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Vedic period
Atharva veda Kanda 2, sukta3, mantra 4-8
Loha, Trapu
Atharva veda Kanda1, sukta35
Hiranya dharana & its internal use
Atharva veda Kanda 7, sukta50
Parada
Chandogya upanishada (6-1to5)
Tikshanaloha used as medicine
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Manu smriti For Jatkarma hiranya madhusarpi
For new born suvarna bhasma lehya
Vishnu Dhrmottar Puran Abhraka druti was explained
Markandeya Purana Rasa was used as medicine
Mahabharta Krutrim suvarna nirman vidhi was explained
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Samhita period
1. Charaka samhita -
Charaka chikitsa 3/4
Manhashila, Haritala, Kasisa are used for external application for purpose of external application
Charaka chikitsa 1 (3 rasayanapada) 15-23
Lohadi rasyana for Rasayana karma
Charaka chikitsa 1 (3 rasayanapada) 48-65
Shilajatu Rasayana used as rasyana & vajikarna
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Charaka chikitsa 4/79 Vaidurya, Mukta, Manibhasama, Garika, shhankha,
suvarna bhasma has used in Udka Kalpana for Raktapitta chikitsa.
Charaka chikitsa 7/70 Gandhaka, Parada & suvaranamakshika has used as
lepana in kushtha chikitsa.
Charaka chikitsa 13/73 In Kaphaja udara roga Ayaskruti
Charaka chikitsa 16 Different types of Loha, Tapya, Adrija, Raopya,
Makshika etc. has used in Varity of yogas for Panduchikitsa
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Charaka chikitsa 17/125 to 128 Mukta, praval, vaidurya, shankha, sphatika, anjana,
Gandhaka has used in Shvasa vyadhi as Muktadya churna with madhu & sarpi.
Charaka chikitsa 23/239 Tamra used in garavisha for vamana & Suvarna with
madhu as vishagha yoga.
Charaka chikitsa 23/252 Vajra, Markata, Vishamushika, Vaidurya are used for
sarpadanshanivaran
Charaka chikitsa 26/152 Manhashila used as pradhaman nasya in kaphaja
pratishyaya
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Charaka chikitsa 26/266 Manhashila, Hartal, Yavakshara, Saindhava, has
used in PitakCHuna to treat mukharoga
Charaka chikitsa 7/88 Trapu, Sisa, Loha, churna used in mandal kushtha
for external application
Charaka chikitsa 16 Different types of Loha, Tapya, Adrija, Roupya,
Makshika etc. are used in varity of yogas for Panduchikista.
Charaka chikitsa 13/73 In kaphaja udar raga ayaskruti is mentioned.
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2. Sushruta samhita - Sushruta sutra 37/14
Trapvadi gana which includes all the metals and used as- Garakrimihara param
Sushruta chikitsa 9/60 Gandhaka is used in Mahavajrataila for kushta chikitsa
Sushruta chikitsa 10/11-12 Ayaskruti preparation is mentioned in Mahakustha
chikitsa internally
Sushruta chikitsa 25/29 Parade used externally in Ghruta from for kushta,
vaipadika
Sushruta kalpa 2/5 Fenashma was first time introduced in Ayurvediya
samhita.
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3. Ashtanga Sangrha & Hrudaya
Ashtanga sangraha chikitsa 19/84 Siktha, Sindoor, Tutha, Tarkshya are used in taila
form for vicharchika.
Ashtanga sangraha chikitsa 30/13-14 Bhasma nirmana vidhi mentioned
Ashtanga sangraha chikitsa 30/18 For Lohamarana Bhanupaka vidhi introduced
Ashtanga sangraha uttarasthan 50/245 Shukravaradhanartha kalpa explained which
contain Parada, Gandhaka, and Shilajatu etc.
Vagbhatacharya introduced Andhamusha first time
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Chanakyas period
At that time three types of Suvarana used Jatiroop (native) Rasavidha (from vedha of mercury) Akarodbhav (from ores)
In this period lohavidya is in its peak level of development.
Suvarna made from Rasa i.e. Parada is mentioned as Rasavidha.
For suvarna shodhana they used sisakam & for suvarna vikrutikaran they used Hingulam.
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Varaha Mihiras period
Although he was the Acharya of Jyotishastra, he had the basic knowledge of Ayurveda and also of Rasasastra.
In his literature he explains all Dhatu, Ratna, Manhashila, Gairika etc.
He also made a shukravardhak kalpa which includes Parada, Makshika, Loha bhasma, Gandhaka, Shilajatu. This kalpa resembles with the shukra vardhaka yoga of Ashtanga Sangraha.
He again explains the payanavidhi of Shastra.
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Development after 8th century
1. Nagarjunacharya. (8th century)
The Rasasastra mainly developed in 8th century by Rasasidha Nagarjuna. So he has known as first Acharya of Rasasastra. He learned this knowledge from Acharya Sarabha in Nalanda Vidyapitha.
He knows about Mayurividya and krutrim Suvarana nirmana from Parada, so he said that
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2. Vyadi (9th century)
He is a one of the rasasidha acharya.
Literature Rasasidha Shastra, Dhatuvada Shastra
3. Acharya Gorakshanath (12th century)
He made the Khechari Gutika and suvarna nirmanartha gutika kalpa.
4. Rasa vagbhata (13th century)
He wrote a book on Rasashastra named as Ras Ratna Sammuchaya which has many Rasakalpa descriptions.
It is the best book of Rasasastra now days.
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5. Acharya Nityanath (13th century)
He explained krutrim Manikya nirmana & Indranil nirmana in his book Rasaratnakara.
6. Acharya Sadanada Sharma (20th century)
Acharya wrote Rastrarangini which has some advance procedures of Raskalpa nirman vidhi. He mentioned some acids like sulphuric acid, sorakamla, Lavanamal, & also oxygen suvarnamandal, rajatmandal, suvarnalavan etc.
This book is very famous now days for Rasaushadhi Nirmana.