Historical Aspect Social Political Economic 18 th Century Trend Secularism and Religious Pluralism...
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Transcript of Historical Aspect Social Political Economic 18 th Century Trend Secularism and Religious Pluralism...
Historical Aspect
Social
Political
Economic
18th CenturyTrend
Secularism and Religious Pluralism
Centralization
Towns and cities;
Economic Freedom
Scientific View of Universe; Natural
Philosophy
Monarch with centralized state;
Constitutional Government
Overseas Empire; Mercantilism; Science and
Material Progress
Historical Aspect
Social
Political
Economic
19th CenturyTrend
Welfare state; labor movement; modern
class system
Nation States; large electorates; political parties; centralized
bureaucracies
Interdependence; large scale corporate
structures; military establishment
Chapter 23
Population Trends and Migration• The proportion of Europeans in
the world’s total population was greater than ever before or since 1900
• Trends show that in the developed world population growth is slow/stable whereas in the undeveloped world it is rapidly growing
• Emancipation, advanced transportation, cheap land, and general opportunity led to mass migration from Europe elsewhere
The Second Industrial Revolution• The European Continent quickly caught up with British industry • Industrialization was first defined by textiles, steam and iron;
The second industrial revolution was defined by steel, chemicals, electricity and petroleum
• Henry Bessemer; Solvay process of alkali production; electricity – most versatile and transportable source of energy; Gottlieb Daimler – internal combustion engine; Henry Ford – affordable car led to unlimited mobility and increased the use of oil
• Economic Difficulties - grave pressure on European agriculture because of foreign competition made possible by refrigerated ships and cheap transportation costs
• General standard of living rose in Europe due to better wages, cheaper products, urbanization, and increased consumer goods (rise of mass marketing)
The Middle Class Ascendancy• The middle class was not
revolutionary after 1848 – protect private property
• Social distinctions within the middle class– Owners and managers of great
banks and businesses (WH Smith; Krupp)
– Entrepreneurs and professionals– Shopkeepers and school teachers– Petite bourgeoisie – “white collar
workers” – bureaucrats • The middle class drove
consumerism; established societies new values and goals
Late 19th Century Urban Life• Cities became the center
of commerce, trade, government, and leisure activities
• Urban renewal – rebuilding of cities– Suburbs– Public Health became a
major government interest – sanitation and housing reform; bacterial theory of disease – Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch and Joseph Lister
Varieties of Late 19th Century Women’s Experience
• Women remained economically dependant and legally inferior
• No property rights once married; almost impossible to divorce; no control over sexual or reproductive rights; lack of education
• Availability of new jobs – low skill; no chance of advancement; low pay; exploitation
• Withdraw from labor force – employers looked for young unmarried women; smaller families and longer living husbands allowed for women to stay at home
• Poverty and Prostitution – working class women were exploited; poor women used prostitution as a means to an end
• Middle class women – the cult of domesticity– Trophy wife– Religious and charitable activities– Sexuality and family size – size limited
by affordability and dangers of child birth
• The rise of political feminism – obstacles to achieving equality – division over goals and tactics
• Votes for women in Britain – most advanced women’s movement – 1918; France – after World War II; Germany – 1919
Jewish Emancipation• In Western Europe the
Jews found equal or nearly equal citizenship; much lesser extent in Eastern Europe; none in Russia – pogroms were encouraged
• At the end of the 19th century organized anti-Semitism existed all throughout Europe
Labor, socialism and politics to World War I• Trade Unionism – legal by the end of
the century; skilled vs. unskilled; unions allowed workers a collective form of association to confront economic difficulties and improve security
• Democracy and Political Parties– Major European powers adopted broad
based electoral systems in the late 19th century; no reform in Russia
– Socialists – reform or revolution• Karl Marx and the First International –
connected socialists on the continent; Marxism was dominant force – scientific socialism
• Great Britain and Early Welfare Programs– The Fabian Society – work through
government to promote socialist ideas and programs; led by Sidney and Beatrice Webb, Graham Wallas; H.G. Wells and George Bernard Shaw
– Labour Party formed which forces Liberal Party to adopt pro-union ideas
– National Insurance Act of 1911 – provides employment benefits and health care
– Parliament Act of 1911 – House of Commons can override veto of House of Lords
• France: Opportunism rejected – Second International; opportunism – should socialists serve in government cabinet; embraced anarchism and strikes
• Germany: Social Democrats and Revisionism– German Social Democratic Party
(SPD) – policy of hostility to non-socialist government
– Bismarck tries to destroy socialism – ends up creating modern welfare state to appease workers
– Erfurt Program – continued policy of hostility by SPD; believed in the eventual collapse of capitalism and the need of workers to control the means of production
– Revisionism – Edward Bernstein believed that Marx was wrong and socialists should follow evolutionary socialism towards social democracy
• Russia: Industrial Development and the Birth of Bolshevism– Industrialization, led by Alexander
III and Nicholas II, leads to political and social turmoil; kulaks and zemtvos
– Lenin’s early thought and career• Was a Marxist – believed revolution
was the only possible was to change in illiberal Russia
• Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov – rejected view of inevitable revolution and view of social democracy; believed in a small, professional, non-democratic revolutionary party that would lead two revolutions – peasants and workers
– Revolution of 1905 – in reaction to the embarrassing Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1905 and because of poor working conditions Russians poured out into the streets to protest and workers went out on strike
– Bloody Sunday – troops massacre workers during a protest in St. Petersburg
– October Manifesto – Nicholas promised “ freedom of person, conscience, speech, assembly, and union.”; He also agreed to summon the Duma – elected national assembly
– Russian government led by P.A. Stolypin until his assassination in 1911