Historical and current landscape-scale ponderosa pine and ... · Historical and current...

Historical and current landscape-scale ponderosa pine andmixed conifer forest structure in the Southern Sierra Nevada

SCOTT L. STEPHENS,1,� JAMIE M. LYDERSEN,2 BRANDON M. COLLINS,2,3 DANNY L. FRY,1 AND MARC D. MEYER4

1Ecosystem Sciences Division, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, 130 Mulford Hall,University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3114 USA

2USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 1731 Research Park Drive, Davis, California 95618 USA3University of California Center for Fire Research and Outreach, College of Natural Resources,

University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3114 USA4USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, 1600 Tollhouse Road, Clovis, California 93611 USA

Citation: Stephens, S. L., J. M. Lydersen, B. M. Collins, D. L. Fry, and M. D. Meyer. 2015. Historical and current

landscape-scale ponderosa pine and mixed conifer forest structure in the Southern Sierra Nevada. Ecosphere 6(5):79.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES14-00379.1

Abstract. Many managers today are tasked with restoring forests to mitigate the potential for

uncharacteristically severe fire. One challenge to this mandate is the lack of large-scale reference

information on forest structure prior to impacts from Euro-American settlement. We used a robust 1911

historical dataset that covers a large geographic extent (.10,000 ha) and has unbiased sampling locations

to compare past and current forest conditions for ponderosa pine and mixed conifer forests in the southern

Sierra Nevada. The 1911 dataset contained records from 18,052 trees in 378 sampled transects, totaling just

over 300 ha in transect area. Forest structure was highly variable in 1911 and shrubs were found in 54% of

transects. Total tree basal area ranged from 1 to 60 m2 ha�1 and tree density from 2 to 170 ha�1 (based on

trees .30 cm dbh). K-means cluster analysis divided transects into four groups: mixed conifer-high basal

area (MC High BA), mixed conifer-average basal area (MC Ave BA), mixed conifer-average basal area-high

shrubs (MC Ave BA Shrubs), and ponderosa pine (Pond Pine). The percentage of this 1911 landscape that

experienced high severity fire was low and varied from 1–3% in mixed conifer forests and 4–6% in

ponderosa pine forests. Comparing forest inventory data from 1911 to the present indicates that current

forests have changed drastically, particularly in tree density, canopy cover, the density of large trees,

dominance of white fir in mixed conifer forests, and the similarity of tree basal area in contemporary

ponderosa pine and mixed conifer forests. Average forest canopy cover increased from 25–49% in mixed

conifer forests, and from 12–49% in ponderosa pine forests from 1911 to the present; canopy cover in

current forest types is similar but in 1911 mixed conifer forests had twice the canopy cover as ponderosa

pine forests. Current forest restoration goals in the southern Sierra Nevada are often skewed toward the

higher range of these historical values, which will limit the effectiveness of these treatments if the objective

is to produce resilient forest ecosystems into the future.

Key words: fire ecology; fire management; fire severity; forest ecology; forest resiliency; reference conditions;

restoration.

Received 7 October 2014; revised 10 December 2014; accepted 29 December 2014; final version received 16 March 2015;

published 15 May 2015. Corresponding Editor: F. Biondi.

Copyright: � 2015 Stephens et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons

Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the

original author and source are credited. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

� E-mail: [email protected]

v www.esajournals.org 1 May 2015 v Volume 6(5) v Article 79

INTRODUCTION

Throughout much of the drier, low- to mid-elevation coniferous forests in western NorthAmerica fires historically burned at intensitiesthat often left mature trees unaffected or scarredby fire, but seldom killed (Allen et al. 2002,Collins and Stephens 2007) even when precededby multi-year drought (Stephens et al. 2008).Mid-elevation forests in the Sierra Nevada, suchas those historically dominated by ponderosapine (Pinus ponderosa), Jeffrey pine (P. jeffreyi ),and other mixed conifer species commonlyburned many times per century (Van de Waterand Safford 2011) and this produced generallyopen stand structures (Figs. 1 and 2). These lowto moderate intensity fires burned for months ata time and collectively covered very large areas(Skinner and Chang 1996).

While it is clear that fires historically had astrong influence on forest structure at the stand-scale and vegetation patterns at the landscapescale, there are topographic controls on vegeta-tion, which can operate independent of fire(Show and Kotok 1929, Rundel et al. 1977).These topographic controls affect available mois-ture and temperature patterns, which in combi-nation influence vegetation composition andstructure. Elevation has long been noted as adriver of vegetation composition, which in theSierra Nevada results in greater Pinus dominancein lower elevations of the montane zone andgreater Abies dominance in the mid-to uppermontane zone (Show and Kotok 1929). Howeverwhat is actually a stronger predictor of forestcomposition in the Sierra Nevada is the trade-offbetween evaporative demand, which is affectedby slope aspect and elevation, and water supply,which is affected by soil properties and precip-itation patterns (Stephenson 1998).

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries,policies of fire exclusion, introduction of livestockgrazing, and elimination of Native Americanignitions greatly reduced fire frequencies inponderosa pine and mixed conifer forests (Ste-phens et al. 2007a). With these changes manycontemporary forests have substantially in-creased in their vulnerability to uncharacteristi-cally severe fire (Agee and Skinner 2005),exhibited primarily through the creation of largehigh severity patches. These large patches, where

most if not all of the trees are dead, can impedeconifer tree regeneration (Barton 2002, Goforthand Minnich 2008, Roccaforte et al. 2012, Collinsand Roller 2013, Crotteau et al. 2013, Crotteau etal. 2014) and predispose them for repeated highseverity fire and potentially, type conversion(Van Wagtendonk et al. 2012, Collins and Skinner2014). As a result, many forest managers todayare tasked with mitigating the potential foruncharacteristic severe fire (North et al. 2009,Stephens et al. 2013).

The methods used by managers to reduce firehazards and restore US coniferous forests areprescribed fire, mechanical treatments, and man-aged wildfire (Stephens et al. 2009). US NationalPark Service policy mandates incorporation ofnatural disturbances into management plans tomaintain parks in an unimpaired state (vanWagtendonk 2012). One obvious challenge tothis mandate is the lack of large-scale referenceinformation on forest structure prior to theimpacts from Euro-American settlement. Wherefeasible, fire history data provides historicalreference information in the context of thenatural range of variability of disturbance re-gimes (Allen et al. 2002, Reynolds et al. 2013).Based on the records preserved in trees rings (firescars and tree ages) researchers have reconstruct-ed fire regimes (Kilgore and Taylor 1979, Caprioand Swetnam 1995, Swetnam et al. 2009) andpast forest structure (North et al. 2007, Hurteauand North 2010) from forests in the southernSierra Nevada. Additionally, there is one study ingiant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum)-mixedconifer forests that reported forest structurebased on a set of plots measured in 1900–1901(Stephens and Elliott-Fisk 1998); however, plotlocations used in this study were biased and arenot representative of southern Sierra Nevadamixed conifer forest as a whole. In many casesthese studies were intended to inform managersand policy makers of the historical or naturalrange of variability operating on the landscapewhich can assist in the development of restora-tion plans.

One of the biggest limitations of forest struc-ture reconstructions based on dendrochronologyis their limited spatial extents. In addition, tree-ring based reconstructions are subject to aninherent limitation brought about by only usingextant data. When there is a considerable amount


STEPHENS ET AL.

of time between the reconstruction period and

data collection, as there is with most historical

forest reconstructions in the western US (.100

years), uncertainty increases owing to sample

losses from fire, insects, disease, and decompo-

sition (Collins et al. 2011).

Large historical datasets, collected from the

field and archived, are an alternative source of

information used in forest reconstructions (e.g.,

Leiberg 1902, Wieslander et al. 1933). These

datasets sometimes allow for detailed quantita-

tive comparisons of current versus historical

forest structure and composition (Lutz et al.

2009). However, there are a number of concerns

associated with historical datasets: (1) limited

geographic extent, (2) unknown or unrepeatablestudy site selection and inventory methodolo-

gies, and (3) limited temporal depth. Finding a

historical dataset that addresses all of these

concerns would be extremely difficult, if not

impossible (Collins et al. 2011, Hagmann et al.

2013). That stated, we have identified a historical

dataset that covers a large geographic extent

(.10,000 ha) and has unbiased sampling loca-

tions. This particular dataset consists of early

timber inventories conducted by the US Forest

Service (USFS) and includes robust tree measure-

ments over large areas, which contrasts with the

reconstruction of forest structure from very low

density tree measurements from General Land

Office records (e.g., Baker 2014). In California,

these inventories were conducted ca. 1910 and

were part of the first organized assessment of all

timber resources within the then, new agency

Fig. 1. Mixed conifer forest from Chiquito Basin on the Sierra National Forest. Photo taken in 1914 by E. G.

Dudley (USFS Bass Lake Ranger District historic photo archives; photo no. HP00971). Original caption read,

‘‘Typed-Sugar Pine killed by Dendroctonus monticolae, Chiquito Basin. Taken by Dudley, 1914.’’


STEPHENS ET AL.

(Collins et al. 2011).In this study we take advantage of a portion of

these early USFS timber inventories that wereconducted on what was then the Kern NationalForest (now part of the Sequoia National Forest).A comparison of current forest conditions tothose based on the early inventories can provideinformation on potential changes driven primar-ily by 20th century fire exclusion policies andharvesting. Such comparisons can provide infor-mation to managers on how close current foreststructure and composition is to a time whennatural processes operated on the landscape. Ourobjectives were to: (1) summarize historicaltimber inventory records, (2) identify distinctforest types based on forest structure and speciescomposition, and (3) compare past and currentforest conditions for ponderosa pine and mixedconifer forests at the landscape scale in thesouthern Sierra Nevada.

STUDY AREA

The forest sampled in 1911 was in theGreenhorn Mountains of the southern Sierra

Nevada. This area is characterized as west-slopeSierra Nevada ponderosa pine and mixed coniferforests (Figs. 1 and 2) consisting of ponderosapine, sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), white fir(Abies concolor), incense-cedar (Calocedrus decur-rens), California black oak (Quercus kelloggii ), andcanyon live oak (Q. chrysolepis). The climate isMediterranean with cool, wet winters and hot,dry summers. Annual precipitation ranges from9 to 74 cm year�1, with an average of 32 cmyear�1; mean monthly temperatures range from0.98C in January to 20.38C in July (data from thePiutes Remote Automated Weather Station,2005–2011).

The study site covers 11,500 ha and topogra-phy varies within this area. Elevation in thestudy area ranges between 1430 and 2270 m. Thesouthern portion of the area is of lower elevation(1430–1980) while the northern area is higher(1560–2270). Soils in this area are predominatelycoarse-loamy well-drained dystric xerochrepts(under taxonomic order of inceptosols). Prior tothe late 1800s fire was common in this region,with a mean point fire return interval ofapproximately 5–20 years (Kilgore and Taylor

Fig. 2. Historic conditions in a ponderosa pine stand on the Sierra National Forest (ca. 1917; Sierra National

Forest Photo HP03137).


STEPHENS ET AL.

1979, Caprio and Swetnam 1995). With the onsetof fire exclusion fire was largely removed fromthe study area.

Early land use information from the Green-horn Mountains is provided by records from theSequoia National Forest (USDA 2013; Jim Whit-field, Ecosystem Staff Officer, Sequoia NationalForest, personal communication, 2014). Small por-tions of the Greenhorn Mountains were loggedusing only wagons and horses in the late 19thand early 20th centuries. There was no railroadlogging in this area. The nearest record ofrailroad logging is on the Hume Lake RangerDistrict which is approximately 75 km northwestof the study site (Otter 1963, Johnston 1997).Most of the earliest logged areas in the Green-horn Mountains were located near mining campsaround Lake Isabella that are not included in the1911 transects. Other areas logged prior to 1911were located at lower elevations that were moreaccessible by early roads and were used toconstruct houses in the growing town of Bakers-field, California. The historic inventory recordscollected for this study included 15 surveytransects that mentioned prior cutting; thesewere excluded from the study.

METHODS

Historical forest inventory dataAll of the historical forest inventories within

our study area were conducted in 1911. Theinventories were conducted by two-personcrews, with one person compass and distancingand the other assessing the forest. Their assess-ments involved recording all live conifer trees�30.5 cm (12 inches) in diameter at breast height(dbh) within belt transects that were 20.1 m (66feet or 1 chain) wide and 402 m (1320 feet or 20chains) long. Trees were tallied by species intodbh classes of 5.1 cm (2 inches). Recording ofsmaller trees (,30.5 cm dbh) was inconsistentacross transects. In addition to inventorying treesthe following observations were made in eachtransect: rock type and exposure, soil texture,ground cover, and shrub cover. General notes onforest condition, including insect depredation,fire damage, stand development stage, and thespatial distribution of the trees were also record-ed.

Transect locations were based systematically

on the Public Land Survey System (PLSS), whichwas the primary method used to survey rural orundeveloped land in the western US. Transectsstarted and ended at the mid-points of quarter-quarter sections, which we refer to as lots, withone belt transect sampled in each 15.7 ha (40acres) lot for the area surveyed. Transects wereplaced as strips across a section (an areacomprised of 16 lots) and generally orientedeither N-S or E-W, against dominant contourwithin a section. Some transects were placed for10 chains in a N-S direction followed by 10 chainsin an E-W direction allowing surveyors toconnect strips within a section. Each transectcovered 0.9 ha (2 acres).

We assembled a suite of variables to charac-terize forest structure and composition using treelists generated from the 1911 belt transect data.The tree lists were standardized for area sampledsuch that outputs represented per hectare values.The constructed variables were: tree density forall trees and partitioned into three dbh classes,proportion of stand basal area by three speciesgroups, and total basal area. Basal area is thetotal cross-sectional area of all live tree stems in astand (similar basal area can be produced by afew large trees or many small trees). The threedbh classes used to report partitioned treedensity were: 30.5–61.0 cm, 61.1–91.4 cm, .91.4cm, and were based on a stand classificationscheme used in forest management throughoutthe Sierra Nevada (USDA 2004) and in previouswork (Lutz et al. 2009, Collins et al. 2011). Thespecies groups that we investigated for potentialchanges in proportion of stand basal area were:(1) pine—ponderosa pine and sugar pine, (2) truefir—white fir and red fir (Abies magnifica), and (3)incense-cedar.

In addition to recording information on foreststructure and site characteristics, during thesurveys the field crew took detailed notes onvegetation conditions along transects (see Ap-pendix for a copy of all notes recorded duringthis inventory); these records were used toestimate the incidence of high severity fire.Surveyors typically noted where they enteredand exited patches of contrasting vegetation,such as chaparral or dense ‘‘immature’’ timber,but did not record explicit descriptions of fireseverity in terms of damage to timber; weassumed these areas were burned by high


STEPHENS ET AL.

severity fire. We used the length of these discreteforest patches along survey transects to estimatethe proportion of high severity fire on thelandscape (average proportion of transect in highseverity patch multiplied by percentage of totaltransects with evidence suggesting high severityfire).

The presence of chaparral in these forests canbe both a successional change brought about byhigh severity fire (Kauffman and Martin 1991) orit can be a product of edaphic conditions thatlimit tree establishment/growth (e.g., dry siteswith shallow soils) (Nagel and Taylor 2005).Given the uncertainty as to what was driving theobserved chaparral, we bracketed our estimatesof high severity fire. We noted transects in whichobserved chaparral may have been environmen-tally and/or edaphically controlled (see Appen-dix). These included transects at the edge of thetimber survey area, which corresponded with theextent of the timber belt, as well as transects thathad distinct topographic features, such as a ridgetops or steep canyons. Our bracketed highseverity fire estimates included and excludedthese potentially environmentally and/or edaph-ically controlled transects. In all cases the highseverity patches were smaller than the length ofthe transect, or did not result in completemortality across a transect, because all transectscontained trees .61 cm dbh.

Current forest inventory dataThe Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA)

program provides a nationwide inventory offorestlands in the US and is executed by theUSFS. The FIA program delivers inventory andmonitoring data related to forest structure,composition, and health, based on a set ofsystematically randomized plots across the coun-try. Standard FIA plot densities are one plot per2428 ha (6000 ac). FIA plots (673 m2) are dividedinto four 7.3 m (24 ft) radius circular subplots,with one central subplot and three peripheralsubplots arranged at 120-degree angles from plotcenter. Peripheral subplots are situated at adistance of 36.6 m (120 ft) from the subplotcenter to the plot center. For all subplots, everytree .12.7 cm (5 in) is measured (dbh, height)and identified to species. Each subplot alsocontains a 2.1 m (6.8 ft) radius circular microplotfor the measurement of tree regeneration (all

trees ,12.7 cm dbh, seedlings and saplings).More information pertaining to FIA protocol canbe found in Bechtold and Patterson (2005),Woudenberg et al. (2011), and the FIA programwebsite (http://www.fia.fs.fed.us/). All FIA plotdata used here was based on the most recent FIAprotocol.

Data analysisVegetation in the 1911 transects was summa-

rized by basal area, stem density of tallied trees,and shrub cover. Shrubs, as they were denotedby 1911 surveyors, included mountain misery(Chamaebatia foliolosa), manzanita (Arctostaphylosspp.), black oak, canyon live oak, scrub oak (Q.berberidifolia, or shrubby form of Q. kelloggii or Q.chrysolepis), chaparral, chinquapin (Chrysolepissempervirens), willow (Salix spp.), mountainmahogany (Cercocarpus betuloides), wild plum(Prunus spp.), and Sierra gooseberry (Ribesroezlii ). We converted qualitative assessments ofcover, assigning a cover of 10%, 20%, 50% or 90%for each species based on the descriptionprovided by the surveyor (e.g., sparse, scattered,moderate, and dense, respectively). It is worthnoting that for the entire 1911 area included inour analysis there were only two sets ofobservers; therefore, a reasonable assumption ofconsistency in the written descriptions across thesurvey area.

Topographic variables were derived using adigital elevation model (Gesch et al. 2002, Gesch2007). Raster datasets for slope, aspect, andcurvature were generated using Spatial Analysttools in ArcMap 10.1. Aspect was classified sothat values ranged from 0 (xeric) to 20 (mesic)(Parker 1982). Pixels were categorized by fourtopographic position index (TPI) classes (valleybottom, gentle slope, steep slope, ridgetop) usingthe CorridorDesigner toolbox (Majka et al. 2007).The default settings of the ‘‘create topographicposition raster’’ tool were used so that pixelelevation was assessed relative to neighboringpixels within 200 m, with those being lower orhigher by 12 m compared to the neighborhoodaverage classified as valley bottom or ridgetop,respectively. The cutoff point for gentle versussteep slope was 68 (10.5%).

A raster of topographic relative moisture index(TRMI) was calculated using TPI, aspect, slope,and curvature following the method of Parker


STEPHENS ET AL.

(1982). Actual evapotranspiration (AET) andannual climatic water deficit were calculatedusing soil water holding potential, temperature,and precipitation (Churchill et al. 2013). We usedthe soil water holding capacity in the top 150 cmof the soil (Soil Survey Staff 2013) and weatherdata from the period 1901–1910, obtained fromClimate WNA (Wang et al. 2011). All topograph-ic variables were calculated at a 10 m resolutionexcept AET and water deficit, which werecalculated at a 30 m resolution then resampledto a 10 m pixel size to match that of the othervariables. Mean transect values for continuoustopographic variables were extracted from 10-mraster layers using zonal statistics. For TPI,proportion of transect area in each class wascalculated, and a TPI class was assigned to eachtransect based on the majority area in each class.

Transects were classified into groups using k-means cluster analysis (Hartigan and Wong1979). Clustering was based on the followingoverstory and understory structure variables:cover of mountain misery, total cover of all othershrub species, basal area by tree species (yellowpine [ponderosa and Jeffrey pine], sugar pine,incense-cedar, white fir, and total), and stemdensity by size class (30.4–61, 61.1–91.4, .91.4cm dbh and total). Variables were z-scorestandardized prior to clustering to account fordifferences in scale (McCune and Grace 2002). Toselect the optimum number of clusters wecompared results for up to a 12 cluster solutionto 250 runs done using randomized input data.Graphs of the within-group sum of squared error(SSE) and the absolute difference in SSE from theaverage SSE of the randomized data wereexamined. The cluster solution that maximizedthe difference between sum of squared error forthe chosen cluster solution and the average of therandomized runs was selected (Peeples 2011).

To investigate whether identified vegetationgroups were associated with different topo-graphic characteristics we used a two-stageanalysis. First, we used a random forest analysisto identify which, if any, of the constructedtopographic variables explained the occurrenceof the vegetation groups. This was performed inR version 3.0.2, using the conditional inferencemethod ‘‘cforest’’ (Hothorn et al. 2006). Thismethod constructs a suite of conditional infer-ence trees, using a randomly selected subset of

predictor variables and a random subsample ofplots for each tree. Examining a large number oftrees allows for identification and ranking ofinfluential variables, and averages out the insta-bility of individual regression trees that canexhibit large changes in structure due to randomvariation in the data (Strobl et al. 2009). Variableimportance was assessed using the conditionalmethod developed by Strobl et al. (2008). Thesecond part of this analysis was to comparevalues for the top three topographic variables, asindicated by the variable importance rankingsfrom the random forest analysis, among thevegetation groups using an ANOVA model thataccounted for unequal variances. When ANOVAmodels were significant (a ¼ 0.05) a Games-Howell comparison was used to compare meansamong vegetation group (Games and Howell1976). This was performed using ‘‘proc MIXED’’in SAS version 9.4.

Following the cluster analysis, the ForestVegetation Simulator (FVS; Dixon 2002) wasused to estimate canopy cover for the historicalinventory transects. FVS uses tree species andsize to generate crown radii for all trees in agiven belt transect. FVS then calculates thepercentage of ground area directly covered withtree crowns, correcting for canopy overlap(Dixon 2002). To investigate how well FVScanopy cover estimates approximate field-basedobservations in old-growth forests, we comparedfield-measured canopy cover from an intactJeffrey pine-mixed forest in the Sierra San PedroMartir, Mexico (Stephens and Gill 2005), to FVS-estimated canopy cover for the same plots. Thiswas done for 25 0.1-ha circular plots, which wereestablished on a regular 125-m grid. Within eachplot the following information was collected foreach tree .1 cm dbh: status (live/dead), species,and dbh (to nearest 0.1 cm). Canopy cover wasassessed with GRS densitometer based on a 53 5grid, with approximately 3 m between gridpoints. The number of points that intersectedtree crowns was multiplied by four to obtainpercent canopy cover. The trees recorded on eachplot were entered into FVS to generate modeledestimates of canopy cover for comparison to fieldbased measurements.

FIA plot data was obtained from all west-sidemixed conifer and ponderosa pine forests on theSequoia and Sierra National Forests (data col-


STEPHENS ET AL.

lected from 2001 to 2008) to compare to the 1911forest structure data. The same forest structurevariables were computed for the FIA data asdescribed above for the 1911 historical data. Notethat we only included trees .30.5 cm dbh fromthe FIA data to match the minimum diameterused for the 1911 data. We tested for differencesin forest structure variables among time periods(1911 against recent FIA) using Welch’s variance-weighted one-way ANOVA, which does notrequire an underlying assumption of homogene-ity of variances (Welch 1951). This analysis wasdone with Proc GLM in SAS version 9.4.

RESULTS

Overall the 1911 dataset contained 18,052 treesin 378 transects, totaling just over 300 ha intransect area. Forest structure was highly vari-able in this forest. Total tree basal area rangedfrom 1 to 60 m2 ha�1 and tree density rangedfrom 2 to 170 ha�1 (based on trees .30 cm dbh).On average the basal area was comprised of 25%white fir, 29% incense-cedar, 8% sugar pine, and38% ponderosa pine. For each species, theproportion of transects in which it was absentwere: 18% (white fir), 19% (incense-cedar), 35%(sugar pine) and 8% (ponderosa pine). Stems 30–60 cm dbh were about twice as abundant onaverage as those in the 60–90 and .90 cm sizeclasses (Table 1). Shrubs (all species includingmountain misery) were found in 54.4% oftransects.

K-means cluster analysis divided transects intofour groups (Table 1). The first group, mixedconifer-high basal area (MC High BA) wascharacterized by high total tree basal area andstem density, with high basal area of white fir,incense-cedar, and sugar pine but low ponderosapine basal area and density. This group account-ed for 15% of the total survey area. White fir andincense-cedar were the dominant species in thisgroup and mountain misery was entirely absent.The second group was mixed conifer-averagebasal area (MC Ave BA) and had values close tothe overall averages for all forest structurevariables in the sampled landscape, and account-ed for 34% of the total area. Incense-cedar hadthe highest tree basal area, but white fir andponderosa pine were also co-dominant (based ontree basal area). The third group, mixed conifer-average basal area-high shrubs (MC Ave BAShrubs) had very high cover of mountain miseryand other shrubs, above average density of trees,91.4 cm dbh, and high basal area of pinespecies, particularly ponderosa pine. This groupaccounted for 10% of the 1911 survey area. Thetwo species with the greatest overall tree basalarea in this group were ponderosa pine andincense-cedar. The last group, which accountedfor the largest percentage of area (41%), wasdominated by ponderosa pine (Pond Pine) andhad low conifer density, and tended to havelower than average tree basal area of all speciesexcept ponderosa pine. K-means groups tendedto be spatially clustered within the study area

Table 1. Forest structure (means 6 SD) in each K-means group for the 1911 Kern National Forest data. MC, mixed

conifer; BA, basal area; Pond Pine, Ponderosa pine; dbh, diameter at breast height.

Characteristic

K-means group

TotalMC High BA MC Ave BA MC Ave BA Shrubs Pond Pine

N 55 127 39 157 378Understory (% cover)

Mountain misery 0.0 6 0.0 5.4 6 13.7 61.8 6 29.1 1.4 6 6.7 8.8 6 22.2All shrubs 20.0 6 24.4 25.7 6 29.8 75.6 6 54.4 13.8 6 29.1 25.0 6 36.7

Basal area (m2 ha�1)White fir 21.6 6 8.8 6.8 6 4.6 5.2 6 4.1 2.0 6 3.4 6.8 6 8.2Incense-cedar 13.7 6 7.9 10.2 6 5.6 8.3 6 3.0 2.1 6 2.8 7.1 6 6.6Sugar pine 4.0 6 4.1 2.4 6 2.6 5.0 6 3.2 0.6 6 1.1 2.2 6 2.9Ponderosa pine 2.4 6 3.2 5.3 6 4.3 9.6 6 4.7 6.5 6 4.5 5.8 6 4.7Total basal area 41.8 6 7.0 24.6 6 5.7 28.0 6 9.5 11.2 6 5.1 21.9 6 12.2

Tree density (ha�1)30.4–61 cm dbh 49.6 6 20.8 30.8 6 13.9 62.3 6 24.2 11.8 6 8.9 29.0 6 22.861.1–91.4 cm dbh 20.9 6 6.7 14.1 6 6.0 22.8 6 11.2 6.6 6 4.4 12.9 6 8.7. 91.4 cm dbh 26.9 6 8.7 14.6 6 6.3 9.0 6 4.7 6.9 6 4.1 12.6 6 8.9Total 97.5 6 19.6 59.4 6 14.6 94.1 6 32.2 25.2 6 12.1 54.5 6 33.0


STEPHENS ET AL.

(Fig. 3); the southwestern portion of the studyarea was predominantly in the Pond Pine group.

Density of trees .91 cm dbh was the highest inMC High BA and basal area was approximately42 m2 ha�1. The two MC classes with averagebasal areas (MC Ave BA, MC Ave BA Shrubs)differed by understory shrub cover (26% versus76%) and the dominance of mountain misery (5%versus 62%), respectively. Interestingly the aver-age mixed conifer areas with high shrubs wereprimarily located in the northern and north-eastern portions of the study area (Fig. 3). Theshrub dominated areas had a higher proportion

of ponderosa pine that was co-dominated byincense-cedar; the areas with lower shrub coverwere dominated incense-cedar with a co-domi-nance of white fir (Table 1). Tree density in the30–61 cm dbh class was twice as large in the MCAve BA Shrub group when compared to the MCAve BA group even though average total basalareas were very similar.

The three highest ranking variables from therandom forest analysis were AET, Elevation, andAspect (Appendix: Fig. A1). ANOVA resultsindicated significant differences among groupsfor all three variables (Table 2). For all three

Fig. 3. Map showing location of 1911 survey area within California (top left inset) and Sequoia National Forest

(lower left inset). Black and white dashed squares show the area represented in the second inset and the main

map. Colors on main map depict K-means clusters in ponderosa pine (PP) and mixed conifer (MC) forests. BA,

basal area.


STEPHENS ET AL.

topographic variables, Pond Pine was different

from the other three groups, having higher AET,

lower elevation, and more southwesterly aspects

(average transformed value of 7.6, corresponding

to 1408 and 2678) (Table 2). MC High BA

occurred on higher elevations and northeasterly

aspects (average transformed value of 11.8,

corresponding to 1068 and 3058). MC Ave BA

Shrubs occurred on sites with the lowest AET,

but had similar elevations and aspects to those

for the other two MC groups (Table 2).

The 1911 surveyor’s notes indicated that low

fire damage was the most common observation

in these forests followed by moderate fire

damage (Table 3). Collectively these two catego-

ries covered approximately 92% of all three

mixed conifer structural groups and 76% of the

Pond Pine structural group (Pond Pine also had

17% of plots with no recent fire recorded) (Table

3). High fire damage, including that inferred by

the presence of chaparral or immature timber,

was recorded on very few transects (Table 3). The

percentage of this landscape that experienced

high severity fire in the last decade or two (or

Table 2. Topographic conditions (means 6 SD) in each K-means group for the 1911 Kern National Forest data.

Letters denote Games-Howell significance groupings between K-means groups (P , 0.05). AET, actual

evapotranspiration.

K-means group AET (mm) Elevation (m) Aspect (8)�

Pond Pine 357.9A 6 34.3 1753A 6 122.4 140, 267A 6 31MC Ave BA 307.1B 6 24.9 1866B 6 107.1 125, 288B 6 38MC Ave BA Shrubs 294.1C 6 17.6 1906BC 6 88.9 115, 296BC 6 41MC High BA 305.3BC 6 50.5 1935C 6 128.8 106, 305C 6 33

� Statistical comparisons for aspect were done prior to back-transforming values. Transformed values were 7.6 6 3.4, 9.9 64.2, 108 6 4.5, and 11.8 6 3.7 for Pond Pine, MC Ave, MC Shrubs, and MC High, respectively.

Table 3. Forest structural group surveyor notes (% reported in each category) on the condition of timber from the

Kern National Forest in 1911 as recorded on the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Form

321A. Complete surveyor notes are in the Appendix. MC, mixed conifer; BA, tree basal area; Ave, average;

Pond Pine, ponderosa pine.

Type Condition

K-means group

MC High BA MC Ave BA MC Ave BA Shrubs Pond Pine

Fire damage none 1.9 4.9 5.1 16.7low 55.6 54.1 69.2 61.5

moderate 37.0 38.5 17.9 14.7high 5.6 2.5 7.7 7.1

Oak none 45.5 22.1 38.5 25.5low 36.4 34.6 25.6 24.8

moderate 15.9 23.1 25.6 22.9high 2.3 20.2 10.3 26.8

Pest/pathogen none 20.0 25.5 12.8 43.1moss 55.6 28.3 0.0 25.5

mistletoe 0.0 3.8 0.0 10.5fungus 8.9 22.6 2.6 22.2insects 26.7 45.3 87.2 31.4

Regeneration none 9.3 16.0 43.6 5.1scarce 11.1 8.0 38.5 4.5low 18.5 20.0 10.3 31.4

moderate 51.9 37.6 7.7 39.7high 9.3 18.4 0.0 19.2

Tree distribution scattered 13.2 37.5 36.8 31.0open 2.6 10.2 18.4 31.0groups 2.6 12.5 26.3 6.2

fairly dense 23.7 8.0 0.0 6.2dense 15.8 0.0 0.0 0.9patchy 18.4 22.7 5.3 23.0uniform 23.7 5.7 13.2 0.0


STEPHENS ET AL.

longer in the case of transects consisting ofimmature timber) was low and varied from 1%to 3% in mixed conifer forests and from 4% to 6%in ponderosa pine forests (Table 4). Insects thatwere causing some tree morality were recordedin 30–45% of Pond Pine, MC High BA, and MCAve BA structural groups; this increased to 87%in the MC Ave BA Shrubs group (Table 3).

Tree regeneration was recorded as ‘‘none’’,‘‘scarce’’, or ‘‘low’’ in approximately 40% of thePond Pine, MC High BA, and MC Ave BAstructural groups; this increased to 92% in theMC Ave BA Shrubs group. Conversely, approx-imately 20% of the MC Ave BA and Pond Pinegroups had ‘‘high’’ conifer tree regeneration(Table 3). Oaks were present in many plots, withfewer in the MC Ave BA Shrubs and MC HighBA structural groups (Table 3). Tree distributionswithin the belt transects were diverse withapproximately one-third of MC Ave BA, MCAve BA Shrubs, and Pond Pine structural groupshaving a ‘‘scattered’’ distribution (Table 3). PondPine forests were noted for their openness andMC High BA areas for their high density (41% oftransects). Trees were recorded as ‘‘distributed ingroups’’ in 26% of the MC Ave BA Shrubsstructural group with MC High BA having thefewest groups (2.6%) (Table 3). Approximately20% of the transects in MC High BA, MC Ave

BA, and Pond Pine structural groups had a‘‘patchy’’ forest distribution with ‘‘uniform’’forests most common in the MC High BA group(23%); in the other forests groups ‘‘uniform’’forests were relatively rare (Table 3).

The average difference between SSPM plot-measured and FVS-estimated canopy cover isreported in Table 5. Both the average overalldifference, which includes positive and negativevalues, and the average absolute difference,which only includes absolute values of thedifferences are reported. Average canopy coverestimates projected by FVS were slightly belowthat measured in reference forests (24.8% vs.26.1%, Table 5). However, a paired t-test on thetwo canopy cover estimates indicated no signif-icant difference (P ¼ 0.57) suggesting that ourFVS estimates of canopy cover are accurate. It isworth noting that both the plot-based and FVS-projected canopy cover estimates agree with apreviously reported canopy cover estimate(25.3%) from a larger sampling area in the sameforest of northern Baja California, Mexico, whichwas based on ten 100 m canopy line intercepttransects (Stephens and Gill 2005).

Tree density increased markedly between 1911and the recent sampling effort (FIA plots),especially in ponderosa pine forests (430%increase) (Table 6). This increase was highly

Table 4. High severity fire percentage in historical ponderosa pine and mixed conifer forests in the southern Sierra

Nevada. The lower estimate includes transects that had immature timber without fire damage as well as

transects with patches of chaparral and reproduction but soils were not described as rocky. The high range

estimate also includes transects where chaparral was on the edge of the study area or occurred on a ridge or

slope that the surveyor noted was rocky. Complete surveyor notes are included in the Appendix. MC, mixed

conifer; BA, tree basal area; Pond Pine, ponderosa pine; Ave, average.

Characteristic

K-means group

MC High BA MC Ave BA MC Ave BA Shrubs Pond Pine

Transects with a high severity patch (%) 5.6–7.4 2.5–3.3 7.7 7.1–13.5Average proportion of transect in high severity 0.25, 0.33 0.28, 0.38 0.13 0.47, 0.58Landscape area in high severity (%) 1.8 2.3–3.4 1 4.1–6.3

Table 5. Comparison of measured percent canopy cover (CC) to that projected by the forest vegetation simulator

(FVS) for a Jeffrey pine-mixed conifer forest in the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Baja California, Mexico.

StatisticField-measured

CCFVS-projected

CCDifference(field–FVS)

Absolutedifference(field–FVS)

Average 26.1 24.8 1.3 8.6SD 14.1 8.3 11.1 6.9


STEPHENS ET AL.

significant (P , 0.0001) for the smallest tree sizeclass (30.5–61.0 cm dbh) in both mixed coniferand ponderosa pine forests. Large trees (.91.4cm) decreased by 50% in mixed conifer forestsand by 70% in ponderosa pine forests whencomparing current structure to that in 1911(Table 6). Total tree basal area in mixed coniferforests was unchanged between 1911 and thepresent (approximately 30 m2 ha�1) but increasedby approximately 50% in ponderosa pine forests(Table 6). Sugar pine basal area remainedrelatively constant in mixed conifer forestswhereas incense-cedar basal area was two timesgreater in 1911 as compared to today. White firbasal area in mixed conifer forests increasedgreatly in the recent measurement versus 1911.Average forest canopy cover increased from 25%to 49% in mixed conifer forests and from 12% to49% in ponderosa pine forests; canopy cover incurrent forests is similar between types versus in1911 when mixed conifer forests had twice thecanopy cover as ponderosa pine forests.

DISCUSSION

The southern Sierra Nevada ponderosa pineand mixed conifer forests sampled in 1911 hadlow tree densities but there was importantvariation by structural groups (Table 1). ThePond Pine forest group tended to be located in

the lower elevation portion of the study area andhad the lowest tree densities and basal areas (25trees ha�1 and 11 m2 ha�1, respectively). Ponder-osa pine made up 58% of tree basal area in 1911followed by approximately equal amounts ofwhite fir and incense-cedar (18% each). Shrubcover was important in this group and averaged14% with less than one-tenth being mountainmisery.

In Jeffrey pine dominated mixed conifer forestsin the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Mexico, whichhave not experienced wide-spread fire suppres-sion or harvesting, average tree basal area was 20m2 ha�1 (Stephens and Gill 2005) and this islarger than that found in 1911 ponderosa pineforests in the southern Sierra Nevada. Jeffreypine dominated the SSPM forests contributing67% of basal area followed by smaller amounts ofwhite fir and sugar pine (23% and 8% of basalarea, respectively). In ponderosa pine forests innorthern Arizona, Fule et al. (2009) found thatponderosa pine dominated stand basal area(64%) in 1870 but contributed only 36% in thesame forest in 2003 after fire exclusion andharvesting.

Stoddard (2011) did an extensive review ofhistorical forest information from the Southwest-ern US (Arizona, New Mexico, and smallportions of Utah and Colorado). Information isgiven on pre Euro-American forest conditions

Table 6. Historical and contemporary forest structure for two major forest types in Kern National Forest study

area. Historical forest structure is based on historical systematic timber survey transects conducted in 1911;

contemporary structure is based on Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plots measured between 2001 and

2008. Asterisks indicate statistical significance by forest type between 1911 and FIA (*P , 0.05, **P , 0.01, ***P

, 0.001). Values are presented as mean 6 SD.

Characteristic

Mixed conifer Ponderosa pine

1911 FIA 1911 FIA

N (plots) 221 270 157 124Basal area (m2 ha�1)

Fir 10.2 6 8.8 16.1*** 6 22.3 2.0 6 3.4 2.8 6 8.3Incense-cedar 10.7 6 6.2 5.1*** 6 9.0 2.1 6 2.8 3.0 6 6.2Sugar pine 3.2 6 3.3 2.9 6 5.2 0.6 6 1.1 1.0 6 4.8Ponderosa pine 5.3 6 4.7 6.6* 6 9.5 6.5 6 4.5 8.7* 6 9.8Other NA 4.1 6 8.7 NA 3.7 6 7.4Total� 29.5 6 9.9 30.8 6 24.0 11.2 6 5.1 15.6** 6 13.8

Tree density (ha�1)30.4–61.0 cm dbh 41.0 6 21.8 103.9*** 6 79.1 11.8 6 8.9 95.3*** 6 86.361.1–91.4 cm dbh 17.3 6 8.2 20.7* 6 18.9 6.6 6 4.4 11.2*** 6 12.5. 91.4 cm dbh 16.7 6 9.2 8.7*** 6 10.9 6.9 6 4.1 2.2*** 6 5.0Total 75.0 6 26.9 133.3*** 6 85.0 25.2 6 12.1 108.6*** 6 88.0

Canopy cover (%) 25.2 6 7.1 49.1* 6 19.9 12.1 6 5.1 49.2* 6 22.5

� Does not include other species to maintain consistency with 1911 inventory.


STEPHENS ET AL.

from ponderosa pine and mixed conifer forestsfrom studies that varied in spatial scale (1–1000ha) and reference date (1860–1952). Selectingponderosa pine studies that provided informa-tion from larger areas (.80 ha) and estimatedstructural characteristics before the major im-pacts of Euro-Americans (before 1880) resulted ina basal area 10.4 m2 ha�1 which is similar to thesouthern Sierra Nevada forests studied here.Stoddard (2011) also summarized pre Euro-American mixed conifer forest basal area of 16.2m2 ha�1, which is lower than all three mixedconifer structural groups in the southern SierraNevada (Table 1), probably reflecting lowerecosystem productivity in the Southwestern US.Reynolds et al. (2013) provided another recentreview of historical forest conditions from theSouthwestern US and report ponderosa pine andmixed conifer tree density and basal area of 30–315 trees ha�1 and 5–20 m2 ha�1, and 53–251 treesha�1 and 9–28 m2 ha�1, respectively. The valuesfrom Reynolds et al. (2013) overlap those foundin our 1911 data, but the basal areas from our1911 estimates in the southern Sierra Nevada areat the high end of their distributions, especiallyfor mixed conifer forests.

The description of forest conditions in 1911support previous assertions on the critical role offire in these ecosystems (Kilgore and Taylor 1979,Skinner and Chang 1996, Scholl and Taylor 2010).Past fire evidence was clearly seen in approxi-mately 95% of all mixed conifer structural groupsand on 80% of ponderosa pine areas (Table 3).The vast majority of fire evidence was describedas low to moderate damage (Table 3) with lowpercentages of high severity fire on this land-scape (1–6%) (Table 4). Another piece of evi-dence of landscape-scale dominance of low-moderate severity fire is the ubiquity of largetrees in all of the sampled transects (Table 1). Thisindicates that these trees persisted for a longperiod of time (200–400 years) without experi-encing a stand-replacing disturbance. Comparingforest inventory data from 1911 to the present(Table 6) indicates that current forests havechanged greatly, particularly in tree density,canopy cover, density of large trees, dominanceof white fir in mixed conifer forests, and thesimilarity of tree basal area in contemporaryponderosa pine and mixed conifer forests. Thevast majority of published studies on historic

mixed-conifer forests document lower tree den-sities and a more open structure comprised of ahigher proportion of old and large trees that weremore spatially heterogeneous (having gaps andpatches of trees) and more uneven-aged com-pared to current conditions (Fule et al. 2002,2009, Moore et al. 2004, Stephens and Gill 2005,North et al. 2009, Collins et al. 2011).

Topography also influenced the historicaldistribution of vegetation in our study area.Ponderosa pine forests were associated withlower elevation, more southwesterly aspects,and greater values of AET. The influence ofelevation on vegetation type, with ponderosapine forests occurring below mixed coniferforests, has long been recognized (Show andKotok 1929) and the association of greater pinedominance with more southerly aspects has alsobeen observed (Fites-Kaufman et al. 2007, Ly-dersen and North 2012). However the associationwith AET was unexpected, as others have foundthis variable to be associated with greaterproductivity (Stephenson 1998; Kane et al., inpress). The southern portion of the study area,which was predominantly ponderosa pine forest(Fig. 3) had higher water holding capacity,leading to greater values of AET. While waterholding capacity and AET were relatively lowerin the rest of the study area, perhaps the treesmay be able to access deeper water stores inweathered bedrock (Meyer et al. 2007) allowingthese areas to sustain more productive foresttypes.

One important artifact is the scale at which the1911 data were recorded (0.9 ha transect area)such that any fine-scale patterning cannot bediscerned (Hagmann et al. 2013). The majority ofthe variability in structure in frequent-fire forestshas been observed at spatial scales smaller than0.4 ha (Larson and Churchill 2012, Fry et al.2014), and topographic characteristics that influ-ence forest structure may also be observed at asmaller scale (Lydersen and North 2012). Thescale at which the 1911 inventory data wererecorded homogenizes this patchiness, which hasbeen shown to include widely spaced individu-als, clusters of large trees, dense patches ofregeneration, and small openings (North et al.2002, Franklin and Van Pelt 2004, Larson andChurchill 2012, Lydersen et al. 2013, Fry et al.2014). This fine-scale patchiness, and the scale at


STEPHENS ET AL.

which topography affects forest patterns, areimportant characteristics that warrant furtherinvestigation.

The fact that the southern Sierra forests westudied were more open historically relative tocurrent conditions is not surprising given thenumber of previous studies that have alreadydemonstrated this trend (e.g., Parsons andDebenedetti 1979, Scholl and Taylor 2010). Whatis more surprising is just how open these forestswere in 1911, with average canopy cover being25% and 12% in mixed-conifer and ponderosapine types, respectively (Table 6). Fornwalt et al.(2002) modeled ponderosa pine reference canopycover conditions of 13–22% on the ColoradoFront Range and canopy cover in unmanagedJeffrey pine-mixed conifer forests in northernBaja California, Mexico, was 27% (Stephens et al.2007b). In addition, other canopy cover studiesincluding White (1985), Covington and Sackett(1986), and Covington et al. (1997) reported21.9%, 19.0%, and 17.3% canopy cover forponderosa pine reference conditions on the FortValley Experimental Forest, Arizona, respectively(Reynolds et al. 2013); these values are similar tocanopy cover estimates from southern SierraNevada ponderosa pine forests in 1911 (Table 1).

The 1911 forest inventory data depict a forestwith high heterogeneity (Tables 1 and 3). Assuch, the historical data we present do notsupport the idea of basing management goalsfor restoration and forest resilience treatments onaverage values (Stephens and Gill 2005, North etal. 2009). Perhaps the ranges documented in thiswork in canopy cover and tree densities by sizeclasses can assist in the creation of restorationplans to increase forest resilience (Collins et al.2011). The second point related to the historicaldistributions found here is that common restora-tion goals of mixed conifer and ponderosa pineforests, particularly canopy cover and treedensity, are on the upper end of or entirelyexceed the values we report based on the 1911data (Table 1). Consequently, forest restorationgoals in southern Sierra Nevada mixed coniferand ponderosa pine forests are probably mis-aligned with the historic range of variation instand structure. We note that our analysis is atthe landscape scale, which may not capture finerscale heterogeneity brought about by openingsand denser forest patches, however our estimates

of landscape conditions are robust.

Relevance to dry forest managementThe 1911 forest inventory data describes a

forest that is a product of a range of fire effectsover a long period of time (i.e., a functioning fireregime), as well as the underlying topographic/moisture availability influence. The changes inforest structure and composition relative to 1911indicate severely altered present forest condi-tions. The present forest in the western portionsof Sequoia and Sierra National Forests is charac-terized by much higher overall tree densities,shifted species dominance from pine to fir(especially in mixed conifer forests), lowerdensity of large trees, and higher canopy cover.These findings are consistent with those fromprevious studies in the Sierra Nevada (Parsonsand Debenedetti 1979, Ansley and Battles 1998,North et al. 2007, Scholl and Taylor 2010, Collinset al. 2011, Knapp et al. 2013, Dolanc et al. 2014).

Periods of frequent fire in mixed-conifer andpine-dominated forests gave fire-resistant speciesa competitive advantage, allowing them toestablish dominance (Stephens et al. 2008).During ‘‘fire-free’’ or less frequent-fire periods,pines persisted due to their dominant positionsin the forest canopy (Fule et al. 2009). However,extensive fire-free periods, such as that associat-ed with fire exclusion, coupled with grazing,selective logging, and favorable climatic condi-tions for young tree establishment in the early20th century has created atypical stand compo-sitions and structures in many of today’s SierraNevada ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer for-ests. In many locations, large, dominant ponder-osa pine trees have been significantly reducedleaving today’s stands dominated by small trees.This has also been documented in other studiesin mixed-conifer and ponderosa pine forests inthe western US (Swetnam and Baisan 2003,Moore et al. 2004, North et al. 2009).

Recently a new procedure has been used toestimate past forest structure based on theestablishment of a public land survey system(PLSS) by the General Land Office (GLO), theadvantage of this dataset is it covers most of thewestern US. Baker (2012, 2014) used this system(GLO), which used eight trees per section (259ha) that were marked to assist in the relocation ofsurvey section corners, to reconstruct historical


STEPHENS ET AL.

forest conditions in eastern Oregon and the SierraNevada. Four townships (or 144 sections) ineastern Oregon (Baker 2012) overlap an area thatused similar historical transect data analyzed inthis work (Hagmann et al. 2013). GLO surveydata collected in 1866–1895 would include arecord of approximately 1152 trees markingsection and quarter section corners in this fourtownship area while the historical timber transectinventory included 163,558 trees on 1355 tran-sects (Hagmann et al. 2013). More recently Baker(2014) used similar GLO procedures to estimatepast forest structure and fire severity in the SierraNevada. A comparison of the results from theGLO procedures to four different study sitesfrom northern Oregon to the southern SierraNevada demonstrates that the GLO methodsoverestimate historic tree density (Table 7). Onechallenge in the comparison of these results ispossible differences in lower diameter limits inthese studies. The transect studies (Collins et al.2011, Hagmann et al. 2013, 2014, this work) allhave explicit lower diameter limits whereas theGLO reconstructions do not include this infor-

mation (Table 7). One study that also comparedthese two methods determined that the largedifferences in tree densities between the directinventory and GLO could not be reconciled bypossible differences in diameter limits of the twodatasets (Hagmann et al. 2013). Another limita-tion of all historical datasets is they are from onebrief time period which characterizes past fireregimes with limited temporal depth.

Our estimate of past mixed conifer andponderosa pine high severity fire (1–6%), whichare similar to estimates from other work (Ste-phens et al. 2007a, Mallek et al. 2013), are muchlower than those reported by Baker (2014) for theSierra Nevada (31–39%). Perhaps informationfrom contemporary restored fire regimes, forwhich fire severity patterns can be quantifiedmore robustly, can provide insight. Working inmesic upper-elevation mixed conifer forests inthe Sierra Nevada that have been burnedrepeatedly by lighting fires, Collins and Stephens(2010) found that high severity fire accounted for15% of the total burned area in recent large fires.These fires occurred 30 years after the start of the

Table 7. Average historic forest structural conditions in central Oregon and the Sierra Nevada estimated by

General Land Office Survey (GLO) and Direct Forest Inventory (DFI) methods that used conventional

inventory techniques. (MC, mixed conifer; PP, ponderosa pine; min, minimum; dbh, diameter at breast height;

n/a, not available).

Forest type/location

Tree density (ha�1) Tree basal area (m2 ha�1)

Reference and min dbhDFI GLOPercentagedifference DFI GLO

Percentagedifference

OregonMC north central 67 275 410 14 n/a ... GLO: Baker (2012), min dbh not

given.DFI: Hagmann et al. (2014), 15 cm

PP south central 63 219 348 13 n/a ... GLO: Baker (2012), min dbh notgiven.

DFI: Hagmann et al. (2013), 15 cmMC south central 71 275 387 18 n/a ... GLO: Baker (2012), min dbh not

given.DFI: Hagmann et al. (2013), 15 cm

CaliforniaMC central Sierra 52 277 533 17.9 36.9 206 GLO: Baker (2014), typically 10 cm.Nevada DFI: Collins et al. (2011), Collins et

al. (2005), 15 cmPP central Sierra 44 260 591 14.1 33.6 238 GLO: Baker (2014), typically 10 cm.Nevada DFI: Collins et al. (2011), Collins et

al. (2005), 15 cmMC southern Sierra 75 (132)� 277 369 (210)� 29.5 36.9 125 GLO: Baker (2014), typically 10 cm.Nevada DFI: this work, 30 cm (15.2 cm)

PP southern Sierra 25 (45)� 260 1040 (548)� 11 33.6 305 GLO: Baker (2014), typically 10 cm.Nevada DFI: this work, 30 cm (15.2 cm)

� Estimates in parentheses include trees 15.2–30.4 cm dbh based on the limited number of transects that measured trees in the15.2–30.4 cm dbh class (n¼ 35). Estimates were based on the ratio of tree density in the 15.2–30.4 cm dbh class to that in the30.5–45.7 cm dbh class, which was 2.5:1.


STEPHENS ET AL.

natural fire program in this area, suggesting arelatively intact fire regime. However, despitehaving an intact modern fire regime, this areapreviously experienced nearly 100 years of fireexclusion, which corresponded with a largeincrease in tree establishment (Collins andStephens 2007). It is reasonable to assume thislarge pulse of tree establishment led to higherlevels of severe fire than occurred historically.Furthermore, the higher elevation and associatedshifts in species composition (high dominance ofred/white fir and lodgepole pine [Pinus contortasub. murrayana]) may also contribute to thegreater proportion of high severity fire reportedby Collins and Stephens (2010). Collectively,these points suggest that 15% high severity fireis likely an overestimate for historical highseverity proportions in ponderosa pine-mixedconifer forests, indicating that our 1–6% esti-mates are likely closer to actual conditions thanthe 31–39% posed by Baker (2014).

Changing climates are already warming tem-peratures in the Sierra Nevada so a specific goalto recreate past conditions is not advisable(Stephens et al. 2010). However, the informationfrom this work could be used to inform theproduction of desired landscape conditionsbecause the forests sampled in 1911 were highlyresilient to many of the same environmentalprocesses affecting today’s forest ecosystems,including insects, diseases, and fire. Increasingforest resiliency is the most common goal thatforest mangers desire in a world of changingclimates (Fule 2008, Stephens et al. 2010) and thiswork could be used to inform this goal.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Jim Baldwin for advice on statisticalapproaches. We appreciate the assistance from EmilyFales and Keith Arnold in entering the 1911 informa-tion into a database. We thank USFS District Archae-ologist Erin Potter and Fuels Officer Burt Stalter forproviding the historic forest photos. We thank CarlosRamirez and Deb Beardsley for producing the FIAdata used in this study. Funding was provided bygrants from the University of California Agricultureand Natural Resources Division and USFS PacificSouthwest Research Station.

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SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL

APPENDIX

Fig. A1. Importance ranking of the topographic variables based on their association with vegetation class of

historical survey transects, as determined by random forest analysis. Variables included in the analysis were

actual evapotranspiration (AET), elevation, transformed aspect, water deficit, topographic relative moisture

index (TRMI), slope steepness, and proportion of transect area in each of the four topographic position index

categories (% Steep Slope, % Ridgetop, % Valley Bottom and % Gentle Slope). The three variables that appear in

Table 2 (AET, elevation, aspect) are the three most highly ranked variables.


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Table A1. Complete surveyor notes from the Kern National Forest in 1911 as recorded on the United States

Department of Agriculture Forest Service Form 321A. Notes on condition of timber and classification for fire

damage, oak prevalence, pest/pathogen, regeneration and tree distribution for each transect. Where indicated,

relevant notes recorded for understory and factors affecting logging are also included.

Lot_idK-meansgroup Survey notes

Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

25320405 MCShrub

Timber is very widely scattered andvery much stunted in growth. Thestand very open and uneven age. Theabundance of boulders and scrubbyundergrowth as well as dense forestfloor in places of bear clover preventreproduction. No clear length.Considerable fire damage to treestallied. Also insect depredationpresent as many trees dead and yetstanding.

low n/a n/a moderate(understory)

insect none scattered

25320412 MCShrub

Timber is very widely scattered singlyand in small groups. A very openstand. Also very uneven aged stand.Clear length to the yel P. on av. About160. Has been much fire damage but ithas injured the trees not very far upthe trunks. Insect depredation presentas there are many dead trees standingand a few fallen ones

low n/a n/a low(understory)

insect scarce scattered

25320413 MCShrub

Timber is very uneven aged and verymuch scattered more or less singly.Good clear length to the pine trees (yelþ sug) of 16 0 of trees over 2400 in D.Stand is very open with a little deadtimber standing and an understory ofsparsely scattered scrub black oak andwith a forest floor of very dense bearclover. Insect depredation veryprevalent.

none n/a n/a low insect none scattered

25320501 MCShrub

Timber is very uneven aged; it is moreor less uniformly distributed thru theforty. Stand is very open but theforest floor is not thickly coveredwith underbrush to prevent reprod –but very little reprod present. Theclear length to the yel and sug pexceeds 16 0 on ave. and on a fewtrees there 2 and 3 16 0 lengths.Considerable fire damage but notinjuring the butts of the nearlymature trees much. Much insectdepredation as many dead treesstanding and fallen trees.

low n/a n/a none insect scarce uniform

25320502 MCShrub

Timber is very uneven aged and moreor less widely scattered in smallgroups. The stand is very open –reproduction being poor and forestfloor of bear clover thicker than it hasbeen. Clear length to the yel and sugp about 2400 and over 16 0 good.Timber very slightly fire scarred.There has been much insectdepredation present as much timberdead and yet standing.

low n/a n/a none insect low groups

25320503 MCShrub

Timber is very uneven aged, there beingclear length to the sug and yel p of 2400

and over of 160. The stand is very openand more or less uniformly distributedaccept in the NE corner where thereseems to be nothing but manzanita andchaparral and boulders. A bad firebeen thru but it has only injured thecedar trees badly. Also insectdepredation, shown by the deadstanding trees and the manystagheaded trees.

moderate n/a n/a none insect scarce uniform


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Table A1. Continued.


Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

25320504 MCShrub

Timber is very uneven aged; but is veryuniformly distributed – it being a veryopen stand. Clear length to the sug andyel P. 160 and over for trees above 2400.Been a bad fire thru here but not injuringthe live timber much – cedar being mostscarred. Much insect depredation asmany dead, standing trees as well as fewfallen trees (uprooted).


25320505 MCShrub

it is very uneven aged and a very openstand more or less in groups; clear lengthto the yel. and sug p. about 160 (of nearlymature trees). A little damage done byfire. There has been much insect damagedone as there are many standing deadtrees as well as fallen trees. The standbeing very open is filled up by groups ofchaparral and bear clover with a littlevery young bl oak. So there is practicallyno reproduction of trees tallied.

low n/a n/a low none scarce groups

25320506 MCShrub

The timber is very uneven aged butdistributed uniformly thru the forty;clear length to the nearly mature pineis 160 and over. Has been a bad fire butit has not done much damage to theyel or sug p. insect depredation present– many dead standing trees and fewfallen trees. Forty very open with forestfloor of thick clumps of chaparral andbear clover – there no reproduction.

low n/a n/a none none scarce uniform

25320507 MCShrub

Timber is very uneven aged and more orless scattered in groups. Clear length tothe yel and sug p 160 and over (fornearly mature trees 2400 and over).Timber been fire scarred but not verybadly except the cedar. Insects havebeen present as there are many deadtrees standing and many fallen. Thestand is very open and thereproduction seems to get hold betterbut only in very few places. A verylittle immature oak scattered.

low n/a n/a low insect scarce groups

25320508 MCShrub

first few chains the timber more or lessuniformly distributed but at top of ridgeabout 6 ch come to practically nothingbut young scrub oak which follows usabout 10 chains (with a little scatteringconiferous trees). The pine about 2400 hasclear length of 160. Timber is slightly firescarred and insect depredation presentas usual – few dead trees standing. Getfair mature timber thru first few ch andthen oak for few ch and then youngtimber.

high chaparral(along ridge)

10 moderate insect none groups

25320509 MCShrub

Timber is not of especially gooddevelopment, especially the youngertrees as many are wind topped andstagheaded. Very uneven aged stand andwidely scattered, singly and in groups.Clear length to the older pine (yel andsug) good for 160. Much fire damage totrees but not affecting the butts far upthe trunk. Much insect depredationpresent; dead trees standing - all species.Reprod confined to latter part of forty


insect low scattered

25320510 MCShrub

Timber is very uneven aged there beingclear length to the older sug and yel p of160 and more. Timber has been badly firescarred but only affecting a few verybadly, the pine and cedar mostly. Muchdead standing timber present – proof ofinsect depredation. The stand is veryopen and more or less the trees scatteredin groups. But even then there very littlereprod even though the forest floor is notdensely covered with brush.

low n/a n/a none insect scarce groups


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Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

25320511 MCShrub

Very uneven aged. The pine (yel and sug)of nearly mature age has over 160 of clearlength. The timber is very open givingroom for abundance of chaparral andbear clover and thus preventingreproduction. Insect depredation havebeen present as there are many dying,dead and stagheaded trees. Been a badfire thru forty but it has not damaged theopen stand greatly.

low n/a n/a none insect scarce open

25320512 MCShrub

Majority of the timber is immature but ofgood size and development. Veryuneven aged. It is a very open stand.Good clear length to nearly mature P.being 16 0 and over. All or nearly all ofthe open space occupied either by bearclover or chaparral and large boulderspreventing reproduction. Much insectdepredation present and many deadstanding trees and some have beenblown over. Fire damage not very bad.

low n/a n/a none insect none open

25320513 MCShrub

Much of the timber is quite immature yetbut of good size. (Would say that theground ought to be cleaned up (thebear clover-sage brush and manzanitataken up to give reproduction achance). Timber is more or less widelyscattered with no clear length exceptthe yel and sug p. d about 3000 andover. Been a rather severe fire thru hereinjuring all timber more or less. Alsomany trees killed either by insects orfire as many dead trees are standing.Stand very open.

low n/a n/a none insect scarce scattered

25320514 MCShrub

Stand is very uneven aged and scatteredvery much giving a very open stand.The nearly mature pine has good clearlength and some of the younger pinealso. Considerable fire damage but notinjuring the trees much – cedar theexception. Insect depredation present asmany stagheaded and dead standingtrees. The forest floor of chap and bearclover preventing reproduction.


25320515 MCShrub

Timber is of good development but veryuneven aged. Both yel p and sug p haveclear length of 160 and over. Timber hasbeen touched by bad fire but only a veryfew trees are very badly damaged andthen only for 20 to 40 up. Must have beenmuch insect damage present as there aremany dead trees standing. Stand is veryopen but with no reproduction thoughforest floor is not covered with brush.


25320516 MCShrub

The timber is very widely scattered thruthe forty – both singly and in groups.Very uneven aged. Clear length to pine(yel and sug) 160 (for trees above 2400 ).Stand being open and much oak in theopen places as well as bear clover foran understory. Good reprod of cedarand yel p. fire has damaged the treesconsiderably at butts. Insectdepredation present, as many treesdead and standing or trees stagheaded– all species.

low n/a n/a moderate insect moderate open

25320608 MCHigh

Timber is very uneven aged and is veryevenly distributed thru the forty. Clearlength to the yel. p and sug p. about16 0. all timber has fire scars marked onit but in general they are not bad.Insect depredation present as manystagheaded trees present; also deadtrees standing. We pass 2 seeps one at7 chains and another about at the endof the forty.

low n/a n/a none insect none uniform


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

25320609 MCAve

Timber is uneven aged but quite evenlydistributed thru the centre of the fortythinning out to the west þ east. Clearlength to the yel and sug p about 160.Considerable fire damage injuringsome of the pine trees quite badly atthe butts. Insect depredation presentshown by the sickly condition of someof the trees. Although stand very openand forest floor free for reproduction -none apparent.


25320616 MCHigh

Timber in general is mostly even agedand evenly distributed thru the centreof the forty; it thinning out toward theends very rapidly. Clear length to Yeland Sug P. about 160. All timber badlyfire scarred at the butt. Also insectdepredation quite prevalent as thereare many trees dead and standing.Stand is very open but no reproductionseems to get started.


25320701 MCHigh

On the east slope an open stand of fairlyeven aged. It is uniformly distributedhere too. All timber slightly fire scarredbut not damaging the trees badly at thebutts. Clear length to yel and sug pine160. Although the stand is open and noforest floor hindrance yet there is nosmall reproduction. Insect depredationhere in abundance. Boulders appearingin groups. Many dead trees andstagheaded trees standing and fallentrees.


25320702 MCShrub

Timber more or less uneven aged. Itscattered but more or less uniformlythru forty. It is fire scarred but notbadly, there being clear length of 160 tothe pine (yel). Also insect depredationpresent. The stand is very open the restof area being well covered withchaparral and very young canon liveoak and bear clove with abundance oflarge and small boulders.

low n/a n/a high insect low uniform

25320703 MCAve

Timber is very much scattered anduneven aged. Stand very open. Clearlength to the Yel. Pine of 160 for nearlymature timber. All timber is slightlydamaged by fire but the damage doesnot extend far up the butts. Muchinsect depredations present as there aremany trees fallen and manystagheaded trees present - both fir andpine.


25320704 MCShrub

Timber is very uneven aged and widelyscattered; the stand is very open. Clearlength to the Yel P. is about 160 . Alltimber has been more or less firescarred but it does not extend far upthe butts. There is insect depredationpresent and it has been present asmany dead trees standing, manystagheaded trees and much fallentimber.

low n/a n/a none insect none scattered

25320707 PondPine

Timber is very uneven aged; more or lessscattered with open spaces filled inwith manzanita, very young canon liveoak and bear clover. Clear length to thenearly mature pine about 160. Fire hasinjured the trees to a considerableextent at the butts but it does notextend far up the tree. Also insectdepredation present as there are manytrees dead and yet standing. The southpart of the forty shows mostly veryyoung canon live oak.

low n/a n/a moderate insect low scattered


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

25320708 MCShrub

Timber is very uneven aged; standbeing scattered and places filled in byblack oak of fair good size, a forestfloor of bear clover. Clear length tothe pine about 16 0 . There has been asevere fire thru forty but not injuringthe nearly mature timber much insectdepredation present as there aremany dead trees standing. Quite agood bit of reproduction of cedar andpine.

low n/a n/a moderate insect moderate scattered

25320709 PondPine

Clean none n/a n/a excluded excluded moderate excluded

25320710 PondPine

Clean. Fired some low n/a n/a excluded excluded moderate excluded

25320711 MCAve

Fired. Clean moderate n/a n/a excluded excluded moderate excluded

25320712 MCAve

Fire scarred a little. Clean low n/a n/a excluded excluded none excluded

25320713 MCAve

Fired, a little. Clean. Extra good length low n/a n/a excluded excluded moderate excluded

25320714 MCAve

Fired a little. Clean low n/a n/a excluded excluded moderate excluded

25320715 MCAve

Fire scarred. Clean low n/a n/a excluded excluded moderate excluded

25320801 MCAve

Very little fire scar. Clean. Yellow pine infirst class condition. There is a yellowpine on this forty of 7300 averagediameter and 200 ft. estimated height.

low n/a n/a excluded excluded moderate excluded

25320802 MCHigh

fire scarred - clean moderate n/a n/a excluded excluded low excluded

25320803 MCHigh

Fir mostly decadent. All fire scarred.Signs of insect attack on Y. pine.

moderate n/a n/a excluded insect moderate excluded

25320804 MCAve

A little insect boring on Y. pine. Firescarred

moderate n/a n/a excluded insect moderate excluded

25320805 MCAve

fire scarred - clean moderate n/a n/a excluded excluded moderate excluded

25320806 MCAve

Fire scarred - not badly. Yellow pine poorcondition b/c insects. Note the dead onother side of sheet.

low n/a n/a excluded insect none excluded

25320807 MCAve

A little fire scarred. Clean low n/a n/a excluded excluded moderate excluded

25320808 MCAve

fire scarred - clean moderate n/a n/a excluded excluded high excluded

25320809 MCHigh

Fire scarred. Clean moderate n/a n/a excluded excluded moderate excluded

25320810 MCHigh

fire scarred - clean moderate n/a n/a excluded excluded moderate excluded

25320811 MCAve

fire scarred - clean moderate n/a n/a excluded excluded low excluded

25320812 PondPine

somewhat stunted none n/a n/a excluded excluded low excluded

25320813 MCAve

stunted - clean moderate n/a n/a excluded excluded low excluded

25320814 MCHigh

Clean. Fire scarred moderate n/a n/a excluded excluded moderate excluded

25320815 MCHigh

Large timber decadent. Fire scarred -clean. A badly fire scarred yellowpine of 8000 diameter stands on thisforty.

moderate n/a n/a excluded excluded moderate excluded

25320816 MCAve

Decadent (larger timber). Fired a little low n/a n/a excluded excluded high excluded

25320903 MCShrub

Timber uneven aged and very muchscattered in groups - a very openstand filled in with a little veryyoung scrub oak and with a densefloor of bear clover. Pine (Yel andSug) has clear length of 16 0 above 2000

in D. The timber very little firedamaged. Insect depredation beenpresent shown by dead trees yetstanding.

low n/a n/a low insect scarce scattered


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

25320904 MCAve

Timber is very much scattered thru firstpart of the forty and seems to bethicker (denser) toward the west up theslope. At the last few chains 5-8 wecome to a more or less open placewhere the timber is immense and notdamaged by fire. Clear length to thepine is about 16 0. The scattered timberto the E is a little stagheaded andmany dead trees standing. In generalthe forty is very open with more or lessdense young oak.

low n/a n/a high insect low patchy

25320905 MCAve

Timber is very much scattered ingroups of 2-5 leaving the open spotsto dense clumps of young immatureoak and manzanita and bear clover.Pine has clear length of 16 0. Thereconsiderable damage done to all trees(pine and cedar especially) by fire -also insect depredation have beenpresent. (Many trees dead and not yetfallen).

low n/a n/a moderate insect low groups

25320912 MCShrub

Most of the timber tallied is of good formand very little damaged by fire. It isvery much scattered in groups. The sugand yel p. have a clear length of 160.There has been insect depredationpresent as many cedar trees arestagheaded and the yel. P. trees (some)are dead and standing. Fair goodtimber thru first 6 ch. then all chaparraluntil ch 16 and then get a little bunchof timber again, end of forty brings usto light timber.

high chaparral(throughcanyon)

10 low(understory)

insect low groups

25320913 MCAve

Timber is in fairly good condition andnearly mature. Clear length to the Yel.P. 160. All timber is badly fire scarred,pine and cedar worse than the fir.There is very little insect depredation.Much oak only along the first part ofthe forty and then disappear - verygood young reprod. The timber is moreor less scattered in groups.

moderate n/a n/a moderate insect high groups

25321403 MCShrub

Timber is very widely scattered thru thefirst part of the forty but is in fairlydense groups thru the last few chainsof the forty. Though the pine is verybadly fire scarred would say that thereis clear length of 16 0. All timber is moreor less stunted and stagheaded andalso insects have killed a few trees - yetstanding. There is little to noreproduction the forty being very openand exposed.

moderate n/a n/a moderate(understory)

insect none patchy

25321404 MCShrub

Most of the timber is far from maturitybut has good clear length. Timber moreabundant thru last part of forty. Littleto no reproduction of any kind belowpole stage (600-800). Clear length to pine160. It very badly fire scarred. Alsoinsect depredation present as manystagheaded trees and dead standingtrees. The forty is very open with adense growth of bear clover on theground.

moderate n/a n/a moderate(understory)

insect none open

25321405 MCShrub

Timber only of fair development, muchbeing more or less wind topped andstunted in growth. Clear length about16 0 to pine only. Considerable firedamage present but not injuring thetrees very bad (however some badfire scars at the butt). There muchinsect depredation present as shownby the dead standing trees andstagheaded trees. The ground is veryopen.

low n/a n/a moderate(understory)

insect none open


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

25321406 MCShrub

Timber is very much scattered and ingroups more or less. It is of good form,especially the pine but both pine andcedar are very badly fire scarred. Clearlength to the pine is about 160. Therehas been much insect depredationpresent as there are many deadstanding trees besides many stagheadedones. The country is very open and theground exposed to sun’s rays.

moderate n/a n/a low(understory)

insect none groups

25321411 PondPine

Timber is very much scattered, with onlythe older nearly mature timber havingclear length of 160. Considerable firedamage done to the older trees. Thecountry quite open and the timber isnot exceptionally good. Much open areacovered by the Bear clover and largeboulders. Much insect depredationpresent as many dead standing trees.



25321412 MCAve

Timber is more or less scattered but of agreat deal better development than anypassed thru this afternoon. Some goodfine large pines, clear length 160 andover. All timber is slightly fire scarredat the base. Much insect depredationhas been present (dead standing trees).The timber is mostly of same age withvery little reproduction. Country ismore or less bare and open except forthe fine nearly mature pine.


insect scarce scattered

25321501 MCShrub

Timber is fairly mature but most of it veryimmature. Pine (sug and yel) has clearlength of 160. All trees more or less firescarred. Some of the trees are badlywind topped. Also insect depredationbeen present. Timber very open andscattered in groups. There a little canonlive oak in places that is fairly mature.Many stagheaded pine and fir trees.

moderate n/a n/a low insect none groups

25321502 MCShrub

Timber is very much scattered most of itbeing young timber past the pole stage.Much fire damage done to the timber.Practically no reproduction younger than(600-800-1200). Timber is wind topped andstagheaded and some dead timber in it.Would say that there is no clear length.The timber widely scattered and there ismuch scrub young immature oak.

low n/a n/a high none scarce scattered

25321503 MCShrub

Timber is very much scattered and mostof it is pretty young. No clear length.Timber is badly fire scarred. Insectdepredation present as there are manydead and stagheaded trees present onthe forty. The country is very openthere being a good deal of young blackoak as an understory.

low n/a n/a high insect none scattered

25321504 MCAve

Timber is mostly middle aged and has noclear length. It is more or less scatteredin groups with very immature blackand canon live oak as understory. Therehas been much damage by fire andalso insect depredation has beenpresent as there are many treesstagheaded and dead. The country isvery scattered with coniferous timberwith oak as a thick understory.

low n/a n/a high insect none groups

25321505 MCAve

Timber for first few chains fairly dense butnot uniform in size. After passing acrosscreek get timber much more scatteredthru boulders and of uniform sizemostly. There a clear length to the pine of160 and over. Considerable damage byfire to the butts of the nearly maturetimber. Insect depredation present thruthe last 10-14 chains as many stagheadedtrees and many already dead.

low n/a n/a none insect none patchy


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

25321506 MCShrub

All of the timber is more or less stuntedin growth but of the nearly maturepine would say that there is a clearlength of 16 0. Considerable fire damagedone to the nearly mature trees. Insectdamage very much present as shownby the stagheaded and dead standingtrees. The stand is very open and givestrees abundant light on the ground.


25321507 MCShrub

There is quite a little timber past the polestage but not mature yet. The timbernearly mature (pine only) has clearlength of 16 0. Cedar is too badly firescarred. Timber is scattered in groups.There is insect depredation present butthe timber thru most of the forty is ofgood form and size but farther S. upthe slope timber wind topped.

moderate n/a n/a none insect none groups

25321508 PondPine

Timber is scattered in groups. The nearlymature pine has a good clear length of160 . All of the timber is badly firescarred the cedar being the mostdamaged. Insect depredation has beenpresent as there are many deadstanding trees and stagheaded fir trees.Country is very open giving easy accessfor the sun to the ground cover quite abit of pine reprod the last 2 chains.


insect low groups

25321509 MCShrub

As go east the timber gets better and it thenof fairly good development at the end ofthe forty. Pine has clear length of about160 . all timber has had a touch of fire asshown by bad fire scarred butts. Insectshave also played havoc as there aremany dead standing trees. But even yetthere a few trees that are wind topped.

low n/a n/a none insect none excluded

25321510 MCAve

The timber is more or less scattered ingroups leaving the ground cover verymuch exposed to the sun’s rays. To thenearly mature pine timber may get 160

of clear length but most of the timberexcept in the draws are very muchstunted in growth or wind topped orkilled or nearly so by insects (as there bemany trees that are dead and standing).In general very poor timber thru forty.

none n/a n/a low(understory)

insect none groups

25321511 MCShrub

Timber is widely scattered and in badshape. There is no clear length. Alltimber is very much stunted in growth,stagheaded and wind topped. Andsome is very badly fire scarred. Thereis no clear length. There is quite a littlecanon live oak but it is very small andscrubby. Boulder outcrops are veryabundant all thru the forty. Thecountry is very very open, sun havingeasy access to soil.

none n/a n/a moderate none none scattered

25321512 MCAve

Timber is very much scattered in groupsmore or less. There is good clear lengthto the nearly mature sug and yel p.timber thru the last part of the forty isgets stunted in growth (even the youngtimber) and is more or less windtopped. Also thru the last part of fortythere must be insect depredationpresent as the pine trees - young onesare getting stagheaded and dying.

none n/a n/a low(understory)

insect none groups

25321513 MCShrub

Timber is of fairly good development butis more or less scattered. Would saythat there is no good clear length. Thetimber is very badly fire scarred bysevere fire. There insect depredationpresent which accounts for the deadstanding timber. Last four chainsconsist chiefly of scrub canon live oakwith little scattering pine trees.

high chaparral(west sideof ridge)

4 moderate insect none scattered


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

25321514 MCAve

Timber is still bad stunted and windtopped. It is more or less scattered untilthe end of the forty when the groundcover is more shaded by little bettertimber and good deal of canon live oak(scrubby growth). The timber is quite alittle fire scarred so no clear length.Timber is very immature. The timber isvery much better toward the end of theforty. Dead standing timber asctr [?] forinsect depredation prevalent.

moderate n/a n/a moderate insect none patchy

25321515 MCAve

Timber is very widely scattered and veryimmature. No clear length; the timberhas been more or less badly firescarred. The timber is stunted andwind topped. The country is very openand very much filled up with boulders.The timber is in bad shape as there aremany dead standing trees and thereinsect depredation present.



25321516 MCAve

It is very much scattered and yet veryimmature. No clear length. It ratherbadly fire scarred so there is no clearlength. There has been a little insectdepredation for there is a few trees deadand standing. The country is very openand exposed. It is stunted in growth andtopped.



25321601 MCAve


25321602 MCHigh

Fire scarred. Good many fir and cedarstags

moderate n/a n/a excluded excluded high excluded

25321603 MCHigh

Cedar badly fired. Rest fired some. Clean. moderate n/a n/a excluded excluded moderate excluded

25321604 MCAve


25321605 MCAve

A little fire scar. Clean low n/a n/a excluded excluded moderate excluded

25321606 MCHigh

larger timber decadent none n/a n/a excluded excluded moderate excluded

25321607 MCHigh

Fir and cedar decadent. Fire scarred.Timber in clumps.

moderate n/a n/a excluded excluded moderate excluded

25321608 MCAve


25321609 PondPine

The timber is widely scattered thru thelast 15 chains of the forty. The first 5chains has very dense reproduction offir especially and it ought to be heavilythinned. Been a severe fire thru hereshown by few old coniferous trees andthe badly scarred oak. The last 10chains is very very dense with cedarreprod. and oak scrubby in form (veryhard to get thru.) no insect depredationpresent. Thru first part of forty fewtrees weakened by fire and blown over.

high densereproduction,

treesweakenedby fire

20 moderate none high scattered

25321610 MCAve

Timber is very much scattered. Timber isin fair dense groups after 11 chains andthen it thins out again. The timber hasno clear length. Very much fire damageonly attacking the nearly mature timber.No insect depredation present. Muchoak up to 11 chains and then not sodense thru the last few chains. Most ofthe oak is immature. The country ismore or less open where the oak grows.

moderate n/a n/a moderate none none patchy

25321611 MCAve

Only the nearly mature pine has clearlength of 160 and over. The nearly maturetimber is scattered in groups. Thru first10 ch the old timber ought to be cut andthe younger growth thinned out. Alsothe ground floor needs to be cleaned upof dead wood. The last 10 ch consistmostly of dense young oak in clumps. Itquite immature. Thru first 10 ch verylittle fire or insect damage to trees.

low n/a n/a high insect high groups


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

25321612 MCShrub

Timber is more or less scattered in groupsmature timber clear length of older timberabout 160 (but applies only to sug p andyel p). This older timber ought to be cutand the younger timber thinned out alittle and the ground cleared up. There is[h. . . - can’t decipher a word] good - toogood reprod of cedar fir and sug and yelp. apparently no insect depredation. Firedamage to older timber in some casesvery great extending up the tree 300. Moreor less oak of fair size scattered thru forty.

moderate n/a n/a low none moderate groups

25321613 MCHigh

Most of the timber is quite young and aboutthe pole stage. The few older trees arenearly mature and ought to be cut. Theyounger timber ought to be thinned outespecially in the last few chains (fir trees).Little to no fire damage even to the oldnearly mature timber. No insect orfungous disease apparent. Very little blackoak and mostly in the first part of 40.

high mosttimber

immature,little firedamage

20 low none moderate excluded

25321614 MCHigh

The nearly mature timber is of fairly gooddevelopment but more or less in scatteredgroups. No clear length. There is a littlefire damage to nearly mature trees but itdoes not extend far up the tree from thebase. Considerable moss found growingon the bark and limbs of older trees. Avery little oak scattered here and there butmostly young and immature.

low n/a n/a low moss moderate groups

25321616 MCAve

Timber thru first 8 chains of fair size butrather too dense and old timber ought tobe cut out and the younger timber lightlythinned. No clear length. Not much verybad fire damage to the nearly maturetimber. Thru the last 12 chain the timberextremely sparse – all mostly very youngcedar reproduction and oak of immatureage (abundant in clumps).

high patch ofreproduction

12 moderate none moderate patchy

25321701 MCAve

No Notes excluded n/a n/a excluded excluded high excluded

25321702 MCHigh


25321703 MCAve


25321704 MCAve


25321705 MCAve

Timber is very much scattered; no clearlength; timber is not badly fire scarred.No insect depredation present there ismuch oak very immature but is veryabundant not leaving the ground freefrom shade. There is also a little canonlive oak.

low n/a n/a high none none scattered

25321706 MCAve

Timber is very much scattered; there is noclear length as the pine and rest of thetimber are badly fire scarred. No insectdepredation present. There is quite alittle cedar and fir reproduction but all ofthe fir reproduct is about pole size; muchyounger cedar reprod. A little bl oak andcanon live oak but both species are veryimmature. Country is more or less openbut the high trees (coniferous) and theoak shade ground.

moderate n/a n/a low none high scattered

25321707 PondPine

Timber is very much scattered. There is noclear length as considerable fire damageand also the limbs cling to the tree(lower limbs). There is a little insectdamage as there a large yel p. tree hasjust been killed this year bydendroctonus. There a little oak scatteredhere and there (bl. oak). There cedarreproduct is very dense - too dense.There is quite a bit dead timber lying onthe ground.

moderate n/a n/a low insect high scattered


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

25321708 PondPine

Timber is very much scattered, there is noclear length to the timber. There a littlefire damage – even the small cedarbeing scortched. There a little insectdisease present as there are a few treeson the forty which are dead andstanding and also a few trees that aredecaying and lying decaying on theground. Quite a little oak scattered hereand there.

low n/a n/a moderate insect none scattered

25321709 MCAve

Timber is very widely scattered with noclear length. Considerable damage doneto the base of the trees by fire but taking4 ½’ DBH will not seriously affect thetimber. Very good reproduction of cedarthe last few chains going west in theforty; mostly pine the first part of theforty. Very little insect depredation. Quitea little immature black oak scattered herand there thru the forty.

moderate n/a n/a moderate insect moderate scattered

25321710 PondPine

Timber is very much scattered and noclear length and quite a little firedamage but does not gut the butt verybadly. A little insect depredation but notabundant. Quite a little oak of fairlygood size very thick thru the forty. Alsoquite an abundance of youngreproduction. The ground is wellcovered either with pine and cedarreprod or of black oak

low n/a n/a moderate insect high scattered

25321711 MCAve

Timber widely scattered thru first 10chains but when we descend timberbecomes more dense. Good reproduct offir, cedar and pine thru last few chainsso that the older and nearly maturetimber ought to be cut to give the youngreproduct a chance. There is no clearlength. Very little fire damage presentquite a little oak present but quiteimmature.

low n/a n/a moderate none moderate patchy

25321712 MCHigh

Timber is of more or less uniform densitythru first 10-15 chains but no clearlength. A little fire damage and very littlemoss found growing on the bark andlimbs of the coniferous trees. This timberought to be thinned out to give a chancefor young reproduct and let the youngertimber have a chance. To grow. In placesvery good reproduct of fir and cedar buttoo dense. Much very immature growthof oak last 5 ch.

low n/a n/a moderate moss moderate uniform

25321716 PondPine

The timber is very much scattered widelythru the forty, the forty consisting mostlyof small black oak and toward the end ofthe forty quite a little reproduct of yel p.(cedar and fir) about pole stage.Considerable fire damage done to thenearly mature timber but it does notextend over 2-5 ft. from base of tree.Little to no insect damage and there noclear length to any of the timber. Oakvery abundant.

low n/a n/a high insect low scattered

25322001 MCAve

Timber is very very sparsely scattered. Noclear length and some of the nearlymature cedar is badly fire scarred at thebutt but fir is not so badly scarred. Theremainder of ground is covered withconsiderable oak of fair size (Bl. Oak)and quite a little seedling reprod. Ofcedar and fir and quite a lot of sug p inplaces. There has been insectdepredation as can see the few deadstanding trees here and there thru theforty.

moderate n/a n/a high insect moderate scattered


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

25322002 MCAve

timber is very much scattered thru theforty but more so thru first 10 chains W.the rest of the ground is densely filledwith young oak and cedar and fir andlittle sug p. reprod so that there are noopen places. No clear length to timberand only the cedar very badly firescarred. Last 10 chains show timber alittle thicker but no much more than 10ch. W. Same condit. Here except morelitter and less oak and coniferousreproduct. Been a little insectdepredation present.

moderate n/a n/a moderate insect high patchy

25322007 MCAve

The timber is very much scattered until wereach the end of the forty when we entera good fair dense stand of uniformtimber - all about the same age. Thereclear length to the pine of about 160 andmore. No very bad fire damage done tothe nearly mature trees. All of theground well covered or sheltered - alongthe first of the forty by oak and youngreproduction and thru last of forty by theuniform dense stand of timber very littleinsect depredation.

low n/a n/a moderate insect moderate patchy

25322010 MCAve

Get a good development of uniformlystocked timber at 7 chains and then for 3chains very light and widely scatteredand when we again ascend the timber isuniformly stocked to fair density. All ofthe timber needs to be thinned out agood deal to allow young reproductionto get a chance and also the groundshould be cleaned up of dead logs andlimbs. The pine in general has a goodclear length of 160. Very little insectdepredation present.

high patchof sparsetimber onsteep slope

3 none insect none patchy

25322014 MCHigh

The timber is rather dense but uniformlydistributed thru the first 13 chains of theforty - then this timber slackens off andcurves around to the top of the ridge.There is no reprod. here. The clear lengthof the pine (Yel and Sug) 160and over.Good place for timber sale as most oftimber is ready to be cut (even aged).Thru last part of forty some cedarreprod. and much oak (immature). Veryfungus or insect depredation.

high evenagedtimber

13 moderate fungus,insect

none uniform

25322105 PondPine

Much of the timber is of good developmentbut practically no clear length. There is alittle fire damage done to the trees, butbelow the 4 1/20 mark on the butts. Alittle moss found growing on the barkand boughs of man of the fir and cedartrees. A little oak scattered here andthere. In general the whole ground thruforty is shaded either by youngreproduction or by nearly mature trees.

low n/a n/a low moss high fairly dense

25322108 MCAve

Timber is very much scattered but onegood thing is that the reprod is verygood, too good of cedar. Clear length topine is about 16 0. Very little injury tothe remaining timber standing. Veryfungus or insect disease apparent. Alsomuch young and immature black oakpresent together with a little canon liveoak.

low n/a n/a moderate fungus,insect

high densereproduction

25322111 MCAve

Timber is more or less scattered thru theforty with no clear length. Thereproduction is very thick so wouldadvocate cutting off the mature timber. Alittle fire damage done to the nearlymature timber. But young reprod is fine.Very fungus or insect disease present.There are both canon live and bl. oakscattered promiscously thru forty.

moderate n/a n/a moderate fungus,insect

high scattered


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

25322112 MCAve

Thru first part of forty the nearly maturetimber is very scattered but the last fivechains show much more timber andmore uniform. There is no clear length.The timber is considerably fire scarredbut apparently will not injure the goodtimber much. Very little moss foundgrowing on the mature limbs.

low n/a n/a none moss moderate patchy

25322113 MCAve

Most of the timber is pretty young and notuniformly distributed thru the forty.There is no clear length. Very littledamage by fire apparent to any of thetrees. Very little insect and fungousdepredation present. There is quite alittle black oak mixed in the forty andabout half of it in good size while theother 1/2 very immature. Country inplaces more or less open.


high patchy

25322114 MCAve

Most of the timber present is yet quiteyoung and only the very old trees oughtto be cut. There are signs on the trees ofa very bad fire thru here but the timberin general is not very much damaged.Only the very mature timber shows firedamage. Very fungus disease present. Alittle moss covers the bark and limbs ofthe coniferous trees. A little oak scatteredhere and there.

low n/a n/a low fungus,moss

moderate excluded

25322201 MCAve

Timber is mostly stunted and wind topped.It is far from maturity and very widelyscattered. Considerable damage done byfire to the timber - butts being badlyscarred up to 80 to 100. No clear length.A little insect depredation has beenpresent as the dead standing timber hasbeen killed by drought. Very open andvery rough country.



25322202 MCAve

Timber is yet quite young and immatureand very widely scattered with little tono reproduction. There is no clear length.Timber is quite badly fire damaged at thebutt to distance of 10-150 up the trunk.Quite a little insect depredation sometime ago as shown by the many standingdead trees. The country is very open thesun having easy access to the groundfloor.

moderate n/a n/a none insect none scattered

25322203 PondPine

Most of the timber is yet very immaturebut is not of good development as theyare stunted in growth and windtopped. No clear length to the timber.Damage by fire slight; must have beenconsiderable insect damage to trees asthere a number dead standing trees.Also many fallen logs lying on theground and decaying. The country isvery open.


25322204 MCAve

Timber is very much scattered and yetquite immature. The reproduction doesnot seem to get a very good start –country being too dry. Timber is badlyfire scarred and extends considerableway up from the base of the tree. Aclear length to sug and yel p of 16 0 .Trees are not of especially good ht. thecountry is very open letting in muchsunlight.

moderate n/a n/a none none none scattered

25322205 MCShrub

Timber is very much scattered but verylittle has any clear length except perhapsthe pine. A little damage done by firebut it has not gutted the trees badly.There has been a fungus and insectdepredation due to the few deadstanding trees. Much scrub oak scatteredhere and there.


scarce scattered


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

25322206 MCAve

Timber is very widely scattered but of notvery good development as the tops aremore or less injured. Not much damageby fire to the nearly mature trees. Clearlength to the yel p about 160. Very littleinsect or fungous depredation present.The country is more or less open withmuch scrubby stuff growing around theboulders.


fungus,insect

scarce scattered

25322207 MCAve

No Notes none n/a n/a none none none excluded

25322211 MCAve

Timber is very sparsely and scattered andthere is no clear length to any of thetimber. There is very little reprod as thereis not a great amt of spare ground wherethe reproduction can get a chance. Notmuch fire damage on the trees onlyscortching the bark a little. Not muchinsect or fungous disease present. Quite alittle oak (canon) scrubby in form.


scarce scattered

25322212 MCShrub

The timber tallied found mostly thru thelast few chains of the forty, the first partof forty being devoted to very young andimmature canon live oak and bl oak. Thetimber very uniform thru last few chainsand hardly any in first part. Clear lengthto pine about 160. Many dead standingconiferous trees but no more insectdamage apparent. Fire damage is notbad.

low n/a n/a high insect scarce patchy

25322801 PondPine

The timber is very widely scattered thepine reproduction coming up in goodshape along the first part of the fortybut not so abundant along the last fewchains of the forty. Very little firedamage apparent and no clear length toany of the timber. Practically no fungousor insect disease present. A very littleoak, very immature growing here andthere.

low n/a n/a low none low scattered

25322807 MCAve

Timber is very much scattered thru theforty and for an average thru forty thereis no clear length. A little damage doneby fire but it has not injured the nearlymature timber greatly nor the ratherabundant reproduction. No fungous orinsect diseases apparent. Quite a littleblack oak and Calif live oak present thruthe forty.

low n/a n/a moderate none moderate scattered

25322808 PondPine

Timber hardly worth taking into account.There was a little digger pine found hereand there. The whole forty practicallycovered with chaparral but would notcall it very dense. A little yel. Pine treesto get started and also a little cedar. Noclear length to any of the timber.

noneor high

chaparral(edge of

timber line)

20 none none scarce scattered

25322809 MCAve

Timber very very widely scattered, most ofthe open places (practically the wholeforty) are filled in with both calif live oakand the black oak. Most of oak is yetquite immature. No clear length to any ofthe coniferous timber. Very little firedamage apparent.

low n/a n/a high none low scattered

25322810 MCAve

Timber is very widely scattered and thereis no clear length to the timber. The restof the surface is covered more or lessdense with black and calif live oak andconsiderable pine and fir reproduct. Nofungous or insect disease present.

none n/a n/a high none high scattered

25322815 MCAve

Timber is very much scattered but there isno clear length. There is quite a little bitof reproduction together with the blackoak and calif live oak in the many moreor less open spots. A little damage by firebut it does not injure the nearly maturetimber much.

low n/a n/a moderate none high scattered


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

25322816 PondPine

Timber is very very sparsely scattered withoak and manzanita and young reprod.Filling in all of the large open area. Noclear length. A little damage done by firebut it is not severe. No insect or fungousdisease apparent. Much calif live oak andbl. oak present.


25322902 MCHigh

The older mature timber is muchscattered and ought to be cut. There isnot any [can’t read word, starts with a‘‘t’’] good young reprod. Some of theyoung timber ought to be thinned.There is no clear length. Most of theground is well shaded and it ought tobe cleaned up. Fire damage to some oftimber is severe but it is not on manytrees. Very little insect or fungousdisease. The young fir trees seem tohave a little pitch oozing out and notknow if it insect disease.

moderate n/a n/a none fungus,insect

none scattered

25322903 MCHigh

the timber of good development up to 10chains when we strike a strip of 2-3chains wide consisting chiefly of deadstanding timber killed probably by thefire. Then there is good timber for thelast 7 chains. But there is no good clearlength to the timber on average.Considerable fire damage. Moss presentbut not too abundant.

high patch offire killedtimber

2.5 none moss scarce excluded

25322904 MCAve

Timber is more or less scattered morenumerous thru the first part of the fortyand more much more scattered thru lastpart of forty. Clear length to the pine isabout 160. No clear length to the fir.Considerable fire damage done to thenearly mature timber both pine and fir.Much oak, immature, scattered here andthere. Last part of forty is more or lessopen, with good cedar reproduction, littleinsect depredation.

low n/a n/a high insect moderate scattered

25322905 MCAve

Coniferous timber of fair density anduniformly distributed thru the first 8chain. This timber should be thinnedout and the ground cleaned up., noclear length. Thru last 10-12 chains thetimber is sparsely scattered and theblack oak takes the place – this blackoak is found in clumps and is veryimmature. Thru this last 10 ch thecountry is more or less open and littlefern growing. Very little insect diseasepresent.

none n/a n/a high insect none patchy

25322906 MCAve

Timber thru the first 11 chains nearlymature and not growing in a dense masstogether. No clear length. There isconsiderable damage done to the nearlymature trees gutting thru butts out to aconsiderable height. Moss covered barkand branches very prominent. Last 9chains much young and very immatureoak found in little clumps.

low n/a n/a high moss scarce fairlydense

25322907 MCHigh

Nearly mature timber is more or lessuniformly distributed thru forty. As thereis not much young reproduct. This nearlymature timber ought to be heavily cutand the ground cleared up. The timber isnot very badly damaged by fire exceptthe real large fir and sug p. trees. Verylittle insect disease apparent as all thetimber is in good shape. All groundpractically shaded by the moderatelydense stand.



STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

25322908 MCAve

Timber is more or less dense and scatteredin places and has rather poordevelopment. Much needs to be thinnedto get the desired reproduction. Thetimber is very badly fire scarred andespecially the cedar which is gutted rightout and up the trunk a ways. A veryfungus disease present on the timber. Alittle black oak scattered here and therebut very little.

moderate n/a n/a low fungus moderate patchy

25322909 MCHigh

Thru first part of forty the timber ratherdense and not near maturity and it oughtto be thinned out if reproduction isdesired. No clear length. Very severe firehas been thru here scarring the cedarvery badly but the rest of timber butlittle scarred at the base. Very little mosspresent. Quite a little oak very immaturenear end of forty.

moderate n/a n/a moderate moss low dense

25322910 MCAve

The timber is uniform and of fair densitythru the forty. Most of this timber oughtto be cut to give the young reproductiona chance and let it come in. the fir orcedar trees are not badly damaged byfire. But the very old fir trees lookhollow butted and badly scarred. Noclear length. Fungus or insect damagepresent. Most of the ground is wellshaded.


none uniform

25322911 MCAve

Timber is more or less uniformlydistributed thru the strip. But all timberof nearly mature size show bad fairlybad fire scars at the butt. On averagethere is only clear length on the yel pand sug p of about 16 0. Moss found ingreat abundance on the bark andboughs of the nearly mature timber.Most of ground is shaded by the talltrees. [from logging section notes:]There a good deal of dead timberstanding on this forty. Surface is a littlebit hindered by lying and half decayedlogs.

low n/a n/a none moss low uniform

25322912 MCHigh

1st 7-10 chains very scattered coniferoustimber and abundant young oak. Last 10chains good timber of fair density anduniformly distributed. Really no clearlength to timber unless the sug p has aclear length of 16 0. Timber especially firis considerably fire scarred up todistance of 10-15 0 from the base of tree.The timber ought to be thinned out andthe ground cleared up thru last 10chains to give the younger timber achance there is very little insectdepredation apparent.

moderate n/a n/a moderate insect excluded patchy

25322913 PondPine

The development of timber thru last 13 chis pretty bum [not a typo – I think itreally says bum] slope being west andpretty well up on a high ridge. It isstunted and spread out on top and treesstunted more or less in growth. The firstfew chains has timber of gooddevelopment but no clear length and thefire damage is slight. The oak begins tocome in at 7 chains but it is very youngand immature and very dense and thick.

low n/a n/a moderate none none patchy

25322914 MCAve

1st 8 chains the timber rather dense andneeds to be heavily thinned as no reprodbeneath. No clear length. Timber showsconsiderable damage by fire. Much mossalso growing on the bark and boughs ofthe fir trees. The last 12 chains consistmostly of young groups of young blackoak with wild fern and oak leaf litter forground cover.

low n/a n/a high moss scarce patchy


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

25322916 MCHigh

Timber is very dense thru most of the forty.It is not yet mature but ought to bethinned if reproduction is desired. Thereis practically no clear length to any of thetimber tallied. Some of the timber andespecially the cedars are very badly firescarred.

moderate n/a n/a none none scarce dense

25323108 PondPine

Timber is very scattered thru first 10 ch.and then get a little denser stand for 2-3ch. and then into a mess of very youngand immature black oak. Clear length tothe pine is a good 160 length. A gooddeal of this pine is nearly mature. Thenearly mature trees show rather bad firescar but they do not extend very far upfrom the base of the trunks. There is alittle timber blown over by the wind anda few standing dead trees killed probablyby insects.

low n/a n/a high insect none patchy

25323109 MCHigh

the timber thru first part of the forty is ofgood density - the older mature timberought to be cut and the younger ought tobe thinned out and the ground floorcleaned up a bit. Practically no clearlength to any of the timber. It thins outgiving place to young sug p, fir andcedar reprod. together with muchimmature black oak. Apparently verylittle insect depredation present. Firedamage is considerable but not injuringthe trees far from the base of the tree.

low n/a n/a high insect moderate patchy

25323115 MCAve

After 6 chains get a little stretch of fairtimber which extends down slight inclineand up the next for a little way and thendrops off immediately. Oak in clumps(very dense) takes its place. The timberought to be cut as it nearly mature. Butthere not such a great deal of it. Sug. P.badly fire scarred as is the fir but pinehas clear length of about 160 . Much verysmall oak.

moderate n/a n/a high none low excluded

25323116 MCAve

Timber is near maturity, more or less openbut shading ground enough withchinquapin to prevent reproduction fromgetting a good start. Sug pine has a clearlength of about 160 and would havetwice that much if not badly fire scarred.Fir also badly fire scarred. Little mossgrowing on fir bark and boughs.

moderate n/a n/a none moss scarce open

25323201 MCHigh

Most of timber almost ready to be cut – atany rate it ought to be thinned out. Clearlength to (yel and sug) pine about 160.Best use saw logs. All timber very badlydamaged by fire. The bark of the cedarand fir just completely covered withmoss. The stand is very uniform.

moderate n/a n/a none moss moderate uniform

25323202 MCHigh

Some of the young but merchantabletimber is too crowded and ought to bethinned out. There is no clear length toany of the timber. Considerable damagedone to the older and more maturetimber. Quite a bit of moss foundgrowing on the bark and limbs of the firand cedar trees. In spots the land moreor less open (but spots are very few andare covered with a deep litter (300-600 ) ofconiferous litter).


25323203 MCHigh

After the first few chains the timber is quitedense and too dense and ought to bethinned out as there is no reproduct onthe ground. No clear length and thetimber is badly fire scarred; a few treeshere and there are dead stubbs. At theend of the forty the land is very openand a few oak come in. then at the endof forty get dense timber again.

moderate n/a n/a moderate none low patchy


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

25323204 MCHigh

Most of timber is ready to be cut. But asthere is no reproduction where the largetimber is (and it is uniform) the standought to be heavily thinned. The first fewchain consist mostly of oak (veryimmature). Then the remainder of theforty very uniformly stocked with ripetimber. Clear length to fir on av about16 0. All timber badly fire scarred. Mossvery prevalent.

moderate n/a n/a moderate moss low uniform

25323205 MCHigh

Timber is nearly mature but very muchscattered. On account of the very bad firescars to the trunks of the timber talliedthere is really no clear length to any ofthe timber. There is very little moss orinsect disease apparent on the timbertallied. There just a little black oakscattered here and there.

moderate n/a n/a low moss,insect

scarce scattered

25323206 MCAve

Condit. Of timber is very much scatteredand when it occurs it in groups of 3-4.No clear length. The oak is thepredominating species in the fortyalthough the oak is far from maturity(most of it). The mature timber is badlyfire scarred at the base. There are alsomany dead stubbs standing throughoutthe forest. The country is rather openwith much oak reproduction in clumps.

moderate n/a n/a high none low groups

25323207 MCHigh

Timber is in need of being thinned out andthe turned over timber and dead stubbsstanding need to be cleaned up. Toomuch trash in this forty. No clear lengthto any of the timber. There considerablefire damage done to all merchantabletimber and ground in excellent conditionfor a very bad fire, if not cleaned up.

low n/a n/a none none scarce dense

25323208 MCHigh

The timber is of good form but ought to bethinned out to let some of the youngermerchantable timber take on diamgrowth. No clear length. Fire damage isconsiderable and especially so to cedar.Moss is not so abundant here as in theprevious forty. Very little hardwoodspecies found here and there and it veryimmature.

low n/a n/a low moss low fairlydense

25323209 MCHigh

Timber is of fair development but is reallytoo thick and ought to be thinned outthere is no clear length. Best use is sawlogs. There is considerable damage byfire to the nearly mature timber but isnot scarred up from the base much. At10 chains get a fairly wet place but driedup in most places. Thru last 10 chainsthere a little decayed timber.

low n/a n/a none none low fairlydense

25323210 MCHigh

The stand is very open. The timber is infairly good condition but all of it haslarge side limbs (proof of the opencountry). No clear length. Muchdamaged by fire. Little damage byinsects apparent or by fungous diseases.A little oak (very young) found here andthere.

moderate n/a n/a low fungus,insect

scarce open

25323211 PondPine

The timber is not very dense. In NW partof the forty it very open and there plentyof skunk cabbage and wild high bushpea grow. There is no clear length to thefir which is badly fire scarred. There isconsiderable moss found growing on thefir boughs and bark. No insect damageapparent.

moderate n/a n/a none moss scarce patchy

25323215 PondPine

Most of timber is yet quite immature as wedid not get into it until the last 5 chainsof the forty, the first fifteen chains beingvery young oak growing in groups. Thetimber is hardly fire scarred. No clearlength no fungous disease yet apparent.

low n/a n/a high none low patchy


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

25323216 MCHigh

A good deal of the timber is fairly youngyet but of good development. No clearlength. There considerable damage byfire to the trees tallied. A little mossapparent here and there on the barkand boughs of the timber tallied. Theremany logs lying on the ground anddecaying. A little oak present but avery little.

low n/a n/a low moss low excluded

25323301 MCAve

Timber is very much scattered and ofgood merchantable size. No clearlength. Fire damage is slight thoughcedar bark is well scortched. Veryfungus and insect disease present. Alittle oak here and there, mostly thecalif live oak. The land is more or lessopen.

low n/a n/a low fungus,insect

moderate scattered

25323302 MCAve

Timber is more or less scattered withquite a bit of young reproduction in theopen places. No clear length except onthe sug p. considerable damage done tosome of the cedar and the sug p. avery little insect and fungous diseasepresent. A little oak (bl and live oak)present.


moderate scattered

25323303 MCAve

Timber of fair size and development butave is nowhere near mature. No clearlength. Considerable damage by fire butit (fire) has not severely injured thetrees. Very fungus disease. Quite a littleoak found at the end of the forty in theopen places.

low n/a n/a moderate fungus moderate open

25323304 MCHigh

Timber is more or less scattered beingfound both singly and in groups. There isno clear length on the average.Considerable fire damage noted on thebutts and trunks of the nearly maturetimber tallied. Much moss found growingon the bark and dead boughs of thetimber. There is a little oak scattered thruforty but most of it is toward the end ofthe forty and is very young andimmature. There a few dead stubs foundstanding.

low n/a n/a low none moderate scattered

25323305 MCAve

Timber is very much scattered but most ofit is near maturity; no clear length. Verymuch damaged by fire and considerablemoss found growing on the bark andlimbs of the trees. A little young andimmature oak found scattered thru theforty.

moderate n/a n/a low moss moderate scattered

25323306 MCAve

Timber is very much scattered and isnearly mature. There has been a fire thruhere but has not done a great deal ofdamage. No clear length. Much mossfound growing on the bark and limbs ofthe timber tallied. Timber is very verypoor as many standing dead butts.

low n/a n/a none moss moderate scattered

25323307 MCAve

Timber is yet quite immature and is verymuch scattered; it not of good qualityalong fist 12 chains but after ridgepassed and descend east slope theyoung as well as the nearly maturetimber has fine form. No clear length.Very much fire damage thru first12chains but last 8 chain very little firedamage apparent. Very little oakpresent.

moderate n/a n/a low none low scattered

25323308 MCAve

Most of the timber quite immature as yet.The nearly mature timber is very muchscattered with a great abundance of pineand cedar reprod. Clear length to cedarand pine about 160. There is a littledamage by fire but not very apparent.Very little insect or fungous diseasepresent.

low n/a n/a none fungus, insect high densereproduction


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

25323309 MCAve

The timber is very much scattered; the yel.P. on av. Has a good clear length of 160

or more. Most of the pine is ready to becut but it ought to be thinned lightly asthere is not much reproduction.Considerable damage done to all timberby fire and especially so to the cedar. Alittle oak scattered here and there. Thecountry very open but not much groundcover except a very few wild weeds.


25323310 MCHigh

Timber is very much scattered. About 1/2of it is ready to be cut and especially theyel. P. yel. P. has a good clear length of16 0 and more. Considerable damage doneto cedar trees tallied, also a little firedamage to firs and pine. Very fungusdisease present; neither much insectdisease. Quite a bit of oak but very muchscattered. Very little reproduction.


low scattered

25323312 MCHigh

Quite a little of timber near maturity butthere is no clear length as it is more orless widely scattered. There is a littledamage done to the trees by fire but itdoes not amount to much. Quite a fewtrees moss covered. Also a number ofdead trees standing - mostly firs.

low n/a n/a none moss moderate scattered

25323313 MCHigh

Is more or less uniform. There is no clearlength on any of the timber as it is yetquite immature. Very little damage byfire apparent. Much moss found growingon the trunks and branches of the talliedtimber. Last part of the forty more or lessopen. Would be a good idea to thin outthe timber and clean up the deadstanding timber and also the dead anddecaying timber lying on the ground.


25323314 MCHigh

Timber is pretty thick and dense in places,the older timber thus ought to be cut to letyounger merchantable timber a chance. Noclear length to cedar or fir or pine. A littlefire damage done to trees but as a whole agood stand of timber but too thick in spots.Very very little scattered oak.

low n/a n/a low none moderate patchy

25323315 MCAve

Timber is more or less uniformlydistributed thru the forty. No clear lengthto any of the timber tallied. Considerabledamage by fire, especially to the cedartrees. Very little moss or insect diseaseapparent although there are a number ofdead standing trees. Quite a bit of califlive oak and a little bl. oak present.

low n/a n/a moderate moss,insect

low uniform

25323316 MCAve

Timber of fair development but would beno clear length to any. Fire damage notvery bad only scarring butts of timberbut slightly. Not much fungous or insectinjury present. There is plenty of bl. Oakand calif live oak present thru the forty.The timber (coniferous) is very muchscattered.


low scattered

26312101 PondPine

It of fair development but most yet quiteimmature although merchantable. Clearlength about 160. Best use is saw logs.Virgin stand. Pine shows little fire scarsat the base. The branches have good dealof moss growing on them. Country veryopen. Iittle oak of fair large growth.

low n/a n/a low moss scarce open

26312108 PondPine

In a rather young stage yet but of gooddevelopment. No clear length. Best use oftimber for saw logs. Virgin stand.Considerable damage done by fire shownin the nearly mature pine and fir scarredat the base and some distance up thetrunk. Little moss covers the limbs of theconiferous wood. Dense stand thru first15 chains and then more or less openuntil end in chaparral.

low orhigh

stand openstowardschaparral

patch (edgeof timber

line)

5 none moss high patchy


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

26312201 PondPine

The pine is nearly mature and is of gooddevelopment, clear length being about16 0; also the cedar has about same clearlength. Best use for logs, saw logs. Virginstand. Damage by fire more apparent tothe cedar. Much good merchantable oak.Country is very open and has many verylarge and park like places.

low n/a n/a high none high open

26312202 PondPine

The pine tallied is near maturity and has aclear length of about 160. Best use is forsaw logs. Virgin stand. Virgin stand.Little to no damage by fire. There isconsiderable oak of merchantable sizescattered promiscuously here and there.The country is very open, there beinggood, wide, spacious places for grazing.

low n/a n/a high none high open

26312203 PondPine

The pine of good form and about reachedmaturity. The little fir clings to its lowerbranches. Clear length of pine about 160.Best use of timber is for saw logs. Virginstand. Considerable damage done to allconiferous trees due to fire - it moreapparent in case of cedar and fir as buttsand trunk gutted up some distance.Country more or less open with a fairlyheavy stand of trees. Much goodmerchantable oak.

low n/a n/a high none high patchy

26312204 MCHigh

Pine of good development and especiallyso in case of the sugar pine. Clear lengthof the pine (sugar and yellow) about 160.Fir has no clear length. Best use is forsaw logs. Virgin stand. Little damage byfire to pine, cedar and fir. Much mossfound on the limbs and trunks of theconiferous species a little oak (black)scattered here and there. The stand ofboth hard wood and coniferous, fairlydense.

low n/a n/a low moss high fairlydense

26312205 PondPine

Very sparse until at about last 4 chainscome into a good stand of timber. Pinehas clear length of about 16 0 but fir hasnone. Best use of timber saw logs. Littlefire damage but not very apparent. Alittle moss on the coniferous trees. Littleblack oak and very little live scrub oak.Country very open over the first 16chains. Last 4 chains there good stand.

low n/a n/a low moss moderate patchy

26312206 PondPine

The stage of development is good andnearly mature; no clear length as it sosparsely scattered. Best use saw logs.Virgin stand. Very little fire damage.Little moss found on the limbs of thepine. There not so much oak asprevious forty and the country is moreopen.

low n/a n/a low moss moderate scattered

26312207 PondPine

Good stage of development but verymuch scattered. Clear length about 16 0.Best use saw logs. Virgin stand. Littlefire damage as shown by the butts nearthe base of the big pine trees. Countryvery open and there a good deal of oakof good merchantable size present.Much mistletoe present on the pinelimbs.

low n/a n/a moderate mistletoe moderate scattered

26312208 PondPine

Timber in good age of development butvery much scattered. Clear length ofnearly mature pine is about 160. Best useis saw logs. Virgin stand. No damage byfire apparent. Much mistletoe found onthe pine, also moss. Country very open.Much oak of good merchantable size onthe forty.

none n/a n/a moderate mistletoe,moss

moderate scattered


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

26312209 PondPine

Very much scattered and would say that itruns 160 of clear length. Pine of goodform too. Saw logs best use for thetimber, no fire damage apparent to themature timber. There is much oak (black)and of good merchantable size scatteredthru the forty. The country is very openbut barren in most places with exceptionof few places where we get little wildpea.

none n/a n/a moderate none high scattered

26312210 PondPine

Large timber is very sparse and no clearlength to the pine. Much young pinecoming up. Fir is mostly young but ofvery good form. Little fire damage but ithas not apparently affected the youngpine or fir. Country very open with agood deal of oak very densely scattered.Most of the oak is of good merchantablesize.


26312301 PondPine

Very good form but a good deal isimmature yet and still growing. Clearlength of pine is about 16 0. Best use isfor saw logs. Virgin stand. Considerabledamage by fire to both sug. and yel. p.a little oak (very little) oak scatteredhere and there thru country. Muchmoss and mistletoe present on thelimbs of the trees. Country is more orless open.

low n/a n/a low mistletoe,moss

low open

26312302 PondPine

Good development with clear length ofabout 16 0 for the sug and yel p. mostdense stand of timber passed thru onthis forty. Most of timber nearly mature.Best use for timber for saw logs. Virginstand. Considerable damage by fire toboth sug pine and yel p. country veryopen and the mature timber has shadedground preventing grasses fromcoming. A little oak, most of it veryimmature.


moderate open

26312303 PondPine

Timber near maturity but it is scattered ingroups more or less, clear length about16 0. Best use for timber - saw logs.Virgin stand. Considerable damage doneby fire, also little moss and mistletoepresent in small quantities. The countryis more or less open with a little oakvery small.


moderate groups

26312304 PondPine

About reached maturity but it more or lessscattered thru forty and both fir, cedarand pine are scarred at the butts bad.Best use is saw logs. Virgin stand. Muchmoss and mistletoe growing on thebranches of the conifers. Little oak but itvery sparse and widely scattered.Country is very open.


moderate scattered

26312305 PondPine

Good development and it nearly matureand has clear length of about 16 0. Bestuse is for saw logs. Virgin stand. Littlefire damage but not harming maturetimber much. Moss and mistletoepresent in small quantities on thebranches of the trees. The country isvery open and much goodmerchantable oak present scattered inopen places.

low n/a n/a high mistletoe,moss

low open

26312306 PondPine

Most of timber estimated was of good sizeand form and has clear length of about16 0. Best use I for saw logs. Virgin stand.A little fire damage by fire. Also mossand a little mistletoe present on thebranches. Oak is very thick in the moreor less open country.


moderate open


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

26312307 PondPine

Timber is very much scattered but the largetimber is nearly mature - the sug and yelp well over 160 of clear length. Best use issaw logs. Virgin stand. Considerabledamage done by fire to pine also mossand mistletoe grows quite abundant onbranches. Thru last 10 chains groundlevel and then mostly oak with a largepine scattered here and there. The oak isof fine merchantable size. Country moreor less open.


low scattered

26312308 PondPine

Timber of good development, pine havingclear length of about 160but there is noclear length for the fir. Best use fortimber is saw logs. Very much damagedone by fire and especially to the cedarand fir. There also a good deal of oak ofgood merchantable size. Much moss andmistletoe growing on the pine especiallyand also the cedar.


low excluded

26312309 MCAve

Most of the timber is of good form andnear maturity having a clear length ofabout 16 0. Best use for logs - saw logs.Virgin stand; little to no fire damage. Thefir has no clear length. Little mistletoegrowing on limbs of pines and firstogether with the moss. Much oak at thebeginning of the forty and also much oakat the last few chains of the forty. countrymore or less open; good timber in centre

low n/a n/a moderate mistletoe,moss

low patchy

26312310 PondPine

The timber tallied is nearly mature and ofgood form with clear length of about 160 .Best use is for saw logs. Virgin stand.Little damage done to sugar p and yel p.also considerable mistletoe, mossgrowing on the branches of the pine.Much oak and of good merchantablesize. The country is very open, moreopen than forty passed thru.


moderate open

26312311 PondPine

Timber tallied near maturity and of goodform and clear length of about 160 . Bestuse of timber is for saw logs. Littledamage done by fire apparent at the baseof the nearly mature trees. Little mossgrowing on the branches of the pinetrees. There much oak of good sizescattered here and there thru the forty.Country very open and reproduction aswell as timber is widely scattered.

low n/a n/a high moss moderate scattered

26312312 PondPine

It of good size and nearly mature but it isvery much scattered. Clear length ofabout 16 0. Best use saw logs. Virginstand. Quite a good deal of damage tothe nearly mature pine timber, the buttsbeing well gutted and extending for 10-150 above the base. Little moss on thebranches. There much oak both alive andblack scattered thru the forty.

moderate n/a n/a high moss moderate scattered

26312313 PondPine

Timber near maturity but it is very scattered;there quite a good deal of timber about 120

in D of excellent form and also muchyoung reproduction. Clear length of timberis 160. Best use is saw logs. Very very littledamage by fire apparent and must havebeen here before the reproduction came inas not fire scars. Much oak in open places.


26312314 PondPine

Most of the timber yet very immature butthe few large trees tallied have gooddevelopment and a clear length of about160 . Virgin stand; best use - saw logs.Very little damage apparent from fire. Agood deal of oak scattered here and therein open places. Country more or lessopen with oak trees being scattered inthe open places. Some of oak large andsome very young and growing.



STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

26312315 PondPine

Timber has almost reached maturity and hasgood clear length of about 160. Only a treehere and there is fire scarred at the buttand then not very far up from the base.Best use - saw logs. A little moss growingon the limbs of the pine and also insectdepredation present as there are few treeswhose foliage is turning russet color. Muchoak scattered in the open grazing places.

low n/a n/a moderate moss,insect

moderate open

26312316 PondPine

Most of the scattered timber near maturityand of good clear length of 160. Best use isfor saw logs. No damage by fire apparent.Country is very well populated withdense groups of pine reproduction andthen there are wide open places wherethere is good grazing for cattle. There isalso much young black oak of immaturesize but excellent for small cordwood.

none n/a n/a high none high patchy

26312401 MCAve

Cedar is not of extra good form as it isbadly fire scarred. There a clear length ofabout 20-300 on large timber. Most ofpine and fir yet very immature. Virginstand. Best use saw logs. There is alsomuch oak of good size here and there.The country is not very crowded - moreor less open and easy to tramp through.

moderate n/a n/a high none moderate open

26312402 MCAve

Fairly good development but the nearlymature timber is quite badly fire scarredat the base. No clear length. Best use issaw logs. Virgin stand. Very muchdamaged by fire especially the cedar.There mostly thick forest of oak the 1st10 chains and then we struck the heavytimber shown in tally sheet.

moderate n/a n/a high none high patchy

26312403 PondPine

The large timber tallied in good conditionexcept at the butts where very bad firescars extending for several feet from thebase. Clear length about 160. Virgin standand best use of timber for saw logs.Timber a good deal injured by fire. Thereis much oak intermixed with the conifersand it of good merchantable size, therebeing plenty of it.

moderate n/a n/a high none low excluded

26312404 PondPine

Large timber in fair stage of developmentexcept that the pine and fir are badly firescarred so that there would be no clearlength. Best use of timber for saw logs.Very much damage by fire. Much oakscattered here and there. Also many openpark but the large timber prevents grassto grow as it shades the ground.

moderate n/a n/a moderate none low open

26312405 PondPine

Timber is so scattered that lower limbs stillpersist. No clear length. Best use of thetimber for saw logs. Virgin stand. Verymuch damage done by fire the pine buttsin some cases being gutted up from baseto ht of 150. Insects also present shown bythe resinous exudation and moss growingon the bark and limbs of the trees. Muchoak scattered thru the 40 and of good size.

moderate n/a n/a high moss,insect

moderate scattered

26312406 PondPine

The scattered pine (yel. p and sug p) havegood form and clear length about 160 butare badly gutted at the butts by fire. Firholds its lower branches. Best use fortimber saw logs. Virgin stand. Much fireand insect damage. Much oak mixed inwith the conifers and of goodmerchantable size

moderate n/a n/a high insect moderate scattered

26312407 MCHigh

Timber in good condition to be cut as it isnearly mature. There is more clear lengthon the pine than the fir as it tends to clingto lower branches even when of largesize. Best use saw logs. There a good dealof sugar pine here. Much damage done toall mature timber by fire as the scarredbutts are present but to no great height.

low n/a n/a none none low excluded


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

26312408 MCAve

Cedar is in fair stage of development but isbadly fire scarred at the butt and forabout 40-100 up the tree. Cedar has clearlength of about 160. Fir has not any clearlength on average. Considerable damageby fire to mature cedar and young cedarreproduction (bark scortched). Much oakof good size here and there. country moreor less open but no [? text ends here]

moderate n/a n/a high none moderate open

26312409 PondPine

Timber very scattered by there is plenty ofyoung timber growing between age 600-1200 and under. Did not strike fir until onlast 5 chains and then very densereproduction. Few nearly mature timberbut not much clear length (not 160 ).Nearly mature timber is fire scarred atthe butt but only for a couple feet.Country not dense. Covered withreproduct but enough to prevent grass orweeds to grow. Plenty of nearly matureoak scattered around.

low n/a n/a high none moderate patchy

26312410 PondPine

Timber for the first five chains like all ofthe previous forty but now we approachthe top of ridge and the young cedar onthe ridge and young pine on the westslope come in. the mature timber notmuch clear length. Best use of timber issaw logs. Virgin stand. Considerable firedamage at the butts of mature timberand young cedar reproduct. The last 15chains more or less open country on topof ridge with steep west slope but notmuch old timber.

high opencountrywithyoungtimber(alongridge)

15 none none moderate patchy

26312411 MCAve

Timber quite immature but is merchantable,no clear length. Best use for saw logs.Much damage done by fire and especiallyto cedar. Also pine is much gutted at thebutt. Few dead timber standing indicatethe presence of insect and fungousdiseases. Much immature oak present. Theyoung reproduction not very dense andeasily passed through. There a few openplaces but very few.

moderate n/a n/a high fungus,insect

moderate fairly dense

26312412 PondPine

Is of good development but on acct ofsever fire scars at the butts there ishardly a clear length of 16 0. Best use isfor saw logs. Virgin timber. There ismuch oak intermixed and a great deal ofit over 2000 in D. looking across to theslope traversed going north could seemany dead trees standing (about 5 to theacre - all pine).

moderate n/a n/a high none moderate excluded

26312413 PondPine

Timber in a fair stage of development butmuch of it yet quite immature althoughmerchantable. Many of the trees (fir andpine) are stagheaded but yet alive. Cedarand pine have about 160 of clear length.Fungous disease and fire are very badhere. Number of oak scattered here andthere over last 13 chains and dense forest.

moderate n/a n/a low fungous moderate dense

26312414 MCAve

Timber is mostly very immature thoughmuch is merchantable. No clear length.Best use saw logs. Virgin stand. Verymuch damage done by fire and insectsshown by few dead standing timber andthe large fire scars on the butts of themerchantable timber. Good deal of oakintermixed with the coniferous trees. Butthe oak not of good merchantable size yet.

moderate n/a n/a low insect moderate excluded

26312415 PondPine

There a few scattered timber. The pine hasgood clear length but not so with the fir.Best use is for saw logs. Virgin stand.Damage by fire is quite a good deal shownon the mature timber. The country is moreor less open with few trees scattered hereand there and also much oak.

low n/a n/a high none moderate scattered


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

26312416 PondPine

Most of timber very young and immatureaveraging about 14-1800 in D. best usesaw logs. Virgin stand. No damage byfire apparent. Plenty of scattered oak inthe forty.

high immaturetimber notdamagedby fire

20 low none moderate excluded

26312501 MCAve

Country pretty open so the trees seem tohold their lower branches. Thereconsiderable pine reproduction about 600-1200 in D and also fir. Best use for timberis saw logs. Virgin stand. Very much isthe nearly mature timber damaged byfire, it being clearly marked on the buttsand up to a distance (in some cases) to150-200. Also the fir tree bothered withmoss growing on the bark.

moderate n/a n/a none moss moderate open

26312502 MCAve

The fir and cedar tallied is about 160 of clearlength. Best use is saw logs. Virgin stand.Very badly damaged by fire the maturecedar and the fir (having hollow butts).Much moss growing on the cedar bark(merchantable trees). Some fungous andinsect disease present. Toward the end ofthe forty bull pine begins to creep in. therealso scattered oak mixed though the 40.


low excluded

26312503 MCAve

Some of older timber calipered (cedarespecially cedar of clear length 160 log.Best use of timber is saw logs. Virginstand. Very much damaged by fire andeven the small cedar is covered withmoss growing all over it. There seems tobe considerable sugar pine reproductionbut no trees on strip run. Few scatteredoak here and there.

low n/a n/a low none high excluded

26312504 MCAve

A good deal of young fir over the pole woodtype. The cedar is mostly old, maturetimber and badly fire scarred and runsabout 160 log of clear length. Best use fortimber is saw logs. Virgin stand. The cedarand few pine are badly fire scarred.Fungus, moss on the nearly mature trees.The reproduction very dense consistingmostly of cedar with a little pine and firbut not accountable. A few scattered oak.

moderate n/a n/a low fungus,moss

high excluded

26312505 PondPine

There considerable oak of fair size but not sodense as the previous forty passedthrough. The timber tallied nearly mature;clear length about 1 160 log. Best use is forsaw logs. Virgin stand. The cedar is veryseverely damaged by fire, considerablemoss also present on these cedar trees.

moderate n/a n/a moderate moss moderate excluded

26312506 PondPine

There considerable oak mixed in with thepine in the more or less open land. Timbertallied has nearly reached maturity withone 160 log. Best use for timber saw logs.Virgin stand; considerable damage doneby fire, insect and fungous disease presentin merchantable timber. Also growth ofmoss on the nearly mature timber veryapparent. good deal of oak ascending slopeand much oak descending very steep slope

low n/a n/a high fungus,moss,insect

low open

26312507 PondPine

Good timber but more or less open andthus open making the young timber holdits limbs. Best use saw logs. Virgin stand.Considerable fire damage and trees overabout 2800 in D are completely coveredwith moss. Insect depredation probablypresent. The country is more open thanthe previous forty traversed.

low n/a n/a none moss,insect

low open

26312508 MCHigh

Very heavy growth of fir of a good andnearly mature age. Clear length about 160

log. Best use for the timber saw logs; virginstand. Very much damaged by fire. Greatamt of moss growing on the bark, more sothan anywhere else found. There a fewscraggling oak and pine trees present.Thus a great amt of litter has accumulated.

low n/a n/a low moss low dense


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

26312509 PondPine

Very little of the merchantable timber isanywhere near maturity. Most of it is toolarge for poles (unless very large ones).Clear length of the nearly mature timberis about one 16 0 log but the stand is soopen that the smaller sized timber has itsbranches persisting to the base of thetree. Best use for the timber saw logs.Virgin stand. Considerable damage doneby fire and insects and fungous diseases.

low n/a n/a none fungus,insect

moderate excluded

26312510 PondPine

Quite a little oak present. This a goodtimber section and clear length will run a160 log. Best use is for saw logs. Virginstand. Mature (merchantable) timberbadly fire scarred and especially the firhaving hollow butts. Moss and fungousdisease present. Stand very open andonly the pine will run 1 160 clear lengthall of the fir having its lower branchespersist. Very open and park like countrywith many oak trees.

low n/a n/a moderate fungus,moss

low open

26312511 PondPine

Timber mostly very young and immature.Of old timber as sighted from trips tosides found it will run 1 160 lot of clearlength. Best use of the old tallied timberis saw logs. The young timber just agood pole stage. Virgin stand.Considerable damage done by fire. Alsofungous and insect depredation clearlymarked. When left the top of ridge andstarted to descend slope facing E no oak.


low excluded

26312512 PondPine

Most of the timber in the pole type (allcedar principally clear length of timbertallied (only of yel pine) is a 160 log inlength, the cedar not having any clearlength. But development of tallied yel. p.saw logs and the rest is best for poles.Virgin stand. Good deal of damage doneto cedar and white pine by fire. It notapparent on young growth. Moss, insectdepredation present.

low n/a n/a none moss,insect

low excluded

26312513 PondPine

Timber has not yet reached maturity and issuch an open country that the live limbspersist right to the ground. No clearlength. Timber is virgin. Quite a littledamage by fire to old nearly maturetimber. Insect and fungous diseaseprevalent a little. There a great deal ofscattered oak of good size. The countryvery open and park like in character.


low open

26312514 PondPine

The timber tallied nearly mature; verylittle reproduction of pine and fir.Toward the end of the forty cedar iscreeping in. Forty was started in a valleyand after ascending thru very openparkland where much oak and oakreproduction together with scatteredpines we came to good road on top ofridge near end of forty. End of fortystart down a slope sloping to W. bestuse for tallied timber saw logs. Virginstand. Tallied timber damaged by fire;also fungous and insect disease presenton tallied timber.

low n/a n/a high fungus,insect

low open

26312515 PondPine

Timber is in a very open condition. Thereare many large park like openings whereyellow pine is coming. Nearly maturetimber has not quite a 160 log of clearlength. The fir which is in open countryholds its limbs right to the ground. Bestuse for the timber is for saw logs. Virginstand. Considerable damage done by firebut the butts of the trees are not injuredbadly more than 30 from the ground.Oak trees growing in the very large openparks.

low n/a n/a moderate none low open


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

26312516 PondPine

We run into fir and sugar pine and someJeffery pine but all is so scattered in theopen that there no clear length hardly.Best use is saw logs. Virgin stand. Firescars very markedly shown on themature (merchantable) timber. Insect,fungus, moss disease slight. going westwe descended a steep declivity flowing adraw which to the south of us wherethere a little oak and willow

low n/a n/a low lightfungus,moss,insect

low scattered

26312603 PondPine

Timber in first class condition but onlyclear length of 16 0 on the average. Bestuse is saw logs. Virgin stand. There hasbeen here shown by the scortched barkon the pine here and there much oakscattered here and there of goodmerchantable size.

low n/a n/a high none moderate excluded

26312604 PondPine

Very good development with a clear lengthof 160. Saw logs is best use for thetimber. Virgin stand. Little damage byfire (only bark scortched). Mature timbervery free from fire scars at the butts. Agood deal of oak intermixed with thepine. The oak is of good size.

low n/a n/a high none high excluded

26312605 PondPine

Timber in excellent and very soundcondition, about 160 of clear length, bestuse saw logs. Virgin stand. No fireapparent on young pine reproduction.Considerable oak of merchantable size.

none n/a n/a high none high excluded

26312606 PondPine

Timber in very good condition but verymuch scattered. Clear length about 160.Best use is saw logs. Virgin stand. Isdamage by fire apparent in young pineand cedar reproduction there much oakof merchantable size scattered thru theforty.

low n/a n/a high none high scattered

26312609 PondPine

Timber far from maturity and no clearlength. Best use is saw logs. Virginstand. Young cedar shows fire scortchedbark. Also an old nearly mature pinebutts are fire scarred somewhat. Theremore or less oak scattered broadly hereand there.

low n/a n/a low none moderate excluded

26312610 PondPine

Trees not reached maturity and no clearlength. Best use saw logs; virgin stand.Young cedar reproduction shows barkbadly scortched. Few open places wheregrow mostly weeds with a little wildpea

low n/a n/a none none moderate fairlydense

26312611 PondPine

This pine tallied there’s a good deal of itnot reached maturity yet clear length of160 . Best use is saw logs. Considerabledamage apparent to young cedarreproduction and also to the pine buttstallied. Few open places. Thereproduction not so [? can’t read word,might be ‘‘terribly’’] dense. Few oak treesscattered here and there.

low n/a n/a low none moderate open

26312612 PondPine

The pine is in good condition save a fewbad fire scars at the butts. Cedarreproduction also shows that fire hasbeen here some time ago but the bark ofthe cedar is only scortched. Clear lengthof the pine timber tallied is about 160 .Best use of the timber is saw logs. Virginstand. Considerable black oaks presentand also few open park like places.

low n/a n/a moderate none moderate fairlydense

26312613 PondPine

Very little timber on the forty but seems tobe quite a little on the sides of the strip.We also passed, in the open, thru a littlechaparral. The nearly mature timberbadly fire scarred. Best use of timber issaw logs. Virgin stand. There are a fewopen park like places. there much oakscattered in with the youngreproduction

moderateor high

chaparral(edge of

timber line)

unknown low none moderate fairlydense


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

26312614 PondPine

Pine and little cedar near maturity. Clearlength 16 0 log. Best use for timber sawlogs. Considerable damage done by fire.Insect and fungous depredation present.There is a great deal of young cedarabout the pole type. There very few openpark like places. crossed a little stream indescent at 18 1/2 chains


moderate fairlydense

26312615 PondPine

Nearly mature timber of gooddevelopment except the cedar. The pinehas 16 0 clear length but the cedar isbadly fire scarred about 20 0 -30 0 up. Thefir holds to its lower branches and manyof the big ones are badly hollow butted.Best use is for saw logs. Very severelydamaged by fire. There not much veryyoung growth, most being about 400 in D(nothing less).

moderate n/a n/a none none high excluded

26312616 PondPine

Majority of timber near maturity,especially the pine is of gooddevelopment and 16 0 clear length. Bestuse for timber is saw logs. Virgin stand.Fire has damaged the cedar and the pinebadly even the young cedarreproduction shows it (3-600 in D).Insects and fungous diseases prevalent.There is a few open places where thereis a little grass and weeds. But therevery few of these open park like places.


low fairlydense

26313406 PondPine

Timber of fair good development, about 1160 log of fairly good pine timber. It withthe fir and cedar is badly fire scarredcedar being the worst. Best use for thetimber is saw logs. Virgin stand. Badfungous and insect damage.


moderate excluded

26313409 PondPine

The nearly mature fir, cedar and pine hasfair good form but the cedar is verybadly fire scarred. The pine fairly so butdamage not so far up the trunk. The firhas hollow butts but most has grownover. Best use for the timber is saw logs.Virgin stand, insect and fungous diseasepresent. Many oak trees present,scattered about.


high excluded

26313410 MCAve

Cedar is of fair development but on acct ofthe very bad fire scars would not get aclear length. Considerable timber aboutthe pole type. Best use for timber sawlogs. Fungous and insect diseasepresent. There a few oak here and thereof good size. Country not really densebut not many open or large park likeplaces.


low fairlydense

26313411 MCAve

Timber of fairly good condit. Much firedamage, especially to the cedar. Clearlength about 1 160 log. Best use saw logs.Virgin stand. Subject to fungous andinsect disease. The fir on this N slopemaintains its limbs so there no clearlength to even the large fir trees. Fir treesmuch hollow butted, also.


low excluded

26313414 PondPine

Development of timber is good and nearlymerchantable with exception of the badlyfire scarred butts of the cedar. Clearlength is 16 0. Best use for the timber issaw logs. Virgin stand. Very bad fromfire, fungous and insect diseases.Chaparral for 13 chains.

moderateor high

chaparral(edge of

timber line)

13 none fungus,insect

moderate patchy

26313415 PondPine

Considerable timber of good size off at thesides for the first 7 chains. It of gooddevelopment, clear length about 160 . Bestuse is for saw logs. Virgin stand. Veryseverely damaged by fire and even theyoung cedar bark is scortched. Insect andfungous disease present.

moderateor high

chaparral(edge of

timber line)

13 low(understory)

fungus,insect

moderate patchy


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

26313416 PondPine

The pine near maturity a 160 log. Theyoung timber about 1600 D seems to holdthe lower limbs. Best use is for sawtimber. Virgin stand. Very badlydamaged by fire. Fungous and insectdisease present. There are many openpark like places and fairly large withtimber scattered through it. Great manyoaks of D between 1000 -1500.

low n/a n/a moderate none moderate open

26313501 PondPine

Timber tallied about mature, most of youngreproduction between ages of 20þ40.Clear length is about one log; best use forthe timber is saw logs; virgin stand. Themature cedar trees are badly damaged byfire �1/2 of butt burned up and up adistance of about 120-15 0. Also a fewstray pines but the fir seems to be freefrom fire though right alongside of thecedar and about same D. mistletoe, mosshas damaged mature trees a little.

moderate n/a n/a none mistletoe,moss

high excluded

26313502 MCAve

Great deal of young reproduction of fir andcedar, cedar reproduction predominating.About 5% of trees tallied are badly firescarred up to 120. They are mostly cedarwith one or two pines and one fir. Clearlength runs about one log. Best use fortimber saw logs; virgin stand; damagedby fire 5%; little damage by fungus.

moderate n/a n/a none fungous high densereproduction

26313503 PondPine

about 1 log of clear length; nearly mature;saw timber; virgin; young as well as oldtimber is damaged by fire; the old cedartrees are severely damaged but the barkof the trees about 6-1000 in D is barelyscortched.

moderate n/a n/a none none high excluded

26313504 PondPine

Oak the predominating species here. Thenearly mature timber is all cedar andbadly fire scarred at the base and somedistance up the tree from the base.More pine on the E side. No clearlength. Best use of timber, saw logs.Virgin stand. Trees badly damaged byfire. There is insect and fungousdiseases present. Moss growing on thebark abundant. Oak is by far thepredominating species.


low patchy

26313505 PondPine

Most of the timber is very immature yetalong the first 5 chains; best use fortallied timber, saw logs. Virgin stand.Considerable damage done by fire;insects and fungous disease present. Thruthe last 15 chains passed thru densechaparral of oak and mt. mahogany. Atend of the forty entered the timber again.

lowor high

chaparraland

immaturetimber(edge oftimberline)

20 moderate fungus,insect

moderate excluded

26313506 MCAve

About one log of clear length; saw timber,the old cedars badly fire scarred at thebase.

low n/a n/a none none high excluded

26313507 PondPine

Large timber near maturity; about 1 log ofclear length. Best use is saw logs; virgin;no damage by fire noted; very fungusdisease. This forty was very opencompared with the last dense forty(dense with undergrowth of cedar). Thisis very open and park like. Youngreproduction mostly cedar that is of polesize.

none n/a n/a none fungous high open

26313508 PondPine

Running the first 1/2 of the forty was pineand the last half is of fir and cedarmostly. Mostly young reproductionbetween ages specified above [300/ac @10-20 yrs. and 75/ac @20-40 yrs.]. Thetimber tallied near maturity and good forsaw logs. Virgin timber; the cedar about43 yrs. old damaged a little on bark butthe old timber does not show fire marks.Very little injury by insects but great dealof damage done by mistletoe.

low n/a n/a none mistletoe,insect

high patchy


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

26313509 PondPine

Mostly young and immature timber. Whatis tallied is nearly mature timber. Thecountry thru this forty is very openwith young pine reproduction ingroups; but many little parks. Clearlength of timber about one log; best useis saw logs; virgin timber.no damagedone by fire apparently; very fungusdisease.

none n/a n/a none fungous high groups

26313510 PondPine

Mostly mature in the upper age classes,which are limited to yellow pine andincense cedar. Clear length 1 log sawtimber. Virgin stand. Little fire damage.


none high excluded

26313511 PondPine

Clear length runs one log; saw logs,virgin no damage by fire, about 1 %diseased

none n/a n/a none fungus high excluded

26313512 MCAve

Good deal of nearly mature cedar timber- clear length not even 10 0 beyond thelong fire scars. Fire scars verynumerous and reach to 10 0 -15 0 heighton cedar. Best use for timber is sawlogs. Virgin stand. Severely damaged byfire. Little insect and fungous diseasepresent. Little open places but they arefew and small and so sheltered thatground is bare. There much oakpresent, too.


moderate fairlydense

26313513 PondPine

Timber tallied - of larger D class nearlymature and of about 160 of clear length.Best use saw logs. Virgin stand. Even theyoung cedar trees about 300-500 in D havebeen scortched. The merchantable timberhas been badly fire scarred at the base,especially the cedar. There a fewscattered oak around here.

low n/a n/a low none high excluded

26313514 PondPine

Clear length two logs; saw timber; virginstand; damage by fire, none; insectdamage 1%.

none n/a n/a none insect high excluded

26313515 PondPine

Yellow pine very mature clear lengthaveraging 1 log - virgin stand. Verylimby but straight. The stand is veryopen being park like with only a treehere and there. 55-1000 apart.

none n/a n/a none none moderate open

26313516 PondPine

Chaparral scattered in the first 8 chains andno underbrush thru the last 12 chains.Very little timber; clear length about onelog. Best use is for saw logs; no damagefrom fire and very little damage frominsects. Timber is virgin. There is muchyoung pine reproduction.

none n/a n/a none insect high excluded

26313601 PondPine

The timber tallied near maturity; veryvery little seedling reproduction thruS.W. exposure as the ground isextremely dry and exposed. Clear lengthof the nearly mature timber nearly 16 0

long. Best use for the timber is saw logs.Virgin stand. Mature timber littledamaged at the butt by fire. Seems tobe considerable moss on limbs andtrunk of the nearly mature trees. Muchoak mixed along with the pine. Also alittle fir comes in here

low n/a n/a high moss low excluded

26313602 PondPine

Most of the yel. Pine timber far frommaturity as tallied. To W a little streamsprung from ground near end of forty.There some pine of 2800D about 1400 ht.no clear length as country too open; sawlogs best use for timber. Virgin stand.Timber tallied shows a little fire damage– badly marked on a few trees. Fungusand insects – little damage. found manyoak trees in the open park places of 15-2200 d.


moderate open


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

26313603 PondPine

Few nearly mature timber and few of polestage and more of the youngerreproduction. Mostly of young pine; firjust beginning to come in. Clear length isabout one log; best use for timber is sawlogs. Virgin stand; fungous disease slightand insect disease not very apparent. fewold trees badly fire scarred (Yel Pines –butts only) [from logging factors notes]. . .the country thru this forty very openand much parkland...


moderate open

26313604 PondPine

Young cedar and fir seedlings closelymatted together. Most of the timbercalipered not reached maturity. No clearlength. Best use for timber from saw logs- virgin stand. No damage by fireapparent, mistletoe, moss present insmall quantities on pine and cedar. Verylittle open or park land, it being mostlyfair density of young reproduction.


20 none mistletoe,moss

high densereproduction

26313605 PondPine

Timber tallied near maturity – found a fewJeffery pine along the strip. Clear lengthhardly a 16 0 log on the average. Themuch cedar and pine between 8-1200 in D.about as much pine reproduction ascedar reproduction, timber virgin andused best for saw logs. No damage byfire visible. Insect damage only apparenton 1-2 mature trees. Trees between 8-1200

very healthy and growing well.

none n/a n/a none insect moderate excluded

26313606 PondPine

Nearly mature timber has about one log ofclear length. There are a great deal oftimber of the pole type about 1200 andover in D. virgin timber. Here and thereon the old timber are found fair traces offire scars but none on the moderatelyyoung timber. There a little moss andmistletoe on the mature timber reachingthe end of the forty just beginning tostrike a little fir with yel. Pine.

low n/a n/a none mistletoe,moss

high excluded

26313607 PondPine

Timber nearly mature that is tallied. Lengthclear about one log, best use for timber issaw logs. Little fire damage. Little fungusand insect disease present. The country israther open with fir in abundance alongthe creek that we crossed when about 10chains in the forty. There much oakpresent.


moderate patchy

26313608 PondPine

The timber tallied is nearly mature andclear length about 1 160 log. Best use fortimber is saw logs. Virgin stand. Thestand is very open with considerable pineseedlings between 10-20 yrs old. Mostlyopen park land and easily passed thru.Little fire damage to the old mature trees.Fungus and insect disease present with arather steep slope to the E. there isconsiderable oak scattered thru the 40


moderate open

26313609 PondPine

The nearly mature timber has about 160 logof clear length. There much youngseedling maturing [??], more than poletype and merchantable type. Virginstand. Best use saw logs. Considerabledamage done by fire and insects and alsoa fungus disease. Considerable oakmixed with the pine. The last 10 or 12chains enter a much denser wooded areaof pine and little oak than in the first 10chains which more open.


high patchy

26313610 PondPine

Hardly a 160 of clear length for talliedtimber. Timber tallied is near maturity;best use is saw logs; virgin stand;considerable damage from fire markedlyshown on the nearly mature timber.Found off at one side many nearly maturetrees killed this last year and now sound.

low n/a n/a none none low excluded


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

26313611 PondPine

very few trees above 2000 in D. here muchtimber (very much about pole stage andaround 1200 in D. Clear length of treeabove 2000 about one log virgin standvery little damage by fire – only onelarge tree on S side has deep scar. Veryfungus þ insect


high excluded

26313612 PondPine

Most of timber tallied is mature; there ismuch timber bet D. 6-1200 to acre. Abouta clear length of 160 . Best use of timber issaw logs; virgin timber, no damage byfire apparent. Very little insect visible andalso very little mistletoe present

none n/a n/a none mistletoe,insect

moderate excluded

26313613 PondPine

Timber is near maturity (before get tochaparral – 1st 12 chains). Clear lengthabout 160 log. Best use saw logs; virginstand; no damage by fire apparent and noinsect damage very noticeable, fungus hasbothered trees very slightly (the pine trees).

noneor high

chaparral(edge of

timber line)

12 none fungus,insect

moderate patchy

26313614 PondPine

Timber not yet reached maturity that istallied. large amt of small young stuff ofthe pole stage and not much youngerreproduction. No clear length as thelower limbs persist on the timber. Virginstand; no damage by fire; no insect injuryor fungous diseases as timber is young(the majority of it). [from logging factorsnotes] Good logging conditions as theground is gently rolling after thechaparral has been passed (11 chainsfrom the beginning of the 1/4 section). . .

noneor high

chaparral(edge of

timber line)

11 none none low patchy

26313615 PondPine

Some nearly mature timber. Most is of youngreproduction between ages 10-20 yrs; Fewpoles. At 11.60 chains there a good road.Clear length not a log as big timber moreor less open; best use is saw timber.Considerable damage by fire; also infested(old trees) with insects and fungus. Thereis a little oak intermixed in with the pine.


high excluded

26313616 PondPine

Timber near maturity that tallied. Clearlength about 1 160 log. Best use is sawlogs. Virgin stand. Quite a little firedamage to old timber as butts are badlyburned. The country is extremely openthere only been a few trees of seedlingstage, pole stage and merchantable typepresent growing. There much scatteredoak and open grass land and there itexcellent grazing ground.

low n/a n/a moderate none low open

26320402 MCAve

Timber is nearly mature and ought to becut; no clear length. Best use is saw logs.Virgin stand. A little moss foundgrowing on the bark and limbs of thetrees. Considerable fire damage to allnearly mature trees. There a little bl. Oakscattered here and there thru forty (firstpart of forty especially).

low n/a n/a low moss none excluded

26320403 MCHigh

Timber nearly mature and ought to be cutto give cedar reproduction a chance.Clear length to the pine is about 160. Bestuse for logs - saw logs. Much firedamage done to all timber at the buttsshown by bad large fire scars. Muchmoss growing on the cedar boughs aswell as the fir boughs. A little oakscattered here and there. mature timbershades the ground in good shape thrualmost the whole forty

moderate n/a n/a low moss moderate fairlydense

26320404 MCAve

Most of timber nearly mature and ought tobe cut. It is more or less scattered ingroups. No clear length to any as firedamage has played havoc with thetimber clear of limbs. Very little mossfound growing on the bark and boughsof the trees. There is more or less youngoak scattered here and there.

moderate n/a n/a low moss moderate groups


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

26320405 MCAve

Missing back datasheet excluded n/a n/a excluded excluded excluded excluded

26320406 MCAve

The timber is very much scattered withclear length of pine about 160 (both sugand yel). Timber tallied of good form andnearly mature. Very little damage by fireapparent on the mature timber. Alsotrees are very free from moss, insectdisease. A good deal of very young oakscattered in the many more or less openplaces.


26320407 MCAve

Thru first 10 chains S the timber nearlymature and uniform but going West thrumiddle of forty strike more small timberfar from maturity but merchantable.Clear length to pine 160. None to fir. Alittle moss found growing on the barkand boughs of cedar and fir. Little blackoak scattered here and there. As for firedamage all slightly scortched but noreally very bad fire scars.

high patch ofimmaturetimber(crosses

small ridge)

10 low moss moderate patchy

26320501 MCAve

Most of timber is nearly mature and oughtto be cut. There is no clear length to anyof timber as all have low stubbs. Best useis for saw logs. Virgin stand. Very muchdamaged by fire but not scarred very farup from the butt. Very little insect andmoss growing on the trees. Countrymore or less open with much cedarreprod in the open spots. A little Bl. [oak]Scattered here and there.

low n/a n/a low moss,insect

moderate patchy

26320502 MCAve

Timber is scattered more or less in groups.Clear length to pine about 160. There ismore or less fire damage done to alltimber tallied. Little moss growing on thefir and cedar trees. A little bl. Oak andlive oak scattered here and there. Oakcomes in more at the end of forty.

low n/a n/a low moss high groups

26320503 MCAve

Timber on the average is very uniform butnot dense. There is clear length to thecedar of about 160 . The timber showsmuch fire damage and especially thecedar. No roads or streams (driveable)present. At ten chains came to open spotwhere there were two streams which alittle farther down jointed. Oak scatteredhere and there.

moderate n/a n/a low none moderate uniform

26320504 PondPine

[from underbrush notes] none until top ofthe ridge is reached. Then come to somechaparral which extends N for about 3chains when come to more timber. [end,and continue with condition of timbernotes] it is more or less scattered. A gooddeal of it is mature enough to be cut.Cedar has clear length of about 160. Treesare damaged by fire but not very badly.Considerable moss found growing on thenearly mature timber. A very littlescattered oak over the first part and lastpart of the forty.

high chaparral(alongridge)

3 low moss low scattered

26320505 MCAve

Much of timber near maturity. It ought tobe cut. It has been badly fire scarred butthere is clear length on the pine andcedar to height of about 160. Much mossgrowing on the bark and boughs of thefir and cedar trees. Little oak scatteredhere and there. The cedar reprod. aboutpole stage is not very abundant.

low n/a n/a low moss moderate excluded

26320506 MCAve

Much of the timber near maturity. It is nota very dense stand as the sun comesstreaming in in many open places. Clearlength to the cedar about 160 but it isvery badly fire scarred. There is muchmoss growing on the bark and boughs ofthe timber. There is much oak but it veryimmature.

low n/a n/a high moss low open


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

26320507 MCAve

Timber is more or less scattered. Pine hasgood clear length. Both pine and cedarare pretty well fire scarred. Not muchmoss present on the pine trees but thereplenty of it growing on the cedar barkand boughs. A little live oak scatteredhere and there.


26320508 MCAve

Most of the timber tallied is ready to cutbut it is so scattered that it ought to beleft to seed up the open areas which aresparsely seeded up with cedar reproduct.Clear length to the pine is about 160. Allthe timber is very little fire scarred at thebutts, though there been a pretty bad firethru here. Very fungus and insect diseasepresent. Much young bl. oak and littlescrub live oak.


moderate scattered

26320510 MCAve

Timber is very much scattered but nearlymature. No clear length. Considerablefire damage done to the nearly maturetrees. There are many open places wherea little oak and weeds and fern. Notmuch mistletoe or moss.

low n/a n/a moderate mistletoe,moss

moderate scattered

26320511 MCAve

Timber is extremely scattered leaving theground much exposed and the scrub liveoak and little manzanita has crept in.most of the timber is nearly mature.There is very little reproduction – butthere a fair number of trees about thepole size (cedar, fir and little sug p.). Noclear length for any of timber.Considerable fire damage done to alltimber. Moss also present. Muchscattered live oak.

low n/a n/a low moss low scattered

26320512 MCAve

Some of the timber fairly mature but mostis yet very immature; there very muchyoung reproduction of cedar and aboutthe pole stage. There has been a little firepresent in the past. Very little mossgrowing on the fir trees and also on thecedar trees. Very little oak scattered hereand there.

low n/a n/a low moss high excluded

26320513 MCAve

Most of the timber is yet immature. It isvery much scattered. Clear length oncedar about 16;’ even though it slightlydamaged by fire. Best use is for saw logs.Considerable damage by fire. Little mossgrowing on the cedar and fir. Little oakscattered here and there.


26320514 MCAve

It very much scattered in groups leavingmany places more or less open where bl.And live oak have crept in. clear lengthto pine about 160 cedar and fir have noclear length. The cedar as well as othertrees have very bad fire scars at butts.Much moss growing on the trees. Manyof the fir trees are stag headed butapparently growing and alive.

low n/a n/a moderate moss scarce groups

26320515 PondPine

The timber is near maturity but very muchscattered. There a few digger pines foundalong the first of forty. Clear length ofpine and cedar about 160. Not muchfungous disease present. Fire damagepresent on all butts of trees tallied. Muchblack oak and live oak present.

low n/a n/a high fungous low scattered

26320601 PondPine

No timber to speak of thru first 15 chainsexcept a good deal of scattered cedarwhich is very much stunted in growthand scattered in the very large openplaces. Fir shows sigh of fire damage andup considerable distance from the butt ofthe tree. No clear length to fir. Best use issaw logs. Virgin stand. Little mossgrowing on the fir boughs and limbs andbark. Country very open with stuntedcedar scattered here and there.

low n/a n/a none moss low scattered


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

26320602 MCAve

Thru the first 7 chains the timber nearmaturity and ought to be cut. No clearlength to the fir, but about 16 0 clearlength to P. best use - saw logs. Virginstand. Little moss covers the fir treesand also to certain extent the pine. Thereis a little oak scattered thru the last 13chains. No timber to speak of thru thelast 13 chains. Country more or lessopen. [from logging factors notes]Prertty rough as the stones are thick andnumerous down the steep slope. Slope isto the South and very steep... the timberseen and tallied thru the first 7 chainscan be logged down the slope to the Nor NW.

noneor high

no timberon steep

rocky slope

13 low moss low patchy

26320603 MCHigh

Timber is mature and ought to be cut. Noclear length to fir. Quite a little firedamage to all trees. Little moss presenton boughs and bark.

low n/a n/a none moss moderate excluded

26320604 MCAve

Timber ought to be cut. Pine has aboutusual clear length, 160. All trees badlyfire scarred but not running up the trunkfar. Little moss covers the boughs andbark of trees.

low n/a n/a none moss moderate excluded

26320606 PondPine

Very much scattered and mature. Firedamage little. Clear length of pine 160.Very little moss growing on maturetimber. Little oak.

low n/a n/a low moss moderate excluded

26320607 PondPine

The pine tallied near maturity and 160; ofclear length. The fir tallied nearly maturebut no clear length. Best use of timber isfor saw logs. Virgin stand. Considerabledamage done by fire to fir and pinebutts. The country very open and thetimber widely scattered with oak ofimmature growth found scattered hereand there.


26320608 PondPine

Very very little pine and very muchscattered. The cedar is very immatureand the large cedars are very muchstunted in their growth because of thesouth slope and the very dryness of theslope. No clear length. Virgin stand.Little to no fire damage. Little mosspresent on few large cedar trees. Muchoak but most of it is very immature butgood for cordwood.

low n/a n/a high moss moderate scattered

26320609 PondPine

Timber ought to be cut as along the first10-12 chains the timber is of sufficientsize and density to pay to have it cut,no clear length. Best use for timber issaw logs. Virgin stand. Little insect andfungous disease (moss growing oncedar and fir boughs and bark). Littleoak scattered but very little and it is farfrom being mature. Country over thelast 8 chains is more or less open withcedar reproduction

high reproductionpatch (changesfrom W to Sfacing slope,at edge ofstudy area)

8 low fungus, moss, insect moderate patchy

26320613 MCHigh

Much of the timber tallied nearly matureand ought to be cut to give way to theyoung reproduction. No clear lengthexcept about 16 0 for the sug p. best usefor timber is for saw logs. Virgin stand.The timber is very much damaged byfire and especially to the cedar. Moss isnot in much abundance on the forty.The timber is more or less uniformthrough this forty.

low n/a n/a none moss moderate uniform


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

26320614 MCHigh

[from underbrush notes] at 8 chains we passthru a stretch of chaparral which extend aconsiderable distance up the slope (S) butonly about a chain to N. when reachmeadow. [end, and continue with conditionof timber notes] the fir is nearly mature andought to be cut. No clear length. Best use oftimber is for saw logs. Virgin stand.Considerable damage done by fire, it beingmore apparent on the cedar. Much mossfound growing on the trunk and boughs ofboth cedar and fir. In places the timberfairly dense but at 8 chains cross a strip ofchaparral about 2 chains log and extendingsome distance up the hill (S).

lowor high

chaparralpatch

(bottom ofcanyonalong

meadow)

2 none moss moderate patchy

26320616 MCHigh

Timber is of good development much of itready to be cut. No clear length to cedaror fir. Best use for timber is for saw logs.Virgin stand. Very much damage doneby fire to cedar and fir, running right upthe cedar trunks to considerable ht. verylittle oak scattered here and there. Thetimber fairly dense not allowing anygrass or weeds to grow on the ground.Moss found growing on the cedar and firboughs and trunks.

moderate n/a n/a low moss moderate fairlydense

26320701 MCHigh

Timber is nearly mature and it ought to becut. There is no clear length of either firor cedar. The cedar is very badly firescarred and the fir a little. Best use is forsaw logs. Virgin stand. Moss covers thebark and boughs of the cedar and fir.There is a little oak scattered here andthere but very scarce. The country is notterribly dense there being a few openplaces.

low n/a n/a low moss moderate fairlydense

26320702 MCHigh

The cedar and fir ought to be cut as it is sodense that the canopy completely shadesthe ground preventing reproduction. Noclear length except perhaps 16 0 for cedar.The cedar very badly fire scarred muchworse than the mature fir. Best use fortimber is for saw logs. Virgin stand.Much moss growing on the bark andboughs of the nearly mature trees.Country more or less dense with timber.

low n/a n/a none moss moderate dense

26320703 PondPine

[from underbrush notes] thru the centre offorty for first 10 chains run N all therewas was chaparral of chinquapin.[continue with timber notes] the timber,running East the last ten chains is fairlydense. It consisted mostly of fir of gooddevelopment but no clear length and thesame for the cedar. But both are largeenough to cut. Best use is saw logs.Virgin stand. There not much damage byfire apparent but the ground in faircondition for a fire with so many deadlogs and boughs lying on ground. Muchyoung oak along the last 10 chains.

high chaparralpatch

10 moderate none scarce patchy

26320704 MCHigh

Timber ought to be cut, clear length not 160

of cedar or fir. Best use is saw logs. Virginstand. Very much damaged by fire,especially the cedar and the fir to acertain extent at the butt. There is muchmoss on the bark and libs of both cedarand fir. There much oak thru the last 5chains of the forty. But most of this oak isvery young and growing and immature.

low n/a n/a moderate moss high excluded

26320705 MCHigh

Timber ought to be cut as it near maturity.Clear length none. Best use for saw logs.Virgin stand. Considerable damage byfire. Also moss grows prolifically on thebark and boughs. The timber is fairlydense shading the ground so that just alittle cedar is coming up.

low n/a n/a none moss moderate fairlydense


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

26320707 MCHigh

Most of the timber needs to be cut in orderto open up the canopy to allowreproduction to get a chance. No clearlength to fir but there to cedar and pineabout 16 0 clear length. The nearly maturetimber is a little damaged by fire butcedar is the worst. Best use for timber isfor saw logs. Virgin stand. Much mossgrowing on the bark and limbs of theconiferous trees. A very little bl. oak.

low n/a n/a low moss moderate fairlydense

26320708 MCHigh

Much of this timber ought to be cut to giveroom and light for young reproduction.No clear length to fir or cedar. Bad firehas scarred the butts of fir and especiallythe cedar. Best use for timber is for sawlogs. Virgin stand. Moss found growingon the bark and boughs of the fir andcedar trees. The country not terriblydense but enough so that ground is wellsheltered.


26320709 PondPine

Much of timber in 1st 14 chains ought to becut to give the young reproduction achance. No clear length. Best use oftimber for saw logs. Virgin stand. Muchdamage by fire to the fir and cedar.Much moss found growing on the limbsand boughs of the coniferous trees. Oakis quite prevalent in the forty. The last 6chains of the forty are very open with novery mature timber.

lowor high

open patch(timber line)

6 high moss moderate patchy

26320710 MCAve

Much of the timber (cedar and fir) is readyto be cut but it is more or less scatteredin groups and not uniform thru forty. Noclear length of either species. Best use -saw logs. Virgin stand. Considerabledamage done by fire but it not soapparent on fir as on the cedar. Countryis more or less open with weeds growingin the very frequent open places.

low n/a n/a none none moderate groups

26320711 PondPine

The timber is not very plentiful but seems tobe in groups. No clear length to timber.Best use for timber is saw logs. Virginstand. There considerable damage done tothe fir and cedar trees by fire and theyextend quite a distance up the tree fromthe butts. Also much moss growing on thefir and cedar bark and boughs. The oak ismostly immature. [from logging factorsnotes] ...the country is very open but verybarren in the open park like places.

low n/a n/a low moss moderate groups

26320712 PondPine

Timber has good development and oughtto be cut. (We do not strike the fir untilthe last 5 chains. No clear length. Bestuse for timber is saw logs. Virgin stand.Much moss growing on the bark and onthe boughs of the fir trees. Much damagedone to these trees through fire.

high no timberuntil last

5 ch

15 none moss scarce patchy

26320713 PondPine

[from ground cover] over the first 13 chainsmore or less ferns scattered in openplaces...[continue with timber notes] notimber until the last 7 chains (there fir ofgood merchantable length and ought tobe cut.) no clear length. Best use sawlogs. Considerable fire damage apparentover the last 7 chains. Many dead anddecaying fir logs found lying on theground over last 7 chains.

high open patchwith fernsand notimber

13 none none scarce patchy

26320714 MCHigh

Most of the timber ought to be cut to givea chance for young reproduction. Fairlygood clear length to the cedar and pine.All the trees are more or less fire scarred.Best use is for saw logs. Virgin stand.Cedar more or less damaged by fire aswell as the fir. There is a little oakscattered here and there in the forty.Most of forty very dense with timber.

low n/a n/a low none high dense


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

26320715 PondPine

Timber is very much scattered and more orless in groups and mostly young andimmature but there is a fair amt. oftimber of fairly good size that could becut. The cedar only has good clearlength. Best use is for saw logs. Virginstand. The fir and cedar and the pine (alittle) all show that a bad fire has beenhere some time ago. There is a little bl.oak scattered thru the last few chains butmost of it is very immature. [fromlogging factors note] ...can be logged...thetimber is, however, very much scatteredand there is much country open butmostly bare with a few cedar (youngtrees) and a few turned over logsdecaying in the dirt.

moderate n/a n/a low none low groups

26320716 PondPine

Timber is very sparsely scattered. Almostthe timber line being pass at 14 chains inthe previous forty run [26320709]. Thetrees are very widely scattered and littlefire damaged to these standing trees. Noclear length, except perhaps 160 of clearlength for the cedar. Moss covers thebark and boughs of these trees. Oak(very young and immature) is scatteredpromiscuously here and there thru theforty (mostly live oak with little bl.)

lowor high

chaparral(beyondedge oftimberline)

20 low moss low scattered

26321804 MCAve

A good deal of timber - fir and cedar oughtto be cut as it is nearly mature. There isno clear length. Reproduction would bebetter of the fir if the stand was opened.No clear length; best use is saw logs.Virgin stand. Considerable damage doneby fire and especially to the cedar trunks(only very little to fir) a fairly densestand of timber passed thru.


26321805 MCAve

Most of the timber is young in immaturebut merchantable. No clear length. Bestuse is saw logs. Virgin stand. There isconsiderable damage done especially tothe cedar and then there no clear length.Considerable moss growing on the limbsand boughs of the fir and cedar trees.Country fairly densely timbered. No oakpresent.


26321806 MCAve

No Notes excluded n/a n/a excluded excluded excluded excluded

26321810 PondPine

Practically all of the timber is far frommaturity, no clear length; best use forsaw logs. Virgin stand. Little damagedone by fire to young reproduction,shown on the scortched cedar bark.Fungus and insect disease present.Country not very dense and there is alittle scattered bl. oak scattered here andthere.


low fairlydense

26321811 MCAve

Most of the timber is fairly young but thefew pines (large ones) have clear lengthof about 160. Cedar or fir no good clearlength. Best use for saw logs. Virginstand. Little damage to cedar by fire.There is quite a bit of fallen timber whichis well under way to decay. Country notvery dense.


26321812 MCAve

The timber (dense timber) is located moreto the northern 1/2 of the forty andthere is no good clear length on any ofthe species all being more or less badlyfire scarred. Best use is for saw logs.Virgin stand. Considerable damage doneby fungous and insect disease as thereis moss and trees with dead tops.Country in south 1/2 more or less open.Much timber lying on the ground androtten.

moderate n/a n/a none fungus,moss,insect

moderate patchy


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

26321813 MCAve

Most of the timber yet very immature andmore or less scattered; no clear length.Best use is for saw logs. Virgin stand.Fungous or insect disease not veryabundant. Fire damage apparent but hasnot damaged the timber very much.There much timber lying on the groundand have decayed. Country more or lessopen; much oak scattered here and there.


low open

26321814 MCAve

Most of the fir and cedar tallied is of goodsize and development, but no clearlength. Best use is saw logs. Virgin stand.Little damage by fire apparent but themature timber seems but little affected.The country more or less open with alittle oak scattered here and there.

low n/a n/a low none high open

26321815 PondPine

Most of the pine is in good condition andnear maturity. The cedar is of fair clearlength but badly fire scarred. Clearlength of pine about 160. None for fir orcedar. Best use for the timber is saw logs.Considerable damage by fire scarring thebutts from the base for a distance ofseveral feet. There fungous and insectdisease present as there are a few treeskilled just this year. Country more or lessopen with a little oak scattered here andthere. Oak very immature.


moderate open

26323003 MCAve

Fair stage of development; pine has fairclear length but very badly fire scarred(pine as well as cedar). Best use sawlogs. Considerable damage to youngtrees thru insect and fungous disease(mistletoe.) There is considerable oakintermixed with coniferous trees butmost of it is immature and growing.

moderate n/a n/a moderate mistletoe,insect

low excluded

26323004 PondPine

Pine has good development and has clearlength of about 16 0. There is a good dealof both Jeffery and yel. p. which ready tobe cut. Fir clings to down branches buthas good straight form and much of itnearly mature. Best use of logs is for sawtimber. Virgin stand. Many dead treesfound thru first 10 chains. Last 10 chainsin low valley with very little pinereproduct. Good meadow land.

none n/a n/a none none low excluded

26323005 PondPine

The pine is of good development and has aclear length of about 160. Best use is forsaw logs. Virgin stand - it badly (pineand fir) scarred by fire. There a little oakscattered here and there but it is veryyoung and immature. The country ismore or less open except in a spot nearend of forty where reproduct of fir dense.

moderate n/a n/a low none moderate patchy

26323006 MCAve

Timber tallied yet quite immature andought not to be cut yet. There very goodclear length on the pine but on fir none.Little damage done by fire but notamount to much. Fungus and insectdisease. Also much oak of fair good age.


scarce excluded

26323009 PondPine

All of timber tallied is very sparse and ofnot very good form being stunted moreor less. No clear length. Best use for theevery few trees is for saw logs. Virginstand. Considerable damage done by fireand insect depredation. Country veryopen and the soil is very very coarse andextremely dry.


insect moderate open

26323010 PondPine

Timber of fair form but the pine holds toits lower branches and on the average noclear length. Most of the timber (verysparse at that except plentifulreproduction) is young and growing. Thecountry very open but good reproductionand timber coming up. No damage byfire.


20 low(understory)

none moderate densereproduction


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

26323011 MCAve

Timber more or less scattered but of fairlygood development with exception of pineand fir being very badly fire scarred to 10-15 feet in some cases from butt of tree(more in pine than fir). No clear length onav for either. There also good deal of mossgrowing on bark and limbs of fir. Little veryimmature oak scattered here and there.

moderate n/a n/a low moss scarce scattered

26323012 PondPine

Pine has good development (yel. p) butthere is considerable Jeff. Pine whichdoes not clear itself (same as the fir). Yelp. clear length none. Best use of timbersaw logs. Very much fire damage done topine and fir. Much oak scattered an ingroups. Most of it rather immature.

moderate n/a n/a moderate none low excluded

26323013 PondPine

Good development is the pine and about160 of clear length but the pine is badlyscarred at the base. The fir holds to itslower branches so there no clear length.Best use for timber is saw logs. Virginstand. There is considerable oak of goodform and merchantable size

low n/a n/a moderate none low excluded

26323014 MCAve

Good development but only the yel p andsug p has a clear length of about 160. Bestuse for saw logs. Virgin stand. Very muchdamaged by fire and gutted at the base ofthe pine trees (mature timber) especially.Little moss and mistletoe found on thenearly mature trees. Little scrub oak andlittle very immature oak timber.


low excluded

26323015 PondPine

Most of timber far from maturity butgrowing and in good form. The fewmature timber tallied has good clearlength but it is very very scarce. Nodamage by fire to speak of. The countryis more or less open and the soil is verysoft and dry. Some black oak as well.

none n/a n/a low none moderate open

26323016 MCAve

Not very plentiful and so badly fire scarredis the pine and blown to the E by theN.W. wind that it of poor development.Fir is the same. There a good deal ofyoung timber about 1200 in D but it isstunted in growth owing to dryness andwind and poor Q. of soil. Country veryopen and there is any quantity of scrublive oak. A little also of the black oak,but it not do well here: much dying pinethis year shown by the russet leaves.

moderate n/a n/a low none low open

26323102 PondPine

In good stage of development; most of itnot yet reached maturity although ofgood size and clear length about 160 . Thepine is badly fire scarred at the butt. Firholds its branches. Much oak of goodmerchantable size and plenty of it. Thestand rather open and very easy running.The young pine about 10 yrs of age seemto be dying perhaps from drought.

low n/a n/a high none low open

26323103 PondPine

Stage of development good for pine andvery near maturity with a good deal ofreproduction coming along. Clear lengthis about 20 0 but some bad fire scars andalso near end of forty some trees dyingshown by the reddish color of the leavesstill on the trees. There a fungous onsuch trees. Best use for timber saw logs.Virgin stand. Much oak but most of ityoung yet. Country more or less open.

low n/a n/a high fungous moderate open

26323104 PondPine

Most of the timber very immature but at thebeginning of forty some good timber(reached about maturity and good clearlength of 160 ). Much Jeffery Pine with theyel. p. best use of timber for saw logs.Virgin stand. Much oak of good sizeintermixed with the coniferous timber.Many open, park like places where veryvery good grazing for cattle.

none n/a n/a high none scarce open


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

26323105 PondPine

Timber being so open and not closetogether that the lower branches persist.There quite a bit of large, nearly maturetimber and quite a bit of timber of fairsize nowhere near maturity. Timber,especially the nearly mature timber badlyfire scarred - cedar, fir and pine. Best usefor timber is saw logs. Virgin stand.Much oak of good size scattered andmany open park like places.

low n/a n/a high none low open

26323106 PondPine

The pine has very good development butthe fir even the large ones keep theirbranches even to the ground. Clearlength of yel p. 160 and little over. Bestuse is for saw logs. Considerable damagedone to the mature timber by fire and itnoticeable in the pine trees especially.Many oaks of good size here and there.The country is very open but the manyfir and pine trees shade the ground.


26323107 PondPine

Most of the timber yet quite immature butof good development. Nearly maturetimber has a clear length of 160. But thefir has no clear length. Saw logs best usefor the timber. Virgin stand. Very littledamage done to pine and fir by fire.There a good deal of oak timber of goodsize. The country is very open.


26323110 PondPine

Timber of fair development by yet quiteimmature and because of scatteredcondition holds to lower branches. Noclear length either of pine or fir. Best usesaw logs. Very little damage done byfire apparent. Also trees apparently freefrom insect or fungous diseases. Thecountry is very open. Much oak both ofgood merchantable size and growingtimber.


26323111 PondPine

The nearly mature timber is scattered ingroups and on average about 160 of clearlength. The best use saw logs. Virginstand. There much oak of goodmerchantable size. The country is veryopen and many very wide open placeswhere it is excellent grazing ground witha few pine trees (10-40).

none n/a n/a high none moderate groups

26323112 PondPine

There is a little timber of nearlymerchantable size but for an averagethere is no clear length. Much youngpine between diameters 600 to 1200. Virginstand. Much damage by fire shown onthe oak and pine. Much oak of good sizeand development. The country passedthru is very flat for several chains oneither side with a gradual ascent on bothsides.

low n/a n/a high none low excluded

26323113 PondPine

Timber of good development of nearlymature size but it only occurs in smallgroups. Clear length about 160 . Best useof timber is for saw logs. Virgin stand.Considerable damage done to maturetimber and for several feet from the butt.There is quite a good deal of oak. Thecountry continues flat for a few chains oneither side of the centre of the fortywhere the country very level.

low n/a n/a moderate none low groups

26323114 PondPine

The nearly mature timber is very muchscattered but of good form and clearlength of about 160. It is, however, a littlefire scarred at the butt. Best use of timberis for saw logs. Virgin stand. Very muchdamaged by fire. Several standing treeson forty dead due probably to insectdepredation. Much oak scattered aboutand it of good size. The country veryopen.

low n/a n/a high insect low scattered


STEPHENS ET AL.



Fireclass

Highreason

Highsize (ch)

Oakclass� Disease

Regenclass

Distribclass

26323115 PondPine

Most of timber yet very immature. No clearlength to speak of. Virgin stand. Little orno damage done by fire. There a gooddeal of live oak - it being very scrubby.Also a little black oak but not of goodmerchantable size. The country is veryvery open with coniferous trees scatteredsparsely here and there. This forty marksthe E. timber boundary as chaparral alittle farther to the east.


27310202 PondPine

very very little timber and most of itretaining lower limbs. Best use saw logs.Virgin stand. No damage by fire. There isquite a good deal of oak for cordwood.Logging conditions good as there little orno very steep slope. For first 2 chains wein meadow. Country all through here ismore or less open.

none n/a n/a moderate none low open

27310203 PondPine

Considerable dead timber scattered thru theforty. The pine has good form and clearlength of about 160 . Cedar and fir - cedarbadly fire scarred and fir clings to limbsand also a little hollow butted. Best usefor timber is saw logs. Virgin stand. Badfire damage. Insect and fungous diseasepresent.


moderate excluded

27310204 PondPine

Very little timber but the pine that ispresent is of good development and clearlength of about 160 . Best use saw logs.No damage by fire or none apparent toinsect of fungous disease. A number ofgood oak trees on strip tallied forcordwood in another book.

none n/a n/a moderate none low excluded

27310205 PondPine

Beginning the forty struck much pinereproduction about 300-600 D for 3 chainsand then 10 chains of open ground withgrazing grass and scattered cordwoodoak. The last few chain brings us intocedar reproduct (of pole type mostly).Very few old pine trees, scattered farbetween. No fire damage.

high immaturetimber notdamaged byfire (adjacentto meadow,at edge oftimber line)

20 low none low patchy

27310206 PondPine

Pine has good development and also the firbut it (fir) holds to the lower limbs.Cedar is badly fire scarred. Best use forthe timber is saw logs. Virgin stand.After open space is reached after 10chains there seems to be a great amountof oak with a good deal of ground coverof wild pea and

moderate n/a n/a moderate none moderate patchy

27310211 PondPine

The nearly mature pine in good conditionand 16 0 of clear length. Apparently notdamaged by fire. Virgin stand. Plenty ofoak scattered around thru the forty.

none n/a n/a moderate none none excluded

27310212 PondPine

Timber is very scattered but pine talliedhas good development about 1 160 log.No damage by fire and not much byinsects or fungous diseases as the pinesappear very healthy. There is a good dealof black oak and live oak of cordwoodage.

none n/a n/a moderate fungus,insect

none excluded

27310213 PondPine

Missing back datasheet excluded n/a n/a excluded excluded excluded excluded

27310214 PondPine

Pine in good condition and clear length of160. Best use is saw logs. Virgin stand.No damage by fire.

none n/a n/a none none none excluded

� Where indicated, oak prevalence was assessed based on its presence recorded in notes on transect understory.


STEPHENS ET AL.

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