Histology

Componente of cytoplasme

Componente of cytoplasme

Content the following organeles and inclusion :

• Plasma membrane• Mitochondria• Ruogh endoplasmic

reticulum• Smooth endoplasmic

reticulum• Golgi apparatus• phagocytosis

• Lysosomes • centrosome• Cellular pigments• Glycogen• Lipid• Cytoskeleton• Microfliments• Intermediate filiments

and microtubules

Plasma Membrane

composed of : double layer phospholipids, cholesterol,

proteins, and chains of oligosaccharides covalently linked to phospholipids and protein molecules.

functions as a selective barrier that regulates the passage of certain materials into and out of the cell and facilitates the transport of specific molecules.

Plasma Membrane

Function of mitochondrium

• Each Mitochondrium is bounded by two membranes:

1 - smooth outer one,2- and an inner one which

is thrown into folds called cristae.

• The mitochondrium provides the energy for the cell .

Function Rough-endoplasmic reticulum - rER

• The outer membrane of the rER is studded with ribosomes.

• The rER plays a major role in protein synthesis.

Function Smooth-endoplasmic reticulum

• The lining of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is smooth .

• has no ribosomes.• has branched tubules.• It plays a major role in

lipid biosynthesis (makes lipids and steroids)

• and in detoxification mechanisms.

Function of Golgi-apparatus

• is usually found close to the cell nucleus and consists of one or more stacks of membrane-bound cisternae (sacs).

• The Golgi receives synthetic products from the ER, modifies them, and exports them to a variety of destinations.

• It also produces enzymes that are sorted into lysosomes, to degrade proteins and organelles. It also plays a role in retrieving and recycling proteins.

Function of Lysosomes

• Primary lysosomes are produced by the Golgi apparatus.

• Lysosomes fuse with the organelles to form secondary lysosomes.

• They contain around 40 different types of hydrolytic enzymes,

• phagocytosis and require digesting, or organelles that require degrading

• Lysosomes are important for breaking down proteins.

Cytoskeleton

• Cells have three types of filaments

1- microfilaments - actin filaments (red in the diagram)

2- intermediate filaments (blue in the diagram)

3- microtubules (green in the diagram).

Collectively, these are known as the cytoskeleton.

Functions of Cytoskeleton

• are important in cell shape and cell motility.

• also important in mitosis, and are important constitutents of cilia

• Also in cell – cell junction

Method of visulization

• To study cells, biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry

• Scientists use microscopes to visualize cells that are too small with the naked eye

• Light microscopes (LM.s)– Pass visible light through a specimen– Magnify cellular structures with lenses

• Electron microscopes (EM.s)– Focus a beam of electrons through a specimen (TEM) or

onto its surface (SEM)

THE END

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