HISTOLOGY I

By :

Name : Fatahalani RizkikaStudent Number : B1K014017Slot : IIIGroup : 5Assistant : Nyais Zuariah

LABORATORY REPORTPLANT STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT II

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATIONJENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY

BIOLOGY FACULTYPURWOKERTO

2015

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Tissue is a collection the cells that have the structure and function that period

and establish relationship and coordination with each other in order to more

anticipative in a growth of plants (Winatasasmita, 1986). Epidermis, cortex and

endodermis surround the central stele, which consists of the pericycle and vascular

tissue (Dolan et al., 1993). Plant can be divided into vessel mature some types that all

are grouped into tissue (Kimball, 1992). Tissue also collection structure, function,

how to growth, and how the development (Brotowidjoyo, 1989).

Tissue is a group of cells that have form and function that same. Tissue that

different can work together to a function which forms physiology organs. Tissue

learned in biology branch which is called histology. In a broad outline of tissue

plants can be divided into meristematic tissue and adults tissue. Meristem tissue is

divided into two categories, meristem primary and secondary. Meristem tissue

usually has been prepared by the cells that are still embrional or cells that are still

active divide. On the other end roots and ends shaft that had grown there are network

that is still a meristematic called the apical growing. The growing apical that makes

them more plants to be able to go along. Meristem secondary is tisssue that his cells

do not different experience and serves as the network adults, then can do such

meristematic, for example cambium and felogen (cork cambium). In derivative

growth, cambium can form secondary phloem, xylem and sometimes secondary set

forth the fingers. Cambium found in all plants dycote. Tissue adults consist of has

function as the tissue protector. Severe hepatic impairment function as basic tissue.

Sclerenchyma and Colenchyma function as tissue amplifier. Phloem and Xylem

function as the tissue carrier (Kimball, 1992).

There are three tissue system that has in the plant : the ground tissue system,

the vascular tissue system, and dermal tissue system. The tissue system are initiated

during development of the embryo, where they are represented by the primary

meristems, ground meristem, procambium, and protoderm, respectively. The ground

tissue system consists of the three so called ground tissues are parenchyma,

collenchymas, and sclerencyma. Parenchyma is by far the most common of the

ground tissues. The vascular tissue system consists of the two conducting tissue are

xylem and phloem. The dermal tissue system is represented by the epidermis, the

outer protective covering of the primary plant body, and later by the periderm, in the

secondary plant body (Peter H. Raven et al., 1986).

This practicum use the object are stem epidermis of sugar cane (Saccharum

officinarum) to see the cell cork and silica cell. Leaf adam hawa (Rheo discolor) and

mize (Zea mays) to see the type of stroma. Leaf kumis kucing (Orthosiphon

stamineus) and durion (Durio zibethinus) to see the type of trichomata. And the last

material that we used is taro (Colocasia esculenta) to see the ground tissue

(parenkim, aerenkim and aktinenkim). We used that material because easly to found

in environment and supporting to observe of plant histology.

B. Objective

The objective in this practical class there are following :

1. Observing parts of epidermis and it is derivate ; such as silica cell, pith cell,

stomata, and trichomes cell.

2. Observing ground tissue (Parenchyma, aerenchyma, actynenchyma).

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Materials

The equipments used in the laboratory are light microscope, object glass,

cover glass, razor, pipette, and needle.

Objects used in the laboratory are Sectional cross of stem epidermis

Saccharum officinarum, sectional cross of leaf Zea mays, sectional cross of leaf

Orthosiphon stamineus, sectional cross of Durio zibethinus, sectional cross of leaf

Rheo discolor, sectional cross of Colocasia esculenta.

B. Methods

The methods used on the laboratory are:

A. Observing Part of Epidermal and It’s Derivate

1. Create a sectional cross of the objects as thin as possible, place the slices

on the object glass, and place a small drop of water then covered with

cover glass.

2. Observe under the microscope the preserved specimen and fresh slide

speciments, starting with the lowest magnification (40 x) and switching to

the next higher power objective.

3. Draw sketch of each cells and give some description. Show each parts of

the component (stomata and trichomata).

B. Observing Ground Tissue

1. Create a sectional cross of the petiole as thin as possible, place the slices

on the object glass, and place a small drop of water then covered with

cover glass.

2. Observe under the microscope the preserved specimen and fresh slide

speciments, starting with the lowest magnification (40 x) and switching to

the next higher power objective.

3. Draw sketch of each cells and give some description.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Results

Description :

1. Epiderm

2. Phorus

3. Cover cell

(Halter)

4. Subsisiary cell

Image 1. C.Ø Leaf of Zea mays (Maize) Magnification 400 x

Description :

1. Scale trichome

2. Star trichome

Image 2. Lower Epidermis of Durio zibethinus (Durion) Magnification 100 x

1

2

3

4

1

2

Description :

1. Silica cell

2. Epiderm

3. Spons cell

Image 3. C.Ø. Stem Epidermis Petiole of Saccharum officinarum (Sugar cane) Magnification 100 x

Description :

1. Airenchyma

2. Parenchyma

Image 4. C.Ø. Petiole of Colocasia esculenta (Taro) Magnification 400 x

2

1

3

1

2

Description :

1. Upper epidermis

2. Prenchyma

palisade

3. Spons tissue

4. Trichome

5. Lower epidermis

Image 5. Φ L. Leaf of Kumis Kucing (Orthosiphon stamineus) Magnification 100x

Description :

1. Cover cell

2. Phorus

3. Subsidiary cell

4. Epiderm

Image 6. Φ L. stem of Rheo discolor (Adam Hawa) Magnification 400 x

1

2

3

1

2

3

45

4

B. Discussion

Based on results practical class about histology especially for ground tissue

and dermal tissue. Each preparat has each characteristic there is include in ground

tissue and dermal tissue. stem epidermis of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) to

see the cell cork and silica cell. Leaf adam hawa (Rheo discolor) and mize (Zea

mays) to see the type of stroma. Leaf kumis kucing (Orthosiphon stamineus) and

durion (Durio zibethinus) to see the type of trichomata. And the last material that we

used is taro (Colocasia esculenta) to see the ground tissue (parenkim, aerenkim and

aktinenkim).

Epidermis tissue is the outer layer of cell of the primary plant body, and it

constitutes the dermal tissue system of leaves, floral parts, fruit, seeds, stems and

roots until they undergo considerable secondary growth. The epidermal cells are

quite variable both functionally and structurally. In addition to the ordinary

epidermal cells, which form the bulk of the epidermis, the epidermis may contain

stomata, many type of appendages, or trichome, and other kinds of cell specialized

for specific functions (Peter H. Raven et al., 1971).

Epidermis usually is one cell thick layers. Cells form all kinds, for example

cube or prism, there are not in order that can be seen from the surface is polygon,

there are some who are winding its walls, have projections as papilla

(Primadani,2006). Epidermis has function to protect the body organs, so has referred

to as tissue protector. As the tissue protector has to protect against evaporation,

damage that mechanical, temperature changes and to prevent the nutritive elements.

Cells form all kinds has for example forms such as cube, prism, not an orderly way

there are also those who have projections as papila. The additional has usually there

is a tool called derivation, for example in the trunk silica cells and the cell cork on

the leaves, for example, trichoma stoma cells and fan (Fahn,1991).

The forms has consisted of some form of cells long and short cells, cells form

fan and litocis. And there has stomata and trichoma. In a broad outline. Trichoma

form is divided into two parts are trichoma non glandular hair like scales, hair dryer,

star roots, as well as single hair and it can’t secretion. And trichoma glandular like

hidatoda, hair itching, lymph glands salt and honey and it can secretion (Fahn,

1991).

Epidermis is a system for the cells mixed with the structure and function,

which covers the body primary plant. The characteristics of tissue has as follows are

composed the cells live, is composed of one layer single, variety of forms, size, and

injunction, but usually there is no space arranged a meeting between cells, do not

have chlorophyll, the wall tissue cells has the outside borders with the air,

thickening, while cell wall network has a part in on the border with the other network

wall cells remained thin (Fahn, 1991).

Some derivation has among others trichomata, stomata. Trichomata is

derivation has included hairs gland and hair dryer that no gland, scales, papila, and

the hair dryer root for absorption. Trichomata can be cell that simple or diverge or

consists of several suite cells, there is consists of the rod and the head. Stomata

supported by who was flanked by has gaps in cells by 2 has specific cells (Sutrian,

1992).

stomata is holes small oval-shaped which is surrounded by two cells has

special cells called cover (Guard Cell, where the cells is the cells has that has

experienced changes form and function that are able to regulate the amount including

holes (Salibury,1995).

Stomata is a gap in has a limited by two cells conclusion that contains

chloroplast and had form and function with different has (Salibury,1995). Function

of stomata. Is The way the entry CO2 process of photosynthesis from the air in the

way evaporation (transpiration) and As a way respiration (respiration).

The cells surrounding stomata or the so-called with neighbor cell has a role in

changes water in patient s movement that cause cell closing. Closing cells located

same high, which was lower than other cells has. When same high compared with the

surface another called faneropor, while if prominent or sink below the surface is

called kriptopor. Every cell nucleus contains closing that there is a clear and

chloroplast regularly produce starch. Cell wall closing and cells guards some multi-

layered lignin (Lakitan, 1993). Classification stomata based on shape cover cell there

are four, that are :

1. Musci type : two cell epidermis that have function as cover cell,

the wall separate occurring sizogen.

2. Gymnospermae type : the cover cell sink and form ellipse with epidermis.

3. Gramine type : the hole shape form long square, cover cell form

halter.

4. Dicotyledone : cover cell like gastric, elips.

The dycote plant based on the structure of the cell has a cell is beside the

cover is divided into four types stomata, there are following (Dwijoseputro, 1984):

1. Anomositik, the cell covering some of the cells is surrounded by not different size

and shape of the cell has other. In General, Ranuculaceae Cucurbitaceae, Mavaceae.

2. Anisositik, the cell closing accompanied by 3 neighbor cell, which is not the same.

For example in Cruciferae, Nicotiana, Solanum.

3. Parasitic, each cell closing accompanied by a neighbor cell or higher with a long-

term neighbor cell, in line with the cells and any gaps. In Rubiaceae, Magnoliaceae,

Convolvulaceae, Mimosaceae.

4. Diasitik, every stoma surrounded by 2 neighbor cell, which perpendicular to fuse

long closing cells and in the rocks. In Caryophylaceae, Acanthaceae.

Based on Salibury (1995) In terms of form and the layout thickening cell wall

covering and direction somehow cells closing, stomata in to some parts, there are

following :

a. Amaryllidaceae

Cells closing if seen from the form of renal failure. The wall back slightly

lower, but his belly thicker walls, and the walls and under happened thickening

larval. These cells neighbors border with cells closing. Stomata type is usually found

in most plants dicote, sometimes there are also in category of monocot plant.

Direction of opening this type is parallel with epidermis. For example there is in the

leaves for plants Rhoeo discolor.

b. Helleborus

Cells closing if seen from the form of kidney, but on the wall back and

stomach thin. The walls and under thicker. The directional opening this type stomata

is resultant direction parallel and vertical with epidermis. For example there is in the

leaves for plants Heleborus.

c. Type Graminea

Cells covering such as halteres, cell wall covering the middle thick halteres is

bases. The end of each walls were slightly lower, while the walls and under thick.

Stomata types are found only in Gramineae/Poaceae and Cyperaceae. The directional

opening type of stomata is parallel with epidermis. For example there is in the leaves

for plants Zea mays, Oryza sativa.

d. Type Mnium

Cells form a cover at stomata is also is shaped like renal failure. The wall so thin,

But other walls can be said that it is thin or thick. Stomata forms are found in the

Bryophyta and Pteridophyta. The directional opening of type stomata is vertical with

epidermis. For example there is in the leaves for plants Adiantum.

Tipe-Tipe Stomata : 1. Teori Haberlandt : berdasarkan bentuk dan letak penebalan dinding sel penutup dan arah membukanya sel penutup yaitu: Tipe Amarylliacae: sel penutup bentuk ginjal,

dinding perut dan punggung lebih tipis dari pada dinding luar dan dalam sehingga kedudukannya stabil, arah membukanya sejajar permukaan epidermis. Contoh pada tanaman bakung. Tipe Graminae: sel penutup bentuk halter, arah penebalan sejajar dengan dinding sel, sel-sel luar bagian ujung tipis, arah membukanya sejajar permukaan epidermis.

Contoh pada Poaceae, Cyperaceae. Tipe Mnium: sel penutup bentuk ginjal, dinding perut luar dan dalam lebih tipis daripada dinding punggung, arah membukanya tegak lurus pada permukaan epidermis. Contoh pada jenis Lumut dan Pteridophyta. Tipe Halleborus: sel penutup bentuk ginjal, sel bagian dalam dan luar tebal, arah

membukanya merupakan resultan dari arah yang sejajar dan tegak lurus permukaanepidermis. Contoh jenis DicotyledonaeTeori Haberlandt : berdasarkan bentuk dan letak penebalan dinding sel penutup dan arah membukanya sel penutup yaitu: Tipe Amarylliacae: sel penutup bentuk ginjal, dinding perut dan punggung lebih tipis dari pada dinding luar dan dalam sehingga

kedudukannya stabil, arah membukanya sejajar permukaan epidermis. Contoh pada tanaman bakung. Tipe Graminae: sel penutup bentuk halter, arah penebalan sejajar dengan dinding sel, sel-sel luar bagian ujung tipis, arah membukanya sejajar permukaan epidermis. Contoh pada Poaceae, Cyperaceae. Tipe Mnium: sel penutup bentuk ginjal,

dinding perut luar dan dalam lebih tipis daripada dinding punggung, arah membukanya tegak lurus pada permukaan epidermis. Contoh pada jenis Lumut dan Pteridophyta. Tipe Halleborus: sel penutup bentuk ginjal, sel bagian dalam dan luar tebal, arah membukanya merupakan resultan dari arah yang sejajar dan tegak lurus permukaan

epidermis. Contoh jenis DicotyledonaeTeori Haberlandt : berdasarkan bentuk dan letak penebalan dinding sel penutup dan arah membukanya sel penutup yaitu: Tipe Amarylliacae: sel penutup bentuk ginjal, dinding perut dan punggung lebih tipis dari pada dinding luar dan dalam sehingga kedudukannya stabil, arah membukanya

sejajar permukaan epidermis. Contoh pada tanaman bakung. Tipe Graminae: sel penutup bentuk halter, arah penebalan sejajar dengan dinding sel, sel-sel luar bagian ujung tipis, arah membukanya sejajar permukaan epidermis. Contoh pada Poaceae, Cyperaceae. Tipe Mnium: sel penutup bentuk ginjal, dinding perut luar dan dalam lebih tipis

daripada dinding punggung, arah membukanya tegak lurus pada permukaan epidermis. Contoh pada jenis Lumut dan Pteridophyta. Tipe Halleborus: sel penutup bentuk ginjal, sel bagian dalam dan luar tebal, arah membukanya merupakan resultan dari arah yang sejajar dan tegak lurus permukaanepidermis. Contoh jenis Dicotyledonae

Teori Haberlandt : berdasarkan bentuk dan letak penebalan dinding sel penutup dan arah membukanya sel penutup yaitu: Tipe Amarylliacae: sel penutup bentuk ginjal, dinding perut dan punggung lebih tipis dari pada dinding luar dan dalam sehingga kedudukannya stabil, arah membukanya sejajar permukaan epidermis. Contoh pada tanaman bakung.

Tipe Graminae: sel penutup bentuk halter, arah penebalan sejajar dengan dinding sel, sel-sel luar bagian ujung tipis, arah membukanya sejajar permukaan epidermis. Contoh pada Poaceae, Cyperaceae. Tipe Mnium: sel penutup bentuk ginjal, dinding perut luar dan dalam lebih tipis daripada dinding punggung, arah membukanya tegak lurus pada permukaan

epidermis. Contoh pada jenis Lumut dan Pteridophyta. Tipe Halleborus: sel penutup bentuk ginjal, sel bagian dalam dan luar tebal, arah membukanya merupakan resultan dari arah yang sejajar dan tegak lurus permukaanepidermis. Contoh jenis DicotyledonaeTeori Haberlandt : berdasarkan bentuk dan letak penebalan dinding sel penutup dan

arah membukanya sel penutup yaitu: Tipe Amarylliacae: sel penutup bentuk ginjal, dinding perut dan punggung lebih tipis dari pada dinding luar dan dalam sehingga kedudukannya stabil, arah membukanya sejajar permukaan epidermis. Contoh pada tanaman bakung. Tipe Graminae: sel penutup bentuk halter, arah penebalan sejajar dengan dinding

sel, sel-sel luar bagian ujung tipis, arah membukanya sejajar permukaan epidermis. Contoh pada Poaceae, Cyperaceae. Tipe Mnium: sel penutup bentuk ginjal, dinding perut luar dan dalam lebih tipis daripada dinding punggung, arah membukanya tegak lurus pada permukaan epidermis. Contoh pada jenis Lumut dan Pteridophyta.

Tipe Halleborus: sel penutup bentuk ginjal, sel bagian dalam dan luar tebal, arah membukanya merupakan resultan dari arah yang sejajar dan tegak lurus permukaanepidermis. Contoh jenis DicotyledonaeTeori Haberlandt : berdasarkan bentuk dan letak penebalan dinding sel penutup dan arah membukanya sel penutup yaitu: Tipe Amarylliacae: sel penutup bentuk ginjal,

dinding perut dan punggung lebih tipis dari pada dinding luar dan dalam sehingga kedudukannya stabil, arah membukanya sejajar permukaan epidermis. Contoh pada tanaman bakung. Tipe Graminae: sel penutup bentuk halter, arah penebalan sejajar dengan dinding sel, sel-sel luar bagian ujung tipis, arah membukanya sejajar permukaan epidermis.

Contoh pada Poaceae, Cyperaceae. Tipe Mnium: sel penutup bentuk ginjal, dinding perut luar dan dalam lebih tipis daripada dinding punggung, arah membukanya tegak lurus pada permukaan epidermis. Contoh pada jenis Lumut dan Pteridophyta. Tipe Halleborus: sel penutup bentuk ginjal, sel bagian dalam dan luar tebal, arah

membukanya merupakan resultan dari arah yang sejajar dan tegak lurus permukaanepidermis. Contoh jenis DicotyledonaeTeori Haberlandt : berdasarkan bentuk dan letak penebalan dinding sel penutup dan arah membukanya sel penutup yaitu: Tipe Amarylliacae: sel penutup bentuk ginjal, dinding perut dan punggung lebih tipis dari pada dinding luar dan dalam sehingga

kedudukannya stabil, arah membukanya sejajar permukaan epidermis. Contoh pada tanaman bakung. Tipe Graminae: sel penutup bentuk halter, arah penebalan sejajar dengan dinding sel, sel-sel luar bagian ujung tipis, arah membukanya sejajar permukaan epidermis. Contoh pada Poaceae, Cyperaceae. Tipe Mnium: sel penutup bentuk ginjal,

dinding perut luar dan dalam lebih tipis daripada dinding punggung, arah membukanya tegak lurus pada permukaan epidermis. Contoh pada jenis Lumut dan Pteridophyta. Tipe Halleborus: sel penutup bentuk ginjal, sel bagian dalam dan luar tebal, arah membukanya merupakan resultan dari arah yang sejajar dan tegak lurus permukaan

epidermis. Contoh jenis DicotyledonaeTeori Haberlandt : berdasarkan bentuk dan letak penebalan dinding sel penutup dan arah membukanya sel penutup yaitu: Tipe Amarylliacae: sel penutup bentuk ginjal, dinding perut dan punggung lebih tipis dari pada dinding luar dan dalam sehingga kedudukannya stabil, arah membukanya

sejajar permukaan epidermis. Contoh pada tanaman bakung. Tipe Graminae: sel penutup bentuk halter, arah penebalan sejajar dengan dinding sel, sel-sel luar bagian ujung tipis, arah membukanya sejajar permukaan epidermis. Contoh pada Poaceae, Cyperaceae. Tipe Mnium: sel penutup bentuk ginjal, dinding perut luar dan dalam lebih tipis

daripada dinding punggung, arah membukanya tegak lurus pada permukaan epidermis. Contoh pada jenis Lumut dan Pteridophyta. Tipe Halleborus: sel penutup bentuk ginjal, sel bagian dalam dan luar tebal, arah membukanya merupakan resultan dari arah yang sejajar dan tegak lurus permukaanepidermis. Contoh jenis Dicotyledonae

These groups of tissue are known as tissue system, and their presence in the

root, stem, and leaf reveals both the basic similarity of the plant organs and the

continuity of the plant body. There are tissue system are ground tissue system,

vascular tissue system, and dermal tissue system. The ground tissue system consist of

three parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerencyma (Peter H. Raven et al., 1986).

Parenchyma tissue the progenitor of all other tissue, is composed of

parenchyma cells. In the primary palnt body, parenchyma cells commonly occurs as

continuous masses in the cortex of stem, in leaf mesophyll, and in the flesh of fruits.

In addition parenchyma cells occur as vertical strands of cell in the primary and

secondary vascular tissues and as horizontal strand called rays in the secondary

vascular tissues. Characteristically found living maturity, parenchyma cell are

capable of cell division, and important role in regeneration and wound healing.

Parenchyma cell also involved in such as activity as photosynthesis, storage and

secretion (Peter H. Raven et al., 1986).

Collenchyma tissue is composed collenchyma cells are living at maturity.

Collenchyma tissue commonly occur in discrete strands. It is also found bordering

the veins in dicots leaves. The typically elongated collenchyma cell contain unevenly

thickened, nonlignified primary walls, making them especially well adapted for the

support of young, and growing organs. Because collenchyma are living at maturity,

they can continue to develop thick, flexible wall while the organs in which they are

found is still elongated (Peter H. Raven et al., 1986).

Sclerenchyma tissue is composed of sclerencyma cells, which may develop in

any or all parts o the primary and secondary plant body, they often lack protoplasts at

maturity. The characteristic of sclerenchyma cells is their thick, often lignified

secondary wall. Two types of sclerenchyma cells are recognized fibers and sclereids.

Fibers are generally long, slender cells . sclereids may occurs in aggregates

throughout the ground tissue. They make up the seed coats of seed, shells of nuts, the

stone, and give pears their characteristic gritty texture (Peter H. Raven et al., 1986).

Parenchyma is referred to as basic network because many found almost in

each district it the parts of the plant, with the characteristic cells form living cells, the

structure and function are varied vacuole cell is thin, there are chloroplast and other

pigments (Kartasaputra, 1998).

According to the types, severe parenchyma is divided into several types of the

severe parenchyma palisade with round shape elongated /oval lining as pillars/fences

and in severe parenchyma palisade are cells chlorophyll /substance green leaf.

Sponge with room between cavity that is very big and not uniform, in the flower

coral reefs are chlorophyll in the number of small (no palisade). Parenchyma stars,

was named as the form that resembles a multifaceted system five stars because one

thread or more. And parenchyma fold that was found in pine and rice, in its current

form more than doubled in the direction in and contain much chloroplasts (Estiti,

1995).

While based on a function, severe parenchyma is divided into severe

parenchyma assimilation as decision-makers nutrients for the plant which are

processed from photosynthesis in leaves. Parenchyma they try to keep working in

food for the plant form photosynthesis such as proteins, sugar amilum, or fat. Severe

parenchyma water function as a place to store water in plants xerophyte /epiphyte

(water) to face dry season. Parenchyma air is referred to as aerenkim on duty to keep

air sacs in size, which consist of cells cork with a great cavity and help to keep

excess water in plants with habitat for water. And parenchyma carrier on duty carry

food process result photosynthesis to all the parts of the plant, the cells in accordance

with form extending toward it carrier (Estiti, 1995).

IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

Based on the results and discussion, it can be concluded that :

1. Epidermis tissue is the outer layer of cell of the primary plant body, and it

constitutes the dermal tissue system of leaves, floral parts, fruit, seeds, stems

and roots until they undergo considerable secondary growth. Some derivation

has in epidermis are trichomata, stomata.This is represence in stem epidermis

of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) to see the cell cork and silica cell.

Leaf adam hawa (Rheo discolor) and mize (Zea mays) to see the type of

stroma. Leaf kumis kucing (Orthosiphon stamineus) and durion (Durio

zibethinus) to see the type of trichomata.

2. The ground tissue system consists of the three so called ground tissues are

parenchyma, collenchymas, and sclerencyma. This represence in plant Taro

(Colocasia esculenta) to see the ground tissue (parenkim, aerenkim and

aktinenkim).

B. Suggestion

The suggestion for this laboratory is advisable the practicant when put

solution in object glass, or when observed keep attetion, so the result can maximally.

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