HIST 1483 Unit 3 Notes

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HIST 1483 Unit 3 Notes Chapter 10: Reading Quiz Questions The boom and bust economic cycles from 1815 to 1860 were the direct result of o The development and expansion of the new market economy Which of the following made urban expansion possible in early nineteenth century America? o Public transit Which of the following best represents the percentage of the white population that was foreign-born by 1860? o 15% In contrast to Irish immigrants, German immigrants to the United States o Were not as likely to be subjected to negative stereotyping Between 1820 and 1860, the population of free black in the United States o Rose steadily The social reform movements associated with the Second Great Awakening began in o The Burned-Over District of western New York Which of the following touched the lives of more Americans than any other reform movement? o The public education movement The Shakers were founded by o Ann Lee After having been arrested an jailed for treason, Joseph Smith o Was murdered by opponents Which of the following is true of the American Anti- Slavery Society? o The organization welcomed men and women of all races and all social classes. Chapter 11 (Part 1): The Age of Jackson and the Second Party System

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Transcript of HIST 1483 Unit 3 Notes

HIST 1483 Unit 3 Notes

Chapter 10: Reading Quiz Questions The boom and bust economic cycles from 1815 to 1860 were the direct result of The development and expansion of the new market economy Which of the following made urban expansion possible in early nineteenth century America? Public transit Which of the following best represents the percentage of the white population that was foreign-born by 1860? 15% In contrast to Irish immigrants, German immigrants to the United States Were not as likely to be subjected to negative stereotyping Between 1820 and 1860, the population of free black in the United States Rose steadily The social reform movements associated with the Second Great Awakening began in The Burned-Over District of western New York Which of the following touched the lives of more Americans than any other reform movement? The public education movement The Shakers were founded by Ann Lee After having been arrested an jailed for treason, Joseph Smith Was murdered by opponents Which of the following is true of the American Anti-Slavery Society? The organization welcomed men and women of all races and all social classes.

Chapter 11 (Part 1): The Age of Jackson and the Second Party System

Andrew Jackson The supporters of his political force came after the Era of Good Feelings Economic growth led to rising expectations and the Jacksonian Era and the Rise of the Common Man The average man won the right to participate in American politics as a vote and office holder His election represented the abolition of economic and social monopolies that grew out of the 2 party system was restored Credited with creating the nucleus of the democratic party Jackson and his followers split between Jeffersonian Republicans Class differences Laborers vs. manufacturers Old wealth vs. new wealth Increasing sectionalism North vs. South East vs. West Election of 1824 4 candidates William Crawford Southern aristocrat Republican John Quincy Adams Son of former president Secretary of state to Monroe Graduate of Harvard Henry Clay Speaker of the House Advocate of his American system Andrew Jackson Nominated by Tennessee Born in western North Carolina Lost both parents during American Revolution Became a lawyer through self-education Influence, obtaining land Battle of Horseshoe Bend Symbol of the rise of people from the bottom Made several enemies: Daniel Webster Henry Clay Tried to get Congress to censor Jacksons actions Jackson was the only candidate with national support Won more electoral votes than popular votes (43%) Nobody won a majority of the electoral votes House of Representatives voted to determine the president of the United States Henry Clay swings the vote behind John Quincy Adams

Corrupt Bargain? John Quincy Adams appoints Henry Clay to be Secretary of State Jackson supporters thought that this was a corrupt bargain Election of 1828 starts the next day after the beginning of the inauguration of 1824. Period of rapid transition Great social changes in the US Territorial expansion westward

Jackson Era New spirit of egalitarianism People began to demand for equality of opportunity Hard work and virtue should bring success Rise as far as your talents and wits will allow you Cronyism and nepotism Upward mobility remained elusive The power and influence of the common person increased Men didnt have to be rich and well-born to America held to the Doctrine of Natural Rights The expansion of political power Elimination of property qualifications Elimination of religious tests States transferred powers The common people grained more practical political power Any average American was qualified in American office New Democrats: there should be a regular turnover in presidential elections

The Election of 1824 was actually decided by Popular Vote The Electoral College The Supreme Court The House of Representatives

The Democratic Coalition 1825-1828 Diverse coalition which forms the foundation of the democratic party Eastern Workingmen: non-propertied, newly enfranchised Worked in factories and farms Farmers in the West and South: small farms, opposed to banks and speculators Favored Indian removal Suspicious of the American government Southern Planters: opposed to the federal tariff and Clays American System The party of outsiders (not the financial elites) Jacksons victory was due to Martin van Buren Camoney Hall How to hold this coalition together: Common men invaded Washington DC Jackson was forced to sneak out the Jacksons principles: A return to the Spoils System To the victim belongs the spoils Believed in rotation of office Removed those who did not Most tragic episodes in American History: Trail of Tears

The coalition of Jacksonian Democrats included all of the following EXCEPT: New York financiers Southern yeomen farmers Southern plantation owners Eastern workingmen

Presidency of Andrew Jackson Strong president Never doubted the correctness of their action Devoted his presidency to demotioning the wealth and privilege Wanted to benefit the western independent farmers and eastern workingmen Cheaper land and more credit

Three Crises of Jackson The Nullification Crisis over the Federal Tariff Congress responded with the Tariff of 1816 After the war there was a spirit of nationalism Tariffs raised duties of exports The tariff hurt them more then helped them Higher prices for goods Higher prices for southerners that they had to pay for goods from the north 1832 Congress passed a new tariff Southerners protested South Carolina farmers John C Calhoun, (1828) elected with Jackson to Vice Presidency The Doctrine of Nullification States have the power to decide whether or not something is constitutional or not States had the right to call a convention and declare and action to be null and void and unconstitutional April 13, 1830 The Jefferson Day Dinner Jackson: our union, it must be preserved: Calhoun: The union next to our liberty most dear Jackson and Calhoun relationship went sour The Peggy Eaton Affair Scandal that divided Jacksons cabinet Margaret (Peggy) ONeal fell in love with Timberlake Timberlake became a drunk and ruined his career John H. Eaton took the couple under his wing and revived Timberlakes naval career Eaton spent a lot of time with Peggy Scandalous affair Timberlake died from pulmonary disease or suicide John Eaton courts Peggy Eaton is now Secretary of War in Jacksons cabinet They get married The wife of Calhoun (Fluoride) led the campaign against Peggy ONeal Eaton Peggy is shunned Destroyed Jacksons cabinet The only way to resolve the impact was for Eaton to resign John C Calhoun: 1st vice president to resign from office Jacksons wife was scandalized Her divorce was not finalized before they were married Almost all of Jacksons cabinet officers resigned November 1832 Federal tariff was null and void Jackson responded by declaring nullification as illegal Asked congress to give him power to execute federal law Force Act Gave Jackson the power to enforce federal tariff Calhoun working in the Senate with Henry Clay Rescinded the Nullification Act Nullification Crisis passed Jacksons Bank War and recession induced by his Specie Chair' Opposition to the Second Bank of the United States Strengthened the banking system Solidified the credit of the US A private, profitmaking institution Jacksons Political opponents decided to make the bank a political issue 4 years early Jackson vetoed the bill Won reelection to presidency Became to dismantle the bank Deposited federal fund to state banks Designated one bank in each state Insisted that the state banks refuse from using paper money for small amounts Wanted to use coinage The Species Circular: prevented buying things with paper money Exchanged their bank notes for species As Jackson left office, the nation was going into an economic crisis (recession) Indian Removal

Discussion April 8: Indian Removal Jefferson: The Enlightenment Directed much of American thought during the early years of the American republic Key to science and nature, intellectualism Scientific thought, the natural world, rational thinking, logic The reason why the Founding Fathers were not very religious Influences the political structure of the early republic The uneducated didnt have a say The intellectuals had a say Only people of substantial wealth and education could vote People like Jefferson had the idea that they could uplift Native Americans and assimilate them into American society The enlightenment program was condescending and racists We need to educate and Christianize the Native Americans The enlightenment gave way in the 1800s to the Romantic Era Symbolized through Andrew Jackson A reaction to the Enlightenment Based off of emotion Love, fear People based their decisions on emotion, not rationality A string of anti-intellectualism Romantics valued what was apparent They based everything off of emotion and appearance A lot of commoners were invited to participate in the political process The commoners were so against the aristocrats that they did everything based off of feeling and apparent things Physical appearance, eye color, skin color, speech, style Americans started to make rash actions based off of appearance, feeling, emotion, love, and fear Rational thought and logic went away Native Americans were seen as different Youre different from me, and you need to go Cherokee removal 3 groups US, Andrew Jacksons Chief John Ross (Traditionalist) The Ridge, and Elias Boudinot (Progressive) 2 questions What is their position on removal? For or against? Why?

Chapter 11: Reading Quiz Questions Once people made the decision to move west, the decision of where to move was often influenced by which of the following factors? The similarity of climate between their new residence and their old residence Which of the following is true of the rendezvous? It was an annual, multi-day gathering of American, Indian, Mexican, and mixed-race fur trappers from throughout the West Most people traveling overland to California and Oregon followed which of the following routes? The South Pass Army explorer Stephen Long described the region of present-day Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska as The Great American Desert Which of the following was the dominant group in the population of Texas at the time of the Mexican independence in 1821? Indians indigenous to the area Manifest Destiny was the belief that The territorial expansion of the United States was inevitable, divinely ordained, and just. Why were Narcissa and Marcus Whitman murdered by the Cayuse Indians? The Cayuse interpreted a measles epidemic as being a deliberate assault on them by the Whitmans After 1852, anger toward the Mormons in the Utah territory increased throughout the United States for which of the following reasons? The Mormons officially sanctioned polygamy By the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851, 8 Northern Plains tribes agreed to respect tribal boundaries established by the United States government and to allow the government to build roads and forts within those boundaries By the 1850s, San Francisco Had become the West Coast gateway to the interior

Chapter 11: The Contested West (1815-1860)

What is the West? Trans-Mississippi West Who lives in the west? Indians Comanche, Sioux, Northwestern Tribes, Navajo, Pueblos, Apaches Hispanics Spanish California, New Mexico American Traders and Trappers The first immigrants into Indian territory in Oklahoma: Immigrant tribes Tribes who were removed by the Indian Removal Act/Trail of Tears

Mexico broke away from Spain in 1820 Alta California Coahuila and Texas Territory of New Mexico Sonora and Sinaloa Not well-populated Spain colonized these areas to keep others from claiming them Mexican Independence began in 1810 Shout of Delores End in Sept 21, 1821 Independence from Spain Collapse of Spanish authority created a power vacuum Collapse of the mission system California demanded that the missions be secularized Private land grants 800 private landowners (rancheros) created 8 million acres of prime land The Fur Trade In Rocky Mountains Accomplished what official government explorers had not done Explored every corner of the West to search for fur-bearing mamals that could be harvested for pelt for fashion (beaver hats) Exploration, gaining knowledge of the west Began in 1820 with Ashley Henry company Spring 1822 Send Jeddidiah Smith to the Rockys. Found a large population of beaver Mountain man era Men were sent to the mountains to trap Rendezvous Henrys fort Week-long circus in the wilderness The Fur trade died out in 1840s by changing fashions (Went out of style)

Fandango Americans living in Texas Moses Austin was succeeded by his son Stephen F. Austin The government of Mexico gave them 4428 acres of land Had to be a Mexican citizen, and hat to convert to Catholicism Further immigration was encouraged Why did they come? Manifest Destiny: The continental aspirations of American Americans shared a political superiority over people of other nations Basic hunger for land

In the decade of the 1830s, all of the following people lived west of the Mississippi River EXCEPT: Mexicans in New Mexico and California American Fur Traders and trappers Mormon colonists in Utah American colonists in Texas

Manifest Destiny Heres to the United States, bounded on the north by British America, on the south by Mexico, on the east by In the 1820s, Mexican authorities were alarmed by what was happening with American immigrants General Manuel was sent to Texas, Told authorities that

Mexico abolished slavery in the colony of Texas Set up a command of military posts General Antonio Lopez de Santana Overthrew Mexicos constitutional government Santana was arrested and sent to prison for 2 years Made a new constitution Wanted to attract Mexican liberals to overthrow Santana Prepared for war

183 American and Mexican defenders of Texas diedJames Fannon and his men surrendered

800 Texas overthrew Santanas army and won the war

Martin Van Buren alienated southern members (Whigs) Whigs: the alternate party Election of 1840 Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison Hero of Tippecanoe Easily defeated Martin van Buren in elections Was inaugurated in the rain with a 2 hour speech Caught pneumonia and died within 2 months of his presidency. Vice president, John Tyler (Democrat) rejected the entire Whig program Whig supporters were furious All but 1 member of the Cabinet resigned Election of 1844 Henry Clay vs. James K. Polk Henry Clay Leader of the Whig Party James K. Polk Former Speaker of the House Not that well known Capitalized on national expansion Embraced the logic of manifest destiny 54 40 or fight Wanted re-annexation of Texas Clay lost to Polk by 5,000 votes and the electoral in the state of New York Texas gains independence and exists as a republic James K. Polk Most ardently expanded president Acquisition of California Wanted to buy California for Mexico But, Mexico was still mad about the Texas wars Boundary dispute over the Boundary of New Mexico and Texas The president of Mexico refused to talk about selling California and New Mexico If war came, Mexico would have an advantage because Mexico had an army 5 times larger than Americas. In January 1846, orderd general Zachary Taylor to travel to the Rio Grande boundary and leaves his army there (intending to start a war) April 25, 1846 Mexico attacked a small US army, and forced to surrender. Polk had the excuse he needed to start the war Declared that the state of war already existed by the act of Mexico itself Congress Designed to California, New Mexico, and Texas Infantry march over the American South west to capture Santa Fe and New Mexico New Mexicos 18,500 inhabitants became American citizens US send armed forces to kill the Claim the republic of California Bear Flag Rebellion US Army Captain: John C. Fremont Kerne arrives from New Mexico Fremont won the Battle of San Gabriel

All of the following served as presidents of the United States in the decade of the 1840s, EXCEPT: Henry Clay William Henry Harrison James K. Polk John Tyler

Zachary Taylor was being called a War Hero (Whig) Ordered to stand on defenses Americans accomplished everything they set out to do Solution: dispatch Winfield Scott into the heart of Mexico to unload 14,000 troops and march to Mexico City Defeated Santanas army 3 times Occupied Mexico City The Mexican government collapsed -> the war was over Polk captured Mexico Nicholas Tris Ignored his orders and stayed in Mexico city to end the war Polk was furious Polk had little choice but to accept what Tris did Treaty of Guadalupe Assume the debts of its claims against Mexico Pay the Mexican government $15,000

Chapter 12: Reading Quiz Questions Andrew Jackson enhanced executive power relative to the power of congress by making a major political weapon out of The presidential veto Why did President Jackson reject the doctrine of nullification? He believed that sovereignty rested with the people; therefore, he did not accept the idea of state sovereignty Which of the following was a consequence of the Wilmot Proviso? It transformed the debate over the War with Mexico into a debate over the expansion of Slavery The proposal for popular sovereignty called for deciding the issue of slavery in the territories through a Decision by the residents in each territory Which of the following is true of the Compromise of 1850? It included a stronger fugitive slave law In Uncle Toms Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe Brought the issue of slavery home to many who had never before given it much thought What seems to have been Stephen Douglass intent with the Kansas-Nebraska Bill? He wanted to promote the construction of a Midwestern transcontinental railroad The American Party of the mid-1850s (the Know-Nothings_ drew its primary support from those who feared Foreigners In the Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott was not a United States citizen John Browns raid at Harpers Ferry increased anger in the South because It was revealed that Brown had financial backing from several prominent abolitionists

The Compromise of 1850 and Political DisunionThe Decade of the 1840s US/Mexico War Bringham Young is bringing latter-day saints to the Great Basin Parties are beginning to get to California (Donner Party gets snowed in in 1846, cannibalism) The discovery of Gold in California

Elements of Political Failure Issue or issues that defy political solutions Typically issues that become moral questions Refuse to compromise = impossible governance (Abortion, etc.) Geographical divisions that promote sectionalism Easier for people to divide among regional lines, rather than age, gender, or religious beliefs Weak leadership that places party above country The Impending Crisis

David Wilmot His amendment would prohibit slavery from going into any land that might be acquired from Mexico Wilmot Proviso Blocked in the SenateNorthern Abolition Movement Fueled by an abiding faith in free labor and social mobility which could be obtained by gaining free land in the west

Louis Cass Anti-Wilmot Democrat Popular sovereignty People in each territory should be able to decide for themselves, and leave congress out of it.

Whigs (led by Henry Clay) Opposed Cass Military hero formula Zachary Taylor Elected, then died Whig Slave-owner from Louisiana

Free-Soil Party (3rd Party) Martin Van Buren Members of both parties who refused to ignore the slavery question 300,000 votes

The congressional amendment that attempted to prohibit the introduction of slavery into the territories acquired form Mexico was called the Missouri Compromise Fugitive Slave Act Wilmot Proviso Compromise of 1850

Zachary Taylor Devoid of political experience Mexican Cession 1848 85,000 people flooding to California (but there is no national government there) Chaos and minor disorganization Anarchy San Francisco Absence of lawmaking Taylors solution: encourage New Mexicans and Californians to draw constitutions and send them straight to Congress for statehood (skipping the territorial stage) Set the stage for the Civil War Both applied for Free States

The Congressional Dilemma Extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Delay statehood while residents of the territory decide the matter Popular Sovereignty Adopt the Wilmot Proviso formula for admission Protect slavery in all of the territories.

A ban on slavery in the territories would be

The boundary between Texas and New Mexico was being disputed.The existence of slavery and the slave trade within the District of Columbia Absence of a fugitive slave law in The Underground Railroad A network of sympathetic people who assisted slaves from escaping from the south and into the NorthDelegates threatened to leave the union unless the fugitive slave law existed

December 1849 Congressional Debates Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John C Calhoun Henry Clay offered his proposal to resolve the conflict Attempted to address all issues regarding the north and south debate California admitted as a free state (Indians slavery and Chinese women slavery) New Mexico and Utah as slave states Texas would relinquish its claim on Mexico Congress enacts an astringent fugitive slave law Slavery permitted in DC, but slave trade was abolished

John C Calhoun Dying of tuberculosis Gave his speech through a colleague Argued that the only way to save the union was to stop arguing about slavery Grant the south an equal right to all territory The south would have no choice but to cesseed the union if these needs were not met

Daniel Webster Changed his position to support Henry Clay 7th of the March speech Preservation of the union Both sides support the compromise Climate and geography made sure that slavery would not be possible in these new territories Northerners were outrages at his change in position Reassured the south that compromise was still possible

Zachary Taylor died of a gastrointestinal disorder

Douglass decided to abandon Clays proposal Broke up proposals into smaller bits Sept 1850, The compromise of 1850 were passed into law California entered as a free state Utah and New Mexico enter as territory Texas received $10,000,000 Fugitive slave law was adopted Slave trade was restricted in DC Compromise was only a temporary solution None of the fundamental questions have actually been resolved, they have only been postponedHarriet Tubman Freed 300 slaves through the Underground Railroad Slaves didnt have any due process rights The runaways were tried by a special commission that could send them back through an affidavit

The Sentinel of the South who defended slavery and threatened secession if Congress prohibited slavery in the territories was: David Wilmot Stephen A Douglas John C Calhoun Daniel Webster

Uncle Toms Cabin Fictionalized account of slavery Strong influence on public opinions

Proposal to build a transcontinental railroad 1853 government surveyed potential routes to California Central route was most controversial Stephen A. Douglas Wanted to be president Supported the transcontinental railroad that ended in Chicago Kansas territory and Nebraska Bill Specifically repealed the Missouri compromise Northern states could become slave states By popular sovereignty (the states would decide for themselves) Kansas and Nebraska would have to be open territory Stipulated that popular sovereignty would be the basis of slave/free state population Northern Whigs were against the Kansas-Nebraska Act Southern Democrats were for the Act Northern Democrats were split Popular Sovereignty became a farce because Missouri and Kansas did not get along Free-soilers held their own elections Won Douglas support in the south because it opened new lands for slavery 800 pro-slavery men ransacked Lawrence John Brown took revenge Hacked children to death with axes Charles Sumner gave a 2 day speech (Crime Against Kansas) Andrew Butlers nephew (Crestin Brooks) Hit Sumner with a cane Brooks became a hero in his hometown Party Realignment: shift in party movement American Party Know-nothing party Massive Irish and German immigration from the 1840s Anti-foreign/cathoilic bigotry Secret fraternal society -> The American Party Did not make public their anti-immigration stance Abraham Lincoln I am not a know-nothing, How could I be?...all men are created equal except Negroes, foreigners, and Catholics The know nothing party undermined the capacity of major parties to contain the slavery issue 1856 Republican party John C Fremont, 1st presidential candidate Catholic drunkard, black abolitionist Did not receive a single electoral vote in the south James Buchannan became the new president Dominated by southern sympathizers

Which political party emerged in the late 1840s and disappeared with a decade? The Whig Party The Republican Party The Federalist Party The Know-Nothing Party

James Buchannan 1st crisis: March 1857 most infamous in supreme court history Dred Scott vs. Sandford Scotts were taken by their owner into Illinois and to Wisconsin Upon the death of the master, Dred Scott sued for the freedom of himself for living in a free state The pro-southern majority said that he had no right to sue his master because they were not citizens of the US, and had no standing in the court. Dred Scott Congress has no right to prohibit slavery in the territories Congress could not determine the rights of the people who settled there The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional The first time since Marbury vs. Madison that the Supreme Court declared something unconstitutional

Late 1857 Gerrymandering Kansas was outnumbered and Gerrymandered the district to win La Compton Constitution: Drafted a constitution that would bring Kansas into the union as a Salve State Passes, but the Anti-slavery forces held their own delegation Voters could vote on the continuation of importation or exportation of slaves. Anti-slavery forces create a New constitution outlawed slavery Buchannan embraced the LA Compton Constitution Stephen A. Douglass publically denounced the president who was from his own democratic party The administration insisted that he was expelled from the democratic party Douglass took the Northern democrats with him Abraham Lincoln Challenged Douglass to (7) formal debates Lincoln became a leading spokesman for a republican anti-slavery A house divided against itself cannot stand Free-port doctrine: could refuse to enact the policing regulations necessary to force slavery into institution Douglass retained his senate seat But lost his chance as presidency

The Dred Scott vs. Sanford decision declared all of the following EXCEPT: Dred Scott was a citizen of the United States Congress could not prohibit slavery in the territories The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional Dred Scott had no right to sue for his freedom

August 1859 John Brown secretly met with Frederick Douglass (former slaves) to discuss a plan to spark a massive slave uprising in Virginia In Harpersberry Distribute weapons to slaves and have a massive slave uprising October: Brown led 18 men to seize the federal arsenal Robert E. Lee dispatched marines to capture John Brown and his raiders John brown was found guilty of treason, and murder Was hanged after stating that his life was a martyr against slavery The majority of Northerners wanted to free the slaves Cessions was the Souths only hope The underlying factor was the slave question All of them accept that slavery could be settled through the democratic process Could not be compromised Not the only cause of the civil war, but the one cause without which the war could not take placePresidential election of 1860 Abraham Lincoln became the spokesman of the anti-slavery republican party A republican victory in 1860 would mean war The election of 1860 was not a mandate for anything Abraham Lincoln received less than 40% of the vote 1.9 million votes as opposed to 1.4 for Stephen Douglass Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Georgia, and Texas voted to secede from the union Election is held South Carolina begins to secede The elected president hasnt taken office yet Buchannan became a lame duck (worst president in American history) Delegates held a convention in Montgomery, Alabama to draft a new constitution The Confederate States of America Constitution was similar to that of the United States Slavery and the institution of slavery was legalized Recognized the sovereignty of the states Strong support of the Confederacy in New York Because cotton form the south is transported to New York Fernando Wood wanted New York to secede too. Wanted to extend the Missouri Compromise line

Chapter 13: Reading Quiz Questions President-elect Lincoln decided to stand firm against the extension of slavery into the territories. Which of the following was a reason for that decision? He believed that accepting a compromise would break the bond of faith between himself and those who had voted for him The northern naval blockade of southern ports was Weak at first, but increasingly effective as the war continued As a consequence of the Battle of Shiloh, General Grant realized that a complete conquest of the South would be necessary to save the Union A Union victory in this battle cut the Confederacy in half and gave Union forces control of the Mississippi River The Battle of Vicksburg

Abraham Lincoln Faced the greatest crisis Rival government Resident elect of the new confederate state was born in Kentucky (Jefferson Davis) Southern soldiers were defecting against the confederacy March of 1860 In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you. He must by his oath of office, protect the union Lincoln has no choice but to wage war against them

The Civil War, 1860-1865 The bloodiest of all American civil wars The pivot point in American history The most decisive event in the history of the American republic The Union is preserved in the end. Fort Sumter: in the heart of Charleston Harbor South Carolina is the first state to secede This created a dilemma for Abraham Lincoln If he did nothing, then Garrison would have to surrender his forces If he sent reinforcements, it would lead to a fight. The administration The army was sending provisioning expedition to for Sumter to provide provisions for Garrisons forces Surrendered, although none of his men were killed 1st casualty came when Anderson ordered a 50-gun salute that led to an explosion that killed one of the gunners. South Carolina opened fire Lincoln issued a call for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion in the south 4 more states in the Confederacy (Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina, Virginia) Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware = Border States The Northern States Windfield Scott: too old and too fat to ride a horse Commander of the army Anaconda Plan Blockade the southern ports New Orleans, Charleston Take control of Mississippi River Separate Louisiana from Texas Strike/Invade deep into southern territories with northern armies Critics: too slow of a plan The Union Army of the Potomac Washington DC, Maryland, Virginia General Erwin McDowell Marched soldiers south towards Richmond The Battle of Bull Run (both armies were amateur) South: New York: Red pants, navy coats People came from Washington to picnic and watch the battle The Union army fell apart and ran back to Washington Beauregard Bull Run Lessons: Politicians realized that it would be a long war Lincoln issued a new call for volunteers to serve for 3 years

Winfield Scotts Anaconda Plan included all of the following elements EXCEPT: Blockade of Southern Ports Control of the Mississippi River Capture Richmond Invade deep into Confederate (South) territory

William McClellan Lincoln replaces Erwin McDowell with George McClellan as General Turned it into a professional army Needed the Border States to win the war Lincoln ordered the arrest of Southern Confederates Suspended habeas corpus Became a military dictator Sidney Johnston Columbia, Mississippi, Bowmans Green Ulysses Grant In charge of capturing 2 forts on the Cumberland River and Timberland River. Allowing them to take Kentucky and bring them into the Confederacy 40,000 troops in Shallow Church 15,000 reinforcements (at the Battle of Shiloh) 24,000 casualties April A flag officer of the US Navy ran past confederate forts on the Mississippi River to capture New Orleans Early in the war, the Union is able to win 2 signal victories in the west and capture New Orleans. Time was on the side of the Confederates

March 1862 AskedBut military text books and stufy them overnight Union and Confedeate werled by military commander

Mili Jomene argued that infnay j The results were disastrous for the attacking Mini bullet: made of soft leaf; fire, expanded, gave the bullet more motion Cans full of lead slugs to cut down tree Lethal and effective at close range

The average civil war solider had everything going against him. George McClellan was popular with his recruits because they were on his side.

Union Flag Officer David Farragut makde his reputation by capturing the Confderate city of Richmond New Orleans Vicksburg Charleston

Robert E Lee

Lincoln worried that if McClellan took Maryland, The Confederacy would be able to take Washington DC. Withdrew some forces to keep them in Washington Yorktown/Penninsular Campagin McClellan was too cautious Poor intelligence gathering from his scouts Thought he fought more Confederate troops than he actually did McClellan is winning, but he felt betrayed that Lincoln took some of his forces away McClellan was replaced by general Hallock John Pope was exiled to Minnesota McClellan took command again Democrats were divided into 2 factions Wanted Peace: copperheads Lincoln tested the limits of presidential power Moderates: supported Lincolns approach to support the Union Radicals: wanted of all slaves

Lincoln wanted to free all slaves, but he had to wait until the Union won some kind of victory Jefferson-Davis: The Confederacy was already falling apart Soverign states were less willing to meet the national crisis of the confederacy Robert E Lee would Invade the North Prove to England and Frances that the south was going to win the civil war Sept 1862 Battle of Antietam The Union (McClellan) had a copy of Lees plan, but McClellan was too slow to put his army in motion McClellan had 70,000 union troops Lee had 19,000 troops More Confederate forces arrived from Harpersbury McClellan broke off the attack Robert E Lees army withdrew from the field Lincoln was furious and replaces McClellan

Generals of the Union Army of the Potomac McDowell McClellan Pop McClellan Burnside Hooker Meade

Battle of Vicksburg Closed the Mississippi River

Battle of Gettysburg Adsf

Meade

William Rosecrans Relieved of command

Chattanooga The union was trapped for several weeks The possibility of a union apocalypse stunned the Washington leadership into action Reinforcements were sent for Grants army The union forces charged up Missionary Ridge without orders To clear it of Confederates Sent the Confederate army retreating back into Georgia Ulysses S. Grant Known to drink heavily Lincoln placed him in command of the entire Union army Knew hoe to use the army to win Not a superb tactician Advantage in manpower and material Every time they marched towards Richmond, there is a decisive battle that ends in the defeat of the Union who then retreats back to Washington. Saw the existence of the Confederacy relied on Joe Johnsons army in Tennessee U.S Grants Solution: concentrate the Confederate armies Destroy both Confederate armies to destroy the confederacy Take the Army of the Potomac and pursue Send William Tecumseh to pursue Johnsons confederate army

Shermans Total War on Georgia Shermans neckties The last grat

Grant vs. Lee Grants role was to coordinate and direct a campaign Grant led his 120,000 army southward April 1864 The Wilderness Remnants of trenches Lee used trenches to hide Lees men were outnumbered 2:1 The woods caught fire Men choked and died in the fire Grant pulled his army back out of the woods Turned his men to the south For the first time, the Union army does not have to retreat back to Washington to rebuild. Spotsylvania Courthouse Grant withdraw south again North Anna River May 23rd King of Spades

The men ordered to attack at Cold Harbor Pinned their addresses to their jackets in order to make sure their body would be identified. Grant attacked 60,000 men. Lasted 8 minutes 8,000 union soldiers fell Single bloodiest charge of the Civil War Grant withdrew Marches of PetersburgSiege of Petersburg Men started digging in Fortifications around Petersburg strengthened

Grants troops cheered him when, after being defeated at the Wilderness Battle, he turned their columns and marched them North towards Washington East toward naval reinforcements South towards Richmond West towards Shenandoah Valley

The Union could not break through Petersburg = Stalemate The only solution was to get underground They built trenches 48th Pennsylvania regimen made of coalminers to build a mineshaft under the confederate lines built an enormous amount of explosives and made a crater Battle of the Crater African American troops were trained to go in, but were replaced with fresh units Union suffered 4,000 casualties Fall and Winter of 1864 and 1865 Lees army is being converged upon by North and South The remaining Confederate army was being squeezed between the Union Army Grant is travelling South and West near railroad lines To cut the railroad supplies for Petersburg to surrender Leaves the Confederate army to whiter away April 1865 General Lee had few remaining options Evacuated his forces form Petersburg and Richmond to travel west and link with his army in Tennessee He could never get there because the union army kept interfering April 1865 Union army blocked his path at Appomattox Courthouse General Lee surrenders April 9th surrendered his army. Civil war is over. Wilmer McLean: Battle of Bull run house was attacked when the war began Moved to Appomattox where the war ended Lee asked Grant if they could keep their horses and mules The Anaconda Plan succeeded The North had an advantage in military and economic/industrial power The Confederate government was based on states right The Confederate states refused to cooperate

Gettysburg Address Can the majority continue to govern? Right and privileges must be protects or majority rule becomes tyrannical The interests and causes of the minority can tear a nation apart Cessation crisis of 1861

Civil War Consequences Economic destruction of the south 43% decline in wealth emancipation of 4 million slaves 1 out of 5 soldiers dies South lost 1 in 4 men The cost of the Civil War well exceeds $1 million

The South lost the Civil War for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: Government based on States Rights proved to be unsuited for total war Winfield Scotts Anaconda Plan ultimately worked The North held significant advantages in manpower and industry The Army of Northern Virginia suffered from incompetent commanders

Post- Civil War5 days after surrender at AppomattoxJohn Wilkes Booth assassinated Abraham Lincoln in Fords Theatre

Reconstruction A challenge to the American System The post civil war era is one of the most troubling and controversial in American history because it was a period

3 kinds of reconstruction Economic Plantation economy was destroyed Textile steel shipping Tobacco Political Need to bring the Confederate states back into the Union Did they really leave, or was the Union indestructible? Real consequences in how former Confederate states would be treated Social After the war, the races had drifted apart. Social reconstruction needed to address racial tension and inequality Revolved around the status of the former slaves (freedmen)

Assume you are the president of the US. Andrew Johnson replaces LincolnWhat are you going to do about the 4 million newly freed African Americans? Food and shelter Job that pays good money to sustain life Job training programs/education Citizenship/Political Rights (Voting)

Blacks left the plantations to find family that had been sold away Blacks were illiterate Educational opportunities were suppressed severely Did not have much skill besides domestic servants and farmers The Constitution says that slaves would be counted as 3/5th of a person for taxation and representation purposes Dred Scott: slaves are not people within the law The federal governen Federal homestead act of 1862 allowed people to carve out a homestead of 160 acres provided they live in the land for 5 years and harvest it for $10 Welfare of the people = local/private Churches, charities, philanthropists, soup kitchen, etc. Former owners did not have their slaves best interest at heart

Theories of Reconstruction Moderate Northerners (rebellion was the act of a few disloyal individuals, not states) Felt that the southern union had a problem of disloyal leadership The union could be restored after loyalty was restored Radical Republicans (mixed opinions on reconstruction) Rep. Thaddeus Stevens, Sen. Charles Sumner, and the Compromise position State suicide Forfeited their rights as state by leaving the union Leaving them at the mercy of Congress to let them back in Southern Position The states never left the union

Lincolns Reconstruction Propose a system to bring the south back into the union Proclamation of Amnesty (1863) Criticized that it was too lenient 10% Rule The states could come back to union after 10% in the voting electorate would take an oath of loyalty to the United States Criticized that 10% was not a majority Union never dissolved As if cessation had never taken placeLincoln was replaced by Andrew Johnson Didnt favor Lincolns program Wanted to destroy the southern aristocracy Andrew Johnsons Reconstruction: Destroy the southern aristocracy Reestablish the alliance between the South and the West Appointed provisional governors and conditional amnesty Summer 1865 when Congress was not in session Run the administration based on his executive authority Declared it complete within 8 months of the end of the war States of the south were to delete cessation, abolish slavery, repudiate war debts, and ratify the 13th amendment (abolishes the outlaw of slavery) Andrew Johnson does nothing for the former slaves

Lincolns Plan for Reconstruction included all of the following EXCEPT: Destruction of the Southern Aristocracy (Johnsons Reconstruction) Loyalty oaths taken by 10% of voters Proclamations of amnesty The assertion that the Union never dissolved

The radicals in congress position was strengthened by conduct

Radical Republicans Strengthened The conduct of the post-War South strengthened the Radical Republicans, like Thaddeus Stevens Slave Codes make them people, but their rights were still restricted Could not work anywhere but in the fields or as domestic servants Mississippi required blacks to sign 12 month labor contracts, or labor was sold to the highest bidder on the open market Most of the southern states elected new members to congress who were former Confederate leaders Congress vs. The Presidency Congress refused the seat the elected former Confederates The session was overwhelmingly republican Passed a civil rights bill that Johnson vetoed Freemans bureau bill was controversial (1st federal relief bill) 18 million rations 5 millions went to dislocated white settlers Joint committee of House and Senate proposed an amendment to the Constitution (14th Amendment) All people born in the United states are citizens of the United States and the states wherein they reside Former-Slaves became citizens as long as they were born here But not Indians (until 1924) Everyone who is a citizen must be treated the same way States cannot treat their citizens unequally The black coats were unconstitutionalElection of 1866 The Swing around the Circle Tour (Johnson) Reconstruction plan and 14th amendment Congress was overwhelmingly republic Congress takes over reconstruction

Program of Radical Reconstruction The Reconstruction Acts (1867): divided the South into 5 military districts Under the jurisdiction of martial law If the southern states ratified the 14th amendment, theyw oudl not be divided Command of the Army Act Tenure in Office Act: contributed the Johnsons impeachment Could not fire appointees without Congressional approval These laws do not do anything to the freedmen, but the 14th amendment is a political remedy Andrew Johnson fired Edward Stanton Stanton buried himself in the office

How impeachment works: House committees draft articles of impeachment House of Representatives votes to impeach which means the indict Senate of United States conducts a trial, with senators serving as jurors Conviction and removal requires a 2/3rds vote

Johnson was not convicted 1 vote short to remove him from office

The Failure of Reconstruction As a result of the Radical orchestrated impeachment trial, Johnson became the lamest of lam duck presidents Mississippi elected 2 black senators Educated, conservative, Republicans benefitted from blacks (GOP=grand ol party of Lincoln) Ulysses Grant was elected presidency1868 Presidential Election African Votes from the south vote for Grant as president 5th Amendment is ratified Left out Gender

Andrew Johnson was impeached for his alleged violation of: The Command of the Army Act The First Reconstruction Act The Third Reconstruction Act The Tenure in Office Act

Radical Reconstruction is overthrown

Redemption or Race War? Social ostracism Shunned politically and socially Economic pressure Use of terrorist tactics by organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan Nathan Bedford Forest 7,000 indictments Race violence

By late 1870s, 3 states in the south still had reconstruction governmentsSouth Carolina, Florida, Louisiana (disputed votes)

Radical Reconstruction in retrospect How radical was reconstruction? The most radical thing the government accomplished was freeing the slaves and giving them elementary civil rights No confederate leaders were ever brought to trial for treason. Even Jefferson Davis escaped trial The General Amnesty Act of 1872 removed political restrictions from all but a handful of Southerners Conclusion: Radical reconstruction was remarkably mild

1876 Election Controversy Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) vs. Samuel J. Tilden (Democrat) Election Results: Tilden: 184 electoral votes Hayes: 165 electoral votes Disputed: 20 electoral votes 185 necessary to win

Congress could not decide how to divide those 20 disputed votes.A committee was constructed to determine the votes by 7 to 8.All 20 disputed votes went to Republican votes for HayesCompromise of 1877.

The reconstruction governments collapsed, resulting in the Jim Crow segregation

Chapter 14: Reading Quiz Questions Freed slaves, after the Civil War, Showed a great desire for education as the means of escaping the ignorance of slavery Which of the following was true of Andrew Johnson? Although from Tennessee, he remained in the Senate after his state seceded from the Union The black codes enacted in the South after the Civil War showed that southerners Sought to return African Americans to a position of servility The section of the Fourteenth Amendment that has the greatest legal significance in subsequent years was the section that Conferred citizenship on freedmen and prohibited states from abridging of their constitutional rights The First Reconstruction Act Guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in elections for state constitutional conventions and in subsequent elections In an attempt to limit President Johnsons powers and safeguard its own Reconstruction plan, Congress, Passed legislation requiring the president to issue military orders through the General of the Army The Fifteenth Amendment Stipulated that states could not deny the right to vote on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude Reconstruction governments in the South Encouraged investment in industry After the Civil War, the main purpose of the Ku Klux Klan in the South was to Use intimidation and violence to weaken the Republican coalition so that a Democratic majority could be returned to power The outcome of the disputed presidential election of 1876 was significant because it Brought and end to Reconstruction