Hindlimb Imaging Quiz
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Transcript of Hindlimb Imaging Quiz
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Hindlimb Imaging QuizDeveloped by: Sorcha McCaughley & Mark BrimsApproved by: Alison King & Maureen BainSupported by: The Chancellor’s Fund
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Hindlimb Imaging Quiz
START!
Developed by: Sorcha McCaughley & Mark BrimsSupported by: The Chancellor’s Fund
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Dog Hindlimb
• Choose a region:– Pelvis Q1– Pelvis Q2– Stifle Q3– Stifle Q4– Tarsus Q5– Foot Q6
Comparative Hindlimb
• Choose a species:– Cat– Horse– Horse 2– Ruminant– Pig
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Dog Pelvis Q1• (i) What is A?
– Ischium– Ilium– Acetabulum
• (ii) What is B?– Ischium– Ilium– Acetabulum
• (iii) What is C?– Ischiatic Arch– Acetabulum– Pubis
• (iv) What is D?– Acetabulum– Obturator Foramen– Symphysis Pelvis
A
B
C
D
Canine
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Correct
• Yes! A is the Ilium!
• Here is another example.
• Try (ii)!• Choose a new question.
Iliac Crest
Wing of Ileum
Body of Ileum
Iliac Crest
Wing of Ileum
Body of Ileum
Feline
Canine
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Incorrect • No, A is not the Ischium.
• The Ischium is labelled in this x-ray.
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
IschiumIschiatic Tuberosity
Canine
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Incorrect • No, A is not the
Acetabulum.
• The Acetabulum is labelled in this x-ray.
• Try again!• Choose a new question. Acetabulum &
Head of Femur
Canine
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Correct • Yes! B is the Ischium!
• Here is another example.
• Try (iii)!• Choose a new question.
IschiumIschiatic Tuberosity
Canine
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Incorrect
• No, B is not the Ilium.
• The Ilium is labelled in these x-rays.
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Iliac Crest
Wing of Ilium
Body of Ilium
Wing of Ilium
Feline
Canine Iliac Crest
Body of Ilium
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Incorrect • No, B is not the
Acetabulum.
• The Acetabulum is shown in this x-ray.
• Try again!• Choose a new question. Acetabulum &
Head of Femur
Canine
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Correct • Yes! C is the
Acetabulum!
• Here is another example.
• Try (iv)!• Choose a new question. Acetabulum &
Head of Femur
Canine
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Incorrect • No, C is not the Ischiatic
Arch.
• The Ischiatic Arch is labelled in this x-ray.
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Ischiatic Arch
Canine
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Incorrect • No, C is not the Pubis.
• The Pubis is labelled in this x-ray.
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Pubis
Canine
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Correct • Yes! D is the Obturator
Foramen!
• Here is another example.
• What nerve passes through the obturator foramen and what is its function?
• Answer
• Try Dog Pelvis Q2!• Choose a new question.
Obturator Foramen
Canine
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Answer• The obturator nerve
passes through the obturator foramen.
• It supplies the adductor muscles of the hindlimb.
Go Back!
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Incorrect • No, D is not the
Acetabulum.
• The Acetabulum is labelled in this x-ray.
• Try again!• Choose a new question. Acetabulum &
Head of Femur
Canine
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Incorrect • No, D is not the
Symphysis Pelvis.
• The Symphysis Pelvis is labelled in this x-ray.
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Symphysis Pelvis - unfused
Canine
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Dog Pelvis Q2• (i) What is A?
– Humerus– Femur– Tibia
• (ii) What is B?– Head of Femur– Greater Trochanter– Greater Tubercle
• (iii) What is C?– Greater Tubercle– Head of Femur– Greater Trochanter
A
B
C
Canine
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Correct • Yes! A is the Femur!
• Here is another example.
• Try (ii)!• Choose a new question.
Femur
Canine
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Incorrect • No, A is not the
Humerus.
• Remember: the Humerus is in the Forelimb!
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Humerus
Scapula
Canine
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Incorrect • No, A is not the Tibia.
• Remember: the Tibia is located between the stifle and tarsal joints in the region known as the crus.
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Canine
Femur
Fibula
Tibia
This dog has some Osteoarthritis
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Correct • Yes! B is the Head of the
Femur!
• Here is another example.
• Try (iii)!• Choose a new question.
Head of Femur
Canine
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Incorrect • No, B is not the Greater
Trochanter.
• This x-ray shows the Greater Trochanter.
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Greater Trochanter
Canine
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Incorrect • No, B is not the Greater
Tubercle.
• The Greater Tubercle is shown in these x-rays.
– Remember: it is found on the Humerus, in the Forelimb!
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Greater Tubercle
Greater Tubercle
Canine
Canine
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Correct • Yes! C is the Greater
Trochanter!
• Here is another example.
• Try Dog Stifle Q3!• Choose a new question.
Greater Trochanter
Canine
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Incorrect • No, C is not the Greater
Tubercle.
• The Greater Tubercle is shown in these x-rays.
– Remember: it is found on the Humerus, in the Forelimb!
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Greater Tubercle
Greater Tubercle
Canine
Canine
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Incorrect • No, C is not the Head of
the Femur.
• The Head of the Femur is shown in this x-ray.
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Head of Femur
Canine
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Dog Stifle Q3• (i) What is A?
– Head of the Femur– Condyle of the Femur– Trochlear Ridge
• (ii) What is B?– Fibula– Radius– Tibia
• (iii) What is C?– Fibula– Ulna– Tibia
• (iv) What is D?– Trochlear Ridge – Tibial Tuberosity– Tibial condyle
A
B
C
D
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Correct • Yes! A is the Condyle of
the Femur!
• Here is another example.
• Try (ii)!• Choose a new question.
Condyles of Femur
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Incorrect • No, A is not the Head of
the Femur.
• The Head of the Femur is located at the Proximal end of the Femur.
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Head of Femur
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Incorrect • No, A is not the Trochlear
Ridge of the Femur.
• The Trochlear Ridge of the Femur is located on the Cranial aspect of the Femur.
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Trochlear ridge of femur
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Correct • Yes! B is the Fibula!
• Here is another example.– Remember: the Fibula is
the smaller of the two bones distal to the stifle. It is non- weight bearing
• Try (iii)!• Choose a new question.
Fibula
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Incorrect • No, B is not the Radius.
• Remember: the Radius is found in the Forelimb!
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Radius
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Incorrect • No, B is not the Tibia.
• Remember: the Tibia is the larger of the two bones distal to the stifle! It is weight bearing
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Tibia
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Correct • Yes! C is the Tibia!
• Here is another example.– Remember: the Tibia is
the larger of the two bones distal to the stifle! It is weight bearing
• Try (iv)!• Choose a new question.
Tibia
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Incorrect • No, C is not the Fibula.
• Remember: the Fibula is the smaller of the two bones distal to the stifle. It is non- weight bearing
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Fibula
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Incorrect • No, C is not the Ulna.
• Remember: the Ulna is found in the Forelimb!
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Ulna
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Correct • Yes! D is the Tibial
Tuberosity!
• Here is another example.
• Try Dog Stifle Q4!• Choose a new question.
Tibial Tuberosity
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Incorrect • No, D is not the
Trochlear Ridge.
• The Trochlear Ridge is shown in this x-ray.– Remember: it is on the
femur
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Trochlear Ridge
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Incorrect • No, D is not the Tibial
Condyle.
• The Tibial condyles are shown in this x-ray.– Remember: there are 2
of them and they form part of the stifle joint
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Tibial condyle
Tibial condyle
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Dog Stifle Q4• (i) What is A?
– Popliteal sesamoid– Fabella– Patella
• (ii) What is B?– Popliteal sesamoids– Fabellae– Patella
• (iii) Do you know what the shock absorbing structures found in the stifle are called?– Answer.
A
B
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Correct • Yes! A is the Patella!
• Here is another example.
• Try (ii)!• Choose a new question.
Patella
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Incorrect • No, A is not the
Popliteal Sesamoid.
• The Popliteal Sesamoid is shown here– Remember: it is located
in the Popliteus Muscle.
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Popliteal sesamoid
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Incorrect • No, A is not a Fabella.
• The Fabellae are shown here. • Remember: these are
located in the tendons of origin of the gastrocnemius muscle
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Fabellae
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Correct • Yes! B are the Fabellae!
• Here is another example.– Remember: these are
located in the tendons of origin of the gastrocnemius muscle
• Try (iii)!• Choose a new question.
Fabellae
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Incorrect • No, B is not the
Popliteal Sesamoid.
• The Popliteal Sesamoid is shown here– Remember: it is located
in the Popliteus Muscle.
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Popliteal
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Incorrect • No, B is not the Patella.
• The Patella is found on the Cranial aspect of the Stifle.– Remember: it is
associated with the quadriceps muscle
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Patella
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Answer• The shock absorbing structures inside the stifle joint
are the Menisci (*).
• Did you know: a common causes of hindlimb lameness in dogs is Cranial Cruciate Ligament (+) Rupture.
• This often also causes the Menisci to tear although this may go unnoticed.
• Try Dog Tarsus Q5!• Choose a new question. * *+
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Dog Tarsus Q5• (i) What is A?
– Talus– Calcaneus
• (ii) What is B?– Talus– Central tarsal bone – Fourth tarsal bone
• (iii) What is C?– Third tarsal bone– Central tarsal bone– Fourth tarsal bone
A
B C
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Correct • Yes! A is Calcaneus!
• Here is another example.– Remember: the common
calcanean tendon inserts onto this bone
• Try (ii)!• Choose a new question.
Calcaneus
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Incorrect • No, A is not Talus.
• The Talus is shown in this x-ray.– Remember: it articulates
with the tibia to form the high motion component of the hock joint
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Talus
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Correct • Yes! B is the Central
Tarsal Bone!
• Here is another example.
• Try (iii)!• Choose a new question.
Central
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Incorrect • No, B is not Talus.
• The Talus is shown in this x-ray.— Remember: it articulates
with the tibia to form the high motion component of the hock joint
• Try again!• Choose a new region.
Talus
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Incorrect • No, B is not the Fourth
Tarsal Bone.
• The Fourth Tarsal Bone is shown in this x-ray.– Remember: it spans the
middle and distal rows of tarsal bones
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Fourth
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Correct • Yes! C is the Fourth
Tarsal Bone!
• Here is another example.
• Try Dog Foot Q6!• Choose a new region.
Fourth
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Incorrect • No, C is not the Third
Tarsal Bone.
• The Third Tarsal Bone is shown in this x-ray.
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Third
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Incorrect • No, C is not the Central
Tarsal Bone.
• The Central Tarsal Bone is shown in this x-ray.
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Central
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Dog Foot Q6• (i) What is A?
– Proximal Phalanx– Middle Phalanx– Distal Phalanx
• (ii) What is B?– 3rd Metacarpal Bone– 3rd Metatarsal Bone
• (iii) What is C?– Ungual Process– Proximal Sesamoids – Digital pad
A
B
C
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Correct • Yes! A is the Proximal
Phalanx!
• Here are others examples.
• Try (ii)!• Choose a new question.
Proximal Phalanx
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Incorrect • No, B is not the Middle
Phalanx.
• The Middle Phalanx is shown in this x-ray.
• Try again!• Choose a new question. Middle
Phalanx
Middle Phalanx
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Incorrect • No, A is not the Distal
Phalanx.
• The Distal Phalanx is shown in this x-ray.
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Distal Phalanx
Distal Phalanx
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Correct • Yes! B is the 3rd
Metatarsal Bone!
• Here is another example.
• Try (iii)!• Choose a new question.
3rd Metatarsal
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Incorrect • No, B is not the 3rd
Metacarpal Bone.
• Remember: Carpal refers to the Carpus which is found in the Forelimb!
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
3rd Metacarpal
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Correct • Yes! C is the Proximal
Sesamoids!
• Here is another example.– Remember: these are
located on the plantar aspect of the metatarso-phalangeal joint
• Look at the Comparative Section!
• Choose a new question.
Proximal Sesamoids
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Incorrect • No, C is not the Ungual
Process.
• The Ungual Process is shown in this x-ray.– Remember: its function
is to support the structure of the claw
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Ungual Process
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Incorrect • No, C is not the Digital
Pad.
• Digital pads are shown in this x-ray.
• Try again!• Choose a new question.
Digital pads
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Cat Hindlimb - Differences
The cat’s pelvis is more box-shaped than the dog’s.
1. Patella – always present2. Medial fabella – small/may be absent3. Lateral fabella - usually present4. Popliteal sesamoid – may be absent
1
2
3
The Patella, in the cat, is more pointed than in the dog.
Horse Comparative!
4
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Horse Hindlimb - Differences
Ca
4th
Ta
Ce
3rd
The 1st and 2nd Tarsal bones are fused. The rest are present.
Splint bone
The 3rd Metatarsal bears weight. The 2nd and 4th Metatarsal are non-weightbearing and fused to the 3rd Metatarsal bone - they are known as ‘splint bones’.
Horse Comparative 2!
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Horse Hindlimb - Differences 2
Proximal sesamoids
Distal Sesamoid or ‘Navicular’
Ruminant Comparative!
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Ruminant Hindlimb - Differences
Cow: Medial Trochlear Ridge larger than lateral.
Central and 4th Tarsal bones are fused.2nd and 3rd Tarsal bones are fused
3rd and 4th Metatarsal bones are fused.3rd and 4th digits are weight-bearing.Pig Comparative!
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Pig Hindlimb - Differences
All tarsal bones present.
3rd and 4th Metatarsal are not fused.3rd and 4th digits are weight-bearing.
2nd and 5th metatarsals present but non-weight bearing.2nd and 5th digits non-weight bearing - do not touch the ground!
Back to the Start!