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8/6/2019 Hill v StubHub Appellants Brief

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8/6/2019 Hill v StubHub Appellants Brief

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 TYFPMWL XLI GSRXIRX SRPMRIg &EVVIXX Z 6SWIRXLEP  'EP XL

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GSQTYXIVWIVZMGITVSZMHIV

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8/6/2019 Hill v StubHub Appellants Brief

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WIGXMSRJ[LMGLHIJMRIWERfMRJSVQEXMSRGSRXIRXTVSZMHIVgEWSRI[LSMW

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8/6/2019 Hill v StubHub Appellants Brief

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%PXLSYKLXLIGSYVXEGORS[PIHKIHXLMWfQEXIVMEPP]GSRXVMFYXIWgWXERHEVH6

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8/6/2019 Hill v StubHub Appellants Brief

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8/6/2019 Hill v StubHub Appellants Brief

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8/6/2019 Hill v StubHub Appellants Brief

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8/6/2019 Hill v StubHub Appellants Brief

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8/6/2019 Hill v StubHub Appellants Brief

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hill-v-stubhub-appellants-brief 68/97

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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hill-v-stubhub-appellants-brief 71/97

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QERYJEGXYVIH TLSR] MHIRXMJMGEXMSR GEVHW

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WYKKIWXMRK XLEX XLI TIVWSR MW MR XLI FYWMRIWW SJ VI

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MR XLI TVSXIGXIH [SVO IJJIGXMZIP] EKEMRWX EPP HMVIGX

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GEPPIH wYRHIVTVMGIHx XMGOIXW EVI XMGOIXW TVMGIH [MXL

MR XLI PIKEP PMQMX WIX F] � ( ERH XLEX 7XYF,YF

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XMGOIXW EX LMKLIV TVMGIW JVSQ [LMGL 7XYF,YF [MPP

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QEXIVMEPP] GSRXVMFYXMRK XS MXW EPPIKIH YRPE[JYPRIWW

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,IVI EW HMWGYWWIH IEVPMIV XLIVI MW IZMH

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IJJIGX XLI WEQI IZMHIRGI SJ ORS[MRK TEVXMGMTEXMSR

MR MPPIKEP wXMGOIX WGEPTMRKx XLEX MW WYJJMGMIRX MJ 

  TVSZIR XS IWXEFPMWL MQTVSTIV QIERW MW EPWS WYJJM

GMIRX XS TPEGI 7XYF,YF SYXWMHI XLI MQQYRMX]

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WIEWSR XMGOIX LSPHIVW VIKEVHPIWW SJ ER] EPPIKIH MR

XIVJIVIRGI WMRGI XLI XMGOIXW EVI FSYKLX FIJSVI XLI]

EVI PMWXIH SR XLI [IFWMXI ERH MR ER] IZIRX ER] VIZSGEXMSR SJ WIEWSR XMGOIXW GERRSX VIWYPX MR TIGYRM

EV] PSWW [LIVI XLSWI XMGOIXW QE] FI WSPH MQQIHM

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8LI 4EXVMSXW EPPIKI X[S X]TIW SJ TIGYRMEV] PSWW

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[EMX PMWX QIQFIVW ERH HMVIGX GSWXW EVMWMRK JVSQ XLI

WEPI SJ MRZEPMH XMGOIXW XLVSYKL 7XYF,YF 8LI EP

PIKIH PSWW SJ KSSH[MPP EVMWIW JVSQ XLI 4EXVMSXW GSQ

QMXQIRX XS TVSZMHI E WEJI ERH JEQMP]JVMIRHP] IR

ZMVSRQIRX JSV LSQI JSSXFEPP KEQIW 8LI 4EXVMSXWGSRXIRH XLEX WMRGI XLSWI [LS TYVGLEWI 4EXVMSXW

XMGOIXW SR 7XYF,YF EVI PMOIP] SRIXMQI ERSR]QSYW

  FY]IVW ERH HS RSX LEZI XLI WEQI MRGIRXMZI XS FI

LEZI ETTVSTVMEXIP] EW HS XLSWI WIEWSR XMGOIX LSPHIVW

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WIEWSR XMGOIXW [SYPH LEZI ER] JMRERGMEP MQTEGX SR

XLI 4EXVMSXW [LS EPVIEH] LEZI E [EMXMRK PMWX SJ EX

PIEWX JERW 2SV MW XLIVI ER] I\TIVX XIWXMQSR]

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PIKIH MRXIVJIVIRGI [MXL wKSSH[MPPx SV ER] HMQMRY

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GLEWIH XLVSYKL 7XYF,YF [LS EVI XYVRIH E[E] EX

XLI KEXI ERH QYWX TVSZMHI XLIQ [MXL XLI GSRJMVQE

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 2= -RG %(H 2=7H 2=

 %TT (MZ 0)<-7 2= %TT (MZ WX (ITX

(-7437-8-32 ?A 3VHIV EJJMVQIH [MXL GSWXW

'3927)0 .SREXLER 7 7LETMVS JSV ETTIPPERX

.SWITL (%QFVSWMS JSV VIWTSRHIRXW

.9(+)7 '-4%6-'/ . 3TMRMSR F] .YHKI 'MTEVMGO

.YHKIW +VEJJIS 6IEH ERH 7QMXL GSRGYV 'LMIJ .YHKI

0MTTQER HMWWIRXW ERH ZSXIW XS VIZIVWI MR ER STMRMSR MR

[LMGL .YHKIW 4MKSXX ERH .SRIW GSRGYV

34-2-32 &= '-4%6-'/ 

34-2-32

'-4%6-'/ .

3R XLMW ETTIEP [I GSRWMHIV JSV XLI JMVWX XMQI [LIXLIV 

E TPEMRXMJJW GPEMQ EKEMRWX E [IFWMXI STIVEXSV EVMWMRK SYX SJ 

EPPIKIHP] HIJEQEXSV] GSQQIRXW TSWXIH XS XLI [IFWMXI MW

  FEVVIH F] XLI 'SQQYRMGEXMSRW (IGIRG] %GX '(%

GSHMJMIH EW 97' � ;I GSRGPYHI XLEX MX MW ERH XLEX

XLI HIJIRHERXW QSXMSR XS HMWQMWW XLI GSQTPEMRX [EW

 TVSTIVP] KVERXIH

%W WXEXIH MR XLI GSQTPEMRX TPEMRXMJJ 'LVMWXEOMW

7LMEQMPM MW XLI JSYRHIV ERH ')3 SJ ?A %VHSV 6IEPX]

'SVT %VHSV E 2I[ =SVO ETEVXQIRX VIRXEP ERH WEPIW

GSQTER] -R 1EVGL 7LMEQMPM JMPIH XLMW EGXMSR JSV 

HIJEQEXMSR ERH YRJEMV GSQTIXMXMSR F] HMWTEVEKIQIRX

EKEMRWX HIJIRHERXW XLI 6IEP )WXEXI +VSYT SJ 2I[ =SVO

-RG 86)+2= (ERMIP &EYQ ERH 6]ER 1G'ERR

86)+2= MW E GSQTIXMXSV SJ %VHSVW EPWS IRKEKIH MR

WIPPMRK ERH VIRXMRK 2I[ =SVO 'MX] ETEVXQIRXW &EYQ MW

86)+2=W TVMRGMTEP ERH 'LMIJ 3TIVEXMRK 3JJMGIV ERH

1G'ERR MW &EYQW EWWMWXERX

8LIWI HIJIRHERXW ?A EPPIKIHP] EHQMRMWXIV ERH

GLSSWI GSRXIRX JSV E TYFPMGP] EGGIWWMFPI [IFWMXI E

FPSK HIHMGEXIH XS XLI 2I[ =SVO 'MX] VIEP IWXEXI

MRHYWXV] -R *IFVYEV] HIJIRHERXW EPPIKIHP]

  TYFPMWLIH HIJEQEXSV] WXEXIQIRXW EFSYX 7LMEQMPM SR XLI[IFWMXI 7TIGMJMGEPP] E PIRKXL] GSQQIRX [EW EHHIH XS E

HMWGYWWMSR XLVIEH F] E YWIV STIVEXMRK YRHIV XLI

  TWIYHSR]Q %VHSV 6IEPX] 7YGOW 8LI GSQQIRX QEHI

WIZIVEP EPPIKIHP] HIJEQEXSV] WXEXIQIRXW WYKKIWXMRK XLEX

7LMEQMPM QMWXVIEXIH LMW IQTPS]IIW ERH [EW VEGMWX ERH

ERXM7IQIXMG VIJIVVMRK XS SRI SJ XLI GSQTER]W EKIRXW EW

LMW XSOIR .I[ 1G'ERR MR LMW VSPI EW [IFWMXI

EHQMRMWXVEXSV QSZIH XLI GSQQIRX XS E WXERHEPSRI TSWX

4EKI -21-

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 TVIJEGMRK MX [MXL XLI WXEXIQIRX XLEX XLI JSPPS[MRK WXSV]

GEQI XS YW EW E GSQQIRX ERH [I TVSQSXIH MX XS E

 TSWX 8LI TSWX [EW KMZIR XLI LIEHMRK %VHSV 6IEPX] ERH

8LSWI 4ISTPI ERH XLI WYFLIEHMRK ERH RS[ MXW XMQI

JSV ]SYV [IIOP] HSWI SJ LEXI FVSYKLX XS ]SY YRIHMXIH

SRGI EKEMR F] %VHSV 6IEPX] 7YGOW ERH JSV XLI VIGSVH

[I EVI WS RSX EJVEMH 8LI TSWX [EW EGGSQTERMIH F] E

XVEHMXMSREP MQEKI SJ .IWYW 'LVMWX [MXL 7LMEQMPMW JEGI ERH

XLI [SVHW 'LVMW 7LMEQMPM /MRK SJ XLI 8SOIR .I[W

(IJIRHERXW QEMRXEMR XLEX SRP] 1G'ERR ?A

EHQMRMWXIVW XLI [IFWMXI 3R XLMW QSXMSR XS

HMWQMWW [I EGGITX TPEMRXMJJW EPPIKEXMSR XLEX EPP

1G'ERRW EGXMSRW [IVI XEOIR [MXL XLI

ORS[PIHKI SJ SV EGUYMIWGIRGI F] XLI SXLIV 

HIJIRHERXW

7IZIVEP SJ XLI GSQQIRXW TSWXIH F] ERSR]QSYW YWIVWMR XLI IRWYMRK HMWGYWWMSR XLVIEH GSRXEMRIH JYVXLIV 

EPPIKIHP] HIJEQEXSV] WXEXIQIRXW MRGPYHMRK WYKKIWXMSRW

XLEX %VHSV [EW MR JMRERGMEP XVSYFPI ERH XLEX 7LMEQMPM

EFYWIH ERH GLIEXIH SR LMW [MJI 3RI SJ XLI GSQQIRXEXSVW

IRHIH F] WE]MRK GEPP QI E PMEV ERH -PP GSQI FEGO LIVI

ERH KIX 6)%00= WTIGMJMG 8LI GSQTPEMRX EPPIKIW XLEX

1G'ERR YRHIV E TWIYHSR]Q VIWTSRHIH PMEV MR ER

EXXIQTX XS IRGSYVEKI XLI YWIV XS WE] QSVI FYX XLEX

GSQQIRXEXSV HMH RSX TSWX JYVXLIV 7LMEQMPM VIWTSRHIH F]

HVEJXMRK E PIRKXL] GSQQIRX [LMGL [EW EHHIH XS XLI

HMWGYWWMSR XLVIEH 7LMEQMPM EPWS GSRXEGXIH 1G'ERR ERH

VIUYIWXIH XLEX LI VIQSZI XLI HIJEQEXSV] WXEXIQIRXW FYX

1G'ERR VIJYWIH XS HS WS

7LMEQMPM FVSYKLX XLMW EGXMSR EPPIKMRK MR LMW

GSQTPEMRX XLEX XLI HIJEQEXSV] WXEXIQIRXW [IVI QEHI [MXL

XLI MRXIRX XS MRNYVI LMW VITYXEXMSR ERH XLEX HIJIRHERXW

IMXLIV QEHI SV TYFPMWLIH XLI WXEXIQIRXW -R EHHMXMSR XS

HEQEKIW XLI GSQTPEMRX VIUYIWXW MRNYRGXMZI VIPMIJ 

VIUYMVMRK HIJIRHERXW XS ?A WXST TYFPMGEXMSR SJ ER]

ERH EPP HIJEQEXSV] WXEXIQIRXW GSRGIVRMRK 7LMEQMPM ERH

%VHSV ERH ER] JYVXLIV HMWTEVEKIQIRX ?A

(IJIRHERXW QSZIH XS HMWQMWW XLI GSQTPEMRX JSV 

JEMPYVI XS WXEXI E GEYWI SJ EGXMSR '406 ?EA ?A -RWYTTSVX SJ XLI QSXMSR 1G'ERR WYFQMXXIH ER EJJMHEZMX

EGORS[PIHKMRK XLEX LI [EW XLI EHQMRMWXVEXSV ERH

QSHIVEXSV SJ XLI [IFWMXI [LMGL JYRGXMSRIH EW E ZMVXYEP

  FYPPIXMR FSEVH SV STIR HMWGYWWMSR JSVYQ XS [LMGL

ER]SRI GSYPH EHH GSRXIRX MR XLI JSVQ SJ E GSQQIRX SR ER

I\MWXMRK TSWX 3RP] 1G'ERR MR LMW VSPI EW QSHIVEXSV

GSYPH GVIEXI WXERHEPSRI TSWXW GETEFPI SJ KIRIVEXMRK XLIMV 

S[R HMWGYWWMSR XLVIEHW

7YTVIQI 'SYVX HIRMIH XLI QSXMSR XS HMWQMWW %W

VIPIZERX LIVI MX JSYRH XLEX WIGXMSR G SJ XLI '(%

97' � ?GA ?A HMH RSX VIUYMVI HMWQMWWEP SJ 

  TPEMRXMJJW GPEMQW WMRGI MRJSVQEXMSR EW XS HIJIRHERXW

VSPI MJ ER] MR EYXLSVMRK SV HIZIPSTMRK XLI GSRXIRX SJ XLI

[IFWMXI MW I\GPYWMZIP] [MXLMR XLIMV TSWWIWWMSR ERH

HMWGSZIV] LEH RSX ]IX SGGYVVIH

8LI %TTIPPEXI (MZMWMSR YRERMQSYWP] VIZIVWIH

KVERXIH XLI QSXMSR XS HMWQMWW ERH HMWQMWWIH XLI

GSQTPEMRX 8LI GSYVX I\TPEMRIH XLEX XLI '(% TVSXIGXW

[IFWMXI STIVEXSVW JVSQ PMEFMPMX] HIVMZIH JVSQ XLI I\IVGMWI

SJ E TYFPMWLIVW ?A XVEHMXMSREP IHMXSVMEP JYRGXMSRW  WII

7LMEQMPM Z 6IEP )WXEXI +VSYT SJ 2I[ =SVO -RG %(H 

2=7H ?WX (ITX A &IGEYWI XLI

GSQTPEMRX LIVI HSIW RSX EPPIKI XLEX HIJIRHERXW EYXLSVIH

XLI HIJEQEXSV] GSRXIRX FYX SRP] XLEX XLI] TYFPMWLIH ERH

IHMXIH MX XLI GSYVX GSRGPYHIH XLEX XLI '(% FEVW7LMEQMPMW GPEMQ ERH XLEX JYVXLIV HMWGSZIV] MW YRRIGIWWEV]

 WII MH  ;I KVERXIH 7LMEQMPM PIEZI XS ETTIEP 2=H 

2)H 2=7H ?A ERH RS[

EJJMVQ

%PXLSYKL E TYFPMWLIV SJ HIJEQEXSV] QEXIVMEP

EYXLSVIH F] E XLMVHTEVX] MW KIRIVEPP] WYFNIGX XS XSVX

PMEFMPMX] 'SRKVIWW LEW GEVZIH SYX ER I\GITXMSR JSV 

MRXIVRIX TYFPMGEXMSR F] IREGXMRK WIGXMSR SJ XLI '(%

  TEWWIH EW TEVX SJ XLI 8IPIGSQQYRMGEXMSRW %GX SJ

4YF 0 7XEX ?XL 'SRK H 7IWW *IF

A 7IGXMSR IWXEFPMWLIW XLEX ?RAS TVSZMHIV SV 

YWIV SJ ER MRXIVEGXMZI GSQTYXIV WIVZMGI WLEPP FI XVIEXIH EW

XLI TYFPMWLIV SV WTIEOIV SJ ER] MRJSVQEXMSR TVSZMHIH F]

ERSXLIV MRJSVQEXMSR GSRXIRX TVSZMHIV 97' � ?GA

?A ERH MX TVIIQTXW ER] WXEXI PE[ MRGPYHMRK

MQTSWMXMSR SJ XSVX PMEFMPMX] MRGSRWMWXIRX [MXL MXW

  TVSXIGXMSRW   WII 97' � ?IA ?A % HIJIRHERX MW

XLIVIJSVI MQQYRI JVSQ WXEXI PE[ PMEFMPMX] MJ MX MW E

TVSZMHIV ?A SV YWIV SJ ER MRXIVEGXMZI GSQTYXIV 

WIVZMGI XLI GSQTPEMRX WIIOW XS LSPH XLI HIJIRHERX

PMEFPI EW E TYFPMWLIV SV WTIEOIV ERH XLI EGXMSR MW

  FEWIH SR MRJSVQEXMSR TVSZMHIH F] ERSXLIV MRJSVQEXMSR

GSRXIRX TVSZMHIV 97' � ?GA ?A WII EPWS *IH

8VEHI 'SQQR Z %GGYWIEVGL -RG *H  

?XL 'MV A &EVRIW Z =ELSS -RG *H

?XL 'MV A 9RMZIVWEP 'SQQYRMGEXMSRW

7]W -RG Z 0]GSW -RG *H ?WX 'MV A

8LI WXEXYXI HIJMRIW ER MRJSVQEXMSR GSRXIRX TVSZMHIV EW

ER] TIVWSR SV IRXMX] XLEX MW VIWTSRWMFPI MR [LSPI SV MR

  TEVX JSV XLI GVIEXMSR SV HIZIPSTQIRX SJ MRJSVQEXMSR

  TVSZMHIH ?A XLVSYKL XLI -RXIVRIX SV ER] SXLIV 

4EKI 2= 7PMT 3T 2= 0)<-7

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MRXIVEGXMZI GSQTYXIV WIVZMGI 97' � ?JA ?A

7IGXMSR HIJMRIW ER MRXIVEGXMZI GSQTYXIV 

WIVZMGI EW ER] MRJSVQEXMSR WIVZMGI W]WXIQ SV 

EGGIWW WSJX[EVI TVSZMHIV XLEX TVSZMHIW SV IREFPIW

GSQTYXIV EGGIWW F] QYPXMTPI YWIVW XS E GSQTYXIV WIVZIV 97' � ?JA ?A

-R TEWWMRK WIGXMSR 'SRKVIWW EGORS[PIHKIH XLEX

?XALI -RXIVRIX SJJIV?WA E JSVYQ JSV E XVYI HMZIVWMX] SJ 

  TSPMXMGEP HMWGSYVWI YRMUYI STTSVXYRMXMIW JSV GYPXYVEP

HIZIPSTQIRX ERH Q]VMEH EZIRYIW JSV MRXIPPIGXYEP

EGXMZMX] 97' � ?EA ?A ?A ERH XLEX MX LEW

JPSYVMWLIH XS XLI FIRIJMX SJ EPP %QIVMGERW [MXL E

QMRMQYQ SJ KSZIVRQIRX VIKYPEXMSR 97' � ?EA

?A *YVXLIV MX MW XLI TSPMG] SJ XLI 9RMXIH 7XEXIW XS

  TVIWIVZI XLI ZMFVERX ERH GSQTIXMXMZI JVII QEVOIX XLEX

  TVIWIRXP] I\MWXW JSV XLI -RXIVRIX ERH SXLIV MRXIVEGXMZIGSQTYXIV WIVZMGIW YRJIXXIVIH F] *IHIVEP SV 7XEXI

VIKYPEXMSR 97' � ?FA ?A %W XLI *SYVXL 'MVGYMX

I\TPEMRIH MR XLI WIQMREP GEWI SJ  >IVER Z %Q 3RPMRI -RG

*H ?XL 'MV A

'SRKVIWW VIGSKRM^IH XLI XLVIEX XLEX

XSVXFEWIH PE[WYMXW TSWI XS JVIIHSQ SJ 

WTIIGL MR XLI RI[ ERH FYVKISRMRK -RXIVRIX

QIHMYQ 8LI MQTSWMXMSR SJ XSVX PMEFMPMX] SR

WIVZMGI TVSZMHIVW JSV XLI GSQQYRMGEXMSRW

SJ SXLIVW VITVIWIRXIH JSV 'SRKVIWW

WMQTP] ERSXLIV JSVQ SJ MRXVYWMZI

KSZIVRQIRX VIKYPEXMSR SJ WTIIGL 7IGXMSR

[EW IREGXIH MR TEVX XS QEMRXEMR XLI

VSFYWX REXYVI SJ -RXIVRIX GSQQYRMGEXMSR

ERH EGGSVHMRKP] XS OIIT KSZIVRQIRX

MRXIVJIVIRGI MR XLI QIHMYQ XS E

QMRMQYQ

%HHMXMSREPP] WIGXMSR [EW HIWMKRIH XS

IRGSYVEKI WIVZMGI TVSZMHIVW XS WIPJVIKYPEXI XLI

HMWWIQMREXMSR SJ SJJIRWMZI QEXIVMEP SZIV XLIMV WIVZMGIW

MH EX -R XLMW VIWTIGX XLI WXEXYXI [EW E VIWTSRWI XS

GEWIW WYGL EW 7XVEXXSR 3EOQSRX -RG Z 4VSHMK] 7IVZW 'S 2= 1MWG 0)<-7 ;0 ?7YT 'X 

  2= 'SYRX] A ?A MR [LMGL ER MRXIVRIX WIVZMGI

  TVSZMHIV [EW JSYRH PMEFPI JSV HIJEQEXSV] WXEXIQIRXW

 TSWXIH F] XLMVH TEVXMIW FIGEYWI MX LEH ZSPYRXEVMP] WGVIIRIH

ERH IHMXIH WSQI SJJIRWMZI GSRXIRX ERH WS [EW GSRWMHIVIH

E TYFPMWLIV   WII 7XVEXXSR 3EOQSRX -RG 2=

1MWG 0)<-7 ;0 EX ,6 6IT

XL 'SRK H 7IWW EX 7IGXMSR G

[EW QIERX XS YRHS XLI TIVZIVWI MRGIRXMZIW GVIEXIH F]

XLMW VIEWSRMRK [LMGL IJJIGXMZIP] TIREPM^IH TVSZMHIVW JSV 

QSRMXSVMRK GSRXIRX   WII >IVER *H EX 8LYW

  WIGXMSR LEW X[S TEVEPPIP KSEPW 8LI WXEXYXI MW

HIWMKRIH EX SRGI XS TVSQSXI XLI JVII I\GLERKI SJ 

MRJSVQEXMSR ERH MHIEW SZIV XLI -RXIVRIX ERH XS IRGSYVEKI

ZSPYRXEV] QSRMXSVMRK JSV SJJIRWMZI SV SFWGIRI QEXIVMEP

  &EVRIW *H EX UYSXMRK 'EVEJERS Z

1IXVSWTPEWLGSQ -RG *H ?XL 'MV 

A

&SXL WXEXI ERH JIHIVEP GSYVXW EVSYRH XLI GSYRXV] LEZI

KIRIVEPP] MRXIVTVIXIH 7IGXMSR MQQYRMX] FVSEHP] WS

EW XS IJJIGXYEXI 'SRKVIWWW TSPMG] GLSMGI RSX XS HIXIV 

?A LEVQJYP SRPMRI WTIIGL XLVSYKL XLI VSYXI SJ 

MQTSWMRK XSVX PMEFMPMX] SR GSQTERMIW XLEX WIVZI EW

MRXIVQIHMEVMIW JSV SXLIV TEVXMIW TSXIRXMEPP] MRNYVMSYWQIWWEKIW 9RMZIVWEP 'SQQYRMGEXMSRW 7]W *H EX 

?A UYSXMRK >IVER *H EX WII EPWS

 .SLRWSR Z %VHIR *H ?XL 'MV A ?8LI

QENSVMX] SJ JIHIVEP GMVGYMXW LEZI MRXIVTVIXIH XLI '(% XS

IWXEFPMWL FVSEH JIHIVEP MQQYRMX] XS ER] GEYWI SJ EGXMSR

XLEX [SYPH QEOI WIVZMGI TVSZMHIVW PMEFPI JSV MRJSVQEXMSR

SVMKMREXMRK [MXL E XLMVHTEVX] YWIV SJ XLI WIVZMGIA

?MRXIVREP UYSXEXMSR QEVOW SQMXXIHA (SI Z 1]7TEGI -RG

*H ?XL 'MV A ?'SYVXW LEZI GSRWXVYIH

XLI MQQYRMX] TVSZMWMSRW MR � FVSEHP] MR EPP GEWIW

EVMWMRK JVSQ XLI TYFPMGEXMSR SJ YWIVKIRIVEXIH GSRXIRXA

 &EVVIXX Z 6SWIRXLEP 'EP XL 'EP 6TXV H  4H ?A ?RSXMRK XLEX E FVSEH VIEHMRK

SJ  WIGXMSR G MQQYRMX] LEW FIIR EGGITXIH MR

 FSXL JIHIVEP ERH WXEXI GSYVXWA (SI Z %Q 3RPMRI -RG

*PE 0 ;IIOP] 7 7SH ?A

?EHSTXMRK XLI VIEWSRMRK MR >IVERA 2I[ =SVO XVMEP GSYVXW

LEZI EPWS XEOIR XLMW ZMI[  WII 6IMX Z =IPT -RG 1MWG

H 2=7H ?7YT 'X 2= 'SYRX]

A /YIVWXIMRIV Z 7GLVEHIV 7YT 'X 2= 'SYRX]

3GXSFIV 7LEJIV . MRHI\ 2S

 2= 1MWG 0)<-7

;I LEZI RSX ]IX LEH SGGEWMSR XS EHHVIWW XLI WGSTI SJ 

 WIGXMSR W TVSXIGXMSRW -R 0YRRI] Z 4VSHMK] 7IVZW 'S

2=H 2)H 2=7H

?A [I XSSO RSXI SJ XLI ?A *SYVXL 'MVGYMXW

STMRMSR MR >IVER ERH MXW VSFYWX YRHIVWXERHMRK SJ '(%

MQQYRMX] EW IRGSQTEWWMRK FSXL TYFPMWLIV ERH HMWXVMFYXSV 

PMEFMPMX] FYX [I PIJX XLI HIGMWMSR [LIXLIV XS EHSTX XLEX

MRXIVTVIXEXMSR JSV ERSXLIV HE] MH EX 8SHE] [I

JSPPS[ [LEX QE] JEMVP] FI GEPPIH XLI REXMSREP GSRWIRWYW

4EKI 2= 7PMT 3T 2= 0)<-7

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 WII &EVVIXX 'EP XL EX 4H EX R ?GMXMRK

GEWIWA ERH VIEH WIGXMSR EW KIRIVEPP] MQQYRM^MRK

MRXIVRIX WIVZMGI TVSZMHIVW JVSQ PMEFMPMX] JSV XLMVHTEVX]

GSRXIRX [LIVIZIV WYGL PMEFMPMX] HITIRHW SR GLEVEGXIVM^MRK

XLI TVSZMHIV EW E TYFPMWLIV SV WTIEOIV SJ SFNIGXMSREFPI

QEXIVMEP

'SRWMWXIRX [MXL XLMW ZMI[ [I VIEH WIGXMSR XS FEV 

PE[WYMXW WIIOMRK XS LSPH E WIVZMGI TVSZMHIV PMEFPI JSV MXW

I\IVGMWI SJ E TYFPMWLIVW XVEHMXMSREP IHMXSVMEP JYRGXMSRW

WYGL EW HIGMHMRK [LIXLIV XS TYFPMWL [MXLHVE[ TSWXTSRI

SV EPXIV GSRXIRX  >IVER *H EX WII EPWS &EVRIW

*H EX ?TYFPMGEXMSR MRZSPZIW VIZMI[MRK

IHMXMRK ERH HIGMHMRK [LIXLIV XS TYFPMWL SV XS [MXLHVE[

JVSQ TYFPMGEXMSR XLMVHTEVX] GSRXIRXA 2SXEFP] XLI

WXEXYXI HSIW RSX HMJJIVIRXMEXI FIX[IIR RIYXVEP ERH

WIPIGXMZI TYFPMWLIVW   WII IK &EX^IP Z 7QMXL *H 

?XL 'MV A ?XLI I\GPYWMSR SJ TYFPMWLIV?A PMEFMPMX] RIGIWWEVMP] TVIGPYHIW PMEFMPMX] JSV 

I\IVGMWMRK XLI YWYEP TVIVSKEXMZI SJ TYFPMWLIVW XS GLSSWI

EQSRK TVSJJIVIH QEXIVMEP ERH XS IHMX XLI QEXIVMEP

 TYFPMWLIH [LMPI VIXEMRMRK MXW FEWMG JSVQ ERH QIWWEKIA

  &PYQIRXLEP Z (VYHKI * 7YTT ?((' A

?'SRKVIWW LEW QEHI E TSPMG] GLSMGI F] TVSZMHMRK

MQQYRMX] IZIR [LIVI XLI MRXIVEGXMZI WIVZMGI TVSZMHIV LEW

ER EGXMZI IZIR EKKVIWWMZI VSPI MR QEOMRK EZEMPEFPI

GSRXIRX TVITEVIH F] SXLIVWA

7IVZMGI TVSZMHIVW EVI SRP] IRXMXPIH XS XLMW FVSEH

MQQYRMX] LS[IZIV [LIVI XLI GSRXIRX EX MWWYI MW

 TVSZMHIH F] ERSXLIV MRJSVQEXMSR GSRXIRX TVSZMHIV  

97' � ?GA ?A -X JSPPS[W XLEX MJ E HIJIRHERX WIVZMGI

 TVSZMHIV MW MXWIPJ XLI GSRXIRX TVSZMHIV MX MW RSX WLMIPHIH

JVSQ ?A PMEFMPMX]   WII IK 2IQIX 'LIZVSPIX 0XH Z

'SRWYQIVEJJEMVWGSQ -RG *H ?XL 'MV 

A *EMV ,SYWMRK 'SYRGMP SJ 7ER *IVRERHS :EPPI] Z

  6SSQQEXIWGSQ 00' *H ?XL 'MV 

A 9RMZIVWEP 'SQQYRMGEXMSRW 7]W -RG *H EX 

7MRGI E GSRXIRX TVSZMHIV MW ER] TEVX] VIWTSRWMFPI

MR TEVX JSV XLI GVIEXMSR SV HIZIPSTQIRX SJ MRJSVQEXMSR

97' � ?JA ?A ER] TMIGI SJ GSRXIRX GER LEZI

QYPXMTPI TVSZMHIVW

-X QE] FI HMJJMGYPX ?A MR GIVXEMR GEWIW XS

HIXIVQMRI [LIXLIV E WIVZMGI TVSZMHIV MW EPWS E GSRXIRX

  TVSZMHIV TEVXMGYPEVP] WMRGI XLI HIJMRMXMSR SJ GSRXIRX

  TVSZMHIV MW WS IPEWXMG ERH RS GSRWIRWYW LEW IQIVKIH

GSRGIVRMRK [LEX GSRHYGX GSRWXMXYXIW HIZIPSTQIRX

?8ALI FVSEHIWX WIRWI SJ XLI XIVQ

HIZIPST GSYPH MRGPYHI XLI JYRGXMSRW SJ ER

SVHMREV] WIEVGL IRKMRI MRHIIH NYWX

EFSYX ER] JYRGXMSR TIVJSVQIH F] E

[IFWMXI &YX XS VIEH XLI XIVQ WS FVSEHP]

[SYPH HIJIEX XLI TYVTSWIW SJ  WIGXMSR

  F] W[EPPS[MRK YT IZIV] FMX SJ XLI

MQQYRMX] XLEX XLI WIGXMSR SXLIV[MWI

  TVSZMHIW %X XLI WEQI XMQI VIEHMRK XLI

I\GITXMSR JSV GSHIZIPSTIVW EW ETTP]MRK

SRP] XS GSRXIRX XLEX SVMKMREXIW IRXMVIP]

[MXL XLI [IFWMXI MKRSVIW XLI [SVHW

HIZIPSTQIRX MR TEVX MR XLI WXEXYXSV]

  TEWWEKI   6SSQQEXIWGSQ *H EX 

 

8LI 2MRXLW 'MVGYMXW ETTVSEGL [LMGL 7LMEQMPM EWOW YW XS

EHSTX MW XS MRXIVTVIX XLI XIVQ HIZIPSTQIRX EW VIJIVVMRK

RSX QIVIP] XS EYKQIRXMRK XLI GSRXIRX KIRIVEPP] FYX XSQEXIVMEPP] GSRXVMFYXMRK XS MXW EPPIKIH YRPE[JYPRIWW MH EX 

8LMW ZMI[ [LMGL LEW FIIR GMXIH [MXL

ETTVSZEP F] XLI 8IRXL 'MVGYMX  WII %GGYWIEVGL *H 

EX GSRWMHIVW E [IFWMXI E GSRXIRX TVSZMHIV MJ MX

GSRXVMFYXIW QEXIVMEPP] ?A XS XLI EPPIKIH MPPIKEPMX] SJ 

XLI GSRHYGX  6SSQQEXIWGSQ *H EX

-R XLI GEWI FIJSVI YW [I RIIH RSX HIGMHI [LIXLIV XS

ETTP] XLI 2MRXL 'MVGYMXW VIPEXMZIP] FVSEH ZMI[ SJ 

HIZIPSTQIRX WMRGI IZIR YRHIV XLEX GSYVXW EREP]WMW

7LMEQMPMW GPEMQ JEMPW %PXLSYKL XLI WXEXIQIRXW EX MWWYI

EVI YRUYIWXMSREFP] SJJIRWMZI ERH SFRS\MSYW HIJIRHERXWEVI RSRIXLIPIWW WLMIPHIH JVSQ PMEFMPMX] F] WIGXMSR

7LMEQMPM HSIW RSX HMWTYXI XLEX HIJIRHERXW EW EPPIKIH

[IFWMXI STIVEXSVW EVI TVSZMHIVW SJ ER MRXIVEGXMZI

GSQTYXIV WIVZMGI YRHIV  7IGXMSR  WII

  6SSQQEXIWGSQ *H EX R   ?XLI QSWX

GSQQSR MRXIVEGXMZI GSQTYXIV WIVZMGIW EVI [IFWMXIWA

9RMZIVWEP 'SQQYRMGEXMSR 7]W *H EX ?[IF

WMXI STIVEXSVW EVI TVSZMHIVW SJ MRXIVEGXMZI GSQTYXIV 

WIVZMGIW [MXLMR XLI QIERMRK SJ  WIGXMSR A *YVXLIV

XLI GPEMQW LIVI HIJEQEXMSR ERH YRJEMV GSQTIXMXMSR F]

HMWTEVEKIQIRX GPIEVP] WIIO XS LSPH XLI HIJIRHERXW

PMEFPI EW TYFPMWLIVW ERH WTIEOIVW 8LI VIQEMRMRK UYIWXMSR

MW [LIXLIV XEOMRK XLI JEGXW EPPIKIH MR XLI GSQTPEMRX EW

XVYI XLI HIJEQEXSV] WXEXIQIRXW [IVI TVSZMHIH F]

ERSXLIV MRJSVQEXMSR GSRXIRX TVSZMHIV 97' � ?GA

?A

%W ER MRMXMEP QEXXIV XLI GSQTPEMRX EPPIKIW XLEX XLI

?A HIJEQEXSV] WXEXIQIRXW [IVI ?A JMVWX TSWXIH F]

ERSR]QSYW YWIVW XLIVI MW RS EPPIKEXMSR XLEX HIJIRHERXW

4EKI 2= 7PMT 3T 2= 0)<-7

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EGXYEPP] EYXLSVIH XLI WXEXIQIRXW % [IFWMXI MW KIRIVEPP]

RSX E GSRXIRX TVSZMHIV [MXL VIWTIGX XS GSQQIRXW TSWXIH

  F] XLMVHTEVX] YWIVW   WII (M1IS Z 1E\ *IH %TT\

?H 'MV A ;I VINIGX 7LMEQMPMW GSRXIRXMSR

XLEX HIJIRHERXW WLSYPH FI HIIQIH GSRXIRX TVSZMHIVW

 FIGEYWI XLI] GVIEXIH ERH VER E [IFWMXI [LMGL MQTPMGMXP]

IRGSYVEKIH YWIVW XS TSWX RIKEXMZI GSQQIRXW EFSYX XLI

  2I[ =SVO 'MX] VIEP IWXEXI MRHYWXV] 'VIEXMRK ER STIR

JSVYQ JSV XLMVHTEVXMIW XS TSWX GSRXIRX MRGPYHMRK

RIKEXMZI GSQQIRXEV] MW EX XLI GSVI SJ [LEX WIGXMSR

 TVSXIGXW   WII %GGYWIEVGL -RG *H EX ?RSXMRK

XLEX SRPMRI QIWWEKI FSEVHW EVI XLI TVSXSX]TMGEP WIVZMGI

UYEPMJ]MRK JSV  WIGXMSR MQQYRMX]A

1SVISZIV XLIVI MW RS EPPIKEXMSR XLEX XLI HIJEQEXSV]

GSQQIRXW [IVI TSWXIH MR VIWTSRWI XS ER] WTIGMJMG

MRZMXEXMSR JSV YWIVW XS FEWL 7LMEQMPM SV %VHSV GJ

 (SGXSVW %WWSG -RG Z 5-4 ,SPHIV 00' 97 (MWX  0)<-7 ;0 ?( 'SRR A

)ZMHIRGI WYFQMXXIH F] 7LMEQMPM MR STTSWMXMSR XS

HIJIRHERXW QSXMSR XS HMWQMWW MRHMGEXIW XLEX XLI [IFWMXI

LEH FIIR STIVEXMRK JSV SZIV E ]IEV FIJSVI ER] SJ XLI

GSQQIRXW XLEX EVI ?A XLI WYFNIGX SJ XLMW PE[WYMX [IVI

 TSWXIH ERH XLEX XLI TSWXIH GSQQIRXEV] WTERRIH E VERKI

SJ XSTMGW )ZIR EWWYQMRK XLEX WSPMGMXEXMSR GER GSRWXMXYXI

HIZIPSTQIRX XLMW MW TPEMRP] RSX E GEWI [LIVI XLI

[IFWMXI GER FI GLEVKIH [MXL WSPMGMXMRK XLI HIJEQEXSV]

GSRXIRX EX MWWYI 2SV GER MX FI WEMH XLEX 1G'ERRW EXXIQTX

EX TVSZSOMRK JYVXLIV GSQQIRXEV] MR XLI 7LMEQMPM

HMWGYWWMSR XLVIEH MW EGXMSREFPI WMRGI RSRI JSPPS[IH

8LI HIJIRHERXW HMH RSX FIGSQI GSRXIRX TVSZMHIVW

 F] ZMVXYI SJ QSZMRK SRI SJ XLI GSQQIRXW XS MXW S[R TSWX

6ITSWXMRK GSRXIRX GVIEXIH ERH MRMXMEPP] TSWXIH F] E XLMVH

  TEVX] MW [IPP[MXLMR E TYFPMWLIVW XVEHMXMSREP IHMXSVMEP

JYRGXMSRW   >IVER *H EX -RHIIH XLMW GEWI MW

EREPSKSYW XS SXLIVW MR [LMGL WIVZMGI TVSZMHIVW LEZI FIIR

  TVSXIGXIH F] WIGXMSR EJXIV VITSWXMRK SV SXLIV[MWI

HMWWIQMREXMRK JEPWI MRJSVQEXMSR WYTTPMIH F] E XLMVH TEVX]

8S GMXI SRP] E JI[ I\EQTPIW MR &IR )^VE ;IMRWXIMR ERH 

'S -RG Z %Q 3RPMRI -RG *H ?XL 'MV 

A XLI HIJIRHERX WIVZMGI TVSZMHIV [SYPH TYFPMWL

YTHEXIH WIGYVMXMIW MRJSVQEXMSR WYTTPMIH F] XLMVH TEVXMIW

ERH HIVMZIH JVSQ E ZEVMIX] SJ WXSGO I\GLERKIW ERH

QEVOIXW 4PEMRXMJJ WYIH XLI TVSZMHIV JSV TYFPMWLMRK

MREGGYVEXI MRJSVQEXMSR ?A GSRGIVRMRK XLI TVMGI ERH

WLEVI ZSPYQI SJ TPEMRXMJJW WXSGO 8LI 8IRXL 'MVGYMX JSYRH

XLEX XLI MREGGYVEXI MRJSVQEXMSR [EW GVIEXIH F] XLMVH

  TEVXMIW ERH XLI [IF TVSZMHIV [EW RSX VIWTSRWMFPI MR

[LSPI SV MR TEVX JSV ?MXWA GVIEXMSR ERH HIZIPSTQIRX MH

EX   8LI 2MRXL 'MVGYMX VIEGLIH XLI WEQI VIWYPX MR

 &EX^IP  *H EX GMXIH [MXL ETTVSZEP MR

 6SSQQEXIWGSQ *H EX 8LIVI XLI IHMXSV SJ 

ER IQEMP RI[WPIXXIV VIGIMZIH E XMT ERH MRGSVTSVEXIH MX MRXS

XLI RI[WPIXXIV EHHMRK E LIEHRSXI 8LI XMT TVSZIH JEPWI

 FYX XLI 2MRXL 'MVGYMX JSYRH XLEX WIGXMSR TVSXIGXIH XLI

IHMXSV JVSQ FIMRK WYIH JSV PMFIP FIGEYWI LI LEH FIIR

QIVIP] IHMXMRK TSVXMSRW SJ ER IQEMP ERH WIPIGXMRK

QEXIVMEP JSV TYFPMGEXMSR   &EX̂ IP *H EX

7MQMPEVP] MR (M1IS *IH %TT\ EX E GEWI UYMXI

PMOI XLMW SRI XLI TPEMRXMJJ WYIH JSV HIJEQEXMSR FEWIH SR

GSQQIRXW PIJX F] ERSR]QSYW YWIVW SR HIJIRHERXW

[IFWMXI [LIVI HIJIRHERX GSYPH WIPIGX [LMGL TSWXW XS

  TYFPMWL ERH IHMX?IHA ?A XLIMV GSRXIRX  (M1IS Z 1E\

* 7YTT H ?)( 4E A 8LI 8LMVH

'MVGYMX JSYRH XLEX XLI [IFWMXI TSWXW GSRWXMXYXI

MRJSVQEXMSR JYVRMWLIH F] XLMVH TEVX] MRJSVQEXMSR GSRXIRX

 TVSZMHIVW *IH %TT\ EX

7LMEQMPM ?A EVKYIW XLEX XLMW GEWI JMXW [MXLMR E

PMRI SJ JIHIVEP HIGMWMSRW MR [LMGL GSYVXW LEZI JSYRH XLEX

IZIR MJ XLI HEXE EVI WYTTPMIH F] XLMVH TEVXMIW E [IFWMXI

STIVEXSV QE] WXMPP GSRXVMFYXI XS XLI GSRXIRXW MPPIKEPMX] ERH

XLYW FI PMEFPI EW E HIZIPSTIV SJ XLI GSRXIRX

  6SSQQEXIWGSQ *H EX WII EPWS %GGYWIEVGL

 -RG *H EX 8LSWI GEWIW LS[IZIV EVI IEWMP]

HMWXMRKYMWLEFPI -R 6SSQQEXIWGSQ XLI RSRTEVXMIW

  TVSZMHMRK XLI HEXE [IVI VIUYMVIH XS TSWX EGXMSREFPI

QEXIVMEP XS XLI HIJIRHERX [IFWMXI EW E GSRHMXMSR SJ YWI

ERH XLI [IFWMXIW [SVO MR HIZIPSTMRK XLI HMWGVMQMREXSV]UYIWXMSRW HMWGVMQMREXSV] ERW[IVW ERH HMWGVMQMREXSV]

WIEVGL QIGLERMWQ ?[EWA HMVIGXP] VIPEXIH XS XLI EPPIKIH

MPPIKEPMX] SJ XLI WMXI  6SSQQEXIWGSQ *H EX

,IVI MR GSRXVEWX XLIVI EVI RS EPPIKEXMSRW XLEX TSWXMRK

JEPWI ERH HIJEQEXSV] GSRXIRX [EW E GSRHMXMSR SJ YWI SV 

XLEX XLI WMXI [SVOIH [MXL YWIVW XS HIZIPST XLI TSWXIH

GSQQIRXEV] 8LMW GEWI EPWS HMJJIVW GSRWMHIVEFP] JVSQ

  %GGYWIEVGL -RG [LIVI XLI HIJIRHERX [IFWMXI TEMH

VIWIEVGLIVW XS SFXEMR MRJSVQEXMSR JSV XLI WMXI XS

HMWWIQMREXI XLEX [SYPH EPQSWX MRIZMXEFP] VIUYMVI ?XLI

VIWIEVGLIVA XS ZMSPEXI XLI 8IPIGSQQYRMGEXMSRW %GX SV XS

GMVGYQZIRX MX F] ?A JVEYH SV XLIJX  %GGYWIEVGL -RG

*H EX 8LIVI MW RS GSQTEVEFPI

EPPIKEXMSR EKEMRWX XLIWI HIJIRHERXW

(IJIRHERXW ETTIEV XS LEZI FIIR GSRXIRX TVSZMHIVW

[MXL VIWTIGX XS XLI LIEHMRK WYFLIEHMRK ERH MPPYWXVEXMSR

XLEX EGGSQTERMIH XLI VITSWXMRK 8LEX GSRXIRX LS[IZIV MW

RSX HIJEQEXSV] EW E QEXXIV SJ PE[ 8LI GSQTPEMRX HSIW

RSX EPPIKI XLEX XLI LIEHMRK SV WYFLIEHMRK EVI EGXMSREFPI

4EKI 2= 7PMT 3T 2= 0)<-7

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.I[MWL VIEP IWXEXI EKIRXW &YX E VIEWSREFPI VIEHIV

ZMI[MRK XLI LIEHMRK ERH MPPYWXVEXMSR QMKLX ZIV] [IPP

LEZI GSRGPYHIH XLEX XLI WMXI IHMXSV [EW IRHSVWMRK XLI

XVYXL SJ XLI ETTIRHIH JEGXW [LMGL EWWIVXIH XLEX TPEMRXMJJ 

[EW ER ERXM7IQMXI [LS IQTPS]IH E WMRKPI .I[MWL VIEPXSV 

MR SVHIV XS QEMRXEMR FYWMRIWW [MXL .I[MWL PERHPSVHW )ZIR

WIXXMRK EWMHI XLI TVIJEGI VIJIVVMRK XS XLI [IIOP] HSWI SJ 

LEXI ERH XLI EPPIKEXMSRW SJ HIJIRHERXW IJJSVXW XS MRWXMKEXI

EHHMXMSREP EXXEGOW EKEMRWX TPEMRXMJJW GLEVEGXIV ERH

  FYWMRIWW HIJIRHERXW EXXEGLQIRX SJ XLMW MPPYWXVEXMSR MJ 

  TVSZIR WLSYPH EPSRI HIJIEX XLIMV MQQYRMX] YRHIV XLI

'(% %W XLI QENSVMX] GSRGIHIW MX MW [IPP IWXEFPMWLIH MR

JIHIVEP PE[ XLEX E [IFWMXI LIPTW XS HIZIPST YRPE[JYP

GSRXIRX ERH XLYW JEPPW [MXLMR XLI I\GITXMSR XS WIGXMSR

MJ MX GSRXVMFYXIW QEXIVMEPP] XS XLI EPPIKIH MPPIKEPMX] SJ 

XLI GSRHYGX   *EMV ,SYW 'SYRGMP Z 6SSQQEXIWGSQ

  00' *H ?XL 'MV A WII EPWS

 *IHIVEP 8VEHI 'SQQR Z %GGYWIEVGL -RG *H ?XL 'MV A ?% WIVZMGI TVSZMHIV MW

VIWTSRWMFPI JSV XLI HIZIPSTQIRX SJ SJJIRWMZI GSRXIRX

SRP] MJ MX MR WSQI [E] WTIGMJMGEPP] IRGSYVEKIW

HIZIPSTQIRX ?A SJ [LEX MW SJJIRWMZI EFSYX XLI

GSRXIRXA

0MOI XLI QENSVMX] - EGGITX XLI REXMSREP GSRWIRWYW

SR WXEXYXSV] MQQYRMX] YRHIV XLI '(% ,S[IZIV - WII RS

 FEWMW MR XLI VIGSVH JSV XLI QENSVMX]W GSRJMHIRX GSRGPYWMSR

XLEX HIJIRHERXW WIVZIH SRP] EW E TEWWMZI GSRHYMX SJ XLMW

HIJEQEXSV] QEXIVMEP ERH EVI XLIVIJSVI MQQYRI EW E

QEXXIV SJ PE[ %W XLI QENSVMX] RSXIW WIGXMSR SJ XLI'SQQYRMGEXMSRW (IGIRG] %GX WYFXMXPIH 4VSXIGXMSR JSV 

  TVMZEXI FPSGOMRK ERH WGVIIRMRK SJ SJJIRWMZI QEXIVMEP

[EW TVSQTXIH F] XLI YRHIWMVEFPI VIWYPX MR 7XVEXXSR

3EOQSRX -RG Z 4VSHMK] 7IVZW 'S 2= 1MWG

 0)<-7 ;0 ?7YT 'X 2EWWEY 'SYRX] 2= 

A [LIVI XLI XVMEP GSYVX LIPH E WIVZMGI TVSZMHIV PMEFPI

MR E HIJEQEXMSR EGXMSR FEWIH SR MXW ZSPYRXEV] IJJSVXW XS

JMPXIV ERH IHMX SJJIRWMZI QIWWEKIW TSWXIH SR MXW FYPPIXMR

  FSEVHW 8LMW IHMXSVMEP EGXMZMX] XLI GSYVX VIEWSRIH

VIRHIVIH XLI TVSZMHIV E TYFPMWLIV ERH XLYW VIWTSRWMFPI JSV 

PMFIPSYW GSRXIRX TSWXIH SR MXW [IFWMXI   WII 2=

1MWG 0)<-7 ?;0A EX

'SRGIVRIH XLEX GEWIW PMOI 7XVEXXSR 3EOQSRX -RG

[SYPH HMWGSYVEKI TVSZMHIVW JVSQ GIRWSVMRK SJJIRWMZI

GSRXIRX SR XLIMV S[R WMXIW 'SRKVIWW IREGXIH WIGXMSR

MR TEVX XS MRWYPEXI TVSZMHIVW JVSQ PMEFMPMX] JSV ER] EGXMSRZSPYRXEVMP] XEOIR MR KSSH ?A JEMXL XS VIWXVMGX EGGIWW XS

SV EZEMPEFMPMX] SJ QEXIVMEP XLEX XLI TVSZMHIV SV YWIV 

GSRWMHIVW XS FI SFWGIRI PI[H PEWGMZMSYW JMPXL]

I\GIWWMZIP] ZMSPIRX LEVEWWMRK SV SXLIV[MWI

SFNIGXMSREFPI [LIXLIV SV RSX WYGL QEXIVMEP MW

GSRWXMXYXMSREPP] TVSXIGXIH 97' � ?GA ?A ?%A

&SXL ,SYWIW SJ 'SRKVIWW WXVIWWIH XLEX ?SARI SJ XLI

WTIGMJMG TYVTSWIW SJ XLMW WIGXMSR MW XS SZIVVYPI 7XVEXXSR

3EOQSRX Z 4VSHMK] ERH ER] SXLIV WMQMPEV HIGMWMSRW

[LMGL LEZI XVIEXIH WYGL TVSZMHIVW ERH YWIVW EW TYFPMWLIVW

SV WTIEOIVW SJ GSRXIRX XLEX MW RSX XLIMV S[R FIGEYWI XLI]

LEZI VIWXVMGXIH EGGIWW XS SFNIGXMSREFPI QEXIVMEP ,6 6IT XL 'SRK H 7IWW EX 7 6IT

XL 'SRK H 7IWW EX ?GSRXEMRMRK WEQI UYSXIA

;LMPI - HS RSX HMWTYXI XLI EHSTXMSR SJ E FVSEH

ETTVSEGL XS MQQYRMX] JSV SRPMRI ?A WIVZMGI

  TVSZMHIVW YRHIV XLI '(% ER MRXIVTVIXEXMSR XLEX

MQQYRM^IW E FYWMRIWWW GSQTPMGMX] MR HIJEQMRK E HMVIGX

GSQTIXMXSV XEOIW YW WS JEV EJMIPH JVSQ XLI TYVTSWI SJ XLI

'(% EW XS QEOI MX YRVIGSKRM^EFPI (MWQMWWMRK XLMW EGXMSR

SR XLI TPIEHMRKW MW RSX VIUYMVIH F] XLI PIXXIV SJ XLI PE[

ERH HSIW RSX LSRSV MXW WTMVMX

3VHIV EJJMVQIH [MXL GSWXW 3TMRMSR F] .YHKI

'MTEVMGO

.YHKIW +VEJJIS 6IEH ERH ?A 7QMXL GSRGYV

'LMIJ .YHKI 0MTTQER HMWWIRXW ERH ZSXIW XS VIZIVWI MR ER

STMRMSR MR [LMGL .YHKIW 4MKSXX ERH .SRIW GSRGYV

(IGMHIH .YRI

4EKI 2= 7PMT 3T 2= 0)<-7

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7YTIVMSV 'SYVX 7ER *VERGMWGS 'SYRX] 'EPMJSVRME

6ERHEPP 7832)6 4PEMRXMJJ

Z

)&%= -2' E (IPE[EVI 'SVTSVEXMSR IX EP (I

JIRHERXW

 2S

 2SZ

36()6 +6%28-2+ ()*)2(%287 138-32

*36 7911%6= .9(+1)28

4300%/  .

(IJIRHERXW 1SXMSR JSV 7YQQEV] .YHKQIRXGEQI SR VIKYPEVP] JSV LIEVMRK SR 3GXSFIV

8LI UYIWXMSR XS FI HIGMHIH MW [LIXLIV I&E] IRNS]W

MQQYRMX] YRHIV XLI 'SQQYRMGEXMSRW (IGIRG] %GX

w'(%x 97' � JSV XLI GSRHYGX YRHIVP]

MRK TPEMRXMJJW GPEMQW ,EZMRK VIZMI[IH XLI IZMH

IRGI PE[ ERH EVKYQIRX XLI 'SYVX GSRGPYHIW XLEX

I&E] MW MQQYRI JVSQ ER] PMEFMPMX] EVMWMRK JVSQ

  TPEMRXMJJW GPEMQW ERH XLIVIJSVI KVERXW HIJIRHERXW

QSXMSR

I&E] MW ER SRPMRI EYGXMSR GSQTER] 4PEMRXMJJ 

GPEMQW XLEX I&E] wLEW HIZIPSTIH E QIXLSH SJ STIVE

XMSR XLEX EPPS[W MX XS ORS[MRKP] VIET QEWWMZI TVSJMXW

JVSQ XLI WEPI SJ FSSXPIK ERH SXLIV YREYXLSVM^IH

uMRJVMRKMRKv WSYRH VIGSVHMRKW MR ZMSPEXMSR SJ  &YWM

RIWW ERH 4VSJIWWMSRW 'SHI � x 4PEMRXMJJW

1IQSVERHYQ SJ 4SMRXW ERH %YXLSVMXMIW w4PEMRXMJJW

4 %x T 7TIGMJMGEPP] TPEMRXMJJ GPEMQW XLEX

I&E] ZMSPEXIW WIGXMSR MR XLEX w I&E] EGXY

EPP] WIPPW SV EX QMRMQYQ EHZIVXMWIW ERH SJJIVW JSV 

WEPI ERH GEYWIW XLI WEPI SJ ZEVMSYW FSSXPIK ERH

SXLIV MRJVMRKMRK WSYRH VIGSVHMRKW MR HMVIGX ZMSPE

XMSR SJ WIZIVEP ETTPMGEFPI 4IREP 'SHI 4VSZMWMSRW 4IR'SHI �� L W [ I&E] MRHI

  TIRHIRX SJ MXW YWIVW IRKEKIW MR YRJEMV FYWMRIWW

 TVEGXMGIW MR XLEX ORS[MRK JYPP [IPP XLEX MRJVMRKMRK

WSYRH VIGSVHMRK EYGXMSRW EVI TVIZEPIRX SR MXW WMXI

I&E] EGXMZIP] TVSQSXIW ERH IREFPIW XLSWI EYGXMSRW

ERH XEOIW E GSQQMWWMSR SR IEGL WEPI IZIR XLSYKL

MX GSYPH IPMQMREXI WEMH MRJVMRKMRK EYGXMSR MJ MX

[ERXIH XS ERH I&E] MXWIPJ IRKEKIW MR GSRHYGX

PMOIP] XS HIGIMZI XLI TYFPMG MR XLEX MX ORS[W EFSYX

ERH EGXMZIP] JEGMPMXEXIW MRJVMRKMRK WSYRH VIGSVHMRK

EYGXMSRW IZIR XLSYKL EW MX EPWS ORS[W QER] SJ XLI

YPXMQEXI TYVGLEWIVW SJ XLI VIGSVHMRKW XVYP] HS RSX

VIEPM^I XLI] EVI FY]MRK MPPIKEP MXIQW [MXL RS VIWEPI

ZEPYI 4PEMRXMJJW 4 % T GMXMRK 7IGSRH

%QIRHIH 'SQTPEMRX ��

(IJIRHERXW MQQYRMX] GPEMQ MW FEWIH SR

97' � G [LMGL WXEXIW XLEX w?RAS TVSZMHIV 

SV YWIV SJ ER MRXIVEGXMZI GSQTYXIV WIVZMGI WLEPP FI

XVIEXIH EW XLI TYFPMWLIV SV WTIEOIV SJ ER] MRJSVQEXMSR TVSZMHIH F] ERSXLIV MRJSVQEXMSR GSRXIRX TVS

ZMHIVx ERH WIGXMSR I [LMGL TVSZMHIW MR TEVX

XLEX w?RAS GEYWI SJ EGXMSR QE] FI FVSYKLX ERH RS PM

EFMPMX] QE] FI MQTSWIH YRHIV ER] 7XEXI SV PSGEP PE[

XLEX MW MRGSRWMWXIRX [MXL XLMW WIGXMSRx 7IGXMSR

wGVIEXIW E JIHIVEP MQQYRMX] XS ER] WXEXI PE[ GEYWI

SJ EGXMSR XLEX [SYPH LSPH GSQTYXIV WIVZMGI TVS

ZMHIVW PMEFPI JSV MRJSVQEXMSR SVMKMREXMRK [MXL E XLMVH

 TEVX] 7TIGMJMGEPP] � TVIGPYHIW GSYVXW JVSQ IR

XIVXEMRMRK GPEMQW XLEX [SYPH TPEGI E GSQTYXIV WIV

ZMGI TVSZMHIV MR E TYFPMWLIVW VSPI 8LYW PE[WYMXW

WIIOMRK XS LSPH E WIVZMGI TVSZMHIV PMEFPI JSV MXW I\IVGMWI SJ E TYFPMWLIVW XVEHMXMSREP IHMXSVMEP JYRG

XMSRW WYGL EW HIGMHMRK [LIXLIV XS TYFPMWL [MXL

HVE[ TSWXTSRI SV EPXIV GSRXIRX EVI FEVVIHx

  >IVER Z %QIVMGE 3RPMRI XL 'MV *H

-QQYRMX] YRHIV XLI '(% VIUYMVIW TVSSJ SJ 

XLVII IPIQIRXW (IJIRHERX QYWX IWXEFPMWL XLEX

I&E] MW ER MRXIVEGXMZI GSQTYXIV WIVZMGIW TVSZMHIV

XLEX I&E] MW RSX ER MRJSVQEXMSR GSRXIRX TVSZMHIV 

[MXL VIWTIGX XS XLI HMWTYXIH EGXMZMX] ERH XLEX

  TPEMRXMJJ WIIOW XS LSPH I&E] PMEFPI JSV MRJSVQEXMSR

SVMKMREXMRK [MXL E XLMVHTEVX] YWIV SJ MXW WIVZMGI

 -FMH *SV TYVTSWIW SJ XLMW QSXMSR MX MW YRHMWTYXIH

XLEX I&E] MW ER MRXIVEGXMZI GSQTYXIV WIVZMGI TVS

ZMHIV EW HIJMRIH MR WIGXMSR J 4PEMRXMJJW

7ITEVEXI 7XEXIQIRX SJ 9RHMWTYXIH 1EXIVMEP *EGXW

w4PEMRXMJJW 1EXIVMEP *EGXWx � TK %HHM

4EKI

 2SX 6ITSVXIH MR 'EP6TXVH ;0 'EP7YTIVMSV 9745H

'MXI EW ;0 'EP7YTIVMSV

� 8LSQWSR 6IYXIVW 2S 'PEMQ XS 3VMK 97 +SZ ;SVOW

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XMSREPP] I&E] LEW WEXMWJMIH MXW FYVHIR SJ IWXEFPMWL

MRK XLEX MX MW RSX ER MRJSVQEXMSR GSRXIRX TVSZMHIV EW

HIJMRIH MR WIGXMSR J 8LI YRHMWTYXIH JEGXW

IWXEFPMWL XLEX XLI HIWGVMTXMSRW SJ XLI KSSHW ERH WIV

ZMGIW EYGXMSRIH SZIV XLI I&E] WIVZMGI EVI GVIEXIH

IRXMVIP] F] XLI WIPPIVW 4PEMRXMJJW 1EXIVMEP *EGXW �

TK I&E] MW RSX VIWTSRWMFPI JSV XLI GVIEXMSR SV 

HIZIPSTQIRX SJ MRJSVQEXMSR VIPEXMRK XS ER] SJ XLI

  TVSHYGXW JSV [LMGL MX TVSZMHIW EYGXMSR WIVZMGIW

;LMPI I&E] QE] EHH EHHMXMSREP MRJSVQEXMSR XS MXW

[IF TEKIW WYGL EW PSKSW GEXIKSV] LIEHMRKW ERH

WIPPIV VEXMRKW XLMW MRJSVQEXMSR MW RSX YRPMOI XLI MR

JSVQEXMSR EHHIH XS QER] [IF TEKIW XLI TYVTSWI SJ 

[LMGL MW XS JEGMPMXEXI IEWI SJ YWI ERH EGGIWW XS XLI

GSRXIRX TVSZMHIH F] XLI XLMVHTEVX] I&E] XLIVI

JSVI MW RSX ER MRJSVQEXMSR GSRXIRX TVSZMHIV SV NSMRXMRJSVQEXMSR GSRXIRX TVSZMHIV [MXL VIWTIGX XS XLI HI

WGVMTXMSR SJ EYGXMSRIH KSSHW

8LI QSVI HMJJMGYPX UYIWXMSR MW [LIXLIV 

  TPEMRXMJJ MW WIIOMRK XS LSPH I&E] VIWTSRWMFPI JSV 

GSRXIRX TVSZMHIH F] XLMVH TEVXMIW 4PEMRXMJJ HSIW RSX

GPEMQ XLEX XLIVI MW ER]XLMRK MQTVSTIV EFSYX XLI

QERRIV MR [LMGL I&E] GSRHYGXW MXW EYGXMSR FYWM

RIWW SXLIV XLER XLEX MX EYGXMSRW WSYRH VIGSVHMRKW

XLEX QE] RSX PE[JYPP] FI WSPH ,S[IZIV TPEMRXMJJ 

GSRXIRHW XLEX I&E]W WIVZMGIW GSRWXMXYXI QSVI XLER

QIVI TYFPMGEXMSR SJ TVSHYGX HIWGVMTXMSRW TVITEVIH  F] SXLIVW ERH EVI MRWXIEH MRHITIRHIRX EGXW SJ I&E]

MR JYVXLIVERGI SJ MPPIKEP WEPIW 8LIVIJSVI TPEMRXMJJ 

GPEMQW XLMW WYMX HSIW RSX WIIO XS LSPH I&E] VI

WTSRWMFPI JSV XLI TYFPMGEXMSR SJ MRJSVQEXMSR

 TVSZMHIH F] SXLIVW FYX JSV I&E]W S[R TEVXMGMTEXMSR

MR WIPPMRK GSRXVEFERH QYWMGEP VIGSVHMRKW

(IWTMXI TPEMRXMJJW EXXIQTX XS GLEVEGXIVM^I I&E]

EW ER EGXMZI TEVXMGMTERX MR XLI WEPI SJ TVSHYGXW EYG

XMSRIH SZIV MXW WIVZMGI TPEMRXMJJ MW WIIOMRK XS LSPH

I&E] VIWTSRWMFPI JSV MRJSVQMRK TVSWTIGXMZI TYV

GLEWIVW XLEX MPPIKEP VIGSVHMRKW QE] FI TYVGLEWIH

MRJSVQEXMSR XLEX SVMKMREXIW [MXL XLI XLMVH TEVX]

WIPPIVW [LS YWI XLI GSQTYXIV WIVZMGI 8LI YRGSR

XVSZIVXIH JEGXW IWXEFPMWL XLEX I&E]W VSPI HSIW RSX

I\XIRH FI]SRH XLI WGSTI SJ XLI JIHIVEP MQQYRMX]

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[LMGL WIPPIVW SJ KSSHW ERH WIVZMGIW HIWGVMFI SZIV 

XLI -RXIVRIX XLI TVSHYGXW XLI] [MWL XS WIPP ERH WIPP

XLIQ XS XLI TIVWSR [LS EKVIIW F] WYFQMXXMRK E FMH

XLVSYKL I&E]W [IF WMXI MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI

VYPIW SJ XLI WIVZMGI XS TE] XLI LMKLIWX TVMGI JSV XLI

  TVSHYGX I&E] TVSZMHIW MRXIVEGXMZI GSQTYXIV WIV

ZMGIW JSV [LMGL MX GLEVKIW E JII NYWX EW %QIVMGE

3RPMRI TVSZMHIW MRXIVEGXMZI WIVZMGIW JSV [LMGL MX

GLEVKIW E JII I&E] HSIW RSX WIPIGX MXIQW XS FI EYG

XMSRIH HSIW RSX MRWTIGX SV GSQI MRXS TSWWIWWMSR SJ 

XLSWI MXIQW EX ER] XMQI HSIW RSX HIWGVMFI XLI MXIQW

XS TVSWTIGXMZI FMHHIVW ERH HSIW RSX HIXIVQMRI XLI

QMRMQYQ TVMGI [LMGL XLI WIPPIV [MPP EGGITX JSV XLI

MXIQ I&E] HSIW EHZIVXMWI ERH TVSQSXI MXW EYGXMSR

WIVZMGI ERH GLEVKIW E JII JSV XLI YWI SJ MXW WIVZMGI

,S[IZIV RIMXLIV EKKVIWWMZI EHZIVXMWMRK RSV XLI MQ TSWMXMSR SJ E JIIMRGPYHMRK E JII FEWIH MR TEVX SR XLI

 TVMGI EX [LMGL ER MXIQ MW WSPHXVERWJSVQW ER MRXIV

EGXMZI WIVZMGI TVSZMHIV MRXS E WIPPIV VIWTSRWMFPI JSV 

MXIQW WSPH 'J &PYQIRXLEP Z (VYHKI

((' *7YTT %QIVMGE 3R

PMRI MQQYRI JVSQ PMEFMPMX] JSV PMFIPSYW WXEXIQIRXW

GSRXEMRIH MR XLI (VYHKI 6ITSVX IZIR XLSYKL %QIV

MGE 3RPMRI TEMH (VYHKI XS MRGPYHI XLI 6ITSVX SR MXW

WIVZMGI ERH EGXMZIP] EHZIVXMWIH XLI 6ITSVX F]

EQSRK SXLIV XLMRKW MWWYMRK E TVIWW VIPIEWI [LMGL

QEHI wGPIEV XLI OMRH SJ QEXIVMEP (VYHKI [SYPH

 TVSZMHI XS %30 WYFWGVMFIVWKSWWMT ERH VYQSVERH

YVKIH TSXIRXMEP WYFWGVMFIVW XS WMKR SRXS %30 MR SV

HIV XS KIX XLI FIRIJMX SJ XLI (VYHKI 6ITSVXx

4PEMRXMJJ TSMRXW XS WIZIVEP SXLIV JIEXYVIW SJ 

I&E]W WIVZMGI [LMGL LI GSRXIRHW XVERWJSVQ HIJIRH

ERX JVSQ E QIVI GSQTYXIV WIVZMGIW TVSZMHIV XS ER

EGXMZI TEVXMGMTERX MR XLI WEPI SJ XLI EYGXMSRIH KSSHW

ERH WIVZMGIW I&E] TVSZMHIW MRWYVERGI JSV EPP EYG

XMSRIH MXIQW YT XS PIWW E HIHYGXMFPI

4IVOMRW HIGPEVEXMSR )\ - 'SZIVEKI MW EZEMPEFPI

[LIVI E FY]IV TE]W JSV ER MXIQ FYX HSIW RSX VIGIMZI

MX SV [LIVI XLI FY]IV VIGIMZIW wER MXIQ XLEX MW PIWW

XLER [LEX MW HIWGVMFIHx  -FMH 4VSZMHMRK MRWYVERGI

LS[IZIV MW RSX WIPPMRK SV SJJIVMRK XS WIPP XLI MR

WYVIH QIVGLERHMWI 4VSZMHMRK PMQMXIH MRWYVERGI JSV 

EPP MXIQW EYGXMSRIH SZIV MXW WIVZMGI QE] IRGSYVEKI

  FY]IVW XS YWI XLI WIVZMGI FYX HSIW RSX QEOI I&E]

4EKI

 2SX 6ITSVXIH MR 'EP6TXVH ;0 'EP7YTIVMSV 9745H

'MXI EW ;0 'EP7YTIVMSV

� 8LSQWSR 6IYXIVW 2S 'PEMQ XS 3VMK 97 +SZ ;SVOW

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XLI WIPPIV -J E WIPPIV QMWVITVIWIRXW ER EYGXMSRIH

MXIQ KMZMRK VMWI XS GSZIVEKI XLI MRWYVIV [MPP LEZI E

WYFVSKEXMSR GPEMQ EKEMRWX XLI WIPPIV FYX RSX EKEMRWX

I&E] 7II IK *MVIQERW *YRH -RW 'S Z

;MPWLMVI *MPQ :IRXYVIW -RG 'EP%TTXL

I&E] EPWS TVSZMHIW IWGVS[ ERH TE]

QIRX WIVZMGIW JSV [LMGL EHHMXMSREP JIIW EVI

GLEVKIH I&E] VIJIVW YWIVW XS M)WGVS[ [LMGL EG

GITXW TE]QIRX JVSQ XLI FY]IV ERH MR XYVR TE]W XLI

WIPPIV [LIR XLI FY]IV LEW VIGIMZIH ERH ETTVSZIH

XLI EYGXMSRIH QIVGLERHMWI I&E]W &MPPTSMRX WIVZMGI

IREFPIW FY]IVW XS TE] JSV EYGXMSRIH MXIQW F] GVIHMX

GEVH SV IPIGXVSRMG GLIGO 2IMXLIV XLI IWGVS[ WIVZMGI

RSV XLI &MPPTSMRX LS[IZIV VIRHIVW I&E] E WIPPIV

&SXL EVI QIVIP] EHHMXMSREP WIVZMGIW [LMGL TVSQSXI

XLI TVSZMHIRX ERH IJJMGMIRX YWI SJ I&E]W EYGXMSRWIVZMGI MVVIWTIGXMZI SJ XLI PIKEPMX] SV MPPIKEPMX] SJ 

XLI MXIQ FIMRK EYGXMSRIH 8LIWI EHHMXMSREP JIEXYVIW

EVI EZEMPEFPI [MXL VIWTIGX XS EPP KSSHW ERH WIVZMGIW

EYGXMSRIHXLI] EVI RSX PMQMXIH XS VIGSVHMRKW QYGL

PIWW XS MPPIKEP VIGSVHMRKW

4PEMRXMJJ EXXIQTXW XS HVE[ E HMWXMRGXMSR

 FIX[IIR I&E]W MRXIVEGXMZI WIVZMGI [LMGL LI EVKYIW

MW FEWIH SR E WEPIW QSHIP ERH SXLIV MRXIVEGXMZI WIV

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PMQMXW XLI '(%W ETTPMGEXMSR % TVMRGMTEP SFNIGXMZI

SJ XLI MQQYRMX] TVSZMWMSR MW XS IRGSYVEKI GSQ

QIVGI SZIV XLI -RXIVRIX F] IRWYVMRK XLEX MRXIVEGXMZI

GSQTYXIV WIVZMGI TVSZMHIVW EVI RSX LIPH VIWTSRWMFPI

JSV LS[ XLMVH TEVXMIW YWI XLIMV WIVZMGIW w-X MW XLI

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ERH GSQTIXMXMZI JVII QEVOIX XLEX TVIWIRXP] I\MWXW

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ZMGIW YRJIXXIVIH F] *IHIVEP SV 7XEXI VIKYPEXMSRx

97'% � F 8LMW TSPMG] MW FEWIH MR

  TEVX SR 'SRKVIWW JMRHMRK XLEX w?MARGVIEWMRKP]

%QIVMGERW EVI VIP]MRK SR MRXIVEGXMZI QIHME JSV E

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XEMRQIRX WIVZMGIWx 97'% � E 8S

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7SH VIZMI[ KVERXIH %TVMP

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QSXLIV EKEMRWX %QIVMGE 3RPMRI JSV WIPPMRK ERH HMW

XVMFYXMRK TSVRSKVETLMG QEXIVMEP SJ LIV QMRSV WSR MR

ZMSPEXMSR SJ *PSVMHE PE[ 4PEMRXMJJW EXXIQTX XS MQ

  TSWI VIWTSRWMFMPMX] SR I&E] EW XLI WIPPIV SJ MXIQW

EYGXMSRIH SZIV MXW WIVZMGI MW RS HMJJIVIRX JVSQ XLI

YRWYGGIWWJYP EXXIQTXW XLEX LEZI FIIR QEHI XS LSPH

GSQTYXIV WIVZMGI TVSZMHIVW PMEFPI EW HMWXVMFYXSVW

VEXLIV XLER EW TYFPMWLIVW SJ HIJEQEXSV] SV TSVRS

KVETLMG QEXIVMEPW (SI Z %QIVMGE 3RPMRI WYTVE

7SH >IVER WYTVE *H

%X FSXXSQ TPEMRXMJJW GSRXIRXMSR MW XLEX I&E]

WLSYPH FI LIPH VIWTSRWMFPI JSV JEMPMRK XS QSRMXSV XLI

  TVSHYGXW EYGXMSRIH SZIV MXW WIVZMGI I&E] QYWX

ORS[ TPEMRXMJJ EWWIVXW XLEX MPPMGMX VIGSVHMRKW EVI FI

MRK EYGXMSRIH SZIV MXW WIVZMGI 8LI ZIV] HIWGVMTXMSR

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WSQI EW GSRXVEFERH WS XLEX TPEMRXMJJ GSRXIRHW I&E]

QYWX FI HIIQIH XS LEZI RSXMGI XLEX XLIWI QE] RSX

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JYP WEPI ,S[IZIV GEWIW HIGMHIH YRHIV XLI '(%

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 >IVER WYTVE *H EX (SI Z %QIVMGE

3RPMRI WYTVE 7SH EX 8LI GSYVXW

LEZI VIGSKRM^IH XLEX MQTSWMRK PMEFMPMX] FEWIH SR

RSXMGI SJ GSRXIRX MR XLI MRXIVEGXMZI GSQTYXIV WIVZMGI

GSRXI\X [SYPH GVIEXI ER MRGIRXMZI JSV TVSZMHIVW XS

VIWXVMGX WTIIGL ERH EFWXEMR JVSQ WIPJVIKYPEXMSR

XLIVIF] HIJIEXMRK XLI TYVTSWIW SJ  WIGXMSR

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8LI VIGSVH VIJPIGXW XLEX EX ER] KMZIR XMQI I&E]

LEW SZIV QMPPMSR PMWXMRKW SR MXW [IFWMXI ETTVS\MQ

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LS[IZIV QER] MX QMKLX FI TSWWMFPI JSV HIJIRHERX XS

MHIRXMJ] EW WYGL 'SRKVIWW MRXIRHIH XS VIQSZI ER]

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  4ISTPI Z &IIQER WYTVE GSQTEVI EPWS ;MPGS\ Z

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7XSRIV Z I&E] -RG

  2SX 6ITSVXIH MR 'EP6TXVH ;0

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3RP] XLI ;IWXPE[ GMXEXMSR MW GYVVIRXP] EZEMPEFPI

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S[R XLI XMGOIXW XLEX EVI VIWSPH SR MXW [IFWMXI -RWXIEH 7XYF,YF STIVEXIW MR [LEX MW ORS[R EW XLI

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KEQI EX =EROII 7XEHMYQ  -H � 4PEMRXMJJ EX

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8/6/2019 Hill v StubHub Appellants Brief

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