Hill Architecture of Nepal Ppt

ARCHITECTURE IN NEPALHill Architecture

Submitted to: Dr. Minakshi Jain

``

Introduction

8. Demographics & Socio-economic Profile

7. Fauna

6. Flora

5. Rivers

4. Natural Resources

3. Climate

2. Physical Divisions

1. Location 10. Stupa

11. Temple Architecture

Architecture

CONTENTS

`` Monday, March 23, 2015 2ARCHITECTURE IN NEPAL

12. House Architecture

9. Area & Administrative Division

`` INTRODUCTION


`` 1.LOCATION


Lies between two great eastern civilization:

- India - west, south and east- China & Tibet in the north

Geographically : Nepals ecological zones run

east to west about 800 km along its

Himalayan axis, 150 to 250 km north to

south, and is vertically intersected by the

river systems.- 26 22N 30 27' N latitude and- 80 4' E 88 12' E longitude

Kathmandu is the capital of Nepal

INDIA

CHINA

CHINA

INDIA

Source :- http://welcomenepal.com/promotional/know-nepal/ http://mapsofindia.com

`` 2.PHYSICAL DIVISIONS

Based on the similarity of landform and terrain,

Nepal can be divided into 5 distinct

physiographic zones :-

1. Terai Region (60 300 m)

2. Siwalik Hills (300 1500 m)

3. Mahabharata Range (1500 2700 m)

4. Lesser Himalayas (2700 4500 m)

5. Greater Himalayas (above 6000 m)

Kathmandu

`` Monday, March 23, 2015 5ARCHITECTURE IN NEPALSource :- http://welcomenepal.com/promotional/know-nepal/physiography/

2.1 : Terai Region (60 300m)

These are alluvial plains lying in the range

of 60-300 m.

Terai covers 14% of the country area which is around

58,872 sqkm.

Sub-tropical climate(hot summer & mild winters)

This is the fertile region of Nepal and lowest point in this

region is jhapa district with altitude of 60 m.

Considered as grain basket of Nepal.

Jhapa district (60 m)

Kathmandu


``

Source :- http://welcomenepal.com/promotional/know-nepal/physiography/

2.2 : Siwalik Hills (300 1500m)

These are foothills regions immediately north to

Terai region reaching up to 1500 m and stretching

from East to West.

This region covers about 13% of the country area which

is around 19,133 sqkm.

Sub-tropical climate.

It is the groundwater recharge zone for Terai.Kathmandu


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2.3 : Mahabharta Range (1500 2700m)

Moderate elevation range of 1500-2700 m.

Covers 29% of the country area which

is around 42,682 sqkm.

There are steep slopes and narrow valleys toward North.

Sub-tropical climate at bottom of hills but gradually gets

cooler towards higher elevation.

Some higher elevation experiences occasional snowfall

during winter season

Kathmandu

Chitwan valley

Sindhuli valley


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2.4. Lesser Himalayas (2700 4500m)

The elevation range from 2000 to 4500 m.

Covers 20% of the country area which is around

29,436 sqkm .

There are steep slopes and narrow valleys.

The climate is cold temperate.

Snowfall often covers the mountain tops during winter.Kathmandu

Langtang Nationalpark

Makalu BarunNational park


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``

``

2.5 : Greater Himalayas (above 6000m)

The elevation in this region is above 6000 m.

This region has highest point in the earth

at 8848m(Mt. Everest).

Covers 24% of country area which is around 35,323 sqkm.

There are steep slopes and narrow valleys.

The climate is alpine to tundra.

Most of the parts are under snow or glaciers through-

-out the year .

KathmanduKanchenjunga

Makalu

Lhotse

Mt. Everest

Cho Oyu

Manasalu

Annapurna

Dhaulagiri

Monday, March 23, 2015 10ARCHITECTURE IN NEPALSource :- http://welcomenepal.com/promotional/know-nepal/physiography/

Greater Himalayas (above 6000m)

Kathmandu

Eight of 14 eight-thousanders of world lie in this region.

Kanchenjunga

Makalu

Lhotse

Mt. Everest

Cho Oyu

Manasalu

Annapurna

Dhaulagiri

``

``

Monday, March 23, 2015 11ARCHITECTURE IN NEPALSource :- http://welcomenepal.com/promotional/know-nepal/physiography/

`` 3. CLIMATE

Nepal experiences different types of precipitation pattern across the country.

Average precipitation of Nepal is 1530 mm .

Huge variation from the south to north as

well as east to west.

There are two patterns of monsoon seasons

I. Easterlies (appearing in summer)

II. Westerlies (appearing in winter )

The winter is the driest period in Nepal.

Kathmandu

`` Monday, March 23, 2015 12ARCHITECTURE IN NEPALSource : http://welcomenepal.com/promotional/know-nepal/plants/

Rivers of Nepal

Nepal is divided into 3 major river systems:-

1. The Koshi River

2. The Naryani River(Indias Gandhak River)

3. The Karnali River


`` 4. NATURAL RESOURCES

4.1 : The Koshi River


``

Tibet

Bagmati

JanakpurKoshi

The Koshi or Kosi River drains the northern

slopes of the Himalayas in the Tibet and

the southern slopes in Nepal.

It flows through Bagmati, Janakpur and Koshi

states of Nepal .

The Koshi is 720 km long and drains area

of Tibet, Nepal and Bihar.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region

4.2 : The Narayani River


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Gandaki

Dhawalagiri

Rapti

Lumbini

It originates from Kali and Gandaki rivers of

Nepal.

It is also called Krishna Gandaki in Nepal.

It is known as the Narayani in southern Nepal.

Kali river flows through Dhawalagiri, Rapti and

merge with Gandaki at Lumbini state to form

the Narayani river.

The Narayani is 630 km long.

4.3 : The Karnali River


``

Tibet

Karnali

BheriSeri

Karnali originates on the Tibetan Plateau

near Lake Mansarovar.

It is also called Ghaghara.

It cuts through the Himalayas in Karnali and

border of Seri and Bheri states of Nepal, and

joins the Sarda River at Brahmaghat in India.

The Karnali is 1080 km long.

`` 5. FOREST COVER


25.4% of Nepal's land area

is covered with forest which

is around 37,383 sq. km.

`` 6. FLORA AND FAUNA


The flora and fauna of Nepal can be divided into four regions :-

Tropical Zone (up to 1000 m)

Subtropical Zone (1100-2400 m)

Temperate Zone (2500-4000 m)

Sub alpine and Alpine Zone (more than 4000 m)

Source : http://welcomenepal.com/promotional/know-nepal/plants/

``


6.1 : Tropical Zone (up to 1000 m)

This region includes the Terai (lowland) and the large valleys or

Duns found between successive hill ranges. The main tree

species of this area are Sal, Semal, Asna. Two-meter high

elephant grass originally covered much of the Dun valleys but

now it has been largely replaced by agricultural settlements.

This tropical zone is the richest area of Nepal for wildlife such

as gaurs, buffaloes, leopards, rhinoceros and swamp deer.

Sal forest Gaur

RhinoSwamp deer


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6.2 : Subtropical Zone (1100-2400 m)

The trees found in this region are Acer oblongum, various

species of oak and rhododendron which cover the higher

slopes.

This zone is generally poor in wildlife. The only mammals,

which are at all widely distributed, are wild boar, barking deer,

Goral and bears.

Acer oblongum Bear

GarolSwamp deer


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6.3 : Sub alpine and Alpine Zone (more than 4000 m)

Above the tree line, rhododendron, juniper scrub and other

woody vegetation may extend to about 4200m and up to the

lower limit of perpetual snow and ice at about 5100m.

The wildlife of this region includes the Himalayan marmots,

mouse hare, thar, musk deer, snow leopard and occasionally

blue sheep.

Rhododendron Marmots

Snow LeopardHimalayan Thar


`` 7. ECOLOGICAL ZONES


Nepal has various ecological zones in the form of National park.

Khaptad National Park

Rara National Park

Royal Bardia National Park

Shey Phoksundo National Park

Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve

Langtang National Park

Sagamatha National Park

Makalu Barun National Park

Royal Chitwan National Park

Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve

`` 8. DEMOGRAPHY


As per census 2011.

Total Area - 1,47,181 sq. km

States 14

Population 26.6 million

Sex Ratio 1000 : 941

Population Density 180 person/sqkm

Literacy Rate 65.9%

Source Nepal Demographic and health survey 2011

``


Political map of NepalKathmandu

There are 14 states in Nepal :- Mahakali Seti Bheri Karnali Dhawalagiri Lumbini Gundaki Narayani Bagmati Janakpur Sagarmatha Kosi Mechi

``


9. AREAS AND ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS :-

Kathmandu

Nepal is mainly divided into five regions :

Eastern Region

Central Region

Western Region

Mid Western Region

Far Western Region

Source Nepal Demographic and health survey 2011

``

House Architecture

Temple Architecture

ARCHITECTURE

Stupa / Chorten


`` 11. STUPAS / CHORTEN (oldest monuments)

I. SWAYAMBHUNATH STUPA, Katmandu

It is an ancient monument on

a hill.

Stands on a low narrow plinth

(base or podium)


SWAYAMBHUNATH STUPA, Katmandu

http://www.sacredsites.com/asia/nepal/swayambhunath_stupa.html


``

Swayambhunath Stupa Located on a hill.

``

Stairway to Swayambhunath temple

http://www.sacredsites.com/asia/nepal/swayambhunath_stupa.html

Conical spire in 13 diminishingtiers symbolizing the 13Buddhist heaven with umbrellaapex.

Square base which has a largepair of human eyes symbolizesthe All Seeing One.

Revered by Buddhist as wellas Nepalese Hindus.

Gaya - jatri - festival toworship the holy cows.


`` 12. TEMPLES:

Types of Temple :

I. Pagoda Style(Chinese Influence)

II. Shikhara Style(Indian Influence)

Shikhara StylePagoda Style


``

Dedicated to Lord Shiva the guardian deity of Nepal.

Temples and shrines with golden gilt roof and large

richly carved silver gates.

All the dying's are brought for cremation.

Pasupati Nath Temple :-

Original pagoda styled temple before 6th

century.

One of the most famous places of Hindupilgrimage in the world.

I. PAGODA STYLE (CHINESE INFLUENCE)


Pasupati Nath Temple (Kathmandu)

``

Nyatapola Temple is a 5-story pagoda located in Bhaktapur, Nepal.

Mark of Nepalese temple designed in 1700 AD.

Shows significant innovations

1. increase of roof storey's and plinth steps on the one hand

2. Introduction of an open gallery surrounding the shrine cella onthe other

Integrated various styles of near-contemporary monuments.

This beautifully sculptured building is considered one of the tallestpagodas in the country.

Nyatapoloa Temple


VIEW


``

PLAN

ELEVATION SECTION


``

``

Krishna Temple, Patan

Typical sikhara spire with clusters of smallpavilions on each side of the 3 arcaded storey.

Carved stone frieze depicting romanticKrishna legend.

21 golden pinnacles.

The first floor holds the main shrine ofKrishna.

The second floor is dedicated to Shiva and thethird to Lokeshwor (Lord Buddha)

II. SHIKHARA STYLE (INDIAN INFLUENCE)


`` 13. HOUSES:

Chronological division of houses

a. Malla period (1200 - 1769)

b. Shah period (1769 - 1846)

c. Rana period (1846 - 1951)

d. Modern period (1951 onwards)


``

Section of typical Newari House

This is the most valuable period of the traditional architecture

of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.

A central wall normally divides the ground floor into two

narrow rooms, of which the front room is usually a shop

front or workshop.

The first floor is used mainly for bedrooms.

To keep the privacy from the outside, this floor usually has only

fixed lattice windows.

The most important communication to the street other than

the ground floor door on the front faade is decorative bay

window on the second floor.

a. Malla period (1200 - 1769)


``

It has window bench and its latticed window shutter is

openable.

This floor is the main living and family room. A row of twin

columns takes the place of the central wall to create a larger

space in the house.

Third (attic) floor is used as kitchen, dining and shrine area.

It makes sense to have kitchen on the top floor when people

use firewood for cooking, so smoke doesn't go through the

whole building.

Same as on the second floor a row of columns is found in

the center to hold the ridge of the building.Section of typical Newari House


``

b. Shah period (1769 - 1846)

Most of the houses were still built in Malla Period style, but

enlarging in proportion.

There was the influence of Mughal architecture, which may

have introduced stucco plaster.

c. Rana period (1846 - 1951)

Most of the outside influence arrived in the valley in thisperiod.

The trend towards lighter, larger and simple windows was

introduced.

The facade took on a vertical appearance.


d. Modern period (1951 onwards)

Today's houses are built to maximize the use of the land

they own.

The shape of the houses are not really comfortable and

living spaces are limited.


``

`` 14. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

The construction technique of the traditional Newar house is same as that of the

early Greek's and Egypt's - the trabeated system (lintel and post).

Wooden posts, beams and struts used in the houses.

A dressed natural Stone called Lohan or a wooden threshold ( lakanshin)

supports the wooden post (than) and wooden bracket ( meth) which supports

the load from the lintel ( nina ) and beams ( dalin ) on the post.

Lintels over openings are of timber and often in three parts, stepping upwards

towards the inside.

`` Monday, March 23, 2015 41ARCHITECTURE IN NEPALSource : http://vaastukala.blogspot.com/2008/08/traditional-newar-houses-of-nepal.html

`` 14.1 ROOFS

The roof is double- pitched with the ridge on the line of the

central spine wall, and a projecting overhang of about 850 mm

at front and back.

Protect brick walls in mud mortar from the rain and sun:

Overhang :

Dwelling - 1000mm

Vihara - 1500mm

Temples-up to 4000 mm

ROOF- CONSTRUCTION:

Design and detail of roof construction same in all buildings:

Pitched Roof

Purlin Construction


With rafters ( musins ) of the topmost roof of temple meeting at a

point on central post ( than)

Ridge piece ( dhuri ) rests on lower sleeper walls that are an

extension of the lower wall structure

Roof plate (nas) rests on either on an eave structure or slanting

struts ( Tundals)

Wooden nails ( chukus) keep the various components in place.

Rafters and floor beams are spaced at intervals of 100-150mm

depending on beam section

Roofs are covered with special clay tiles (jhingati)

Horizontal wooden planks placed over rafters - above which is laid

clay is spread in 40-100 mm thick layer - into which jhingati, with

overlap of 2/3rd , is pressed.


`` 14.2 ROOF - CONSTRUCTION

Source : http://vaastukala.blogspot.com/2008/08/traditional-newar-houses-of-nepal.html

Biswa Nath,Patan,construction system of a dega temple

``

Maju Dega Peristyle,Kathmandu Maju Dega,Kathmandu,construction system of a cornerpillar supporting the peristyle

ROOF AND PILLAR CONSTRUCTION

`` Monday, March 23, 2015 44ARCHITECTURE IN NEPALSource : Traditional Materials and Construction Technologies used in the Kathmandu Valley, By Caterina Bonapace and Valerio Sestini

`` 14.3. FRAME AND WALL CONSTRUCTION

Kasthamandapa,ground floor plan and section,KathmanduWood structure of theKasthamandapa first roof

Details of the frame andsupporting wall


`` FRAME AND WALL CONSTRUCTION


Wall system of multi-tiered temples of Nepal.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141029603002025

``

Axonometric section of a Newar house Overhanging eaves typical of traditional Newar buildings

NEWAR HOUSE CONSTRUCTION


`` CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

1. Wood :

Mainly used as columns ,beams, rafters and for construction of doors,

windows, stairs.

Species of local trees were used.

Hard Wood : for structural members (sal wood)

Soft Wood : non structural members (pine wood)

2. Metals :

Copper, iron, brass, bronze were commonly used.

Extremely expensive building material, it was used on religious and door facings,

lattice- works, door latches.


4. Bricks And Tiles :

Mud bricks were used for construction of walls.

Clay tiles were extensively used for roof coverings and for courtyard paving,

terrace floors and floor coverings ( Ceramic tiles ).

5. Mortar :

Grey clay was used as jointing material.

Lime-Surkhi, Lime stone was also used.


``

Source : http://vaastukala.blogspot.com/2008/08/traditional-newar-houses-of-nepal.html

3. Natural Stone :

Sedimentary rocks or metamorphic stone gathered from the quarries situated on the

north and south sides of mountain slopes.

ARCHITECTURE IN NEPAL(Hill Architecture)

Submitted by: 11611,11621,11635,11636

http://www.nepalinformation.com/patan.htm http://vaastukala.blogspot.com/2008/08/traditional-newar-houses-of-nepal.html

Monday, March 23, 2015ARCHITECTURE IN NEPAL 51

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Hill Architecture of Nepal Ppt

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Transcript of Hill Architecture of Nepal Ppt