Highlights of the Comprehensive Review of Japan’s Science ...

Highlights of the Comprehensive Review of Japan’s Science and Technology Basic Plans

NISTEP International Workshop on Comprehensive Review of

Japan’s Science and Technology Basic PlansTokyo, Japan

September 13 - 14, 2004

Masayuki KONDONational Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTEP)/

Yokohama National University

Outline of PresentationKnowledge Creation • Input

– S&T Budget: Total Budget, Basic Research Budget, Competitive Research Funds, and Budgets for Priority Areas

– Facilities and Intellectual Infrastructure– S&T Human Resources

• Post-doctorate Researchers and Researcher Mobility • Output

– Research Papers – Patents

Knowledge Utilization• University-Industry Collaboration• Regional Innovation • S&T Impacts on Economy, Society and People’s Life

M.KONDO, NISTEP 1

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

FY1992

FY1993

FY1994

FY1995

FY1996

FY1997

FY1998

FY1999

FY2000

FY2001

FY2002

FY2003

FY2004

(Initial budget )

3rd Supplementary budget

Initial Budget

100 Million Yen

Pre-First-Plan Period (FY1991-FY1995) 12.6 trillion yen (2.5 trillion yen/yr.)First-Plan Period (FY1996-FY2000) 17.6 trillion yen (3.5 trillion yen/yr.)Second-Plan Period (FY2001-FY2004) 15.1 trillion yen (3.8 trillion yen/yr.)

Source: MEXT S&T Policy Bureau, “Budget for Science and Technology in FY 2003,” May 2003 and its annual issues

Total S&T Budget

Trends in S&T Budget

Trends in Initial and Supplementary S&T BudgetsPre-First Plan Period First Plan Period Second Plan Period

2nd Supplementary budget1st Supplementary budget

FY1991

M.KONDO, NISTEP 2

Growth of S&T Budget

Share of Supplementary Budget

*: Obtained by dividing the additional funding of supplementary budget in general account expenditure by the value of (initial budget in general account expenditure + supplementary budget in general account expenditure)

Source: S&T Policy Bureau, “Budget for Science and Technology in FY 2003,” May 2003 and its annual issues, Ministry of Finance database “Information on Budgets and Settlements,” and its annual issues

*: The change in the GDP deflator between 1991-2001 was 5.8 points. Source: MEXT S&T Policy Bureau, “Budget for Science and Technology in FY 2003,” May 2003 and its annual issues, Japan

Statistical Yearbook 2004

Growth rate of initial budget (%)Pre-First Plan Period(FY1991–FY1995)

First Plan Period(FY1996–FY2000)

Second Plan Period(FY2001–FY2003)

S&T Budget 5.4% 5.6% 3.1%3.6% 2.7% -0.3%

2.1% (1.4%) 0.5% (1.4%) -1.5% (0.0%)

Government budget (general expenditure)

GDP nominal value (real value)

Pre-First Plan Period(FY1991–FY1995)

First Plan Period(FY1996–FY2000)

Second Plan Period(FY2001–FY2003)

Share of supplementary

budget in S&T budget10.7% 13.4% 8.1%

Share of supplementary budget in

(additional funding )*

11.7% 13.2% 7.5%general account expenditure

1.8pts.

2.9pts.

3.4 pts.

M.KONDO, NISTEP 3

Comparison of S&T Budgets among Japan, U.S. and EU

All S&T budgets Non-defense S&T budgets

*1: All calculations were based on the initial budget.*2: EU consists of 15 member countries as of March,

2004. The budgets for U.S. and EU were converted into Japanese yen using Purchasing Power Parity (PPP).

Source: Calculated using the data from OECD“ Main Science and Technology Indicators 2003-2”

0

5

10

15

20

1990 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02

Gov

ernm

ent S

&T

Bud

get

Year

Trillion Yen

U.S.

Japan

EU

0

5

10

15

20

1990 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 Year

Trillion Yen

U.S.

Japan

EU

International Comparison (Japan = 100)

Gov

ernm

ent S

&T

Bud

get

1995 2000 2003

Japan 100 100 100

U.S. 468 396 465

EU 407 341 -

All S&T Budget

M.KONDO, NISTEP 4

Government Expenditure on R&D as a percentage of GDP

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1982 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02

Year

Government-funded R&Dexpenditures

/ GDP

Germany

U.S.

France

Japan

%

U.K.

M.KONDO, NISTEP 5

Industry R&D funded by Government[References]

Source: (Japan) MPHPT, “Report on the Survey of Research and Development”(U.S.) NSF, ”National Patterns of R&D Resources 2002 Data Update”(Germany, France & U.K.) OECD, “Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2002/2”For the UK data in 2001, ONS, “Gross domestic expenditure on Research and Development 2001”

Pre-First Plan Period First Plan Period Second Plan Period

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

1991 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02Year

Ratio ofIndustryR&Dexpendituresfundedbygovernment

U.S.

Japan

FranceU.K.

Germany

M.KONDO, NISTEP 6

S&T Budget by Type of R&D

Basic Research Budget

S&T budget by type of R&D

M.KONDO, NISTEP 7

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

FY1991

FY1992

FY1993

FY1994

FY1995

FY1996

FY1997

FY1998

FY1999

FY2000

FY2001

FY2002

FY2003

Pre-FirstPlan Period

First Plan Period

Second Plan Period

Basic research ratio

Pre-First Plan Period 6.1 Trillion Yen

33.8%

First Plan Period 8.8 Trillion Yen

37.1%

Second Plan Period 5.8 Trillion Yen

38.2%

R&D expenditures

Basic research Applied research Development research Feasibility study, Testing, etc. Unclassifiable

*1:Calculation methods differ for the years before and after FY2001.*2:Of the S&T budget, R&D expenditures were classified into basic research, applied research, development research, feasibility study and testing, and unclassifiable. *3: R&D expenditures for national and Special Public Institutions’ research institutes were calculated based on the type of R&D ratios in the “Report on the Survey of Research and Development” by Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications (MPHPT). R&D expenditures after FY2001 were categorized by type of R&D, using MEXT’s S&T budget database.*4:R&D expenditures of national, public, and private universities in the S&T budget were multiplied by type of R&D ratios by sector in MPHPT, “Report on the Survey of Research and Development” . *5: R&D expenditures for Departments of Ministries and Agencies, operating bodies of Special Public Institutions, Special Public Institutions, and others were categorized for each project based on the type of R&D classifications used in the MEXT’s S&T budget database. *6: Budgets for competitive research funds were excluded from the R&D expenditures of Special Public Institutions operating bodies and MEXT departments. Each project was categorized by research type based on its contents.*7: Ratios in FY2003 are based on the initial budget only.Source: MEXT S&T Policy Bureau, “Budget for Science and Technology in FY 2003,” May 2003, and its annual issues, MPHPT, “Report on the Survey of Research and Development,” and competitive research funds data.

[References] Basic Research Ratios in Japan and U.S.

Basic research ratios by sectorBasic research ratios

13.3 14.6 14.6 15.0

22.823.424.324.6

61.162.1 62.0 62.2

0

20

40

60

80

FY 1991 FY 1996 FY 2001 FY 2002

(%)

JapanU.S.

Basic

Applied

Development

Source: MPHPT, “Report on the Survey of Research and Development”MEXT S&T Policy Bureau, “Indicators of Science and Technology” (2002)NISTEP, “Science and Technology Indicators” (2004)

54.5 54.7 53.5 54.0

31.030.5

19.8

14.6 18.5

18.7 19.6 20.1

5.95.86.26.80

20

40

60

80

FY 1991 FY 1996 FY 2001 FY 2002

％ Japan

Universities and colleges

Industry

Governmentresearch institutes

Private researchinstitutes

70.564.163.3

20.816.215.6

49.646.8

41.3

9.85.76.7

0

20

40

60

80

FY 1991 FY 1996 FY 2001

Universitiesand colleges

Industry

Governmentresearch institutes

Private research institutes

U.S.％

M.KONDO, NISTEP 8

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

FY1991

FY1993

FY1995

FY1997

FY1999

FY2001

FY2003

FY2005

100 Million Yen

Competitive Research Funds

Source: MEXT S&T Policy Bureau, “Budget for S&T in FY 2003,” May 2003 and its annual issues, and budget for S&T data

Trends in Competitive Research Funds

Special Coordination Funds for Promoting Science and Technology

Health Sciences Research Grants

Global Environment Research Fund

Basic research promotion systems utilizing special public institutions

Systems established during the Second Plan

Other systems established during the First Plan

Grants-in-Aid for ScientificResearch

TargetIncreases in budget for competitive research funds


i. Systems established before the First Plan-Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research-Special Coordination Funds for Promoting Science and

Technology-Health Sciences Research Grants-Global Environment Research Fund

ii. Systems established during the First Plan[Basic research promotion systems utilizing special public institutions]

*Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology*Basic Research Promotion System in Information

Communication *Research for the Future Program Subsidy*Program for Promotion of Fundamental Studies in Health Sciences

*Program for Promotion of Basic Research Activities for Innovative Biosciences

*Proposal-based Creative R&D Promotion Program and Industrial Technology Research Grant Program (since FY 1999)

*Program for Promoting Fundamental Transport Technology Research

[Others]-Industrial Technology Research Grant Program-R&D Program for New Bio-industry Initiatives-Research Project for Utilizing Advanced Technologies in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries-Grant-in-Aid for the Development of Innovative Technology (Open Competition for the Development of Innovative Technology since FY2002)

-Proposal-based Frequency Resources Development Technology Research-R&D Promotion Scheme Utilizing Japan Gigabit Network-Proposal-based Basic Research 21 for Breakthroughs in Info-Communications

-Strategic Information and Communications R&D Promotion System

-Advanced Technology Development for Pioneering New Communication and Broadcasting Fields (Telecom Incubation)

iii. Systems established during the Second Plan-R&D Program for New Bio-industry Initiatives-Research Grant for Fire and Disaster Management-Creation Support System for University-Initiated Start-Ups-R&D Subsidy for Construction Technology -Technical Development Program for Making Agribusiness in

the Form of Utilizing the Concentrated Know-How from Private Sector

-Research Promotion System for Private-based Technology-R&D of Quantum Information Communications Technology-Environmental Technology Development Fund-Research and Technology Development on Waste Management

Research Grant

M.KONDO, NISTEP 9

Competitive Research Funds and Fundamental Research Fundsat National Universities

1,306 1,3401,520 1,509 1,5021,505

970

1,6281,389

1,2351,083

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

FY1998 FY1999 FY2000 FY2001 FY2002 FY2003

Fundamental Research Funds Competitive research funds

100 Million Yen

*FY 2003 Data is preliminary

First Plan Period Second Plan Period

*: “Appropriation for basic cost of education and research” in this figure only contains the portion registered in the S&T budget under the National School Special Account.

“Competitive research funds” represent the funds allocated to national universities under various project names.Source: Calculated by Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc, based on data and information provided by MEXT and other government bodies

M.KONDO, NISTEP 10

R&D Budget Ratios by Priority Areas (Life Science, ICT, Environment Science, and Nanotech & Material S&T)

Prioritization

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

FY1991

FY1992

FY1993

FY1994

FY1995

FY1996

FY1997

FY1998

FY1999

FY2000

FY2001

FY2002

FY2003

Life sciences ICT Environment Nanotechnology & materialsEnergy Manufacturing Technology Social infrastructure FrontiersSocial sciences and humanities

Others and scientificresearch

Unclassifiable

Second Plan Period

First Plan Period

Pre-First Plan Period

*1: Data collection standards differ between before and after FY 2001.*2: Data include initial and supplementary budgets, other than FY 2003 in which only the initial budget was included.Source:Calculated by NISTEP and Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc, using the MEXT “Budget for Science and Technology in

FY 2003” and its annual issues, “Nationwide List of Research Institutes in Japan,” and data and information provided by the MEXT and other government bodies

Ratios of the four areas

Pre-First Plan Period 6.1 Trillion Yen(FY1991–FY1995 )

29.1%

First Plan Period 8.8 Trillion Yen(FY1996–FY2000)

37.6%

Second Plan Period 5.8 Trillion Yen (FY2001-FY2003)

41.9%

R&D Budget

M.KONDO, NISTEP 11

104 104 106 106 106 110 116 126 138 158 192

558 627 688 721 767 802 832 850 903 932 964

975 939 901 876 853 841 816 807 760 730 711188 164 159 157 146 163 199 211 236 250 226176 235 225 270 296 277 306 327 314 365 384

18.2%

22.3%23.2% 23.4%

20.1%20.4%19.3%

24.6%25.3%

20.0%18.5%

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

FY

1993

FY

1994

FY

1995

FY

1996

FY

1997

FY

1998

FY

1999

FY

2000

FY

2001

FY

2002

FY

2003

(10.000 m2)

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%40 years or older25-39 years

10-24 years

5-9 years

Under 4 years

Under 10 yrs (scale on the right)

Floor space of national universities by the number of years since construction

Source: MEXT, “Japanese Government Policies in Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology” and its annual issuesResearch cooperators council on future development of facilities at national universities, “Knowledge base – the management and operation outlines on the improvement of facilities at national universities,” July 2003

Facilities

Ratios of floor space newer than 10 years old


Are

a

Rat

io o

f are

a un

der 1

0 ye

ars o

f con

stru

ctio

n

M.KONDO, NISTEP 12

Intellectual Infrastructure

M.KONDO, NISTEP 13

year Goals2001 2002 2003 2020

Microorganisms (num. of stains )

Approx. 200,000

Approx. 250,000

Approx. 290,000

Approx. 600,000

Animal cells (num of strains)

Approx. 4,000

Approx. 8,000

Approx. 20,000

Approx. 30,000

Animals (Mice, num of strains) Approx.1,70

0(Mouse

embryos approx. 60,000)

Approx.2,200

(Mouse embryos approx. 65,000)

Approx.2,600

(Mouse embryos approx.

265,000)

Approx.4,000(Mouse embryos approx. 240,000)

Plant genetic resources-Core genetic resource-Arabidopsisthaliana

Approx. 220,000Approx. 46,000




[Research materials]

Approx. 250 species

150 species119 species76 speciesReference materials

Approx. 250 species

152 species136 species82 speciesMeasurement standards

[Measurement tandards]

2020200320022001Goalsyear

M.KONDO, NISTEP 14

(1) Corresponding database for creatures and organismsDNA sequence database(the number of annual entries of base sequences at the DNA Data Bank of Japan).

600Mbps940Mbps(2001.10 -

2002.9)

1020Mbps(2002.10 -

2003.9)6,000Mbps

(2) Corresponding databases for materials and substancesMaterial properties database

Approx. 600,000

Approx. 800,000

Approx. 980,000 Approx. 1,800,000

Chemical safety database

Approx. 2,000

Approx. 2,900

Approx. 3,000 Approx. 4,500

[Databases]

*: The data from the intellectual infrastructure plan was used for the year of 2001. Questionnaire data was used for 2003. Source: Handout distributed at the 5th meeting (February 20, 2004) of the Intellectual Infrastructure Committee,

Technology and Research Foundations Section, Council for S&T, MEXT

Human Resources

Supports for Post-Doctorates

580 900 1,070 1,240 1,450 1,490 1,554 1,591 1,5682,080

2,5803,714

4,927 4,735 5,017 4,945 4,918 4,805

179

417

784

986 907 970 1,181 1,313 997

1,900

2,200

2,420

2,440 2,8602,924 2,966 3,106

3,000

127

177

218 235 195 225 199199

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003

Post-doctorates: JSPS(Japanese) Post-doctorates: MEXT

Post-doctorates: Other ministries Doctorate students: JSPS

Doctorate students: Others

37,02635,823

36,28538,368

39,97140,667

43,04442,899

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Source: MEXT S&T Policy Bureau’s budget data

Source: NSF, “Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering”

(Person)

(Person)

Number of supported post-doctorates in Japan

U.S. post-doctorates in natural sciences

*: As for 2003, the number of post-doctorates in social science and humanities employed between 2001 and 2003 was deducted from the total number of the number of post-doctorates in FY2003.

(Year)


M.KONDO, NISTEP 15

Types of Supports for Post-doctorates

Japan (2003) * U.S. (2001)

8.3%5.7%

54.8%

31.2%

Federal government fellowshipsFederal government traineeshipsFederal government research subsidyNon-federal government including foundations

37.2%

7.0%18.4%

37.4%

Fellowship typeFellowship typeEmployment at Special Public InstitutionEmployment at National UniversityProgram-based employment

Program-based employmentMixed type

Source: MEXT S&T Policy Bureau, “Budget for Science and Technology in FY 2003”

Source: NSF “Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering”

* : The coverage is 10,000 Post-Doctorates Program, other than Course Doctor Support Program, Program for Sending Researchers Overseas, and Foreign Researchers Invitation Program

M.KONDO, NISTEP 16

Hiring Post-Doctorates and Doctorate Students by Private Companies in Japan

Companies’ intention to hire doctorate students and post-doctorates between 2000 and 2002

4.6%

5.1%

3.7%

5.6%

6.3%

6.2%

29.0%

26.1%

31.0%

9.5%

12.1%

15.6%

18.1%

21.6%

21.2%

12.9%

18.9%

19.3%

44.8%

41.0%

37.8%

75.7%

66.8%

63.3%0.4%

0.7%

0.6%

1.4%

1.5%

1.0%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Doctorate students

Post-doctorates

Hiring every yearHiring almost every yearHiring occasionallySeldom hiringNo hiring

(2002)

(2001)

(2000)

(2002)

(2001)

(2000)

No Hiring

Source: MEXT, “Survey Report on Research Activities of Private Companies”

M.KONDO, NISTEP 17

Introduction of Fixed-term Employment System

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002Year

National universities Public universitiesPrivate universities All

Ratios of fixed-term employment system introduction

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002Year

National universities Public universitiesPrivate universities All

Y

Ratios of fixed-term researchers

Source: The materials from the Subdivision on Universities of the Central Council for Education



M.KONDO, NISTEP 18

Researchers’ Mobility

Number of institutes experienced by a researcher in Japan

*: Estimated values based on professor’s age and the number of his/her move by that age. 30-year of service duration was applied to the estimation process. Source: Carnegie Foundation, “The International Academic Profession”, survey conducted in 1993.

Source: “Survey of the State of Japan’s Research Activities” (FY2000)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

60 and above

50 - 60

40 - 50

35 - 40

30 - 35

Under 30

(Age)

1 institution 2 institutions 3 institutions4 institutions 5 institutions and over No response

Number of moves expected on university professors (times)

M.KONDO, NISTEP 19

Shares of Research Papers and their Citations among Japan, U.S. and EU

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0Papers share

Cite

d pa

pers

shar

e

Japan

U.S.

EU

(% )

(% )

Research Papers

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0Papers share

Cite

d pa

pers

shar

e

2000

1995

1983

1990

(% )

(% )

First Plan Period


Magnified Japan’s Performance

*:A share in each year shows the total number of papers, published and being cited in the same five-year period. Data collected between 1981 and 1985 are marked as “1983” in Magnified data for Japan, above.

Data: ISI, “National Science Indicators 1981-2002”

M.KONDO, NISTEP 20

Citations of Japanese Research Papers

Japanese research paper distribution by citation frequency

Trends in Japanese shares in highly cited research papers

*: The data of “Citation frequency rank” is the data of papers in the SCI categorized into top 1%, 10%,…, based on citation frequency. Japan’s paper shares are the share of Japanese papers categorized in the citation ranks.

Data: Collected by NISTEP based on the CD-ROM version of SCI

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

200119961991

Shar

e of

pap

ers （

with

no

less

than

one

affil

iatio

n in

Japa

n ）

Top 1% of the most frequentlycited papers

Top 10% of the most frequentlycited papers

Top 25% of the most frequently citedpapers

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

Top 1% Top 10% Top 25% 25-50% 50-75% 75-100%

Citation frequency

Shar

e of

pap

ers （

with

no

less

than

one

affli

atio

n in

Japa

n)

200119961991

M.KONDO, NISTEP 21

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1991 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000

(10 thousand applications)

(Year)

JapanU.S.GermanyU.K.FranceOthers

Number of patent applications

Data: WIPONote: The decline in Japan’s patents applications share is mainly because the ratio of the patent applications to the Japan’s Patent Office

has decreased from 23.3% in 1991 to 5.1% in 2000.

Trends in Patent Applications in the WorldPatent application shares

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1991 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000

U.S.

Germany

Others

U.K.France

JapanC

ount

ry sh

are

Num

ber o

f pat

ent a

pplic

atio

n

(Year)

Patents

M.KONDO, NISTEP 22

Shares of U.S. Patents and their Citations among Japan, U.S. and EU (1980-2000)

Magnified Japan’s performance

10

15

20

25

10 15 20 25Patent Share

Cite

d pa

pers

shar

e

%

%

1998-2000(Assuming that applications to have been done during the First Plan)

1980

1990

1985

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Patent Share

Cita

tion

shar

e

Japan

EU

%

%

U.S.

Data: CHI Research Inc. “International Technology Indicators 1980-2002”

M.KONDO, NISTEP 23

Research Papers and Patents by Priority Areas

Shares of Japan’s research papers Shares of Japan’s U.S. patents

Shar

e of

the

U.S

. pat

ents

gra

nted

to Ja

pane

se b

y ei

ght p

riorit

y ar

eas (

%)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02

% 16

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Japa

n’s p

aper

s rat

io b

y pr

iorit

y ar

ea (%

)

Life sciencesICTEnvironmentNanotechnology& materialsEnergyManufacturing Technology

Social infrastructureFrontiers

0(Year)(Year)91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02

Data:(Paper)ISI, “National Science Indicators 1981-2002”

(U.S. patents) CHI Research Inc., “International Technology Indicators 1980-2002”

M.KONDO, NISTEP 24

Number of center for joint research

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Cumulative total of centers

Cumulative total of centers 3 8 13 18 23 28 33 38 43 47 49 52 53 56 61 62

(Number established annually) 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 3 1 3 5 1

FY1987

FY1988

FY1989

FY1990

FY1991

FY1992

FY1993

FY1994

FY1995

FY1996

FY1997

FY1998

FY1999

FY2000

FY2001

FY2002

Number of Joint Research Centers at National Universities

Source: MEXT Website


University-Industry Collaboration

M.KONDO, NISTEP 25

Number of Joint Research between National Universities and Industry

Pre-First Plan Period Second Plan PeriodFirst Plan Period

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

Cases 57 161 216 260 385 576 694 819 1,035 1,153 1,251 1,315 1,441 1,602 1,876 2,109 2,484 3,173 4,191

FY1983 FY1984 FY1985 FY1986 FY1987 FY1988 FY1989 FY1990 FY1991 FY1992 FY1993 FY1994 FY1995 FY1996 FY1997 FY1998 FY1999 FY2000 FY2001

Source: MEXT, “Industry-Academic Collaboration 1983-2001” March 2003

M.KONDO, NISTEP 26

Ratios of coauthored papers between company researchers and researchers in other sectors

Data: (Japan)Prepared by NISTEP using the CD-ROM version of SCI

(U.S.)NSF, “Science & Engineering Indicators: 2002”

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

1991 1996 2001

Rat

io to

all

pape

rs (%

)

Universities National research institutes Special public institutions

Hospitals Nonprofit organizations Local government research institutes

Foreign

Japan United States

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

1988 1999

Rat

io to

all

pape

rs (%

)

Universities National research institutes

Nonprofit organizations Foreign

M.KONDO, NISTEP 27

Ratios of Industry-Funded University R&D over All University R&D

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 YearRat

io o

f fun

ding

by

indu

stry

to u

nive

rsity

R&

D e

xpen

ditu

res (

%)

JapanU.S.GermanyFranceU.K.

Source: <Japan> MPHPT, “Report on the Survey of Research and Development”<U.S.> NSF, “National Patterns of R&D Resources: 2002 Data Update”<Germany, France> OECD, “Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2002/2”<U.K.> OECD, “Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2002/2,” ONS, “Gross domestic expenditure on research and development 2002” for the data after 2001


M.KONDO, NISTEP 28

Science Linkage in U.S. Patents

All Areas Life Sciences

Japan U.S. EU

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02Year

Scie

nce

linka

ge

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02Year

Scie

nce

linka

ge

Assuming that applications to havebeen done during the First Plan

Assuming that applications to have been done during the First Plan

*: “Science linkage” is the number of cited scientific papers in the U.S. patent examination reports per registered patent. It indicates a frequency of the use of scientific knowledge among patents.

Data: CHI Research Inc. “International Technology Indicators 1980-2002”

M.KONDO, NISTEP 29

University Spin-Offs

Numbers of University Spin-Offs

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Num

ber o

f sta

rt-up

s est

ablis

hed

Number of start-ups annually established

28 11 14 23 30 57 113 118 135

Up to1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Source: Calculated by NISTEP based on “Research Results of University-Initiated Start-Ups”, FY2003 (Press release by University of Tsukuba in January of 2004)

ICT27%

Life sciences21%

Electronics and machinery10%

Nanotechnology &

materials

9%Environment5%

Chemical industry3%

Energy2%

Others23%

University Spin-Offs by Industry

Start-ups have been concentrating particularly in ICT and life sciences among the four priority areas

*: Breakdown of 614 companies as of August, 2003


*The accumulated number of spin-offs is 614 as of August of 2003.

M.KONDO, NISTEP 30

Regional Innovation

Regional Science and Technology Programs by Central Government1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Former S&T Agency

Former Ministry of Education

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry: METI

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: MAFF

Ministry of Environment

Ministry of Public Management,Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications: MPHPT

Promotion of biotechnology R&D inregions

Project for promoting researchexchanges between regions by JST

Regional Science Promotion Program

Collaboration of Regional Entities for the Advancementof Technological Excellence

Intellectual Cluster CreationTechnology and Advanced Researchin Evolutional Area (CITY AREA)

Establishment of centers for cooperative research at national universities

Regional development for frontier research (Institute of Physical and Chemical

Regional cooperative research anddevelopment project (JAMSTEC)

Research and development of costalenvironment and their utilization

Science and Technology Programin Advanced Region

Program for developing technology andresearch in specific regions by Agency of

Industrial Science and Technology

Regional consortium (AIST)Program for developing technologyand research in specific regions(regional consortiums includes)

Special R&D for Pollution Control

Program for governmentand private joint research

Joint research with local governmentagricultural laboratories

Promotion of advanced technologycollaboration research

Research Project for Utilizing AdvancedTechnologies in Agriculture, Forestry and

Fisheries

Research development program initiated by regions byTelecommunications Advancement Organization of

Industrial Cluster

Establishment of Venture Business Laboratory

Innovation Plazas (JST)

Academic Frontier Promotion Program (privateDevelopment of research infrastructure for start-ups (2000～2001）→Program for promoting industry-academia joint research(2002～）

Program for technology transfer of specific universities （approved TLOs）

Pre-First Plan Period 　　First Plan Period 　Second Plan Period

M.KONDO, NISTEP 31

Science and Technology Programs by Local Governments

M.KONDO, NISTEP 32

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

‘89 ‘90 ‘91 ‘92 ‘93 ‘94 ‘95 ‘96 ‘97 ‘98 ‘99 ‘00Year

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Tota

l num

ber

Est. of dedicated sections

Est. of networking committees

Est. of advisory councils

Est. of general principles/basic plans

Dedicated offices (cumulative) Conference (cumulative) Advisory council (cumulative) General principle, basic plans (cumulative)

of the establishments of 4 items (1)-(4) describe above. Figures in parentheses are the number of local governments.

*: Figures from 0 to 4 show the number of items a local government has undertaken out

0 (2)1 (6)2 (11)3 (13)4 (15)

01234

Source: NISTEP, “Study on Regional Science and Technology Promotion Policies (5th Survey) ” (2001)

*Nagano and Oita, two prefectures with no promotion activities on the figure, have already developed promotion guidelines afterwards.


First Plan Period

Num

ber e

stab

lishe

d

Scales of S&T Impacts

35

45

55

65Society (Current technology)

National lifestyle(Current technology)

Economy(Future Technology)

Society (Future technology)

National lifestyle(Future technology)

Economy(Current technology）

Life sciencesICT

EnvironmentNanotechnology & Materials

35

45

55

65Society (Current technology)

National lifestyle(Current technology)

Economy(Future Technology)

Society (Future technology)

National lifestyle(Future technology)

Economy(Current technology）

EnergyManufacturing TechnologySocial InfrastructureFrontiers

Current Technology

Future Technology

Current Technology

Future Technology

S&T Impacts on Economy, Society and People’s Life

Present

Future

M.KONDO, NISTEP 33

Case Studies for FY2003Technology Areas

Early detection of cancer by CT scanner and diagnosis technology Life sciences

Parallel computers with high arithmetic processing speed ICT

Manufacturing and utilizing technology of Freon and Halon substitutes, which don’t cause ozone layer destruction and global warming

Environment

Technology to increase energy density of lithium batteries

Nanotechnology & materials

Technology to utilize cultivated self-tissues, originated from stem cells, for the use of artificial organs and tissues

Life sciences

Safe waste disposal and recycle technology: gasification melting furnaces and ash melting furnaces

Environment

Future Technology

Current Technology

M.KONDO, NISTEP 34

Highlights of the Comprehensive Review of Japan’s Science ...

Documents

Transcript of Highlights of the Comprehensive Review of Japan’s Science ...