HIGH-TEMPERATURE FALLING PARTICLE RECEIVER · Generation,” SolarPACES 2013 Nguyen, C., D....
Transcript of HIGH-TEMPERATURE FALLING PARTICLE RECEIVER · Generation,” SolarPACES 2013 Nguyen, C., D....
energy.gov/sunshotenergy.gov/sunshotCSP Program Summit 2016
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CSP Program Summit 2016
HIGH-TEMPERATURE FALLING PARTICLE RECEIVER
Contributors: Sandia National LaboratoriesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyBucknell UniversityKing Saud UniversityGerman Aerospace Center (DLR)
Clifford K. Ho, Sandia National Laboratories
SAND2016-3641 PE
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Overview
• Introduction
• Particle Receiver System
• On-Sun Testing
• Conclusions
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Motivation
• Higher Efficiency Electricity Production
• Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycles (>700 °C)
• Air Brayton Combined Cycles (>1000 °C)
• Thermochemical Storage & Fuels
• ELEMENTS redox particles (>1000 °C)
• Solar fuel production (>1000 °C)
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Particle Receivers
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Advantages of Particle Receivers
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• Direct heating of particles
• Higher temperatures than conventional molten salts• Enable more efficient power cycles
• Higher solar fluxes for increased receiver efficiency
• Direct storage of hot particles
• Reduced costs
CARBO ceramic particles (“proppants”)
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High Temperature Falling Particle Receiver(DOE SunShot Award FY13 – FY16)
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Particle curtain
Aperture
Particle curtain
Aperture
Falling particle receiver
Particle elevator
Particle hot storage
tank
Particle cold storage
tank
Particle-to-working-fluid
heat exchanger
Goal: Achieve higher temperatures, higher efficiencies, and lower costs.
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Overview
• Introduction
• Particle Receiver System
• On-Sun Testing
• Conclusions
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ReceiverFree-Fall vs. Obstructed Flow
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Particle curtain
Aperture
Particle curtain
Aperture
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Particle Receiver Designs – Free Falling
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Particle Receiver Designs – Pachinko
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Particle Flow over Chevron Meshes
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Pros: particle velocity reduced for increased residence time and heating
Cons: Mesh structures exposed to concentrated sunlight (~1000 suns)
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Particles
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Particle Radiative Properties and
Rejuvenation
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Material Name Type
Solar
weighted
absorptivity
Thermal
emissivity*
Selective
Absorber
Efficiency**
Carbo HSP Sintered Bauxite 0.934 0.843 0.864
CarboProp 40/70 Sintered Bauxite 0.929 0.803 0.862
CarboProp 30/60 Sintered Bauxite 0.894 0.752 0.831
Accucast ID50K Sintered Bauxite 0.906 0.754 0.843
Accucast ID70K Sintered Bauxite 0.909 0.789 0.843
Fracking Sand Silica 0.55 0.715 0.490
Pyromark 2500 Commercial Paint 0.97 0.88 0.897
*Spectral directional reflectance values were measured at room temperature. The total hemispherical emissivity was calculated
assuming a surface temperature of 700 C.
**Q is assumed to be 6x105 W/m2 and T is assumed to be 700 C (973 K):4
ssel
Q T
Q
Siegel et al. 2015, The Development of Direct Absorption and Storage Media for Falling Particle Solar Central Receivers, ASME J. Solar Energy Eng., 137(4)
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Laboratory tests for surface impact evaluation, attrition, and sintering
Particle Durability
Ambient drop
tests at ~10 m
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Thousands of
drop cycles at
ambient and
elevated
temperatures
(up to 1000 ˚C)
Knott, R., D.L. Sadowski, S.M. Jeter, S.I. Abdel-Khalik, H.A. Al-Ansary, and A. El-Leathy, 2014, High Temperature Durability of Solid Particles for Use in Particle Heating Concentrator Solar Power Systems, in Proceedings of the ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, ES-FuelCell2014-6586, Boston, MA, June 29 - July 2, 2014.
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Balance of Plant
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Experimental evaluation and modeling of prototype thermal energy storage designs
Thermal Storage
El-Leathy et al., “Experimental Study of Heat Loss from a Thermal Energy Storage System
for Use with a High-Temperature Falling Particle Receiver System,” SolarPACES 201315
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Experimental evaluation of heat transfer coefficients & particle flow
Particle to Working Fluid Heat Exchanger
Golob et al., 2013, “Serpentine Particle-Flow Heat Exchanger with Working Fluid, for Solar Thermal Power Generation,” SolarPACES 2013
Nguyen, C., D. Sadowski, A. Alrished, H. Al-Ansary, S. Jeter, and S. Abdel-Khalik, 2014, Study on solid particles as a thermal medium, Proceedings of the Solarpaces 2013 International Conference, 49, p. 637-646.
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Sand Flow
Feed Ramp
Hopper
Serpentine Tube
Heat Exchanger
Water/Air In
Water/Air Out
FunnelConveyor Scale
Olds Elevator
Particle Flow
Assist Vibrator
www.solexthermal.com
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Evaluate commercial particle lift designs• Requirements
• ~10 – 30 kg/s per meter of particle curtain width
• High operating temperature ~ 500 C
• Different lift strategies evaluated
• Screw-type (Olds elevator)
• Bucket
• Mine hoist
Particle Elevators
Repole K, Jeter S, “Design and Analysis of a High Temperature Particulate Hoist for Proposed Particle
Heating Concentrator Solar Power Systems”, Energy Conversion and Management, - Submitted
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Overview
• Introduction
• Particle Receiver System
• On-Sun Testing
• Conclusions
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Prototype System Design
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~45 ft
Olds Elevator
Top hopper (two release slots)
Receiver
Bottom hopper
Water-cooled flux target
Work platforms
Caged ladders
Open space for 1 MW particle
heat exchanger
Top of tower module
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Free-falling particles
Staggered array of
chevron-shaped
mesh structures
Particle Release Configurations
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Lifting the system to the top of the tower – June 22, 2015
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Lifting the system to the top of the tower
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Lifting the system to the top of the tower
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Prototype System on Tower
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On-Sun Tower Testing
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Over 300 suns on receiver(June 25, 2015)
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On-Sun Tower Testing
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Over 600 suns peak flux on receiver(July 20, 2015)
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On-Sun Tower Testing
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Particle Flow Through Mesh Structures(June 25, 2015)
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Overview
• Introduction
• Particle Receiver System
• On-Sun Testing
• Conclusions
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Conclusions
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• Designed and constructed first continuously recirculating, on-sun, high-temperature particle receiver
• Achieved average particle outlet temperatures >700 °C
• Peak particle outlet temperatures >900 °C
• Particle heating up to ~200 – 300 °C/(m of drop)
• Thermal efficiency ~70% to 80%
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Par
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°C/m
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Average Irradiance (kW/m2)
~1 - 3 kg/s/m
~3 - 6 kg/s/m
Avg Particle Temperatures = 200 - 600 C
Master_FPR_tests_CorrectedMassFlow_v7_ckho.xlsx
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Average Irradiance (kW/m2)
Original SS316 mesh insert (AvgParticle T = 460 - 660 C)
New Multi-Material Mesh Insert(Avg Particle T = 500 - 710 C)
Particle mass flow ~1.5 - 2.5 kg/s/m
Master_FPR_tests_CorrectedMassFlow_v7_ckho.xlsx
Free-Fall Obstructed-Flow
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Next Steps
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• Received new DOE awards (FY16 – FY18)
• Particle/sCO2 heat exchanger
• Novel particle curtain designs
• Improve receiver efficiency
• Receiver geometry, shape, size, nod angle
• Aperture coverings
• Reduce particle loss
• Abrasion/wear
• Wind
• System designs for scale-up (≥ 10 MWe)
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Sandia National Labs• Josh Christian, Daniel Ray, JJ Kelton, Kye Chisman, Bill Kolb, Ryan Anderson, Ron
Briggs
Georgia Tech• Sheldon Jeter, Said Abdel-Khalik, Matthew Golob, Dennis Sadowski, Jonathan Roop,
Ryan Knott, Clayton Nguyen, Evan Mascianica, Matt Sandlin
Bucknell University• Nate Siegel, Michael Gross
King Saud University• Hany Al-Ansary, Abdelrahman El-Leathy, Eldwin Djajadiwinata, Abdulaziz Alrished
DLR• Birgit Gobereit, Lars Amsbeck, Reiner Buck
Acknowledgments
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Award # DE-EE0000595-1558
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Backup Slides
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SEM Images of Used and Unused Particles
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Particle Size (mm)
Measured particle diameter(unused)
Measured particle diameter(after 187 hrs of testing)
Particle diameter specs(CARBO ACCUCAST ID50)
Unused
Used
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July 24, 2015 – Nearly 700 suns
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SS316 Mesh Failure Analysis
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Mesh located far from failed region Mesh located within failed region(ceramic particles sintered on mesh)
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SS316 Mesh Failure Analysis
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Top left: cross-sectional view of intact wire mesh
Top right: cross-sectional view of oxidized wire mesh
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SS316 Mesh Failure Analysis
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Cross-sectional view of oxidized wire mesh; wire ruptured and “leaked” molten steel out of oxidized shell (white is stainless steel, rough gray area is oxidized mesh)
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Irradiance Measurements
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Measured Simulated using Ray Tracing (SolTrace)
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Temperature Measurements
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Tem
pe
ratu
re (
C)
Time (s)
TC-BH-005
TC-BH-006
TC-BH-007
TC-BH-008
TC-BH-009
Top Hopper
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Evaluate use of air recirculation along aperture to reduce heat loss and impacts of external wind• Investigate particle size, location, particle
flow rate, air flow rate, external wind
Air Curtain Modeling (SNL)
1 mm particle size
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100 mm particle size 10 mm particle size