High Technology Clusters in UK: Science Parks & Incubators for · High Technology Clusters in UK:...
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High Technology Clusters in UK: Science Parks & Incubators for Innovation & Entrepreneurship
Phil CookeCentre for Advanced Studies
Cardiff UniversityConference: ‘Innovazione e sviluppo locale: Esperienze
italiane e internazionali,’ Artimino, October 12-13, 2007
MAR and Jacobs
• Boschma, Frenken, Van Oort et al Utrecht• MAR ascribed view that sectoral or cluster
specialisation furthers innovativeness• Jacobs ascribed view that diversification of
sectors is key to innovativeness• Research by Cantwell/Iammarino (2003);
Utrecht Team; C. Ketels - suggests growth dynamics (including innovation) are more associated with ‘related variety’
Related Variety
• An evolutionary concept• Variety enhances health of species (cf. Dutch
elm disease; or contemporary devastation of Ponderosa pine forest in BC, Canada)
• Too much diversity makes ‘lateral absorptive capacity’ difficult = ‘cognitive dissonance’
• Neighbouring and proximate knowledge interaction ‘adds value’ to localised knowledge spillovers
• Clusters have some, but limited, related variety
Incubators for Specialisation
• E.g. Bioincubation• Specialist infrastructure• Specific service requirements• Distinctive ‘screening’ expertise• Long-term financing model• Opportunities for IPR & licensing revenue• Geographical & Relational Proximity
Science Parks as ‘Related Variety’ Proximity Platforms
• Harmonious interaction between entrepreneurship and the innovation system
• Entrepreneurs proximate to innovation system hub
• System hub has interactive policy instruments
The Cambridge & Oxford Science Parks
• Originally, somewhat ‘Jacobian’• Or, at least, diversified – by 1980s Cambridge
Science Park (1969) had very mixed tenants• Pharmaceutical, electronics, biotechnology,
materials, software, consultancies, etc.• Little networking – so Cambridge Network Ltd.
(ICT) set up in 1986 – Californian model• Later, incubators, e.g. St. John’s & Babraham
(C), BioTechNet (O) brought MAR interactions• By 2000s quite good ‘related variety’ ICT-Bio-
Nano interactions and spillovers
The First Cambridge Clusters in ICT : a MAR-type cluster – Wolfson & St. John’s Incubator
Addenbrooke’s Hospital
Cambridge Biotechnology
Northern Venture Managers Cambridge
University
Pfizer
Lorantis
Cambridge Antibody Technology
Domantis
Abbott
Eli Lilly
Astex
Daniolabs
Neurodegeneration Consortium
Gateway Fund
Biotica
Babraham Bioincubator
Babraham Technix
Babraham Bioscience Inst Technologies Ltd Wellcome Trust
Wyeth Amgen AstraZeneca
Cambridge Crytallographic Data Centre
GlaxoSmithKline
Gilead Sciences
(joint venture)
(Cambridge University administered)
Institute for Medical Research
Challenge Fund
Founders came out of Pfizermacrolide
templates
Vistide out-license
Hepsera out-license
virtual screening collaboration
(Cambridge University)
(funding)
partnership
arthritis collaboration
(funding)
licensing
licensing
Genzyme
antibodies license
validation
(funding)
Chiron -
(Novartis)
prOSIdion
ProlifixOSI Pharmaceuticals
Oxford Biotechnology
Celltech
Oxford Glycoscience
Genzyme Therapeutics
Genzyme Biosurgery
Chroma Therapeutics
Evolutec Oxford Immunotech
Prolysis
Oxxon Therapeutics
Powderject
EverestSerotecOxford Biomedica
Surface Therapeutics
Oxford Gene Technology
Glycoform PharminoxAvidex
Vastox
Evotec OAIOxitecUniversity of
Oxford
Spinouts
Oxford MolecularBiovex
drug discovery alliance
subsidiary
joint ventures
Nycomed Amersham Imaging-(GE Healthcare)
collaborations
Orchid Cellmark
Oxagen
imaging collaboration
Oxford Genome Science
Oxford Brookes University
Oxford Expression Technologies
Oxford BioInnovation
Gilead Sciences
acquisition
spinout
acquisition
PowderMedsubsidiary
XiMed (Didcot)
UBC & OSI
Global Biotechnology Co-Patenting: 1998-2004
Paris Stockholm Copenhagen
San Diego Toronto
Tokyo
Jerusalem Boston Montreal
New York
Munich Cambridge(MA)
Singapore
Zurich Cam(UK)
London
London
Geneva Oxford
1-2 3-5 6-8 9+
UCSD SG, Inc Salk SRI
SP LP
T,Inc SPh U UCSF
SU G.Inc AN SI
HMS
BWH UM
GH CMCC
HU MIT
MP WI Biogen
Lugwig NYU NFC MSK RU
UP KI
OU JRH
CAT CU
UTo HSC
UMo McU
NUS DSI
UUTo SEC
HeU Hadasit
RIT KI
ICRT UL
MRC CRCT
NIMR
ZU ETH
FSA
RVAU
MPGFW
Scotland’s ‘Knowledge Economy’ Approach
• Global Knowledge Flows• Cosmopolitanism• Retaining ‘Talent’• FDI conversion to R&D• Intermediary Technology Institutes• Clusters/’Proof of Concept Fund’• Scotland’s Science Strategy• Edinburgh Science Triangle -
Edinburgh Science Triangle: Towards ‘Related Variety’ Platform-Building?
• Alba Campus – advanced IT software design• Edinburgh Technopole – 62 hec. S&T Park• BioCampus – 12 hec. Biomanufacturing GMP
centre• Heriot Watt Research Park – est.1971• Centre for BioMedical Research – medical
bioincubator• Pentlands Science Park – veterinary &
environmental• Roslin BioCentre – transgenics R&D
commercialisation institute
Scotland’s Life Sciences Infrastructure
acquistion
Ardana Bioscience
Axis-Shield
Biovation
CyclacelInveresk Research
Strakan
Viragen
Evotec
Edinburgh University
Zentaris
Columbia Laboratories Inc.
Pharmacuro ApS
MRC Human Reproductive Services Unit, Edinburgh
Senetek PLC
Cytochemia AG
St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester
out-licence Striant
Nordic rights
German rights
in-licence Invicorp
in-license Striantin-license Turbutaline
commercialisation rights
Proskelia
Dundee Technopole
collaboration
Xcyte
acquisition
software collaboration
Dundee University
spinout
CV Therapeutics
collaborationAtlana
AstraZeneca
Lorus
Sankyo
GlaxoSmithKline
collaborations
Abbott
Diagnostics Products Corporation
diagnostics collaborations
Dundee Technology Centre
merger
ProPharma
acquisition
University of Strathclyde
spin-out
Charles River Laboratories Inc.
merger
Oxford BioMedica PLC
Roslin Institute
antibody collaborations
Nottingham University
Cancer Research UK
Merck
acquisition
Micro-elektronica
Nanotechnologie
Telematica
Communicatie
E-security
Mechatronica
Feed – food
- health
Life
sciences
L-SEC
DSP-Valley
Leuven.Inc
Jacobian Cluster Platform Policy
Lateral System Support• Knowledge centres• Entrepreneurs• Seed Money• Capital markets• Infrastructure• Role Models• Cluster Policy• Presence of international companies• Networks• Government• Quality of Life
Altaline Technologies
Telindus
Arcadiz
Telecom
Topcom
Weidmuller
Delta Design
Netsize
CDM
Tyco Electronics
Xplanation
Xentec Loft33
Smash Uitgeverij Averbode
Opikanoba
Telraam
Hypervision
EMD
Better Access
Reymen
Data Center
Ardatis
Sitelcom
Spacechecker
X-Plane SIMAC
Able
Terayon Comm. Systems
Mixed innovative
driven
Q Star Test
Micro Matic
Eyetronics
Medicim
Orban
Microwave
Products
ICOS
FillFactory
Tomoton
AnSem Philips
Resonext
Adelante
Technologies
Windriver
Septentrio
QMedit
Mind Linux Solutions
Acunia
Easics
Agilent Technologies
Option International
Pure innovatieve
driven
Telecommunications
IMEC
KULeuven
K.U.Leuven
4 Research groups
IMEC
Wireless & multimedia
platform
Kenniscentra
Centres of
excellence
Assurcard
EPYC
Smash
Hypervision
Cronos-
EGOVA
Ardatis
Electronic Virtual Office
SOFTDEXX
Good-Ex
Benelux-France
Manage-IT
Abtimore
Apeiron
EMD
Utimaco Safeware
Evisor (IBM)
Telindus
Hypertrust
Risc Technology Belgium
Data4S
Cryptomathic
Better Access
Ubizen
Control Solutions
International
E-security
KULeuven
K.U.Leuven
Faculty of Applied Sciences
2 Research groups
K.U.Leuven
Faculty of Law
ICRI research group
Kenniscentra
Centres of
excellence
Pure innovation
driven
Mixed innovation
driven
Biotest Seralco
Benelux
Terumo
Europe
Autocyte
Europe
Conti BPC
Ortec
VWR InternationalCentocor
Malaise&co
IVIA
Medvision
Benelux
Norgine
Dermat
E.S.R.I.
Deckers Div
Dakocytomation
Cochlear
M-Elect
Vivactiss
Custom8
@Medical Techn.
New Standard Eng.
Materialise
MXS
Data4S
PharmaDM
QMedit
PatientWeb
Thromb-X
reMYND
Algonomics
4AZA Biosciences
Tigenix
RNA-TEC
Medicim
Life sciences
KULeuven
Univ hospitals
K.U.Leuven
Rega Institute
CEHA
Lab of Exp. Genetics & Transgenese
VIB
VIGOUR
Kenniscentra
Centers of
excellence
Pure innovatieve
bedrijven
Mixed innovatieve
bedrijven
28/10/07
Performance Indicators
20,00015,500Jobs
8 bn. €*
* Growth 10 %4.5 bn. €Turnover
400>300N° of
companies
2010 2010 (est.)20042004
DSP Valley Extension: from Jacobian to MAR
DSP Valley network-node
Eindhoven
DSP Valley network-node
Aachen
DSP Valley network-node
Leuven
Digital Signal Processing
• Is central to products like high-density hard-disk drives
• Desktop video-conferencing• Audio/video compression by rapidly processing
large amounts of digital information • Used in conjunction with mixed-signal devices
and embedded software, it is referred to as a DSP Solution
• It collects, processes, compresses, transmits and displays analogue and digital data
Norway: Rogaland-Stavanger ‘Related Variety’ Culinary Platform
AquacultureRese arch
Gast ronomisk Institutt
‘Meat and Dr ink Arena ’
Uni versity of StavangerHospitality and T ourism Management
Research on Omega 3 Food Enrichment
Regional, National and Global Supplier Industries (e .g. Hor ticulture, Organic Seaf ood and Meat, Non -organic Food, Cer amics, Wine, Beer and Spirits, Equity Finance, Culinary Law and Logistics, Chilli ng and Freezing, Restaurant Desi gn)
Food Science Tr aining Food High School Tr aining
Government of Norway
Innovation Nor wayRegions and Counties
Gour met Chefs, Sommeliers & Wai ters
Bocuse D’Or European Cuisi ne Championshi ps, “Buf fet ”Chef , “Youn g Chefs ” Competition s, “Green Fair , Gladmat , Food & Wine Festivals
Gour met Restaurants ”Fusi on” Restaurants Etc.
Stavan ger -Rogaland ”Norway ’s Fine st Culinary Cluster ”
Conclusions
• UK high-tech clusters begin specialised (MAR) but evolve towards limited Jacobian character
• Incubation more ‘hands-on’ and can be best when specialised
• Science Parks, once seemed too diversified, but potentially new ‘platform’ functions emerge
• KU Leuven ‘learns’ from Cambridge – moves swiftly from rather weak MAR origins (IMEC) to powerful Jacobian ‘related variety’
• Platform assists local, inter-sectoral ‘horizontal’ ‘related variety’ innovation, relational proximity to firms in other nodes helps ‘pipeline’ innovation
• Entrepreneurship benefits from horizontal ‘absorptive capacity’ proximities and vertical absorptive capacity customer networks