High Stakes in Language Proficiency

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High Stakes in Laguage Pociecy

Flight Safety D I G E S T

JANUARY– FEBRUARY 2006



High Stakes in Language Profciency

I a eot to euce acciets ivolvig commuicatio

eciecies, ICAO is equiig pilots, cotolles a

aeoautical statio opeatos ivolve i iteatioal

opeatios to be teste o thei ability to speak a

uesta Eglish. At stake ae caees, iusty

ivestmet i taiig a testig — a saety.

Global Passenger-mortality Risk

Decreased Substantially in AccidentsFrom 2000 to 2005

The isk o yig i a acciet aboa a aomly chose

fight was lowe tha eve i the peio 2000–2005, i evey

iusty segmet examie. Whe passege atalities uig

the teoist attacks o Sept. 11, 2001, wee iclue, howeve,

passege-motality isk i ot ecease o U.S. scheule

omestic passege jet fights compae with the peio 1990–1999.

Increased Automation Will Bring NewHuman Factors Challenges to ATM

Ai tac maagemet (ATM) huma actos specialists ae

wokig to aticipate, a thus avoi, poblems associate

with geate automatio.

Cleaning Solvent Blamed or B-777Landing Gear Fire

Ivestigatos ou that the subsequet evacuatio exceee

ceticatio time limits a that passeges wee ot le to a

secue aea.

Flight Safety FoundationFo Eveyoe Cocee With the Saety o Flight

www.fightsaety.org

OFFICErS And STAFF

Chairman, Board o Governors Amb. Ewa W. Stimpso

President and CEO Stuat Matthews

Executive Vice President robet H. Vael

General Counsel and Secretary Keeth P. Qui, Esq.

Treasurer davi J. Bage

AdMInISTrATIVE

Manager, Support Services Lia Cowley Hoge

FInAnCIAL

Chie Financial Ofcer Pey L. Youg

Accountant Millicet Wheele

MEMBErSHIP

Director, Membership

and Development A Hill

Membership Services

Coordinator Ahlam Waha

Membership Services

Coordinator namatha Appaao

PUBLICATIOnS

Senior Editor Mak Lacagia

Senior Editor Waye rosekas

Senior Editor Lia Weelma

Associate Editor rick daby

Web and Print

Production Coordinator Kae K. Ehlich

Production Designer A L. Mulliki

Production Specialist Susa d. ree Librarian, Jerry Lederer

Aviation Saety Library Paticia Setze

TECHnICAL

Director o Technical Programs James M. Bui

Managing Director o

Air Transport Saety Services Louis A. Soetio III

Q-Star Program Administrator robet Feele

Manager, Data Systems

and Analysis robet do, Ph.d.

Manager o Aviation

Saety Audits daol V. Holsma

Founder Jeome Leee1902–2004

Flight Safety Digest Vol. 25 no. 1–2 Jauay–Febuay 2006

I This Issue

Flight Saety Foundation is an international membership organizationdedicated to the continuous improvement o aviation saety. Nonprotand independent, the Foundation was launched ocially in 1947 inresponse to the aviation industry’s need or a neutral clearinghouse todisseminate objective saety inormation, and or a credible and knowl-edgeable body that would identiy threats to saety, analyze the problemsand recommend practical solutions to them. Since its beginning, theFoundation has acted in the public interest to produce positive infuenceon aviation saety. Today, the Foundation provides leadership to morethan 900 member organizations in more than 150 countries.

20

L I B R A R Y

STATS

14

B R I E F S

25

Cove photo: © Copyight 2006 Photodisc Ic.

1



Flight SaFety Foundation • Flight SaFety digeSt • January–February 2006

Message From the President

Looking Ahead: A New Format or FSF Publications

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High Stakes in Language Profciency

In an eort to reduce accidents involving communication deiciencies, ICAO is requiring pilots,

controllers and aeronautical station operators involved in international operations to be tested

or their ability to speak and understand English. At stake are careers, industry investment in

training and testing — and saety.

— FSF Editorial StaFF

© 2 0 0 6 B l n k S t o c k

n d i m g e s . c o m ,

i n c .

a l l r g h t s r e s e r v e d .




L a n g u a g e P r o f i c i e n c y

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T m sm cs w

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“T 2008 ws v q-

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T PriCeSg w cv ap 2006

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Saety Implications

F S F (FSF) s m

zs v c v-

pm mmm pmc ss

es pcc. T F’s

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“T cm cccs cs

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High Priority

i 1998, i m c iCao

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Continued on page 5





a

gun csn, fue-exhusn

ccen, cne fgh n

en (CFit) ccen n

m csn wee ce by he

inenn Cv avn ognzn

(iCao) s exmpes f f ce

ccens nvvng neque Engsh-

nguge pfcency.1

“Wh hese seemngy ffeen ypes f

ccens h n cmmn ws h, n

ech ne, ccen nvesgs fun h

nsuffcen Engsh-nguge pfcency n

he p f he fgh cew cne

h pye cnbung e n he chn

f evens eng he ccen,” iCao

s. “in n hese hgh-pfe

ccens, mupe ncens n ne

msses s esu f nguge pbems

e epe nnuy, nsgng evew f

cmmuncn pceues n sns

wwe.”

‘We Are Now at Takeoff’

the gun csn ce by iCao nvve

w Beng 747s ls res ap n

tenefe, Cny isns, Spn, n Mch

27, 1977.2

Vsby ws euce subsny by fgwhen cne ssue epue nsuc-

ns he fgh cew f KlM 747 h

ws ne up f keff n he unwy. the

fs ffce, whse nve nguge ws

duch, e bck he cne’s nsuc-

ns n s, “We e nw keff.”

the cne, whse nve nguge ws

Spnsh, n unesn h he fs

ffce’s nsmssn ws men cnvey

h he KlM cew wee cnucng ke-

ff. inse, he cne beeve h he

KlM cew wee mnnng he pne’s

psn n he unwy n wng keff

cence.

the cn e cknwege he fs

ffce’s nsmssn by syng, “oK. Sn

by f keff. i w c yu.”

a he sme me, he fgh cew f Pn

amecn 747 e, “We e s x-

ng wn he unwy.” the smuneus

nsmssns by he cne n he

Pn am cew esue n whsng sun

n he fequency h se hee

secns.

the cne he Pn am cew

ep ce f he unwy, n he Pn am

cew cknwege he nsucn. Sn

heefe, he fgh engnee b he

KlM pne ske hs cegues f he

Pn am pne ws ce f he unwy.

the KlM cpn epe, “oh, yes.”

the KlM pne ws beng e f

keff when suck he Pn am pne.

a f 583 pepe wee ke n he

csn.

in s fn ep, he Spnsh gvenmen

s h he funmen cuse f he c-

cen ws h he KlM cpn “k ff

whu cence; n bey he ‘sn

by f keff’ [nsucn] fm he we;

n neup keff when Pn am

epe h hey wee s n he unwy;

[n,] n epy he fgh engnee’s quey

s whehe he Pn am [pne] h

ey ef he unwy, epe emphcy

n he ffmve.”

‘I Think We Need Priority’

the fgh cew’s fue cey cnvey

cc w-fue sun ffc

cn (atC) pye e n he Jn. 25,

1990, fue-exhusn ccen nvvng n

avnc anes Beng 707 Cve Neck,

New Yk, U.S.3

Becuse f vese wehe cnns n

he nhesen Une Ses, he cew

h been nsuce h hee mes, f

f bu ne hu n 17 mnues,

ung he scheue fgh fm Bgá,

Cmb, Jhn F. Kenney inenn

ap (JFK), New Yk.

the pne ws n he h hng p-

en bu 39 nuc mes (72 kmees)

suh f JFK when he cne exene

he me whch he cew cu expec

fuhe cence. the fs ffce s, “ah,

we, i hnk we nee py.”

the cene cne s, “rge. Hw

ng cn yu h n wh s yu e-

ne [p]?”

in sepe nsmssns, he fs

ffce s, “We’ be be h bu

fve mnues,” n h he ene p

“ws Bsn, bu we cn’ nw … we

un u f fue nw.”

the cne ssue vec sequence

he 707 wh ffc n n exene ef

wnwn eg f runwy 22l. as he

pne nee he p, hweve, he

cne he cew cnuc 360-

egee un f spcng.

the pne encunee wn she s

he cew cnuce he nsumen nng

sysem (ilS) ppch runwy 22l. the

unwy envnmen ws n n sgh when

he pne eche ecsn hegh, n

he cpn ce f msse ppch.

afe epng he msse ppch, he

fs ffce he ppch cne,

“We’e unnng u f fue, s.”

the cne s, “i’m gng bng yu

bu ffeen mes [28 kmees] nhes

n un yu bck n f he ppch. ish fne wh yu n yu fue?”

“i guess s. thnk yu vey much,” he

fs ffce s. a few mnues e, he

equese, n eceve, vec he

fn ppch cuse.

ahugh he cpn h he fs

ffce seve mes ece n eme-

gency, he fs ffce h n ece

n emegency. the fs ffce beeve

h hs eques f py hnng h

been unes by atC s eques f

emegency hnng.

a fu engnes f me u, n he -

pne suck en bu 16 nuc mes

(30 kmees) fm he p. of he 158

ccupns, 73 wee ke n 81 wee

seusy njue.

in s fn ep, he U.S. Nn

tnspn Sfey B s h he

Lost in Translation





pbbe cuses f he ccen wee

“he fue f he fgh cew equey

mnge he pne’s fue n he

fue cmmunce n emegency fue

sun [atC] befe fue exhusn

ccue.”

‘Go Tulua?’

in he CFit ccen, Spnsh-spekng

cne’s nby pbe f nfmn

fm n Engsh-spekng fgh cew bu

seemngy gc cence equess n

psn eps esue n he cne

n ezng h he fgh cew wee cn-

fuse bu he psn n fyng he

pne ne munnus en nh f

C, Cmb, n dec. 20, 1995.4

the cew f he amecn anes Beng757 wee nsnng fm cuse fgh

nnpecsn nsumen ppch

runwy 19 he C p. En ue fm

Mm, F, U.S., he pne ws beng

fwn n nn atC envnmen n

n nghme vsu meegc cn-

ns (VMC).

the cne ssue he fwng ce-

nce: “Cee Vor dME [vey-hgh-

fequency mnecn /snce

mesung equpmen] ppch unwy

ne nne, rz numbe ne v. rep

tuu Vor.”

the tuu Vor ws bu 34 nuc mes

(63 kmees) nh f he p. the

rz nnecn becn (NdB) ws

2.6 nuc mes (4.8 kmees) nh

f he p. the cew scusse whch

nvgn hey shu fy nex. the

cpn (he p n fyng) hen ske he

cne f cence nvge ecy

he rz NdB “n hen he rz

v.”

the cne epe, “affmve. tke he

rz ne n unwy ne nne. the wn

s cm.” the cne hen he cew

ep tuu n he 21-nuc-me

(39-kmee) dME fx suh f tuu.

as he cpn cknwege he nsuc-

ns, he pne psse ve he tuu

Vor n hen une ef n esey

heng. the cew n eze h he

pne h psse ve he Vor becuse

he wypns enee n he fgh mnge-

men sysem (FMS) h been ese when

hey h empe ene he enfe

f he rz NdB. in n, nse f

eneng he enfe f he rz NdB,

he cew h enee he enfe f he

rme NdB, whch ws bu 132 nu-c mes (244 kmees) es.

the pne emne n he esey

heng, w he rme NdB, bu

ne mnue. the cpn hen he fs

ffce un gh n pcee he C

Vor, whch ws bu 10 nuc mes

(19 kmees) suh f he p.

the cpn he cne h he -

pne ws 38 nuc mes (70 kmees)

fm he C Vor n ske, “Yu wn

us g tuu n hen he rz …

unwy ne nne?”

the cne nvesgs h he

cew’s quey bu fyng ecy he

tuu Vor me n sense becuse he

epe psn 38 nuc mes fm he

C Vor nce h he pne ws

suh f he tuu Vor.

“He s h hs fuency n nn-vn

Engsh ws me n he cu n sk

hem ebe n he eques,” s

he fn ep by he aenáuc Cv f

he repubc f Cmb. “the cnefuhe se h, h he ps been

Spnsh-spekng, he wu hve

hem h he eques me e sense

n h ws gc n ncnguen.

He s h becuse f mns n hs

cmmn f Engsh, he ws unbe

cnvey hese hughs he cew.”

inse, he cne ese he ce-

nce n equese he 757’s psn

eve he C Vor s fws: “Yu

cn [unnegbe w] ne unwy ne

nne. Yu cn use unwy ne nne. Wh

s yu ue n he dME fm C?”

the cpn s h he pne ws 37

nuc mes (69 kmees) fm he C

Vor n 10,000 fee.

the cew wee scussng he pgm-

mng f he FMS when he cne

gn ske f he pne’s ue.

the cpn epe h he pne ws

9,000 fee. the cne ske f

psn ep, bu he cpn n

espn.

Fve secns fe he cne’s eques

f psn ep, he cew eceve

gun-pxmy wnng sysem (GPWS)en wnng. they ppe fu pwe

n se he pne’s nse, bu n

ec he spes. the pne suck

munn ge bu 8,900 fee. of he

163 ccupns, 159 wee ke n fu

wee seusy njue.

aenáuc Cv s h he pbbe

cuses f he ccen wee:

• “the fgh cew’s fue equey

pn n execue he ppch

runwy 19 [ he C p] n

he neque use f umn;

• “Fue f he fgh cew scn-

nue he ppch n C, e-

spe numeus cues eng hem

f he nvsby f cnnung he

ppch;

• “the ck f sun weness

f he fgh cew egng vec

nvgn, pxmy en n he

eve cn f cc s;

[n,]

• “Fue f he fgh cew eve

bsc nvgn he me

when he FMS-ssse nvgn

becme cnfusng n emne n

excessve wk n cc phse

f fgh.”

‘Flight Level 140’

a fgh cew’s msunesnng f n -

ue cence pye e n he m

csn f Su abn anes Beng

747 n Kzkh awys iyushn il-76t

h ccue ne deh, in, n Nv. 12,

1996. Nghme VMC peve, bu bh

pnes wee beng fwn n cus when

he csn ccue. a ep by acms

s h nehe pne ws equppe wh

csn-vnce sysem.5

the 747 fgh cew wee cnucng

sn nsumen epue pceue

fe keff fm deh. the cew atC





h hey wee ne he ssgne ue,

Fgh leve (Fl) 140 (ppxmey 14,000

fee), n equese cence cnnue

he cmb. the cne he cew

mnn Fl 140.

the il-76t cew wee cnucng e-scen n ecpc heng n

deh. the cne he cew mn-

n Fl 150 n vse h n ubun

pne ws Fl 140. the pe

b he il-76t ske he cne f

he he pne’s psn. the cne

s, “tffc s egh mes nw, fgh eve

ne fu ze.”

the cpn, fs ffce, fgh engnee

n nvg b he il-76t ep-

ey msunes he cne’s n-

sucns men h hey h been

cee escen Fl 140. the

pe bseve h he pne ws

escenng bew Fl 150 n shue

hs cegues, “Keep ne fve ze.

dn’ escen.” the ps wee nng

cmb when he csn ccue. the

37 ccupns f he il-76t n he 312

ccupns f he 747 wee ke.

“the fue f ms f he il-76 cew

cecy unesn he sun ws -

bue he ck f wkng knwege

f Engsh,” he acms ep s. ■

— FSF E Sff

Notes

1. inenn Cv avn ognzn

(iCao). dcumen 9835. Manual on

the Implementation of ICAO Language

Proficiency Requirements. 2004.

2. Gvenmen f Spn. Aircraft

Collision: Boeing 747, PH-BUF, of

KLM and Boeing 747, N737PA, of Pan

Am at Los Rodeos (Tenerife) on March

27, 1977 . Engsh vesn, Juy 12,

1978.

3. U.S. Nn tnspn Sfey

B. Aircraft Accident Report:

Avianca, The Airline of Colombia;

Boeing 707-321B, HK 2016; Fuel

Exhaustion; Cove Neck, New York;

January 25, 1990. NtSB/aar-91/04.

4. aenáuc Cv f he repubc

f Cmb. Controlled Flight Into

Terrain; American Airlines Flight 965;

Boeing 757-223, N651AA; Near Cali,

Colombia; December 20, 1995.

5. acms. World Aircraft Accident

Summary . issue 139: a96:37.

ps), ax 10 (c -

cmmcs) ax 11 ( c

svcs).

i 2004, iCao ps dcm 9835,

Manual on the Implementation o ICAO

Language Proiciency Requirements,

pv c “ ms

cv v mss,

s zs.”

SarPs s

cmmcs sw

appx a (p 11). iCao’s lm

mpc s

m ss c

c. F xmp, ax 1 (p-

ps 1.2.9.1 1.2.9.2) qs p-

s, cs c s

ps “ms

spk s s

p cmmcs.”

am pcp cs m

2003 ws p m c

m pcc. a

w pp (1.2.9.4) qs ps,

cs c s p-

s Mc 5, 2008, ms

m spcc c c-

pcc

sc (t a-1, p 13).

t pcc sc

cs sx vs: P-m (lv

1); em (lv 2); Pp

(lv 3); op (lv 4); ex

(lv 5); exp (lv 6). ec v

cs c pc, sc-

, vc, c, cmps

cs.

Minimum Profciency

Ps, cs c

s ps w cc -

ps w q

ms s lv 4 pcc,

wc s ccz

pcc sc s ws:

• Pc — “Pc,

sss, m

c s

v q - w s s.”

• Sc — “bsc mmc

scs sc ps

s cv s w-

c. es m cc, p-

c s xpc

ccmscs,

w m.”

• Vc — “Vc

ccc s sc

cmmc cv cmm,

cc wk- pcs.

C pps sccss

w ck vc s

xpc ccmscs.”

• Fc — “Pcs scs

ppp mp.t m ccs ss -

c s m s

mc spc sps

c, s s pv

cv cmmc. C mk

m s scs mks

ccs. Fs sc.”

• Cmps — “Cmps

s ms cc cmm, c-

c wk- pcs w

cc v s s s-

c - cmm ss. W

spk s c w

sc s cmpc

xpc vs,

cmps m sw

q cc ss.”

• ics — “rspss s-

mm, ppp





mv. is m-

s xcs v w -

w xpc

vs. ds q w

pp msss

cck, cm

c.”

Speech Samples

lm p

pcc

sc ws vp ss

PriCeSg s -

ss w w cc es

s. h s c m

c s pp w

ck scs.

t p c svc ms,

ps, cs, c s p-

s s s c, iCao s

vp cmpc sc (Cd) w

c spc smps csp lv 3,

lv 4 lv 5 pcc. lm s

Cd s v pcs m iCao

Mc 2006.

“Pp w cs,”

s. “t w , w xp-

s w s spcv

vs, k cc c c,

sc, pc s . T spc

smps xps w sw v

w w m w w s lv 4.”

Overall Ability

t ppx ax 1 cs “sc

scps” psc qms

v s spk

. acc sc scps,

ps, cs c s p-

s ms ms :

• “Cmmc cv vc-

(p/p) c--

c ss.” (dcm 9835 ss

vc- cmmc s m c

c--c cmmc cs

spk c s c xpsss,

ss p v

mss.)

• “Cmmc cmm, cc

wk- pcs w ccc c.”

• “us ppp cmmcv ss

xc msss cz

sv msss (.., cck,

cm c m) wk- cx.” (o xmp

cmmcv s s ps

pps mss w spk -

ms cp s

mss. “Smms, ps

‘s ’ s s s -

qs cc p,”

dcm 9835 ss.)

• “h sccss w v s

sc cs ps cm-

pc xpc vs ccs w cx wk

s cmmcv sk w wc

ws m.” (i ws,

ps, cs c s

ps ms v sc

pcc pv cmmc

kw w sm xpc

ccs.)

• “us c cc wc s

c cmm.” (a

scs vs ms s

xpc jm m

w css s c

cc m ,

dcm 9835 ps pp v

cp m spc p-

s s mk msvs

s.)

lv 6 pcc s w SarPs.

Pp 1.2.9.6 ax 1 qs ps,

cs c s ps

w ms lv 4 pcc lv 5

pcc s mslv 6 pcc.

rs scs w ss

v ss. iCao s cmm

s w ms lv 4 pcc

s v s s w

ms lv 5 pcc s v

sx s. rs s cmm f lv

6 pcc s ms.





Standard Phraseology

b 2003, s “s ps-

” ws q SarPs. ax

10 (pp 5.1.1.1) w qs s

“iCao ps p w s-

z ps c sv smss.”

iCao ps s ps ax 10,

Vm ii, Cp 12 PanSatM

(Procedures or Air Navigation Services–Air rac

Management ). iCao ps s sm

scs m s pss ps

mm ss v cs w

iCao. F xmp, s iCao ps,

c w c cw “ p

w” w k cc; s-

u.S. F av ams (Faa)ps, c w c cw

x “ps ” w.

b d, iCao cc c mm

PriCeSg, s csscs

s pss s v ss

c cs cs m s.6

“Cv v mss m

ss v cmp cws

s m cs

s, s s cs cs cs,” d s.

dcm 9835 ss vs s iCao

s ps m q “-

” ps cs w v cm

ccsm pss.

“Ts cs ps s c

smp cs s q -v

es-spk cps cq es-

pcc iCao op

lv 4 s v c-

m iCao pss xcsv,”

cm ss.

Plain Language

a sz ps s -

q cmmc

sm ss mc

ss, c pp ss.

“l pcc m mmz

pss s q, xss

s w

ss iCao pss,” iCao s.7

Mws s s

spk “p es” c s qck - mc ss.

“Sc ccmscs m q c-

p c scp s-

z pss,” s s.8 “i ,

p c q cs

c cmmcs, xp

m. a sc -

sc ms m s

v ws pcc s

m spcc m sz

pss.”

exmps p p’s p

“ s w,” c’s

sc “p pss w

.”

Which Language?

ax 10 (pp 5.2.1.2.1) ws m

require, cmm,

cmmc “ cc

m s s .”a c ws or in the English

language.

“a vs s -

w es-s--sc-

s, pcc q-

ms pp

s -

c p cmmc-

s,” ss dcm 9835.

as s mm, cs

c s ps

pv svcs

ms cmmc es

w qs s

cw.

“as xmp, Sps s sp-

k s





ss m Mxc C amc

mc S amc,” dcm

9835 ss. “F s sc ss,

Sps es c s, es ms

m v. i ps

s spc m s es Sps.”

Onus on Operators

Pps ax 6 ax 11

2003 q cmmc cf

ps s ps m w

pcc ss -

c svc pvs s cs

m ss.

W s qms cms sps

cf ps c svc pv-

s vp s pcs.

ez Mws s s s 2008

s s ssv qs s-

s cc , s

ws mps p iCao s w

cs, wc q w cs s-

s cm ppc v s f

p.

“bcs , iCao s ss s-

s v sc vp

es- pcc,” s s.9 “tss

vp, s cc

vc pc m w ss

w s.”

exs es- p-

cc ss, sc s toeFl

(ts es s F

l), s -

cs s

cmps (.., s,

spk) s

c iCao -

pcc sc.

Mws s z-

cmps — c

w cmp, av es

Svcs (aeS) — c

vp pms

s pms p

s m iCao

qms.

bz, xmp, s vp pms

w v s 450 cs

ww s i s s

mms i a tsp

assc.

a pss m, wv, s pmc xs — ec’s p vs

Pcc es l a tc

Cs (Pela) s, wc ws -

vp 1994 s s cs.

a e, pjc ec

is a nv Svcs mm

PriCeSg, s Pela s cmps

w iCao’s lv 4 c.10

T Pela s, wc s ms es-

scs atC scs wv cmp - cs, s

ps:

• t s p vs c’s s-

q c w

spcc m v m c

p-c cmmcs;

• t sc p vs c’s

sp c msss

qss m ps;

• t p vs c’s

c s c-

p p c

s s atC

spvs; ,

• t p, wc s q sm

ec ss, vs c’s

pc atC cms w

es.

Profciency Takes Time

W dcm 9835 ss 100 s

200 s sc w q

c measurable mpvm

pcc, Mws sms , p

-v spk’s s v es

pcc, 200 s 800 s sc-

pc w q m lv

4 qms.





Mws s w es- p-

cc qms “mk k

cs” ps cs vv

ps.

b c csqcs, “ cmc

pcsss s c svcpvs c sv ps cs

cs p

cs cmpc w iCao -

pcc qms,” ss dcm

9835.

Mws s s c

s wk.

“t s c w

s’ cmc

ps’ cs; ’ s, s ss w ,” s s. “t

ws s ms v, -

ss , s cp w

.”

Mws s cv pm

w c cmp-s s spp-

m cssm ccmm

scs ps cs. a

sjc-m spcss w s -

jc, ms cc pm

q es cs.

“Ms pp v c es s

s — w c spk es c

c es,” s s. “T s mspcp.

l c s proession.”

iCao ss pmm sc w v

-v qcs c-

, pcc xpc c v

es s sc xpc s

p c. Mmm qcs

cc c es s sc

, xpc c “ wk w w sjc-m

xp.”

iCao cmms q es sc-

s w v xpc p w

v sjc-m spcss.

“W s not cv s

cc xps pv pm

vm -

cc,” dcm 9835

ss. “W vs w

xpc c

c ck mk v-

( css) sjc-

m xps c c, sk

teaching csss -

vp ppp

ms s -

c x-

ps m vps.”

iCao s scs v v

es spks.

“n-v scs c, xmp,

s- xpc sc- c,” ss

dcm 9835.

a cmm c s w j-spcc cmps

ps, cs c s

ps s k, Mws s, s-

w v vw

(c--c v p) qss

ps cmp pm.

“i s p--pp s,” s s. “ts

ms vv m s -

m, w v c.”

iCao cmms ss cm s-

s vp i l

ts assc (ilta), cmmc,

p z.

“ts ss vps c ilta

c cs s c s s

vpm s pccs m

ss,” ss dcm 9835, wc cs

ilta c cs.

‘Natives’ Not Exempt

aall ps, cs c

s ps w cc

ps ms m pcc

qms, iCao s s -

v wm es s s v

k c css vw



0 Flight SaFety Foundation • Flight SaFety digeSt • January–February 2006


psv s’s cs -

, m v

s v spc mpm

“ppp s” cc

cs cmmc.

iCao cmms s w lv6 pcc mk mpv

c s

smsss s s

ps, m

spc v s “-

,” sc s ms

cqsms.

a m s xpss

spc c

ws cs. F xmp, p

m s, “W’ ss c,” ckw c’s sc

c sp, “W’

” p mss ppc (iCao

s ps p

mss ppc s “ ”).

Cqsms m xpsss

sc s “” “ ” “’”

“s’.”

No Cure-all

a cs s smss ( k) ss-

ms sws pms sc

c c cmmc,

cmmc k w

v m.

“W k ssms w, ,

mpv v cmmcs

sm vs, pss mpv cc

s, s c sc

ssms w v qm

cmmc sks,”Mws s.11 “t w c

cmmc

mc ss

s ckp ssm .”

as s cmm-

c xss, cmmc w

c ps sk v

s.

“Cmmc s w p

v cmp m; wv,cmpc w iCao

pcc qms w

spks m cz s

wk w sccss s

s msss,” ss

dcm 9835.■

Notes

1. i Cv av oz

(iCao). dcm 9835. Manual on

the Implementation o ICAO Language

Prociency Requirements. 2004.

2. Mws, ez. “Pvss

Pcc Cmm av

l b S.” ICAO

Journal Vm 56 (ap 2001).

3. lm, P. tp vw

lc, Mk. ax, V,

u.S. F. 16, 2006. F S

F, ax, V, u.S.

4. F S F (FSF)

appc-- acc

rc (alar) tsk Fc. “Ks

av: FSF tsk Fc PssFcs a appc--

C---

accs.” Flight Saety Digest Vm 17

(nvmdcm 1998) Vm

18 (JF 1999).

5. iCao. dcm 9835.

6. d, b. “h awss

Cmmc Ps C b

S.” ICAO Journal Vm 59

(JF 2004).

7. iCao. Background Inormation to

Proposed Amendments Concerning Language Prociency or Radiotelephony

Communications. acm F S

l an 13/48.2-02/1.

8. Mws. ICAO Journal .

9. Mws. ivw lc, Mk.

ax, V, u.S. dc. 10, 2005.

F S F, ax,

V, u.S.

10. e, a. “up ts Sss

nw rqm dms es

l Pcc.”ICAO Journal

Vm 59 (JF 2004).

11. Mws. ICAO Journal .

Further Reading From

FSF Publications

nv, Mc; Wk, Mc b. “ass

Cw Cvss Pvs iss

acc ivs.” Flight Saety Digest

Vm 24 (oc 2005).

FSF e S. “Cw ls b-777

rw Sc Cs tk.” Airport

Operations Vm 31 (Spmoc

2005).

FSF e S. “ep a tc

Cs ass ic Pv

rw icss.” Airport Operations

Vm 30 (Mcap 2004).

FSF e S. “Mm lpss,

Mscmmc, iq C

C s Ms Cmm Css tw

Cs’ es.” Airport Operations

Vm 27 (Spmoc 2001).

FSF e S. “us S

Ps F Cws a tc

Cs Cs acf emcs.”

Airport Operations Vm 26 (Mcap

2000).

up, S. “es-

t a tc Cs Ms

g b bsc atC Vc.” Airport

Operations Vm 23 (Spmoc

1997).

K, r l. “excss Ws, P

rcks Sc h ass PatC

Cmmc es.” Airport Operations

Vm 23 (JF 1997).

Cs, Sv. “Pa tc C

Cmmcs: i’s n (o) W y

S, i’s hw y S i.” Flight Saety Digest

Vm 14 (J 1995).





Appendix A

International Standards and

Recommended Practices

Relating to Language Use in

Radio Communications

Annex 1 to the Convention on

International Civil Aviation:

Personnel Licensing; Chapter 1,

Defnitions and General Rules

Concerning Licences

1.2.9.1 [ap] cp ps s

vs w q s -

p cf s ms

spk s s

p cmmcs.

Note — Pursuant to Article 42 o the Convention

on International Civil Aviation, paragraph

1.2.9.1 does not apply to personnel whose [li-

censes] are originally issued prior to 5 March

2004 but, in any case, does apply to personnel

whose [licenses] remain valid aer 5 March

2008.

1.2.9.2 a c cs c

s ps s ms

spk s s p cmmcs.

1.2.9.3 rcmm — F s,

ps s v

spk s s

p cmmcs.

1.2.9.4 as 5 Mc 2008, [p]

cp ps, c cs -

c s ps s ms

spk s s

p cmmcs vspc pcc qms

[appx 1].

1.2.9.5 rcmm — [ap] -

cp ps, vs q s

p c, -

c cs c s ps

s ms spk -

s s p

cmmcs v spc

pcc qms [appx 1].

1.2.9.6 as 5 Mc 2008, p-

cc [p] cp ps, c

cs c s ps w

ms pcc w exp lv(lv 6) s m v vs

ccc w v’s ms

pcc v.

1.2.9.7 rcmm — T p-

cc [p] cp ps,

vs q s p

cf, c cs c s-

ps w ms pcc w

exp lv (lv 6) s m v-

vs ccc w v’s

ms pcc v, s ws:

) ts ms pcc

op lv (lv 4) s

v s c v s;

,

) ts ms pcc

ex lv (lv 5) s

v s c v sx s.

Note 1 — Formal evaluation is not required or

applicants who demonstrate expert language

prociency, [that is,] native and very procient non-native speakers with a dialect or accent

intelligible to the international aeronautical

community.

Note 2 — Te provisions o 1.2.9 reer to Annex

10, Volume II, Chapter 5, whereby the language

used or radiotelephony communications may be

the language normally used by the station on the

ground or English. In practice, thereore, there

will be situations whereby fight crew members

will only need to speak the language normally

used by the station on the ground.

Appendix 1 [to Annex 1]:

Requirements or Profciency in

Languages Used or Radiotelephony

Communications

t m pcc qms c-

Cp 1, Sc 1.2.9, ppc

[cs] [cs] s ms,





m ccp cs ,

cmpc w [w] sc scp-

s … w iCao [i Cv

av oz] op lv (lv

4) iCao l Pcc r Sc

[p 13].

Pc spks s:

) Cmmc cv vc- (-

p/p) [ss]

c--c ss;

b) Communicate on common, concrete and

work-related topics with accuracy and

c;

c) us ppp cmmcv ss

xc msss cz

sv msss (.., cck,cm c m)

wk- cx;

) h sccss w v s

sc cs ps

cmpc xpc vs

ccs w cx

wk s cmmcv sk w

wc ws m; ,

) us c cc wc s

c cmm.


International Civil Aviation:

Operation o Aircrat; Part I:

International Commercial Air

Transport — Aeroplanes

3.1.6 ops s s cw mm-

s ms spk s

s c p

cmmcs s spc ax 1.

Annex 6 to the Convention onInternational Civil Aviation:

Operation o Aircrat; Part III:

International Operations —

Helicopters

1.1.3 ops s s cw

mms ms spk

s s p

cmmcs s spc ax 1.

Annex 10 to the Convention

on International Civil Aviation:

Aeronautical Telecommunications;

Volume II: Communication

Procedures Including Those With

PANS [Procedures or Air Navigation

Services] Status; Chapter 5, Aeronautical Mobile Service — Voice

Communications

5.1.1 i cmmcs, s s-

scp s sv ms.

5.1.1.1 iCao sz ps s

s ss wc s spc-

. o w sz ps c

sv smss, p

s s.

5.2.1.2.1 T - p cm-mcs s cc

m s s

es .

Note 1 — Te language normally used by the

station on the ground may not necessarily be

the language o the State in which it is located.

A common language may be agreed upon

regionally as a requirement or stations on the

ground in that region.

Note 2 — Te level o language prociency

required or aeronautical radiotelephony

communications is specied in the Appendix

to Annex 1.

5.2.1.2.2 T es s v,

qs m cf s, ss

sv s ps

s s svcs.


International Civil Aviation: Air

Trafc Services

2.28.1 a c svc pv s s

c cs spk s

(s) s p cmm-

cs s spc ax 1.

2.28.2 excp w cmmcs w

c c s cc m-

, es s

s sc cmmcs.■



14 FlightSaFetyFoundation•FlightSaFetydigeSt•January–February2006

AVIATION STATISTICS

Global Passenger-mortality RiskDecreased Substantially in

Accidents From 2000 to 2005

The risk of dying in an accident aboard a randomly chosen flight was lower than ever in the

period 2000–2005, in every industry segment examined. When passenger fatalities during the

terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, were included, however, passenger-mortality risk did not

decrease on U.S. scheduled domestic passenger jet flights compared with the period 1990–1999.

— ARNOLD BARNETT, PH.D.

[FSF:iap2000Flight Saety Digest ,abaxW

pvsspss-msk

—s,sscppss

mcs—ww

scjps19871996.1

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c1990s.2iwc,

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2000,dc.31,2005.]

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FlightSaFetyFoundation•FlightSaFetydigeSt•January–February2006

S t a t i S t i c S

ps,scksSp.11,

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)pvsvs

ckscm.ass,wsps-

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ccs,swsqv-

cscc-pss-msk20002005scu.S.

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tcms2000Flight

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wsQ-ssc,wcpssmortal-

ity risk or a passenger on a randomly chosen ight .

TQ-sscswsqs:“gv

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t Q-ssc s ccp vscmpwmsms

pss-msk.5,6rcc-

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,

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cck/cmppc/

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Mv,Q-sscsscc

s.TQ-sscssm:

Q = V/N

w Q=Q-ssc

V=m-ssqvs

sns

n=mvs

T ull-loss equivalent spppss-

swsvv.(Fxmp,

scmps,-ssqv-

sz;30pcpsssk

cc,-ssqvs0.3;pssskcc,-

ssqvs1.0.)8aspps

nsvsvV.

TQ-sscssssss

c.

Zero Accident Risk

ipvsss,scavcW

mscjsvss

w.d19901999,Q-sscws113m.a,psswk

mscvw

v36,000s

cc.9

a v pss s

1990savcWscmscj

pswcsccs

cm/scs.Csccs

,pss-m20002005

mpv,sswt1(p16).

d20002005,wppxm

75m scmscjs

avcWcs(mj c-

c uSs).npss-

wscsccany s

s.10

isms,pss-m

skcv.bcs




S t a t i S t i c S

mpvmcmpw1990sp-

smcc?evsscp-

cssssvm,ssps

cmmsvvsccqck

sccss,spswps

wvs.

Smccsmsp.

bs-ccm1990s

-cvvs20002005,6.0

-ssqvswvxpc-wJ.1,2000,dc.31,2005,

avcWmscjsvcs.Tsv,

xpmp19901999,w

sm10ccswc

vpppssskw

55pc.ic,wz

ccs,wv,10.Scscpc

sxcwp

scc.

Spcc,ppxmavc

Wmscjswcc19902005wcc2000

2005.(dqcsw

ssxsp19902005

s.)Ts,s19902005

smpvvm

cc,ppxm10cc-

s19902005svcc

20002005.n,wv,s

skcccccs

sms10mswcss.T

ps500,wcmsv

sscscccmm

ssscc.

A World of Improvement

t2psxpt1

psss.

t 2sws, pscs-

,scpss-jps

avcWcsw

pss-mskdvp

W.asss,spspvj,

1960.10

Ppsmsk,wv,s

psscpssjps,

pss-mskpwsw-

2000200519901999.b

100pcc

pss-m sk avcW

Table 1

Passenger-mortality Risk

From Accidents, Advanced World

Scheduled Domestic Jet Operations,

2000–2005

Q-statistic

United States 0

Other Advanced WorldCountries

0

Note: Passenger-mortality risk (the Q-statistic) is dened

as the statistical probability o a passenger dying on a

randomly chosen fight. A fight is dened as a nonstoptrip rom one city to another (also called a “departure”).

The Advanced World comprises countries that

are generally considered economically advanced,

technically advanced and democratic: Australia, Austria,

Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,

Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg,

Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, South

Arica, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom

and the United States.

Source: Arnold Barnett, Ph.D.

Table 2Passenger-mortality Risk From Accidents During

Various Scheduled Passenger Jet Operations,

1990–1999 and 2000–2005

Type of Service

Q-statistic

1990–1999 2000–2005

Advanced World Domestic 1 in 13 million 0

Advanced World International 1 in 6 million 1 in 8 million

Between Advanced World andDeveloping World

1 in 1 million 1 in 1.5 million

Within Developing World 1 in 500,000 1 in 2 million

Note: These data exclude atalities caused by terrorist/criminal acts.

Passenger-mortality risk (the Q-statistic) is dened as the statistical probability o a

passenger dying on a randomly chosen fight. A fight is dened as a nonstop trip rom

one city to another (also called a “departure”).

The Advanced World comprises countries that are generally considered economically

advanced, technically advanced and democratic: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada,

Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan,

Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, South Arica, Spain, Sweden,

Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Developing World

comprises all other countries.





S t a t i S t i c S

mscps,swt2,

wsw75pc-

cswdvp

W.Tsccsss-

csc:gvm

ccsvv,w

c75pccspss-msk

cc.

iwpsps—avc

W i bw

avcWdvpW

—csspss-m

skw1990ss

20002005wsm

wpsps.Mv,

scsswsvw

ccs,19901999p 20002005p,s

csQ-sscm

cssmc.

hwv,cxww

cspss-msk

—wcv

pscmwsssc

sc—mmps

ccpmsmpvms

mcssss

psssmssms“s-

scs”(..,wpcc

m).

as,ssmp

mpcswpss-

mskcscss

20002005.Tps

mjcskpc,ws

cccs-msk

ck.

Other Continuing

Improvement

iss-jp-s(vvcpc-

cfppcf)m

cscs,cw

spcs,sms

pppcfs

wpc

js.i cb

W,1Q-sscu.S.msc

pp/pppswss-

ms12m19871996.

t3swscss

mcps.

Competitive Routes

tcs,

w avcW s

wvQ-sscs

dvpWs,-

csswc

smwcscm-

p,m,wavcWcdvpWc

(..,Ps,Fc,Kc,Pks).

TQ-sscws1600,000

scscss.

Tspspss

ssmcs

pss-msw

avcWsdvp

Wsm

cscs

ms.

t4(p18)swssmp

ssp.

tscssw-pws

s:When two airlines lying

passenger jets ly the same route, very

rarely is there any statistically valid

reason related to saety to preer one to

the other .Fxmp,m

20002005ssw-cs

mscjcsavc

Wwmzs-

cs:ops

s,Q-sscwszv

mmss.

Increased Threat of

Terrorism

apcm-

spsw

csss

p.hsc,ccsvc-

cmjv

s:i1990s,ws

scscm-

smavc

W.oSp.11,2001,wv,

psssu.S.mscs

wkss.12t5(p

18)ssss“vs”

ccpss-m

skcs.

ts,Q-ssc

ccswscz,Q-

sscpsssc

smcm/smwm

z11m.(i,cs

ccs,mssm

ppwkSp.11s

u.S.mscjccs1990s

in total .)

tscscmcssv

cpss-msk

scpssjps

Table 3

Passenger-mortality Risk for

Scheduled Non-jet Operations,

Advanced World,

1990–1999 and 2000–2005

Period Q-statistic

1990–1999 1 in 2.5 million

2000–2005 1 in 5 million

Note: These numbers exclude terrorist/

criminal acts, but there were no such acts on

these services during 1990–2005.

Passenger-mortality risk (the Q-statistic) is

dened as the statistical probability o a

passenger dying on a randomly chosen fight.

A fight is dened as a nonstop trip rom one

city to another (also called a “departure”).

The Advanced World comprises countries

that are generally considered economically

advanced, technically advanced and

democratic: Australia, Austria, Belgium,

Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,

Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan,

Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand,

Norway, Portugal, South Arica, Spain,

Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom

and the United States.





S t a t i S t i c S

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cmssmkwsvsss

s.iw,wv,

smsswccsv

sccsswscssvcsks

m.■

Notes

1. b,a.;W,a.“PssMrsk

esmsPvPspcvsaaS.”

Flight Saety Digest Vm19(ap2000).

2. b,a.bckMmlc.“aS:

ega?” Journal o the Operational

Research Society Vm52(as2001).

3. tppxmmsscc,

ssmpcqs

wwscsOfcial Airline Guide

(oag).(Tcqsscssb

W,op.cit .,p.12.)Tmssjc

smsmpmpcs,

Table 4

Passenger-mortality Risk for Nonstop Scheduled Jet Routes

Between Advanced World Countries and Developing World

Countries, 2000–2005

Category Q-statistic

Advanced World Airlines 1 in 1.5 million

Developing World Airlines 1 in 1.5 million

Note: Passenger-mortality risk (the Q-statistic) is dened as the statistical probability o a



The Advanced World comprises countries that are generally considered economically

advanced, technically advanced and democratic: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada,

Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan,


Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Developing World

comprises all other countries.


Table 5

Passenger-mortality Risk, by Cause, U.S. Scheduled Domestic

Passenger Jet Operations, 1990–1999 and 2000–2005

Period

Q-statistic

Accidents Terrorism/Crime Combined Causes

1990–1999 1 in 11 million 0 1 in 11 million

2000–2005 0 1 in 11 million 1 in 11 million

Note: Passenger-mortality risk (the Q-statistic) is dened as the statistical probability o apassenger dying on a randomly chosen fight. A fight is dened as a nonstop trip rom



Table 6

Passenger-mortality Risk, by Cause, Developing World

Scheduled Jet Operations, 2000–2005

Q-statistic

Accidents Terrorism/Crime Combined Causes

1 in 2 million 1 in 10 million 1 in 1.5 million

Note: Passenger-mortality risk (the Q-statistic) is dened as the statistical probability o a



The Developing World comprises all countries other than Australia, Austria, Belgium,

Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan,


Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States.





S t a t i S t i c S

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uKmuSs.

acs,ssc

(s38),

sdvpW.

5. Fmsvs

smpss-msk,s

bW,op. cit .,pp.12.

6. b,a.;hs,M.K.“aS:

Tlsdc.” Management Science

Vm35(J1989).

7. bCmmcaps.Statistical

Summary o Commercial Jet Airplane

Accidents, 1959–2004.M2005.

8. tmms-ssqv-

sscs,s

csccsscmp

aS.cm,aSnwk,

u.S.ntspSb

Flight International .

9.Tccwmm

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cmp,wcmcsm-

skcwmms.

10. apssswss-

jwu.S.mscjp

wCc,is,u.S.,2005,

pswsk.

11. b,a.;am,M.;Scmm,

V.“aS:Tlsdc.”

Management ScienceVm35(J

1989).

12. oSp.11,2001,u.S.sw

jckss.twcf

(amcasF11u

asF175)ww

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uF93.

13. oa.24,2004,wrsss

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103pssscwmms.

accmps,s

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14. PamcF103kp

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cfspvc

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ps.

About the Author

ab,P.d.,sgesm

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scmcpss

SFFaa.



20 FlightSaFetyFoundation•FlightSaFetydigeSt•January–February2006

PUBLICATIONS

RECEIVED AT FSF JERRY LEDERER

AVIATION SAFETY LIBRARY

Increased Automation WillBring New Human FactorsChallenges to ATM

Air traffic management (ATM) human factors specialists are working to

anticipate, and thus avoid, problems associated with greater automation.

– FSF LIBRARY STAFF

Books

Human Factors Impacts in Air rafc

Management.Kw,b;rs,Mk;

Scä,dk(s).as,e:

as,2005.584pp.Fs,s,x,

cs,ss.

r cmpx,cs-mcpccscs-

cmm(atM).“Tss

mcsmscm

sccsatM,ms

mscscsppm

ms,”ss.

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ccscpss

pcmpmx

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s,” ss.“Ts

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cvssw,

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m.”

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pvscscccss

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,”ss.“Wwvm

cszvcs,

sss

vpms,spps—

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csssswssm

ccatMv.”

Tssmws“pc

kwcwcssw

mcsmpc”(..,

cmpp c cmc

ss).a20spcsspvcps

mpszpcsm.

Tss s cpscs

ms:




R e s o u R c e s

• hmcsps(..,cs

psvpcs);

• hmcsmscs(..,

mpvms-sccsss);

• hmcsms(..,ms-ccpmc);,

• hm cspms(..,

m cs cmp

pcwkpcc).

Understanding and Managing Risk Attitude.

hs,dv;M-Ws,r.

as,e:gw,2005.206pp.

ts,s,p,x.

“tmspcsskmmckwscc

sccss,vsw

wsmspcc,w

mpcvfcm

vskpcss,”ss.“a

pp-cppcskmm

wssssswsks

sm.Tsw

pvpccswv-

s,smsskpsss

sssvpss

pcc,swsmmz

mpcsswsksm

cpcv.”

Tkxpsmcsspcs

skmm,spcp

“mc.”Tsm

s“czms,s

ms,pppxpssms

wms.”ok’spmss

smscp,,pp

msk.

emccfcwspcsskmm,ss:-

ccs;ccssssm

p;ccssssmjcvs;

skspscss.

gps,swsvs,cvs

“sk.”Tsspsc

xpsssccpccscss“p-

k”(mmspmsppss

ss);“Mssc”(fps’s

skspspsp-

cspmms);“ccm”

(csmkmcspcv

zms);“sks”(c

pmsksks-

vmmscs ck vcc);“css”(pps

sks,wpsw

wskvscsvmpss

pscccs

psppssmsps

skk).

Tsscvss-

mmskmm,s

cmpxj,smps.

Tsc“csjcvs

sscvm-pssss”;“mpvmv,

vsps”;“m

cvmwk,s

sscmm.”

A Personal Guide or Cabin and Cockpit

Sel Deense.Cz,dvd.bm,

i,u.S.:ahs,2005.141pp.

Fs.

“F

spsv

xcpcw

,”ss , pcc, m

u.S.Msccsscw

vcmssks.“a30,000,

pc.”

dspcsvscsc

psss’svssm,

smpssmpwps,

ss.usvv,vsc-

csmss,cs,

cps,ppcmpsscs

ccmmpvswps.

n,ss,spssvc-

sswsms.apsswpps

vckps

mcmc,cs

smccvs

wscfsmcs

ssc,ss

pswscpm

cckp.




R e s o u R c e s

Tkscssswp-

psmscqs

ssw“cscscvss,

smpc,pcs-

qsss.”

Mv,mppssssmpspscsswsccs,

ss.afpmsxpc

vszmpskv

ccmscmpsps,ms

vsz spss w v

mc.avcss

mccss,smpc

“v,spcs,m

ssc,sssc,s

sc,smsc.”

Reports

erminal Radar Approach Control: Measures o

Voice Communications Perormance.Pz,o.

Vk;McC,Mk.u.S.Fav

ams(Faa)ocaspc

Mc.dot/Faa/aM-05/19.Fp.

oc2005.22pp.avvi

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vc cmmcs ssm -

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scs.ik2.5scs

mss, 127mscsps

ps--kswcwss.”

Tssck,spp-

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cms1.16pc

smpsmsss.bcssps

qmssxcs

svm-spms,

v14.54mssswsm-

wps cswsps

wps,v9.90msssw

smwwssp.

Flight Saety Special Issue: Bird Strike

Prevention.FSF(FSF)

tw.J2005.147pp.Fs,s,

pps.avmFSFtw.**

tbSkCmmtw(bSCtW)

wsssFSF

(FSF)sszFSFtw2001

cscvvscs

mvscspsv

skpm.dws,

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ssmsp,wcspszs.

“bSC-tW[ws]sccp‘[c-

cw]fsssps

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pspcsps,s

scssks

mwmmzskcs,”

sspc’sc.

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sccwssm

pss.TtwCvacs

ams1998ps

sjcws.apss

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pmswfps.

“hwv,vw,fpsv

spvps,”c

ss.“ivsswsmp




R e s o u R c e s

sswsmc

fs.”

bSC-tWccwp-mwks

spcvps

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“Tpss…wf

ssss,”c

ss.“Tmwspss[tp]

SSaps.Tpss

sswsmcc

w[tpcvm].”

acspw-

s:“tCcpbSkPv,”

“TeqpmtcqsbSk

Pv,”“bSkMic

im,”“iacvsbSkPv,”“TacvsbSk

Pvtw,”“bSkass.”

Level Bust Study Using Saety Principles.

ecexpmC.rp.

402.J2006.gzv,a;b,

C;Ps,J.81pp.Fs,s.

avesFcvi

<www.c.>.

i2003,ecxpp-

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SMart(SMmasssc

rct).

“SMartscxc

‘ssss’mpvssp-

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ss.“TkSMartsmk

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xpc(ssss,..,

sqpm,z,,p-

cs),ps.”

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cscs—ssssm

cswpcsv

ss,cvmvssm

csqcs.tscscs

pcps(SPs).

Tsscpz35

cvscsmsSPs,

mwcvcvcSPws

c.

amp’sccssw:

• “tcssms

wkpv,swksswspcccp

s(s‘pvc’),

ccv”;,

• “icmpxsspc k

tMas[mmvs],

svjcsssc

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,[]v/v

mss.dp

sscvs

vwsckvsmcmcsss

cv.tcvsc

sspsw,[]s[]s

tCaS[c-csvc

ssm]pvcsv.”

Risk Factors Associated with Weather-Related

General Aviation Accidents. u.S.n

tspSb(ntSb).ntSb/

SS-05/01.Spm2005.78pp.Fs,

s,ppxs,ps,ss.av

vi<www.s.v>m

ntccimSvc.*

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2003ap2004.tscss-

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i,u.S.Favams(Faa)cspvmps

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vccs.

Ts’sccsscw:




R e s o u R c e s

• “Psws

wskvvw-

vccs

wsw,

[mcv]sccs

pcccvvm

m[cc]”;

• “Pc vm

cssspsm

w-kwsks”;,

• “Kwpcc-s s

sscwskp

vvw-

vcc.”

Instructional and

Management Guides

Saety Management Systems: Te Senior Airline

Manager’s Implementation Guide.Fs.

M,Qc,C:ia

tspassc(iata),oc2005.

Fs,pps,p,xs.

avmiata.***

asmmssm(SMS)siatas“ssmcmm

skssscwfps,

psc

mccvscvvsspmc.”

Tssspvpccm-

svmpm

SMS.Tswc

SMS,wscs“op

SPm,”“emcrspsPm,”

“iataSMmSppSsm”

“impm.”

Electronic Media

Cabin Operations Saety oolkit: urbulence

Management & Inadvertent Slide Deployment

Prevention; Cabin Saety Management

Systems. Sc.M,Qc,

C:iatspassc

(iata),J2006.avmiata.***

apcwkpmiataCopsStskFc,

ss2004,scmpcscks

spscs,sc-

smsvpss

cc-jsv-

spms.Tsscs

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Tkcscmmpv

pcs,sc/ccss,

mcsss

xscss,mms

ccpscsssmps.

Psscsc’ss

cssmwksps.

Cspvmpc-

m m(PdF)s,McsPwP

pssiks.

Regulatory Materials

Synthetic Vision and Pathway Depictions

on the Primary Flight Display.u.S.F

avams(Faa)avs

Cc(aC)23-26.dc.22,2005.18pp.

appx.avmFaavi

<www.w..v>.

tsaCpssccpms,

ms,swcmpc

wu.S.Favrs(Fars)P23, Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility,

Acrobatic, and Commuter Category Airplanes,

wwccpssmps:(1)sc

vs(2)pwpcssp

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Sources

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*** iatspassc(iata)

800PcVc

P.o.bx113

Mh4Z1M1Qc,C

i:<www..>




Cleaning Solvent Blamed for B-777Landing Gear Fire

Investigators found that the subsequent evacuation exceeded certification time limits and that

passengers were not led to a secure area.

— FSF EdIToRIAL STAFF

Twmpvs

wsspmswc

sccccsmpv

.acc/cs

spmmmv-

mcs,vzs,pss

mscs.Tsmmcc.

Fire Leads to

Recommendations or

Expeditious Evacuations

Boeing 777. Minor damage. 31 minor injuries.

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cmp-cpppcmcpe.

a“smm”cw,cw

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scsvcss.W

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pssspsswww-

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Tvs“msk

smmcpccsw

cwss,”cc

ACCIDENT/INCIDENT BRIEFS

A I R

C A R R I E R




A c c i d e n t s / i n c i d e n t s

ps.“iwsksm-

msfmmsv,wcw

cmcsmcw

cmcm.Tcc

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Fmcs

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qckwscwc

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i,vs

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c’svxs.

assvs,u.K.a

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cmms:

• tu.K.Cvava(Caa)

vwscpsss

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c, [] s v

m/mcs s-

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• tvwsccw

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• tCaa q, smps,

“qccccm-

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v ppppm”;

,

•tCaaq“cm-

mcqcsc

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c,mp-

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Tps19scswk

sb-777pswpw

J1999J2006,wcc

pwsss.os,sw

xcssvs,vsw

svscw

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ck;cssvs

kw.

‘Robust Monitoring’

Recommended or

Loading Procedures

Airbus A340. No damage. No injuries.

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fcwwsp’sc-

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wm.Tpmws cc

mvpsssw

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awsmpcs,

ps.

“Wmmskswcc,s

smssmccs-

pcsf,”ps.“iccw

Cgcvvsscsqcs

svmpc

mss,,m

.”

Crew Reports Multiple

Bird Strikes While Trying to

Avoid Flock

Airbus A320. Minor damage. No injuries.

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wsccppcp

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ssp.

“isp-sccvs…p-

vv cqs mp,

s-skpv smpss

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ps.

Faulty Transistor Blamed or

Smoke on Flight Deck

Embraer EMB 145EP. Minor damage.No injuries.

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pwswF

lv(Fl)100(ppxm10,000)v

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p.

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TvsvsQuick

Reference Handbook (Qrh)mpc-scvmv

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ccvs.

A I R

T A X I / C o M M U T E R





Bolt Installation Cited in

Landing Gear’s Failure to

Extend

Piper PA-34-200T Seneca II. Minor damage. No injuries.

nmscfnw

Z,psc

“doWn,”“landinggearunSaFe”w-

xs.Tpsv

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pcs, c w ck

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ps.

Tpss-

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c.Ccsw“v-scmpm

psscksc.”

Double Engine Failure Leads

to Landing in Mud Flats

Piper PA-31-350 Chietain.Substantial damage. No injuries.

tpwsfw-p

vsf scfas

wpsw40cms(74kms)p.asp

sscf,

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cmk-vssmws

cm.npmsw-

sssmsm

vcs.

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300s(79u.S.s)f,

msccmpf.

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idle’bwspfw

sss

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pcsspw,s

wsscmpsp--

ccks.…Tvsws

csmvc

smss.”

Photos Enable In-fight Analysis

O Landing Gear Problem

Gulstream Aerospace Gulstream V.No damage. No injuries.

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C o

R P o R A T E / B U S I N E S S





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Tvswsc.

Tire Fails on Touchdown

Raytheon Beech 390 Premier I.Substantial damage. No injuries.

ismmccspvpuSs.

Wpcw,m

,pv.

Tpsfwp

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f”pcw

.

Fire Fighting Airplane

Strikes Ground During

Familiarization Flight

Air Tractor AT-602. Destroyed.One atality.

ts-spwsfwv

wasspp’s

mzwc,wcws

sw-ppps.

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csvsw—

smm msss.

Maintenance Personnel

Extinguish Landing Gear Fire

Cirrus Design SR22. Substantial damage.No injuries.

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pmpuSs

wcpcc

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ws.

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Landing Gear Breaks Ater

Touchdown on Grass Airstrip

Extra EA 300. Minor damage. No injuries.

tpwsm

f, p

ssspe

psm.

o T H E R

G E N E R A L A V I A T I o N





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wmws

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spc

s.

Tccps,ws,“wspssp-xswk-

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Helicopter Strikes Branch

During Anti-poaching Flight

Bell 206L-3 LongRanger. Minor damage.No injuries.

t

cpwsfw-

pc p pk

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ccscsw

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cp.

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smc.

Wheel Breaks Through

Helipad Deck

Agusta A109C. Substantial damage.Two minor injuries.

acpp

asw pss

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.hcp“c”

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ck.

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sc-cp

p…wskw,”“c-

cppwsssqssasa109C

cp”“pcck-

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a109Ccp.”

Kneeboard Position Cited in

Landing Accident

Robinson R22 Beta. Substantial damage.One minor injury.

tspwspp

cp-pf

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cccc,cc

kscmsp

sk.Tscc

pvpmcc,

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s-c

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s

sf,xpccsc.

Tpmcmpp

scf,w—w

pvwm—p

cpvx.■

R o T o R C R A F T



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present the

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may 9–11, 2006

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