f fisebilillah yaylar@gmail.com

HIGH SCORE

KPDS TEST BOOK for

upper intermediate

and

advanced learners

yasin yaylar

CONTENTS

Articles

Determiners

Tenses

Modals

If clause

Wish clause

Reported speech

Conjunctions

Adjectives

Adverbs

Prepositions

Relative clauses

Gerund - Infinitives

Participles

Passive voice

Causatives

Phrasal verbs

Vocabulary questions

Paragraph analyzing

Appendix

Glossary

1

3

11

43

59

69

73

85

105

117

131

143

159

171

181

193

197

217

229

253

260

1

Articles a/ an • one yerine: she has a brother • sıfat tamlamalarında: a strong man, a hard question • mesleklerde: He is an engineer. • bir grubun geneli: A teacher must be patient. • ilk defa bahsedilen şeyler: Suddenly there was a bright light. • her manasında: two times a week, once a year • her zaman çoğul olarak kullanılan kelimeler: a pair of shoes, a pair of glasses • sayılamayan nesneler: a sum of bread, apiece of chocolate * okunuşu sessiz harfle başlayan kelimelerde a: a doctor, a car, a university * okunuşu sesli harfle başlayan kelimelerde an: an optimist, an hour, an FBI agent, an honor for me the • daha önceden bahsedilmiş şeyler: Suddenly there was a bright light. Then the light turned grey. • tek olan şeyler: the moon, the sun • superlative form: the most important thing, the ugliest woman

2

• ne olduğu açıkça anlaşılan şeyler: the weather is getting cold. • sıfatlarda geneli kastederken: the poor, the young • milletler: The English, The French • tanınmış yapılar: The Eiffel Tower, The Pyramids, The Topkapı Palace • unvanlar: The President, The Ambassador • kanal, çöl, okyanus, nehir, deniz isimlerinden önce: the Panama Canal, the Sahara, the Pacific, the Nile, the Black Sea • tamlama şeklindeki yer isimleri (of içeren): the Gulf of Mexico, Republic of Malta zero article ( article almayanlar) • özel isimler: Mrs. Thompson, Steven • bir türün geneli: Storks can fly more than twelve hours non-stop. • göl, ada, dağ, şehir, cadde, ilçe, eyalet, ülke isimleri: Lake Van, Long Island, Mount Ararat, Dublin, West Street, Tyler County, Texas, Algeria

3

Determiners • Kelimelerden önce gelerek miktarlarını belirtirler. Bu konuda öncelikli olarak bilmemiz gereken countable ve uncountable isimler.bunun için sözlük kullanmakta fayda var.

some (of) (biraz)

They took some papers with them. (birkaç kağıt) [C] Some of the papers were torn. (kağıtların bazıları) [C] I want some information about her. (biraz bilgi) [U] Some of the information was wrong. (bilgilerin bazıları) [U]

any (hiç) sadece soru veya olumsuz cümlelerde kullanılır.

Do you have any problems? [C] Do you have any sugar? [U] She didn’t bring any presents for us. [C] I won’t take any responsibility. [U]

many/ much (of) (çok)

There were not many guests yesterday. (çok misafir) [C] Many of the guests were from Monaco. (misafirlerin çoğu) [C] I don’t have much time. (çok zaman) [U] She spends much of her time on chatting. (zamanının çoğunu) [U]

few/ little olumsuz manada az anlamında.

Few people eat sushi in Turkey.(pek az insan) [C] Few of the people die in prosperity. (insanların pek azı) There is little food left for him. (çok az yemek) [U] Little of the food is left.(yemeğin azı)

a few/ a little olumlu manada az

There are few trees on the road. (birkaç ağaç) [C] Few of the trees are pine. (ağaçların birkaçı) [C] There is a little cheese in the fridge. (biraz peynir) [U] A little of the cheese is used. (peynirin birazı) [U]

a lot/ lot of / lots of (pek çok)

You can see lots of cars on the street. [C] He earns a lot of money. [U] I don’t know him a lot. [U]

4

neither/ either/ both of Đki şeyden bahsederken

She has two sons. I like neither of them. (ikisini de sevmem) [C] I like either of them. (ikisini de severim) [C] I like both of them. (ikisini de severim) [C]

each/ every (her biri/ her)

You can have two sandwiches each. [C] Each of you can have two sandwiches. [C] Every student must come on time. [C]

no/ none of (hiç)

There is no trouble about the schedule. [C] None of the troubles were solved. [C]

She has no love for you. [U] None of her love is for you. [U]

all/ all of (hepsi)

There were seven plates. We bought them all. [C] We bought all of them. [C]

whole (tamamı)

He ate the whole pizza. [C] I want the whole story. [U]

Demonstratives

This novel is on love. [C] This meal is cold. [U] That novel is on love. [C] That meal is cold. [U] These novels are boring. [C] No [U] Those novels are boring. [C] No [U]

Possessive Adjectives

my, your, our, his, her, its, their, Gina’s, school’s, garage’s They will see her new flat. Hospital’s ER is full with injured people.

Articles

a/ an/ the/ Ø They saw a snake on the grass.

bkz. Articles

Determiners • Kelimelerden önce gelerek miktarlarını belirtirler. Bu konuda öncelikli olarak bilmemiz gereken countable ve uncountable isimler.bunun için sözlük kullanmakta fayda var.

some (of) (biraz)

They took some papers with them. (birkaç kağıt) [C] Some of the papers were torn. (kağıtların bazıları) [C] I want some information about her. (biraz bilgi) [U] Some of the information was wrong. (bilgilerin bazıları) [U]

any (hiç) sadece soru veya olumsuz cümlelerde kullanılır.

Do you have any problems? [C] Do you have any sugar? [U] She didn’t bring any presents for us. [C] I won’t take any responsibility. [U]

many/ much (of) (çok)

There were not many guests yesterday. (çok misafir) [C] Many of the guests were from Monaco. (misafirlerin çoğu) [C] I don’t have much time. (çok zaman) [U] She spends much of her time on chatting. (zamanının çoğunu) [U]

few/ little olumsuz manada az anlamında.

Few people eat sushi in Turkey.(pek az insan) [C] Few of the people die in prosperity. (insanların pek azı) There is little food left for him. (çok az yemek) [U] Little of the food is left.(yemeğin azı)

a few/ a little olumlu manada az

There are few trees on the road. (birkaç ağaç) [C] Few of the trees are pine. (ağaçların birkaçı) [C] There is a little cheese in the fridge. (biraz peynir) [U] A little of the cheese is used. (peynirin birazı) [U]

a lot/ lot of / lots of (pek çok)

You can see lots of cars on the street. [C] He earns a lot of money. [U] I don’t know him a lot. [U]

neither/ either/ both of Đki şeyden bahsederken

She has two sons. I like neither of them. (ikisini de sevmem) [C] I like either of them. (ikisini de severim) [C] I like both of them. (ikisini de severim) [C]

each/ every (her biri/ her)

You can have two sandwiches each. [C] Each of you can have two sandwiches. [C] Every student must come on time. [C]

no/ none of (hiç)

There is no trouble about the schedule. [C] None of the troubles were solved. [C]

She has no love for you. [U] None of her love is for you. [U]

all/ all of (hepsi)

There were seven plates. We bought them all. [C] We bought all of them. [C]

whole (tamamı)

He ate the whole pizza. [C] I want the whole story. [U]

Demonstratives

This novel is on love. [C] This meal is cold. [U] That novel is on love. [C] That meal is cold. [U] These novels are boring. [C] No [U] Those novels are boring. [C] No [U]

Possessive Adjectives

my, your, our, his, her, its, their, Gina’s, school’s, garage’s They will see her new flat. Hospital’s ER is full with injured people.

Articles

a/ an/ the/ Ø They saw a snake on the grass.

bkz. Articles

5

DETERMINERS

ÇIKMIŞ SORULAR

Boşluk doldurma soruları

1. I don’t imagine he wrote the speech

____ but ____ did so, certainly made a

good job of it.

A) for them / whomsoever

B) of his / somebody

C) by him / they

D) himself / whoever

E) themselves / whichever

98K

2. As ____ of our employees can afford cars

of ____ own, they all have to rely on public

transport.

A) few / them

B) some / his

C) none / their

D) most / our

E) many / its

98K

3. The lawyer decided to call ____ of the

witnesses only and paid no attention to

____ .

A) both / others

B) the two / any other

C) two / the others

D) some / another

E) any / some others

98M

4. Several experts were working on the

project, and each came up with some

interesting proposals, and naturally ____

claimed that ____ was the best.

A) many /each

B) some / its

C) we / it

D) all / he

E) each / his

98M

5. If the others hadn’t voted in favor of the

younger candidate, I probably wouldn’t

have done so ____ .

A) even

B) too

C) also

D) as well

E) either

98M

6. The editor thought that the new series of

articles would prove very popular, but

actually hardly ____ seems to have been

impressed by it.

A) nobody

B) anyone

C) the other

D) any other

E) somebody

99K

6

7. We are confident that the management

and the workforce will get on well together

as long as ____ respects ____ .

A) the other / another

B) both / itself

C) the one / another

D) everyone / themselves

E) each / the other

99K

8. The majority of ____ are apprehensive

about new computer programmes, until

we’ve actually tried them out for ____ .

A) him / himself

B) us / ourselves

C) them / themselves

D) ours / us

E) theirs / ours

99M

9. One gathers from the press that a large

majority of the people are not in favour of

the impeachment proceedings, and, frankly,

I’m not, ____ .

A) either

B) too

C) also

D) as well

E) even so

99M

10. Though they had ____ government

backing ____ a potential home market, the

company poured billions of dollars into the

project and lost everything.

A) with / less

B) neither / nor

C) some / any

D) no / without

E) few / more

00K

11. The failure so far to produce evidence

of life on any planet but ____ has given

continued strength to the belief in the

uniqueness of Earth.

A) us

B) their

C) ours

D) our

E) them

00K

12. ____ half of the budget of the US

National Institute on Ageing is spent on

research into Alzheimer’s disease.

A) As much as

B) More of

C) Rather than

D) Other

E) The most

00K

13. He said I was submitting my application

form rather late. But now I find ____ have

still not submitted ____ .

A) most / their

B) none / any

C) many / it

D) others / theirs

E) a few / these

00M

14. It looks ____ the hiring committee isn't

impressed by his qualifications, and I don't

think the manager of the company is, ____

.

A) like / also

B) as if / either

C) so that / as well

D) though / too

E) just as / neither

00M

7

15. Few things ____ unnerved the Spanish

conquerors of the New World ____ the

prospect of death on Aztec sacrificial stone.

A) as / as

B) so / as

C) not only / but also

D) neither / nor

E) so / that

01K

16. Some anthropologists think that man

today is ____ honest _____ he was

hundreds and thousands of years ago.

A) much / as

B) the less / than

C) the least / of

D) little / as

E) less / than

01K

17. More than ______ invention of the last

eight years or so, television has been the

most harmful to family life.

A) some other

B) another

C) the others

D) any more

E) any other

01M

18. Basically a country has two objectives

in imposing tariffs; one is to raise revenue

for government, ____ is to protect home

industries by raising the price of competing

goods from abroad.

A) other

B) both

C) another

D) the other

E) each

02K

19. Indeed, the situation is such that the

chairman has finally promised to implement

____ the committee recommends.

A) whoever

B) however

C) if ever

D) as ever

E) whatever

02K

20. Of the company's three accountants,

only one is useful; ____ deserve to be sent

away.

A) they both

B) all the others

C) both the others

D) each one

E) each of them

02M

21. They are in no way responsible; we

must face the fact that we have only ____

to blame.

A) itself

B) ours

C) them

D) themselves

E) ourselves

02M

22. The micro air vehicles they are working

on are____ small that it will be almost

impossible to detect them with radar.

A) too

B) as

C) such

D) so

E) more

02M

8

23. Human activity has destroyed____

plant species that collective action is

essential for the conservation of those that

remain.

A) more

B) so many

C) many more

D) the most

E) as many

04K

24. Exciting new research is transforming

industrial robotics, offering the promise of

whole new generation of ____ intelligent

machines.

A) more

B) much

C) any

D) mostly

E) too

04M

25. In business, every trend contains the

seeds of ____ counter-trend.

A) itself

B) its own

C) any one

D) any

E) one's own

05K

26. In Kuwait, foreign companies are

presently taxed at 55 per cent of profits,

whereas the Kuwaitis themselves pay____

or ____ tax depending on their status.

A) less / least

B) little / no

C) more / less

D) few / fewer

E) less / none

05M

27. A structural formula is a chemical

formula that shows how the atoms are

bounded to____ in a molecule.

A) another

B) others

C) the others

D) each other

E) every other

07M

28. In 1990 it was introduced into the field

of scientific psychology, defined as the

ability to monitor____ and others’

feelings.

A) one’s own

B) one another’s

C) oneself

D) the self

E) each other’s

06M

29. The doctor who is continually

confronted with human suffering cannot

afford to become emotionally involved with

____ patient.

A) another

B) some

C) each

D) few

E) more

05K

30. The impression I got was that the

director has completely given up ____

hopes he may at one time have cherished.

A) as many

B) such

C) every

D) any

E) so many

02M

9

KEY TO DETERMINERS BOŞLUK DOLDURMA 1 D 2 C 3 C 4 E 5 E* 6 B 7 C 8 B 9 A 10 B 11 C 12 C 13 D 14 B 15 A 16 E 17 E 18 D 19 E 20 C 21 E 22 D* 23 B 24 A 25 B

26 B 27 D 28 A 29 C 30 C

11

TENSES The Simple Present Tense • rutin işler,

Jane goes to school by bus. • alışkanlıklar,

My grandpa smokes a cigarette after every meal. • fiziksel gerçekler,

The moon circles around the world. • programlanmış olaylar,

The train departs at 9.30. Lost begins at 7.00 PM.

• hikaye yada fıkra anlatırken,

One day a crow goes into pub and asks, “Do you have any cookies.” • durum bildiren fiiller (appendix)

Children love playing games. • emir yada tarif verirken,

Stop yelling at me! First add some milk to the flour…

Time Expressions* Every day ,every week, every… Nowadays These days On Sundays, on Summer days Dikkat: he, she, it olumlu cümlelerde ‘s takısı alıyor.

* bundan sonra anlatılan her “tense” konusundan sonra Time Expressions bölümü verilecektir. Zaman zarfı diyebileceğimiz bu kelimeler cümlenin zamanı hakkında bize ip ucu verecektir. Yani “every day “ geçen bir cümlenin “simple present tense” olabileceğini anlayacağız.

12

The Present Continuous Tense • konuşma anında devam eden olaylar,

I’m studying English now. Jack is trying to open the jar.

• sürekli başımıza gelen ve bizi sinirlendiren olaylar,

Melissa is always leaving the light on. The teacher is always warning me.

• bir süreç içersinde meydana gelen değişimler,

I pods are getting more and more popular. The fear of global warming is rising among people.

Time Expressions Now For the time being At the moment, at that moment While, as When Currently At present Dikkat: be +V ing

13

The Past Simple Tense • geçmişte belirli bir zamanda yaşanmış olaylar,

A friend of mine drove me home yesterday. Did he graduate last year?

• tarihi olaylar,

Mehmet The Conqueror surrendered Đstanbul in 1453. After the revolution, churches lost power.

Time Expressions Ago Last (last year, last week…) Yesterday Dates before now (in 1249, in the 19th century) Dikkat: V2 için Appendix 1

14

The Past Continuous Tense • geçmişte bir noktada başlayıp belirli bir süre devam eden olaylar,

I was working in Scotland when the war broke out. We were playing football when it started to rain. Buraya tablo koy******

• geçmişte aynı anda süre gelen olaylar,

While the journalists were broadcasting it, the firefighters were struggling with the fire. The little girl was sleeping while her mum was cooking diner.

• geçmişte planlanan fakat gerçekleşmeyen olaylar,

My sisters were visiting us but they had to turn back early. Time Expressions When While During As Dikkat: was/were V ing

15

The Present Perfect Tense • geçmişte başlayıp bulunduğumuz zamana kadar devam eden olaylar,

They have repaired the car. We can go now. tablo******* I’ve just finished my report.

• geçmişte yaşanmış, tarihi önemsiz yada belli olmayan olaylar,

Ceyda has told that story before. Has not the puppy caught cold once more?

• henüz meydana gelmiş olaylar,

I’ve cut my finger! Fetch me some bandages. Oh my God! The car has hit the child!

• tekrarlanması muhtemel olaylar,

Nuri Bilge Ceylan has won the golden orange twice. Mitch Albom has published his sixth book.

For/ since

I’ve lived in Eskişehir since 1998. I’ve lived in Eskişehir for ten years. She has never been ill since her childhood. She has never been ill for years.

Time Expressions Just Recently, lately Before Since So far Up until now Already Dikkat: have/has + V3

Appendix 1

16

The Present Perfect Continious Tense • geçmişte başlayıp bulunduğumuz zamanda halen devam eden olaylar,

Mr. Aeron has been working in Jerusalem since 1983. Tablo***** Prof. Ege has been studying on social science for 35 years.

• yada sona erse bile bariz etkisi gözüken olaylar,

Have you been smoking in here? I’ve been attending a language course. How is my English?

• bir süredir meydana gelen değişimler,

Finding a good job has been getting harder day by day. Drug consumption has been increasing for some time.

Time Expression Just Day by day For Since Recently, lately

Up until now ***

Dikkat: have/ has been V ing

17

The Past Perfect Tense • geçmişte meydana gelen iki olaydan daha önce meydana gelen olay,

Dr. Claude had worked as a soldier before he came here. Mrs. Hanna had closed the shop when new costumers came.

• iki olaydan daha önce meydana gelen olayı (already kullanarak) vurgulamak için,

The train had already departed when we arrived at the station. Tablo****** When the police came, the burglar had already gone. By the time I called Alan, he had already left home No longer had the locksmith opened the door, did she find her keys.

Time Expressions By the time No longer No sooner Already Dikkat: had + V3

18

The Past Perfect Continuous • geçmişte başlamış ve bir süre devam ettikten sonra yine geçmişte bir noktada son bulmuş

olaylar, When the police found the child, he had been trying to escape from the hut. Tablo***** The dog had been barking all the night when we heard a gun-shot. We had been driving for six hours when we had a flat tire.

Dikkat: had been V ing

19

Future The Simple future be going to • planlanmış olaylar,

I’m going to see the headmaster at diner. When are you going to be retired?

• gelecekte olacağını bir delil sayesinde tahmin ettiğimiz olaylar,

The boy is running too fast. He is going to fall. The man is aiming at the bird. He is going to shoot it!

will • planlanmamış; ani kararlar,

A: I’m going to see the new movie. B: Awesome! I’ll come too. A: Do you like fish? B: No, not at all. A: Ok. I’ll cook some chicken, then.

• tarihi kesin olaylarda present continuous kullanılabilir,

They are getting married on the 7th of November. He is flying to New York at 8 o’clock tomorrow morning.

• önceden programlanmış olaylarda present simple kullanılabilir,

Two and a Half Men begins at 5 PM on CNBC-E. The school board gathers at 10 AM tomorrow.

Time Expressions Next week, next month, next… Tomorrow Soon

20

Future Continuous • gelecekte belirli bir süre devam edecek olaylar,

When I arrive at Houston you will be sleeping. They will be pumping oil when we arrive there.

• önceden planlanmış olaylar,

Edmond will be waiting for us at the airport. I’ll be driving my new car this time next week.

Time Expressions This time tomorrow, this time next year

Dikkat: will be+ V ing

21

Future Perfect • gelecekte belli bir zamanda tamamlanacak olaylar,

By the time I finish my homework, I’ll have written 15 pages. In two years time you will have learnt Chinese. The trees will have given fruit, the next time you visit us. They will have painted the house, by the time we arrive there. Tablo*****

Dikkat: will have+V3

The Future Pefect • daha önceden başlamış olay gelecekte hala devam ediyorsa,

They will have been painting the house for two hours, by the time we arrive there. Tablo******** Samantha will have holding her breath for five minutes when the bell rings.

the future perfect or the future perfect continuous

Next week I’ll have worked here for six years. (haftaya 6 yılı tamamlayıp işi bırakıyorum.) Next week I’ll have been working here for six years. (haftaya 6 yılı tamamlıyorum, fakat çalışmaya devam ediyorum.)

Time Expressions By the time By this time next week, by this time next year… in two years time, in six months time by next week, by next year Dikkat: will have been + V ing

22

Which Tense? The simple past or the present perfect

Beatles wrote 186 songs all their life. (bir daha yazamayacaklar.) Black Eyed Peas has written 75 songs up until now. (hala yazabilirler.) Marlin Monroe acted in many films during her life. (artık rol alamaz.) Müjde Ar has acted in 36 films so far. (yeni bir filmde rol alabilir.)

The present perfect or the present perfect continious

She has been learning how to drive a car. (hala öğreniyor.) She has been learnt how to drive a car. (artık öğrendi.)

The past perfect or the past simple

When the teacher came in, the boys had stopped fighting. (öğretmen gelmeden önce kavgayı kestiler.) When the teacher came in, the boys stopped fighting. (öğretmen gelince kavgayı kestiler.)

The past perfect continuous or the past continuous

When I saw him, he was moving his house. (gördüğümde hala taşınıyordu.) When I saw him, he had been moving his house. (gördüğümde taşınmayı bitirmişti.)

23

TENSE UYUMU Aynı cümle içersinde kullanılan iki farklı tense in birbirleriyle uyumlu olması gerekir. Mesela simple present tense kullandıktan sonra simple past tense kullanamayız. Soruları çözerken de bu kuralı göz önünde bulundurmamız gerekir. Beraber kullanılabilen tense grupları: the simple present - the simple present

The She cries whenever she sees a dog. Every time I phone her, she hangs up.

the Simple past - the simple past

The officer looked at me when ı entered his room. After I finished writing the letter, I sent it to Martin.

the Simple past - the past continuous

She was preparing the meal when I called her. When her daughter came in, Mrs. Darko was sleeping.

the past continuous - the past continuous

He was watching tv while he was drinking a cup of coffee. She was palying a computer game while I was reading a science book.

the present perfect - the simple past

Brenda has never laughed since she lost her father. I’ve not heard of tom since he went to Paris.

the present perfect continuous - the simple past

Mr. Nerd has been teaching since he graduated in 1990. US troops have been struggling with suicide attacks since they attacked Iraq.

the simple past - the past perfect

The robbers had left the bank when the police arrived at the crime scene. By the time the electricity went off, I had finished drawing.

24

the past perfect continuous - the simple past

Mr. Seyhan had been carrying the coal when his son came to help him. The doctor had been operating on her when I went to see her.

the simple future - the simple present

I will call you as soon as get off the plane. Susan will be very angry when she sees the broken vase.

the simple future - the present perfect

You won’t go out until you have finished your homework. As soon as we have taken the permission, we will start building the house.

the future perfect - the simple present

I will have taken more than 200 photos by the time I turn back to Turkey. Judy will have grown much older the next time we see her.

the simple future continuous - the simple present

Larry will have been working as a postman for 30 years when he retires next week. The road workers will have been working for six days by the time we pass by them.

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TENSES ÇIKMIŞ SORULAR Boşluk doldurma soruları 1. As the decade ____ to wind down, Mark Morris ____ as our century’s youngest great choreographer. A) has begun / had stood B) will begin / is standing C) was beginning / has stood D) begins / stands E) is beginning / has been standing 98K 2. In the past few months, our company director ____ more mettle than most industrialists ____ in an entire career. A) had shown / have done B) showed / would do C) shows / did D) has shown / do E) was showing / may have done 98K 3. For a hundred years or so some critics ____ that poetry is dying and all that time poets ____ poems that later generations recognize as great. A) have maintained / have been writing B) maintained / wrote C) had maintained / were writing D) maintain / are writing E) would maintain / had been writing 98M

4. There have been some art critics who ____ in depreciation of Van Gogh that he ____ a draughtsman all his life. A) had maintained / has remained B) have maintained / remained C) were maintaining / had remained D) maintained / would have remained E) will maintain / remains 99K 5. The Romanian Privatization Authority announced last week that Renault of France ____ to be the sole bidder for a majority stake in the national car company, Dacia, which ____ cheap cars for the domestic market. A) would turn out / had made B) has turned out / made C) would have turned out / is making D) is turning out / has made E) might turn out / makes 99K 6. At the Brussels meeting over the last weekend Madeleine Albright, The American secretary of State, ____ her allies that future NATO missions ____ them further a field, but not all over the world. A) assures / is taking B) has assured / will have taken C) assured / would take D) had assured / took E) was assuring / will take 99K

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7. Marxism ____ an important movement in Britain even though it ____ its origin here. A) would never have been / takes B) had never been / would take C) never was / has taken D) would never be / would have taken E) has never been / took 99M 8. The history of the Venetian Republic ____ to an end in 1797 when Venice ____ over to Austria by Napoleon. A) was coming / would have been handed B) had come / has been handed C) comes / had been handed D) came / was handed E) would come / was being handed 99M 9. Over the past two decades, the Corsicans ____ their idyllic island, which was wrested by France from the Genoese in 1768, ____ into terrorism, corruption and economic decline. A) have seen / sink B) had seen / sank C) saw / to sink D) would have seen / had sunk E) would see / had been sinking 99M 10. It ____ a mistake to think that all bacteria are harmful, for, without some species, we ____ for long. A) is / had not survived B) would be / could not survive C) will be / have not survived D) has been / would not have survived E) had been / did not survive 00K

11. Over the last few years, consumer interest in organic agriculture ____ up dramatically, and demand ____ currently ahead of supply. A) has shot / is B) shot / was C) had shot / had been D) is shooting / has been E) was shooting / would be 00K 12. Orwell ____ at that moment that when the white man ____ tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys. A) perceived / would turn B) has perceived / turned C) had perceived / has turned D) would perceive / will turn E) perceived / turns 00K 13. With the help of satellite images, the Indonesian government ____ that it is the timber companies which ____ the mass destruction of their rain forests. A) will show / would have caused B) would have shown / had caused C) had shown / were causing D) shows / had been causing E) has shown / are causing 00M 14. By the late 1980s, a surge of prosperity ____ across southeast Asia, but in some countries of the region the economic structure ____ sufficiently to the benefit from this trend. A) would sweep / could not have developed B) would have swept / has not developed C) was sweeping / had not developed D) has swept / was not developed E) could have swept / was not developing 00M

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15. The ridicule that ____ upon him by leading scientists of the day ____ to the novelty of his thinking. A) is being heaped / would testify B) has been heaped / testified C) had heaped / has testified D) was heaping / had testified E) was heaped / testifies 00M 16. Early in 1940, when Europe was already at war, Hitler ____ the sale of uranium from the Czech mines he ____ over. A) has banned / has taken B) had banned / took C) banned / had taken D) bans / was taking E) was banning / had been taking 01K 17. Sometimes people select certain foods that they believe ____ their physical appearance and avoid those they believe ____ detrimental. A) have improved / would have been B) are improving / were C) improve / might be D) improved / had been E) would have improved / have been 01K 18. While the parades for the opening of parliament ____, the president ____a sobering message for his countrymen. A) had rehearsed / prepared B) have been rehearsed / has prepared C) were being rehearsed / was preparing D) are rehearsing / is preparing E) had been rehearsed / would prepare 02K

19. He insisted that mountaineering ____ a sport for him, but a passion that ____ his whole life. A) hadn't been / would dominate B) isn't / has dominated C) hasn't been / is dominating D) wouldn't be / is dominating E) wasn't / had dominated 02M 20. When he moved from Ethiopia where he ____, to England, his experiences____ quite unlike those of his contemporaries at school. A) had been born / were B) is born / will be C) would be born / would be D) has been born / are E) was born / will be 02M 21. Once the director _____ just how much was at stake, he _____ immediate steps to deal with the dispute. A) realizes / will take B) has realized / had taken C) had realized / took D) realized / takes E) would realize / has taken 03M 22. The once radical notion that birds _____ from dinosaurs ____ stronger and stronger since paleontologists first started taking it seriously a couple of decades ago. A) descended / has grown B) have descended / grew C) had descended / had grown D) descend / is growing E) are descending / was growing 03M

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23. Is seems that, even if big western companies____ to help develop lifesaving GM ( genetically modified ) seeds for the underdeveloped countries, only South Africa ____to accept them. A) will be willing / is ready B) has been willing / will be ready C) had been willing / would be ready D) would be willing / was ready E) were willing / would be ready 04M 24. China, which_____ much of Mongolia from the end of the seventieth century until the early twentieth century, still, ____ the oil, coal, uranium, and empty grasslands of its former possessions. A) was ruling / has coveted B) had ruled / may have coveted C) has ruled / coveted D) ruled / covets E) rules / is coveting 05K 25. Old Danish, one of the languages of the Vikings who ____ in parts of Britain during the 9th to 11 centuries, ____a strong influence on the development of English. A) have settled / had had B) had settled /would have C) settle / has D) settled / had E) would settle / will have 05M

26. Many parts of rural America ____to reflect the values and traditions of the European immigrants who ____in the country during the nineteenth century. A) continued / have arrived B) have continued / would have arrived C) continue / arrived D) would have continued / were arriving E) will continue / would arrive 06K 27. With few exceptions, most totalitarian governments ____ more liberal since 1989 when the Berlin Wall____. A) became / falls B) are becoming / would fall C) were becoming / has fallen D) had become / was falling E) have become / fell 06K 28. Of all the arts it ____ to classical music that Germany ____ the greatest contribution. A) had been / made B) is / has made C) has been / had made D) was / will have made E) might be / would have made 06K

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29. He certainly ____ party members last weekend when he announced that he ____ to regain his party chairmanship. A) has shocked / had not sought B) would have shocked / will not seek C) had shocked / would not have sought D) was to shock / is not seeking E) shocked / would not seek 06M 30. The patchwork of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic nations, the myths of a rural idyll created by rapid urbanization, the close relationship with America and the immigration from the West Indies, south Asia and Africa – all____ to the wealth of music literature and recordings. A) have contributed B) would contribute C) had contributed D) will contribute E) to have contributed 07M

Çeviri soruları 1. During the Gulf War in 1991, the Iraqi troops caused the worst ever man-made environmental disaster by setting fire to 650 of Kuwait's 950 oil wells. A) Đnsan tarafından şimdiye kadar oluşturulmuş çevre felaketlerinden biri, 1991'deki Körfez Savaşı sırasında Irak birliklerinin Kuveyt'in 950 petrol kuyusundan 650'sini ateşe vermesiyle meydana gelmiştir. B) 1991'deki Körfez Savaşı sırasında, Irak birliklerinin Kuveyt'e ait 950 petrol kuyusundan 650'sini yakması, şimdiye kadar insandan kaynaklanan en korkunç cevre felaketlerinden biriyle sonuçlandı. C) 1991'deki Körfez Savaşı sırasında, Irak birlikleri Kuveyt'in 950 petrol kuyusundan 650'sini ateşe vererek insan tarafından şimdiye kadar oluşturulmuş en kötü cevre felaketine neden oldular. D) Đnsandan kaynaklanmış en korkunç cevre felaketi 1991'deki Körfez Savaşı sırasında meydana gelmiştir; çünkü bu savaşta Irak güçleri Kuveyt'in 950 petrol kuyusundan en az 650'sini ateşe vermiştir. E) 1991 yılında yalnız Körfez Savaşı'ndan dolayı değil, bu savaş sırasında Irak güçlerinin Kuveyt'e ait 950 petrol kuyusundan 650'sini ateşe vermesi yüzünden de insan tarafından şimdiye kadar oluşturulmuş en korkunç cevre felaketi yaşanmıştır. 05M 2. A key problem throughout Japan's long years of economic stagnation has been that the government and the central bank have been at odds. A) Hükümet ile merkez bankasının arası açık olduğu için, Japonya'daki ekonomik durgunluğun uzun yıllar devam etmesi, temel bir sorun olmuştur. B) Japonya'da ekonomik durgunluk uzun yıllar sürdüğü için, hükümet ile merkez bankasının anlaşamaması ana sorun olmuştur. C) Japonya'nın uzun yıllar devam eden ekonomik durgunluk dönemindeki temel sorunu, hükümet ile merkez bankasının arasının açık olmasıdır. D) Japonya'nın uzun yıllar süren ekonomik durgunluğu boyunca en temel sorunu, hükümet ile merkez bankasının hiçbir zaman uzlaşamamasıdır. E) Hükümet ile merkez bankası anlaşmamakta inat ettikleri için, Japonya’nın ekonomik durgunluğu temel bir sorun olarak yıllarca sürmüştür. 05K

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3. According to the UN observers in ihe region, Rwandan troops have reentered Congo in violation of the peace treaty signed between the two countries last year. A) Bölgedeki BM gözlemcilerine göre, Ruanda askerleri, geçen yıl iki ülke arasında imzalanan barış antlaşmasına aykırı olarak, yeniden Kongo'ya girmiştir. , B) Bölgedeki BM görevlilerine göre, geçen yıl iki ülke arasında yapılan barış antlaşmasını çiğneyen Ruanda askerleri, Kongo'ya tekrar girmiştir. C) Bölgede bulunan BM görevlilerine göre, Ruanda askerleri Kongo'ya tekrar girerek geçen yıl yapılan barış antlaşmasını bozmuştur. D) Bölgede görev yapan BM sorumlularına göre, Ruanda askerleri Kongo'ya yeniden girmiş ve böylelikle geçen yıl iki ülke arasında imzalanmış olan barış antlaşmasını ihlal etmiştir. E) Bölgede bulunan BM gözlemcilerine göre, geçen yıl iki ülke arasında imzalanan barış antlaşmasına rağmen, Ruanda askerlerinin çoğu Kongo'ya bir kez daha girmiştir 04K 4. Hükümet giriş ücretlerini kaldırır kaldırmaz, çok daha fazla kişi müzeleri ve sanat galerilerini ziyaret etmeye başladı. A) Following the government's ruling for no entrance charges for museums and art galleries, more and more people will start to visit them. B) An increasing number of people had begun to visit the museums and art galleries even before the government abolished entrance fees. C) If the government decides to stop charging entrance fees for museums and art galleries, many more people will start to visit them D) As soon as the government had abolished entrance charges, many more people started to visit the museums and art galleries. E) Now, as there are no admission charges for museums and art galleries, following a government ruling, an increasing number of people are visiting them. 03M

5. Birleşmiş Milletlerin, Filistin'in Yahudi ve Arap bölgelerine bölünmesini onaylaması üzerine, 14 Mayıs 1948'de Đsrail devleti ilan edildi. A) Once The United Nations had recommended partitioning Palestine into Jewish and Arab regions, the state of Israel could have been proclaimed on 14 May 1948. B) Once the partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab regions had been approved by the United Nations, the state of Israel was immediately proclaimed an 14 May 1948. C) Upon the United Nations' approval of the partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab territories, the state o Israel was proclaimed on 14 May 1948. D) The state of Israel was proclaimed on 14 May 1948 since the United Nations was recommending the partitioning of Palestine into Jewish and Arab parts. E) The state of Israel was proclaimed on 14 May 1948 following there commendation of the United Nations that Palestine should be divided into Jewish and Arab territories. 03M 6. 1980'lerden bu yana, dünyadaki nükleer sanayi hızlı bir şekilde düşmektedir ve Avrupa Birliği içinde on beş ülkeden yedisi nükleer enerjiden aşama aşama vazgeçmiştir. A) Since the 1980s, the nuclear industry in the world has been declining rapidly, and within the European Union, seven out of fifteen countries have phased out nuclear power. B) Starting with the 1980s, there has been a steep decline in the nuclear industry throughout the world, especially in the European Union where only seven of the fifteen continue to use nuclear power. C) The world's nuclear industry has continued to decline since the 1980s; in particular, this is true of the fifteen countries of the European Union, seven of which have slowly ceased to use it altogether. D) Seven of the fifteen countries of the European Union have gradually put an end to the use of nuclear power; the movement started in the 1980s and has continued world-wide ever since. E) After the 1980s, the nuclear industries of the world have fallen into disrepute, especially in the European Union where seven of the fifteen countries have, step by step, stopped using it altogether. 00M

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7. Sonunda ormanın kenarına ulaştığımızda, uzun süre orada durduk ve önümüzde uzayıp giden manzarayı seyrettik. A) With the forest finally behind us, we stood for a long time looking at the countryside ahead of us. B) On finally getting through to the edge of the forest we paused for a while, to look at the landscape that stretched out before us. C) Once we had got through the forest, we paused to look at the landscape that lay ahead of us. D) When we finally got to the edge of the forest, we stood there for a long while and looked at the landscape that stretched out before us. E) When we finally came out of the forest we stood there, gazing for a long time at the countryside in front of us. 01M 8. Mozart iki yüz yedi yıl önce bu ay öldüğünde, daha sonra öğrencisi Süssmayr tarafından tamamlanan Requiem'ini bitirememişti. A) It was Süssmayr, one of Mozart's students, who completed the Requiem, left unfinished by the composer when he died two hundred and seven years ago this month. B) When Mozart died two hundred and seven years ago this month, he had been unable to finish his Requiem, which was later completed by his student Süssmayr. C) Two hundred and seven years ago this month, when Mozart died, he left his Requiem unfinished for his student Süssmayr to complete. D) Upon Mozart's death two hundred and seven years ago this month, his student Süssmayr completed the Requiem which the composer had failed to finish. E) The Requiem, which Mozart had been unable to complete before his death two hundred and seven years ago this month, was finished by his student Süssmavr. 99M

9. When, in the mid-19th century, the wool trade boomed in Yorkshire, almost a tenth of the population of Bradford consisted of Irish immigrants. A) On dokuzuncu yüzyılın ortalarına doğru Bradford’da yaşayan ve nüfusun onda birini oluşturan Đrlandalı göçmenler Yorkshire’da hızlı bir gelişme gösteren yün ticaretini ellerinde tutuyorlardı. B) On dokuzuncu yüzyılın ortalarında Yorkshire’da yün sanayinin hızla gelişmesi Bradford’a yerleşen Đrlandalı göçmenlerin nüfusunun on kat artmasına neden oldu. C) Bradford nüfusunun onda birini oluşturan Đrlandalı göçmenler, on dokuzuncu yüzyılın ortalarında Yorkshire’da hızlı bir gelişme gösteren yün dokumacılığının temelini oluşturuyordu. D) On dokuzuncu yüzyılın ortalarında, Yorkshire’da yün ticareti hızlı bir gelişme gösterdiğinde, Bradford nüfusunun hemen hemen onda biri Đrlandalı göçmenlerden oluşuyordu. E) On dokuzuncu yüzyılın ortalarına doğru Yorkshire’da yün ticaretinin hızla gelişmesi Bradford’daki Đrlandalıların hemen hemen onda birinin göç etmesi ile sonuçlandı. 98M 10. Đspanya Kralı II. Philip 1580’de Portekiz’i aldığından bu yana Portekizliler hep derin bir işgal korkusu taşımışlardır. A) Since the Spanish King Philip II took over Portugal in 1580, the Portuguese have always had a deep fear of invasion. B) After Philip II, King of Spain, conquered Portugal in 1580, the Portuguese were extremely afraid of the consequences of his invasion. C) Ever since Portugal was captured in 1580 by the Spaniards under Philip II, the Portuguese people have been unremittingly fearful of another invasion. D) The Portuguese had always been afraid of a Spanish invasion even before Portugal was taken over in 1580 by Philip II, the King of Spain. E) The Portuguese people’s deep-seated fear of invasion dates back to 1580 when Philip II of Spain conquered Portugal. 98M

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11. Başkan Yeltsin Đtalya’ya yaptığı geziyi tamamlarken, Rusya’nın ulusal gaz şirketi Gazprom da Đtalyan enerji grubu ENI ile 2 milyar dolarlık bir sözleşme imzaladı. A) President Yeltsin’s visit to Italy ended with the signing of a $2 billion contract between Russia’s national gas company Gazprom and Italy’s energy group ENI. B) During President Yeltsin’s last visit to Italy, a $2 billion contract was signed between Russia’s national gas company Gazprom and Italy’s energy group ENI. C) The $2 billion contract between Gazprom which is Russia’s gas company and ENI which is Italy’s energy group was signed just as president Yeltsin ended his tour of Italy. D) As the President Yeltsin rounded up his visit to Italy, Gazprom, Russia’s national gas company, signed a $2 billion contract with the Italian energy group ENI. E) While President Yeltsin’s visit to Italy was nearing its end, the $2 billion contract between the Russian gas company Gazprom and the Italian energy group ENI was finally signed. 98M 12. When the Sirkeci train station went into service on November 3, 1890, the waiting room was heated with stoves brought from Austria and lit by coal-gas lamps. A) 3 Kasım 1890’da hizmete giren Sirkeci tren istasyonunun hava gazı lambalarıyla aydınlatılan bekleme salonu, çoğu Avusturya’dan ithal edilen sobalarla ısıtılıyordu. B) Sirkeci tren istasyonu 3 Kasım 1890’da hizmete girdiğinde, bekleme salonu Avusturya’dan getirtilen sobalarla ısıtılıyor ve hava gazı lambalarıyla aydınlatılıyordu. C) 3 Kasım 1890’da, bekleme salonu hava gazı lambalarıyla aydınlatılan ve Avusturya’dan ithal edilen sobalarla ısıtılan Sirkeci tren istasyonu hizmete girdi. D) Sirkeci tren istasyonu 3 Kasım 1890’da hizmete girdiğinde, hava gazı lambalarıyla aydınlatılan bekleme salonunu ısıtmak için Avusturya’dan soba ithal edilmişti. E) Sirkeci tren istasyonunun Avusturya sobalarıyla ısıtılan ve hava gazı lambalarıyla aydınlatılan bekleme salonu, 3 Kasım 1890’da hizmete girmişti. 06K

13. On dokuzuncu yüzyılın sonlarında X ışınları keşfedildiğinde, bilim adamları benzer tür başka ışınlar bulmak için hemen yoğun araştırmalara giriştiler. A) It was in the late nineteenth century that, following the discovery of X-rays, scientists suddenly embarked on a serious research programme to trace various other similar rays. B) Following the discovery of X-rays in the nineteenth century, comprehensive research was soon undertaken by scientists in order to detect other rays of the same kind. C) Towards the end of the nineteenth century, when X-rays were discovered, scientists were already involved in extensive research in order to study other kinds of rays. D) The discovery of X-rays in the late nineteenth century motivated scientists to carry out exhaustive research in order to detect other types of rays. E) When X-rays were discovered in the late nineteenth century, scientists immediately set out on intensive research to find other similar types of rays. 06K 14. Ortaçağ haritaları Hollanda’nın neredeyse yarısını su altında gösterir, ama o zamandan beri denizden geniş alanlar kazanılmıştır. A) In medieval maps nearly half of the Netherlands is under water, but since then the sea has withdrawn from large areas. B) Large areas of what is now the Netherlands have often been claimed from the sea, but in medieval maps they were under water. C) Nearly half of the Netherlands does not exist on medieval maps but later large areas were recovered from the sea. D) Medieval maps show that large areas of the Netherlands used to be under the sea, but they have since been reclaimed. E) Medieval maps show nearly half of the Netherlands under water, but since then large areas have been claimed from the sea. 06M

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Cümle tamamlama soruları 1. ____ even though certain difficult economic conditions prevail. A) European equities display strong profit growth B) In 2004, the European economy remained fundamentally sound C) Inflation had actually begun to improve D) There were several other encouraging signs E) It should have been easy to maintain the competitiveness 05M 2. ____ when the occupancy levels in the hotel fall off steeply. A) There are no profits to be made during the cold winter months B) The hotel regained its five-star rating in 1996 C) The rebuilt Star has retained the original shell, but scarcely any of the fittings D) Training schemes were receiving even greater attention E) Outside temperatures reached 50°C 05M 3. When the feminist movement came into being, _____. A) a major issue is still the right to vote B) the aim had been to combat oppression C) women were seen as constituting a single class D) discrimination against women still continues in the workplace E) The professional-class working mother is another exception 05K

4. While most people still saw computers as science fiction, ____. A) the discriminating few immediately appreciated their advantages B) the early ones were large in size and low in performance C) they continue to get smaller and more versatile D) it is hard to imagine how banks earned on their work without them E) a majority still wish they had never been invented 04M 5. ____ so long as you pay attention and stick to the rules. A) There is a huge number of fascinating wrecks around Britain B) Wrecks under the sea can contain hazardous materials like oil and mutions C) Scuba diving is very safe D) Scuba was first patented in 1865 and was perfected over the years E) Scuba divers get a great deal of pleasure from exploring wrecks 04M 6. ____, when Eveready introduced the alkaline battery. A) Their technological success is stili being questioned B) Many new materials have been adapted for battery use C) Mercury, too, has recently been eliminated from batteries on account of its toxicity D) The lifespan of these batteries are expected to improve E) The first major advance in flashlight batteries came in 1959 04K

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7. In good hands, the harpsichord will always have things to offer____. A) that its value has never been doubted B) which other musical instruments cannot C) if yet another challenge had to be faced D) even when the performances were not quite flawless E) since a substantial amount of his earthy period has been recorded 04K 8. Kerrich carried out exhaustive experiments in probability ____. A) until the coin has been tossed a thousand times B) if he had been arrested when the Germans invaded Denmark C) whether the coin toss is truly random D) while he was interned in a camp in Jutland for the duration of the war E) that he has been acclaimed as one of South Africa's leading mathematicians 02M 9. After he had learned my side of the story from Molly, ____. A) his apologies are obviously worthless B) he phoned me to apologize for his attitude C) I don't even want to listen to his apologies D) he's still too proud to admit he behaved badly E) it will obviously be better to forget all about it 02M

10. ____ that basic evolutionary processes in the future will differ substantially from those in the past. A) The breaking up of habitats will create populations B) Nobody had thought to ask themselves C) They are carrying out a study of island biogeography D) There is no reason whatsoever to assume E) The argument was further supported 02M 11. Though some scholars argue that ____, others say that the beginning of the 15th century saw its real rise. A) by the latter part of the 12th century most of the literary conventions of Urdu literature have already been well established B) the 12th century was the time of the great religious movements in India C) Urdu literature dates back to the 12th century D) most of the literary writings in India in the 12th century consisted of religious tracts and allegories E) most Urdu poets in the 12th century turned to romances and narratives of heroic deeds 02K 12. ____, there just wasn't enough evidence to convict him. A) If the trial had been postponed to a later date B) Since almost nothing the accused himself said could be substantiated C) Though he seemed extremely reluctant to sign the statement D) Even before the judge had finished summing up the case E) Although everyone was convinced that Smith had committed the murder 02K

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13. _____, so the introduction of metalworking made trade with the outside world inevitable. A) Compared with those of the iron ages, stone age tools were very primitive B) Many ores, such as copper and tin are not found in all countries C) The "bronze age" is a term used in prehistoric archeology D) The chemical processes involved in the smelting of ores were not as complicated E) Subsequently the knowledge of metalworking must have spread among the less advanced communities around 01M 14. Iron deficiency is one of the commonest causes of anemia _____. A) since even in a good diet the supply of iron is only just adequate B) why adolescents outgrow their stores of iron C) which would result in brittle nails D) though new ways of treating pernicious anemia were soon introduced E) as numerous iron preparations are available for treatment 01M 15. Pharmaceutical companies are unlikely to develop a vaccine for an uncommon disease like leprosy______. A) how early diagnosis could help B) so that pressure would be put on them C) if the choice had been given to them D) until the various charities were informed E) that can be treated with drugs 01M

16. ____ ,we need to find ways to cope with it. A) As the disease wasn’t cured B) If relaxation was essential for a healthy mind and body C) After we had learned the living conditions D) Whether he has confidence in our plans or not E) Since we can not remove stress from our lives 01M 17. ____ , Japanese firms moved the more intensive phases of their production process to cheap labour sites in East Asia. A) As production cost in Japan had become excessive B) Unless the working day is kept at eight hours C) Once the trade unions in Japan have won a few more victories D) So long as a reduction in costs remains the primary goal E) If interest rates in Japan had remained high 00M 18. ____ a greet many alarming theories are sure to spring to the fore. A) Before the truth had been verified B) Even though his death had almost certainly been from natural causes C) If several perfectly natural explanations had been put forward D) Whenever there are anonymous terrorist attacks E) As soon as this admittedly unpleasant incident got forgotten 00K

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19. While businesses and stores have started to perform well and make profits, ____ . A) only a crack in the stock market was to be feared B) inflation and unemployment have been held in check C) the economy ought to be able to withstand a recession D) the Euro currency could stand up to so much criticism E) fiscal transfers across European nation states were of minimal importance 99K 20. ____ , there will be a notable decrease in the profits of most businesses. A) If people start to spend less and save more B) However efficiently the inflation was curbed C) Had these reasonable measures been introduced earlier D) Before the financial situation could be fully understood E) Though the leading economists had started to grow more hopeful 99K 21. As heavy rain had been forecast for the area, ____ . A) record harvest are expected this year B) they would presumably cancel the excursion to the ruins in the valley C) I can’t imagine why they neglected to take all necessary precautions to avoid flooding D) farm labors would have to work overtime and weekends E) the resulting floods caused widespread hardships 98M

22. Before Freud shed light on dreams and extraordinary role of the subconscious, ____ . A) there are many who have grasped their significance B) educated people in particular regarded dreams as meaningless and pointless C) many traditional ways of interpreting dreams are being analyzed D) the relationship between stress and dreams would surely have been recognized E) many great writers still draw on the principles of human psychology 98K 23. ____ until Thomas Paine published The Common Sense and sparked off the American Revolution. A) George Washington considered himself a loyal British subject B) Idealism hasn’t often been a determining factor C) Voltaire’s influence would have been more pervasive, D) That was a period of radical change in all spheres E) They were the people responsible for shaping the national character of the United States 98K 24. ____ that scientists are now sending out “e prints” instead of preprints of unpublished articles. A) Prior to the internet, it was not possible B) One change that the advent of the internet has brought is C) The internet has indeed opened many doors D) The benefits of technology should not be overrated E) Among academics, technological advances attract less attention 98K

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25. ____ while such African languages as Hausa and Swahili continued to serve the everyday needs of the masses. A) During the colonial era in Africa, English became the shared language of the administration and a Western-educated elite, B) In colonial Africa, the teaching of English literature is no longer popular C) Modern African writers have found it necessary to adapt certain aspects of English, D) Today, English is the official language of sixteen countries in Africa, E) English as a second language has been taught in Africa for nearly four hundred years, 06K 26. Before the 21st century has run its course, ____. A) the powers of computers have expanded vastly due to advanced research B) countless technologies not envisioned yet will be available to us C) a great deal of scientific effort is being made to find solutions to complex problems D) most people in developed countries enjoy a state of true health throughout their lives E) our knowledge of the world around us has improved to a great extent 06K 27. By 1809, Sweden’s military power had waned to such an extent ____. A) as a new constitution transferred power from the king to Parliament B) so that it could no longer continue as a great power C) that the country was forced to surrender part of its territory to Russia D) in that nearly one million Swedes migrated, mostly to America E) even though the Swedes had contributed to Europe’s Age of Enlightenment with advances in science 06K

28. In general, when credit demand is low, ____. A) it is not sensible to take out loans during deflation B) following the wrong guideline could have been catastrophic C) interest rates measure the cost of credit, not the price of money D) interest rates are correspondingly low E) precautionary savings were rising at this time 06M 29. ____ when countered by antistress measures such as exercising, enjoying time with friends and cultivating a hobby. A) The ladder of success is a hard one B) There must be a balance between tension and relaxation C) Workloads seem lighter D) Relaxation techniques are easy to learn E) Stress can be understood in a variety of ways 07M 30. The United Nations officially recognized the greenhouse effect in 1995, ____. A) when its International Panel on Climate noted that human activity had a discernible influence on global temperatures B) as the economies of developing nations will grow over the next few decades C) if developing nations were exempted from the Kyoto Agreement D) since the US government announced that it would not participate in Kyoto Agreement E) that the participating nations must make large and costly changes in their energy systems 07M

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31. Oxygen, sugars and amino acids are allowed into the brain ____. A) as toxins could severely impair the brain’s functioning B) which provided early evidence of the blood-brain barrier C) but most other substances are kept out D) that controls which molecules in the bloodstream can enter the brain E) just as no other organ is equally efficient 07M

Benzer cümle soruları 1. Until recently people felt that Nigerian ministers were being too optimistic, but there is now no question that the country’s financial position is growing steadily stronger. A) It is now clear that Nigeria’s economy is in a strong upward cycle but previously people doubted the hopeful attitude of Nigerian ministers. B) Nigerian ministers today have no apprehensions about their country’s financial status, as it is plain that it is constantly getting better. C) In the past, even though Nigeria’s economic status was constantly improving, people were often mistrustful of its ministers’ confident views. D) Though Nigerian ministers were previously skeptical of positive ideas about their country’s financial status, it has become obvious that its economy is advancing day by day. E) Today we see that Nigeria is progressing economically, but in the recent past, this was not the case and economists were wary of the optimistic views of its leaders. 06K

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Paragrafa uymayan cümle soruları 1. (I) X-rays, chemical analysis of paint and close scrutiny by expert eyes are all used to tell art forgeries from the real thing. (II) But now computer scientists at America's Dartmouth College have come up with a digital method for sorting the real from the counterfeit. (III) Drawings or paintings are scanned at high resolution and a computer breaks them down into digital elements called wavelets. (IV) An analysis of Madonna with Child by the Renaissance painter Perugino showed that at least four people had worked on the six faces in the painting. (V) The wavelets are then analyzed statistically to find consistencies or differences. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 05M 2. (I) in India, a lower-middle-class group is steadily emerging, (II) it was a long time before any improvements were made to the infrastructure, (III) Further, with the arrival of television, the expectations of these people have risen considerably. (IV) Indians are now demanding better education for their children. (V) They are also asking for tarred roads to facilitate business, and better products and services to make their lives easier. A) l B) II C) III D) IV E) V 04M

3. (I) In 1912 some of the top mathematicians in the world received letters full of incredibly complex formulas. (II) They came from Madras, India, from a 23-year-old accounts clerk named Srinivasa Ramanujan. (Ill) He claimed to have worked them out in his spare time after leaving school. (IV) It is an ambition one shares with lots of people, of all ages and backgrounds. (V) One of the letters reached Professor G.H. Hardy of Trinity College, Cambridge, who soon realized that the formulas were the work of one of the greatest mathematical geniuses of all time. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 02K 4. (I) Global warming is bringing new arrivals to British shores. (II) Since 1980,18 new fish species have been caught off the coast of Cornwall. (Ill) As the water warms up, they feel the need to move northward. (IV) Since they are cold-blooded creatures, they have to find suitable surroundings in which to regulate their temperature. (V) Indeed, between 1960 and 1980 no new species were reported any where in the area. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 02K

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5. (I) It should be stated at the outset that it is the successful farmers with the best quality land who have generally benefited from all the government support. (II) Traditionally the farmers on plateau in Central India cultivated a large number of unirrigated wheat varieties. (III) With the introduction to this region in the late sixties of electricity, and the technology for digging deep wells, they were induced to change to irrigated farming. (IV) Moreover, to develop high-yielding varieties of wheat appropriate for irrigated farming, the government set up a wheat research centre in the area. (V) This was then backed up with the organization of special training courses for farmers. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 00M 6. (I) The collapse of the economies of south east Asia in the early years of the decade was later followed by that of Korea, the classic tiger economy. (II) What happens next in a region that is now strewn with the wrecks of so-called economic miracles? (Ill) This leaves Europe and United States as significant mass markets. (IV) The assumption that recession will spread in the region owing to capital flight and belt-tightening is most plausible. (V) This will deepen as foreign investors increasingly reduce their profile in south east Asia. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 00M

7. (I) In Brazil, as in much of Latin America, oil in particular has long been a political symbol. (II) This has been represented by the country's federal oil company Petrobras. (III) Consequently, mismanagement and subsidized pricing paralyzed the system with debt. (IV) When founded in 1962, it was regarded as an icon of emancipation from foreign economic domination. (V) Yet, today the Brazilian government has taken serious steps to end, through privatization, Petrobras's oil monopoly. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 99K

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KEY TO TENSES BOŞLUK DOLDURMA 1 E 2 D 3 A 4 B 5 E 6 C 7 E 8 D 9 C 10 B* 11 A 12 E 13 E 14 C 15 E 16 C 17 C 18 C 19 E 20 A 21 C 22 A 23 E 24 D 25 D

26 C 27 E 28 B 29 E 30 A ÇEVĐRĐ 1 C 2 C 3 A 4 D 5 C 6 A 7 D 8 B 9 D 10 A 11 D 12 B 13 E 14 E CÜMLE TAMAMLAMA 1 A 2 A 3 C

4 A 5 C 6 E 7 B 8 D 9 B 10 D* 11 C 12 E 13 E 14 A 15 E 16 E 17 A 18 D 19 B* 20 A 21 C* 22 B 23 A* 24 B 25 A 26 B 27 C 28 D 29 C 30 A 31 C

BENZER CÜMLE 1 A PARAGRAF 1 D 2 B 3 D 4 E 5 A 6 A* 7 C*

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OUTLINE OF MODALS

* * durum bildiren fiillerle kullanılamaz. bkz. appendix 2

MODAL KULLANIM PRESENT / FUTURE PAST

1- kibar ricalar May I use your internet? X

2- izin isterken (resmi)

You may wait in the lobby. X may

3- düşük ihtimaller She may forget to bring the camera. She may have forgot to bring the camera.

might düşük ihtimaller She might forget to bring the camera. She might have forgot to bring the camera.

1- tavsiyeler I should stop smoking. I should have stopped smoking.

should-ought to

2- yüksek ihtimaller He should be delayed in the traffic. He should have been delayed in the traffic.

had better tehditkar tavsiyeler

You had better come early, or else we start eating without you.

X

be supposed to öngörü You are to be here at 9:00. You were to be here at 9:00.

1- kendimiz için emir I must see the headmaster. I had to go to class yesterday.

2- yasaklar You must not enter that room. X must

3- yüksek ihtimal I hear a voice. There must be somebody outside.

I heard a voice. There must have been somebody outside.

1- dıştan gelen emir I have to see the headmaster. He asked for me. I had to see the headmaster. He had asked for me.

have to 2- gereksizlik

You don't have to buy onions. We have enough. You didn't have to buy onions. We had enough.

1- kesinlik (gelecek) I will be at the meeting at 3:00.

X

will

2- kibar ricalar Will you please show me the way? X

1- kabiliyet Can you ride a horse? Could you ride a horse when you were a child?

can 2- izin isterken Can I borrow your ruler? X

3 - ihtimal Diving can be dangerous. Diving could have been dangerous.

need gereklilik The room needs cleaning. The room needed cleaning.

You needn't buy eggs. We have enough. You needn't have bought eggs. We had enough.

used to eski alışkanlıklar X I used to like fish before.(would kullanılmaz)

would eski alışkanlıklar** X I would see the dentist every week before.

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MODALS ÇIKMIŞ SORULAR Boşluk doldurma soruları 1. It's not considered safe to leave your computer on when you are not in the office, so you____ do so. A) don't have to B) mustn't C) needn't D) haven't got to E) don't need to 02M 2. Applicants ____ the ability to work well in a multicultural environment and ____ to work to tight deadlines. A) have had / had been able B) should have / be able C) must have / were able D) will have / had had E) could have / have had 05M 3. All hay fever sufferers will be aware of the pollen “rain” that ____ them in the spring and summer. A) should afflict B) can afflict C) had afflicted D) would afflict E) afflicted 06K

4. Cross-border shopping is a fundamental right under EU law and ____ as a form of tax evasion. A) must not have been regarded B) had not been regarded C) should not be regarded D) would not have been regarded E) was not being regarded 06M 5. If a financial gain is thereby achieved, then the time spent in the educational process____ seen as an investment. A) might have been B) would be C) was D) had been E) can be 07M

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Çeviri soruları 1. Eğer bir kişiyi kendi davan için kazanmak istiyorsan, önce onu, onun gerçek dostu olduğuna ikna etmelisin. A) In winning a person to support your cause, you must first of all establish that you are truly his friend. B) Before you can win a man to your side, you must first prove to him that you are a faithful friend. C) If you want to win a man to your cause, you must first convince him that you are his true friend. D) The very first step in persuading to take up your cause is to impress on him that you are genuine friend of his. E) Should you wish to win a man over to your side, you have in the first place to convince him of your true friendship. 98M 2. Eğer hafif uçaklar veya helikopterler mevcut olsaydı, felaket alanı üzerinde bunlarla yapılacak alçak uçuşlar, hasarın coğrafi boyutları hakkında hızlı bilgi sağlayabilirdi. A) If light aircraft or helicopters were available, low altitude flights over the disaster area would yield rapid information on the geographic extent of the damage. B) Had light aircraft or helicopters been ready, flights at low altitudes over the disaster area could have provided useful information as to the geographic extent of the disaster. C) The geographic extent of the damage in the disaster area could have been established by low altitude flights If light aircraft and helicopters had been available. D) So long as light aircraft and helicopters for low altitude flights are available, valuable information concerning the geographic extent of the damage in the disaster can be obtained. E) The geographic extent of the damage in the disaster area could have been rapidly learned if only light aircraft and helicopters could have been made available for low altitude flights. 99K

3. Rescuers estimate that up to 5000 people may have died in a remote province of northern Afghanistan after an earthquake completely devastated the area. A) Bölgeye giren kurtarma ekipleri, Kuzey Afganistan’ın uzak bir eyaletini tamamen tahrip eden bir depremden sonra 5000 kadar insanın ölmüş olabileceğini bildirmektedir. B) Kurtarma görevlileri, Kuzey Afganistan’ın uzak bir eyaletinde meydan gelen tahrip gücü çok yüksek depremden sonra 5000’den fazla insanın ölmüş olduğunu açıkladılar. C) Kurtarma uzmanları, Kuzey Afganistan’ın uzak bir eyaletini tamamen tahrip eden depremden sonra, en az 5000 kişinin ölmüş olabileceğinden endişe etmektedirler. D) Kurtarma görevlilerince, en az 5000 kişinin ölümüne neden olan depremin, Kuzey Afganistan’ın uzak bir eyaletini tamamen yerle bir ettiği bildirilmiştir. E) Kurtarma görevlileri, Kuzey Afganistan’ın uzak bir eyaletinde, bölgeyi tamamen tahrip eden bir depremden sonra 5000 kadar insanın ölmüş olabileceğini tahmin ediyorlar. 99M 4. Cinsel iktidarsızlık, yaşlanmanın doğal bir işareti olabileceği kadar, bünyede şeker veya yüksek tansiyon gibi ciddi bir gelişmenin belirtisi de olabilir. A) Diabetes and hypertension, which are generally regarded as serious bodily developments, have the same symptoms as sexual impotence in old age. B) One of the serious developments that old age causes in the body is sexual impotence which may also be a common symptom of diabetes and hypertension. C) It is not only old age but also diabetes and hypertension which, as serious developments in the body, cause sexual impotence. D) The causes of sexual impotence, a natural condition of old age, are usually regarded as related to diabetes or hypertension. E) Sexual impotence can be as much a natural sign of growing old as the symptom of a serious development in the body, such as diabetes or hypertension. 99M

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5. According to a report published last week, annual stipends for British graduate students should be increased by more than a third. A) Geçen hafta yayımlanan bir rapora göre, Đngiliz lisansüstü öğrencilerinin yıllık bursları üçte birden daha fazla artırılmalıdır. B) Geçen hafta açıklanan rapora göre, Đngiliz lisansüstü öğrencileri harçlarının yıllık olarak üçte birden daha fazla artması gerekir. C) Geçen hafta yayımlanan bir rapora göre, Đngiliz lisansüstü öğrencilerinin üçte birinden daha fazlasının yıllık burslarının artırılması şarttır. D) Geçen hafta yayımlanan bir rapor doğrultusunda, Đngiliz lisansüstü öğrenci harçlarının her yıl üçte bir oranından daha fazla artırılmasına karar verildi. E) Geçen hafta açıklanmış olan bir rapora dayanarak, Đngiliz lisansüstü öğrencilerine yapılan yıllık ödemeler üçte birden daha fazla artırıldı. 00K 6. In the first place, we should ask how it is possible for a wet rainforest to be ruined by fire. A) Öncelikle yoğun nem içeren yağmur ormanlarının yangınla tahrip edilip edilemeyeceğini araştırmamız gerekmektedir. B) Đlk önce bizce çok yağış alan bir yağmur ormanının yangınlarla yok edilmesinin nasıl mümkün olduğu araştırılması gereken bir konudur. C) Öncelikle sorgulamamız gereken, nemli bir yağmur ormanının tahrip edebilecek bir yangının nasıl ortaya çıktığıdır. D) Her şeyden önce, nemli bir yağmur ormanının yangınla tahrip edilmesinin nasıl mümkün olduğunu sormamız gerekiyor. E) Her şeyden önce, yoğun yağış alan yağmur ormanlarının yangınlarla yok edilmesinin mümkün olup olmayacağını sormamız gerekecek. 00M

7. According to the "capitulations" generously granted by the Ottoman sultans, the foreigners operating within the Empire could import and sell goods at any price they chose and were largely exempt from taxes. A) Osmanlı padişahlarınca cömertçe verilen kapitülasyonlara göre, imparatorluk içinde faaliyet gösteren yabancılar, malları, tercih ettikleri herhangi bir fiyattan ithal edip satabiliyorlardı ve büyük ölçüde vergiden muaftılar. B) Osmanlı padişahlarının cömertçe verdiği kapitülasyonlara göre, imparatorluk içinde ticaretle uğraşan yabancılar, istedikleri malı istedikleri fiyattan alıp satabiliyor ve tüm vergilerden muaf tutuluyorlardı. C) Osmanlı padişahlarınca cömertçe verilen kapitülasyonlar sayesinde, imparatorluk içinde iş sahibi yabancılar, mallarını istedikleri fiyattan ithal ediyor ve satıyor, üstelik çoğu hiç vergi vermiyordu. D) Osmanlı padişahlarınca cömertçe verdikleri kapitülasyonlarla, imparatorlukta yaşayan yabancılara, her türlü malı uygun gördükleri fiyattan ithal edip satma ve vergilerin tamamından muaf olma hakkı tanımışlardı. E) Osmanlı padişahlarınca cömertçe verilen kapitülasyonlar sayesinde, imparatorluk içinde yerleşmiş olan yabancılar, istedikleri malı, tercih ettikleri fiyattan ithal edip pazarlıyor ve geniş bir vergi muafiyetinden yararlanıyorlardı. 00M 8. Sustainable development is a key concept that needs to be analyzed and debated before it can be implemented by the underdeveloped countries in the world. A) Sürdürülebilir gelişme, tanımlanmaya muhtaç ve tartışılmaya açık; ancak dünyada az gelişmiş ülkelerin uygulamaları için kapsamlı bir kavramdır. B) Sürdürülebilir gelişme, dünyada az gelişmiş ülkelerce uygulanabilmesi için öncelikle tanımlanması ve yorumlanması gereken sağlam bir kavramdır. C) Sürdürülebilir gelişme, tartışılması ve yorumlanması gereken; ancak dünyadaki az gelişmiş ülkelerin uygulayabileceği yararlı bir kavramdır. D) Sürdürülebilir gelişme, dünyadaki az gelişmiş ülkelerce uygulanmadan önce, irdelenmesi ve tartışılması gereken bir kavramdır . E) Sürdürülebilir gelişme, dünyadaki az gelişmiş ülkelerin uygulamaya koymadan önce iyice tanımaları ve yorumlamaları gereken çok önemli bir kavramdır. 00M

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9. Sosyal psikoloji açısından bakıldığında, kültürün insanlar arasında yayılması, insan doğasındaki, çoğunluğu ve en başarılı kişileri taklit etme eğilimiyle ilişkilendirilebilir. A) Considered from the point of view of social psychology, the spread of culture among humans can be related to the tendency in human nature to imitate the majority and the most successful individuals. B) From the point of view of social psychology, the spread of a culture seems to relate to man's desire to imitate either the majority or the most successful people. C) The spread of a culture, if we consider it from the point of view of social psychology, seems to be related to man's need to conform with the majority and successful individuals. D) As regards social psychology, the desire to stay with the majority and admire the successful has been an paramount force in the spread of culture. E) The spread of culture is the result of social psychology whereby man has a tendency to imitate the majority and the most successful individuals. 01M 10. Under a new resolution passed by the Security Council, Iraq will once more have to place all its oil earnings under UN control. A) Güvenlik Konseyi'nin almış olduğu yeni bir karara göre, Irak, petrol gelirlerinin tümünü BM'nin denetimine bırakmaya zorlanacaktır. B) Güvenlik Konseyi'nce kabul edilen yeni bir karara göre, Irak'ın tüm petrol gelirleri BM denetimine bırakılmak zorundadır. C) Güvenlik Konseyi'nin aldığı yeni bir karar uyarınca, BM, Irak'ın petrol gelirlerinin tümünü denetim altına alacaktır. D) Irak'ın tüm petrol gelirlerinin BM tarafından denetim altına alınacak olması, Güvenlik Konseyi'nce kabul edilen yeni bir karara dayanmaktadır. E) Güvenlik Konseyi'nce kabul edilen yeni bir karar gereğince, Irak, yine, tüm petrol gelirlerini BM denetimine bırakmak zorunda kalacaktır. 02K

11. Abu Dhabi may be the largest and wealthiest of the seven emirates that constitute the United Arab Emirates, but it is Dubai that has come to the fore. A) Her ne kadar Dubai çok bilinse de Abu Dabi, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri'ni kuran yedi emirliğin en büyüğü ve en zengini olarak görülebilir. B) Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri'ni oluşturan yedi emirlikten en büyüğü ve en zengini Abu Dabi'dir, ancak bunlardan en çok bilineni Dubai'dir. C) Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri'ni oluşturan yedi emirlikten biri olan Abu Dabi, bunların en büyüğü ve en zenginidir ama Dubai daha çok bilinir. D) Abu Dabi, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri'ni oluşturan yedi emirliğin en büyüğü ve en zengini olabilir, ancak öne çıkmış olan Dubai'dir. E) Dubai daha iyi tanınmakla birlikte, Abu Dabi'nin Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri'ni oluşturan yedi emirliğin en büyüğü ve en zengini olduğu kabul edilebilir. 04M 12. Minority representatives in any political establishment must be made to feel that their interests are sufficiently protected. A) Herhangi bir siyasal kuruluşta, azınlık temsilcileri, çıkarlarının tam olarak korunduğunu hissetmelidirler. B) Herhangi bir siyasal kuruluştaki azınlık temsilcilerine, çıkarlarının yeterince korunduğu hissettirilmelidir. C) Herhangi bir siyasal kuruluşun azınlık temsilcileri, çıkarlarının olabildiğince korunduğunu hissedebilmelidirler. D) Azınlık temsilcileri, bir siyasal kuruluştaki çıkarlarının tamamen korunduğunu hissetmelidirler. E) Bir siyasal kuruluş, azınlık temsilcilerine, çıkarlarının tamamen korunduğunu hissettirmelidir. 06M

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13. Yaklaşık olarak M.Ö. 8. yüzyılda Homer tarafından kaleme alınan Truva Savaşı hakkındaki destanlar, birkaç yüzyıl boyunca sözlü olarak korunmuş olabilir. A) Homer’s epics about the Trojan War were written down, probably in the 8th century B.C., but may have been around for centuries in oral form. B) Homer apparently wrote down the epics of the Trojan War sometime in the 8th century B.C., but they had already existed in oral form for centuries. C) The Trojan War epics had probably existed for centuries in oral form before they were finally transcribed by Homer sometime in the 8th century B.C. D) The epics about the Trojan War written down by Homer in about the 8th century B.C. may have been preserved orally for several centuries. E) Homer transcribed the Trojan War epics sometime during the 8th century B.C., but their origins go back to an earlier oral tradition. 06M 14. Çocuklar daha fazla bağımsızlık kazandıkça, onların genleri kendilerine uyan çevreler yaratmak için daha aktif bir tarzda işleyebilir. A) Once children start to grow more independent, their genes operate in a more positive manner to create environments that suit them better. B) As children get more independence their genes start to operate more forcefully to create what is for them a more congenial environment. C) As children gain more independence, their genes can operate in a more active manner to produce environments that suit them. D) When they attain more independence, children start to desire a more congenial environment and their genes work with them to attain it. E) Once children have attained a greater degree of independence, their genes prompt them to desire a more congenial environment. 06M

15. A person’s health history may reveal a disease that interferes with the body’s use of nutrients or that affects the person’s eating habits. A) Kişinin sağlık öyküsü, yemek yemesini engelleyen veya bedeninin besinlerden yararlanma sürecini etkileyen bir hastalığı açığa çıkarmada kullanılabilir. B) Kişinin sağlık öyküsü, bedenin besinlerden yararlanmasını engelleyen veya kişinin yemek yeme alışkanlıklarını etkileyen bir hastalığı açığa çıkarabilir. C) Đnsanın yemek yemesini engelleyen veya bedenin besinlerden yararlanma sürecini etkileyen hastalıklar, kişinin sağlık öyküsünden yararlanılarak ortaya çıkarılabilir. D) Bir kişinin sağlık öyküsünden, hem onun yemek yeme alışkanlıklarını etkileyen hem de bedenin besinlerden yararlanmasını engelleyen hastalıklar kolaylıkla anlaşılabilir. E) Bedenin besinlerden yararlanma sürecini etkileyen veya kişinin yemek yemesini engelleyen hastalıkların çoğu, kişinin sağlık öyküsünden anlaşılmaktadır 06K

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Cümle tamamlama soruları 1. ____ I would never have felt the need to read them. A) Whichever of these modern plays he may decide to direct B) Unless some books on the care of house plants are given to me as a present C) However many cookery books my husband may care to give me D) Until I saw him intently reading those sermons E) If she had not written so enthusiastically about the diaries of Scott of the Antarctica 00K 2. ____ ,we need to find ways to cope with it. A) As the disease wasn’t cured B) If relaxation was essential for a healthy mind and body C) After we had learned the living conditions D) Whether he has confidence in our plans or not E) Since we can not remove stress from our lives 01M

Benzer cümle soruları 1. I surely couldn’t have been expected to forgive him readily as this wasn’t the first time he’d tried to cheat me. A) It was only natural that I should have been unwilling to forgive him as he had behaved dishonestly towards me on other occasions. B) As he’d tried to cheat me on several previous occasions, I felt I was right not to forgive him this time. C) It was impossible for me not to forgive him even though he’d tried to deceive me several times before. D) I might have been willing to forgive him if this had been the first I’d caught him cheating me. E) Since this wasn’t the first time he’d attempted to deceive me I was obviously not going to forgive him. 98K 2. All agree that the environment has to be protected, but should it really take priority over education and public health? A) Are we all agreed that the needs of environmental protection should take priority over the claims of education and public health? B) Though the need for environmental protection is not contested, do we really regard the claims of education, and public health as of less importance? C) It is not agreed that the claims of education and public health cannot be ranked below those of environmental protection? D) However pressing may be the needs of environmental protection, is it not generally agreed that those of education and public health should take priority? E) The claims of education and public health will come high on our list of priorities, but can't we agree to put those of environmental protection even higher? 99K

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3. He should face the fact that he'll never be as great a pianist as his father . A) The father is a wonderful pianist, but the son shows even more promise. B) The father is a great pianist, and the son is hoping to be at least his equal. C) I don't think he'll ever admit that his father is the greater pianist, but he ought to. D) As a pianist, he's just not the equal of his father and never will be, so he'd do well to accept the fact . E) The son seems set to surpass his father as a pianist; he even admits the fact 99K 4. I do wish they could have planned the journey so as to allow us a week in London. A) If only the travel arrangements had made it possible for us to spend a week in London. B) We hoped they would rearrange the programme to allow us a full week in London. C) Travel arrangements have been made so as to allow us a whole week in London. D) They have arranged for us to travel to London and spend a week there. E) They plan to allow us a week in London if that’s what we wish. 99M

5. They might just as well close the cafe for this year, as the tourists have all left. A) They can’t be bothered to run the cafe after the tourist-season is over. B) Once the season is over and the tourists have gone, they’ll probably decide to close the cafe. C) I think they plan to close the cafe once the tourists have all gone away. D) There’s no point in keeping the cafe open now, since the season is over and there are no more tourists around. E) Since the tourists have gone, they find it hardly profitable to keep the cafe open. 99M 6. Millions of Germans are uneasy about the prospect of reform because they fear the process will be painful, but they suspect that in the long run it will have to come. A) As they expect the process of reform will prove extremely painful, millions of Germans are reluctant to admit that in the end it will have to come. B) Though it's obvious that, sooner or later reform is inevitable, the feeling among a lot of people in Germany is that it should be postponed for as long as possible. C) A great many people in Germany find the likelihood of reform worrying as they are afraid it will prove unpleasant, but they have a feeling that in the end it will be inevitable. D) Since the process of reform promises to be unpleasant, the majority of Germans are trying to pretend that it need never happen. E) Though they admit that there is a need for reform, millions of Germans nevertheless fear the process, which will inevitably be painful, and seek to postpone it. 00K

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7. He finds the new job far more demanding than the old one, but I expect he'll soon get used to it. A) He has to put a lot more effort into this job than into the previous one, but he'll soon get used to it. B) His former job was easier than his present one, but that was because he was used to it. C) Once he was settled into his new job, he'll probably find it just as stimulating as his old one. D) Until he's familiar with the work in the new job, he's obviously going to find it less pleasant than the old one. E) Until he gets accustomed to the new job, he'll wish he had stayed in the old one. 01K 8. You would do well to wait a little before buying a car. A) If you are thinking of buying a car, this is the right time. B) You must realize that this is not the right time to change old car. C) Don't buy now; car prices are expected to fall. D) It would be better if you didn't buy a car just yet. E) Buy a car now and you won't regret it later. 00M 9. We might well find that we need more than three weeks in which to complete a report of this kind. A) It shouldn't take us more than three weeks to finish a report like this one. B) We might as well try to get this report finished within three weeks. C) I don't imagine we can get through this report in three weeks, but we can try. D) A report of this kind has never been drawn up in under three weeks. E) It's quite likely that three weeks won't be sufficient for us to finalize such a report. 03M

10. For many years now transport planners in the UK have been demanding that motorists pay directly for the use of roads. A) In the opinion of British transport planners, it is the motorists themselves who should have paid for the upkeep of the roads all these years. B) Over the years, transport planners in the UK have been suggesting that the upkeep of roads must be paid for by the motorists themselves. C) Transport planners in the UK have, for a long time now, been insisting that those who use the roads must pay for them directly. D) British transport planners recommended, a long time ago, that those who use the roads must pay for their upkeep directly. E) In Britain, transport planners have been arguing for many years that the upkeep of the roads is the responsibility of motorists. 03M 11. He should have known better than to have left his son in charge of the factory if only for a week. A) Though it was only for a week, it was foolish of him to make his son responsible for the running of the factory. B) it was quite wrong of him to leave his son to run the factory for as long as a week. C) it was foolish of the boy to imagine he could take his father's place in the factory for a week. D) He must have known that he couldn't leave his son in charge of the factory for a whole week. E) He was mistaken in thinking that his son was up to the responsibility of running the factory for a week. 04M 12. You should be able to tell the meaning of this word from its context. A) The context of the word gives one a pretty good idea of what it must mean. B) Out of context I couldn't say what this word means. C) As you know the subject well, can't you make out what he's trying to say? D) You don't know the word but you can still make an educated guess as to what it means. E) It wasn't difficult to figure out what he was trying to say. 05K

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13. I don't believe she is particularly clever, but she has a great deal of charm and people tend to do what she wants. A) Though she really is not very intelligent, she has charm and people are always pleased to accept her leadership. B) She may not be very bright, I personally don't think she is; but she certainly has a winning way with people so they generally act in the way she wants. C) Her intelligence is no more than average, but she makes up for this with charm, so she can manipulate people easily. D) It is as much her charm as her intelligence that enables her to make people act in the way she wants them to. E) She doesn't need to be intelligent as she has the gift of knowing-how to charm people so that they act in the way she wants. 05M 14. I can't understand why we haven't heard from him yet: he must have received the parcel several days ago. A) Surely he would have contacted us immediately on receiving the parcel; but it's hardly likely that it hasn't reached him. B) I'm worried because he still hasn't contacted us could it be that the parcel still hasn't reached him? C) It's odd that he still hasn't got in touch with us: surely the parcel reached him at least a day or two ago. D) I was sure he'd get in touch with us about the parcel; could it be that he hasn't received it yet? E) He really ought to have got in touch with us before this, unless, of course, he still hasn't received the parcel. 05M

15. Some scientists think that a meteor impact, that occurred around 65 million years ago, may have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. A) In the opinion of some scientists, the extinction of the dinosaurs could have been the result of the impact of a meteor which occurred roughly 65 million years ago. B) According to some scientists, the extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by a meteor that struck Earth 657 million or so years ago. C) Some scientists reckon that the impact of a meteor that struck Earth some 65 million years ago need not have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. D) These scientists agree that the impact of a meteor over 65 million years ago must have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. E) The extinction of the dinosaurs could only have been caused by a meteor impact that occurred some 65 million years ago. 05M 16. The sooner we get the new system into action, the better. A) Once the new system is working, the situation will improve. B) We should get the new system working as soon as possible. C) Sooner or later we'll have to install a new system. D) At some future date a new system is going to be necessary. E) We are going to get a new system installed without delay. 05M

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17. Of all the decisions a free people must face, the question of war or peace is the most crucial. A) A free people is never confronted by a more momentous choice than that of war or peace. B) The choice of war or peace is a critical one, but all free people do, on occasion, have to face it. C) The issue of war or peace is a vital one but free people sometimes have to come up against it. D) When confronted with the choice of war or peace free people realize it is the most momentous of all issues. E) The most critical choice that a free people is ever called upon to make concerns the issue of war or peace. 06M 18. An engineer must attempt to foresee possible misuses of a product by a consumer, and take this into account in his design. A) When designing a product an engineer should consider how a consumer might misuse it, and adjust the design accordingly. B) An engineer should never forget that his products will be misused and so he must make them as safe as possible. C) In designing a product, an engineer should remember that it will most likely be misused by consumers unless his design prevents this. D) An engineer should design products that consumers cannot possibly misuse. E) Engineers know that, however well a product has been designed, consumers will always find a way to misuse it. 07M

19. I'm not sure, but I have a nasty feeling he didn't do at all well at the interview. A) Actually, in my opinion, he may have done a lot better at the interview than he fears. B) I hope I'm wrong but from what I can gather he made a real mess of the interview. C) It's not definite yet, but I suspect he didn't perform as well as he claims at the interview. D) I could be wrong but I'm afraid his performance at the interview was rather poor. E) It's not very nice of me, and I may be mistaken, but I don't think he was any good at the interview. 02M

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Bu durumda söylenebilecek cümle 1. You have moved to a new house and are looking for a fairly large, original picture to hang near the front door. You have a friend whose taste you trust and who has a lot of friends in the art world. You think he can help you find something suitable, so you say to him; A) I wish you’d keep an eye open for a picture that would look good on the wall by my front door. B) I don’t own a picture large enough to hang at the top of the stairs. C) The picture needn’t be large but it must be imaginative and colorful. I leave the rest to you. D) Should I commission someone to paint a picture to hang on that wall? E) How much would I have to pay for an original picture of the right size for this wall? 98M 2. You need a book from the library rather urgently but just can't spare the time to go there. You overhear a colleague say he's going to the library, so you write down the title of the book you want and the author on a slip of paper, and you go up to him and say: A) Next time you go to the library there's a book I want you to borrow for me. B) As you're going to the library anyway, would you mind taking this book out for me? C) I do wish you'd let me know when you're going to the library, so you can take out any book I might need. D) I shall be needing this book shortly. Can you get it for me? E) If you're going anywhere near the library I wish you'd choose some nice light reading for me. 02K

3. A friend of yours has fallen and broken his leg. it will have to be in plaster for quite some time. Since he's normally a very active person, he's going to find it very difficult to lead a more sedentary life. You can't offer much comfort but do your best and say: A) I’m afraid your leg won't heal for a long time. B) What are you going to do all day stuck here? C) What were you doing? You must have been very careless. D) What's happened has happened. You'll just have to make the best of it. E) Even when they take the plaster off, it will still be difficult to walk! 04K 4. A friend's child is acting in a very disturbing way. You feel that professional help is urgently needed, so you say to your friend and her husband: A) Why don't you wait a little? l think you're being over-anxious. B) all children go through difficult limes. C) I really think you ought to consult a psychiatrist as soon as possible. D) It's probably just a phase he's going through. Not to worry. E) You must come to some agreement between yourselves before going to a psychiatrist. 04M

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5. Your director at work has offered you a promotion. You don’t want to take the position even though there would be a large pay increase, because it would involve moving your family to another city. You go to the director and say: A) What do you think I should do? B) Thank you for considering me for this position, but I’ve decided I’d rather stay where I am for now. C) Could you give me a week to think it over? D) How much would my salary increase were I to take this promotion? E) I’ll take the position only if I can find a good job for my wife and good schools for my children. 06K

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KEY TO MODALS BOŞLUK DOLDURMA 1 B 2 B 3 B 4 C 5 E ÇEVĐRĐ 1 C 2 B 3 E 4 E 5 A 6 D 7 A 8 D 9 A 10 E 11 D 12 B 13 D 14 C 15 B

CÜMLE TAMAMLAMA 1 E 2 E BENZER CÜMLE 1 A 2 B 3 D 4 B 5 * 6 A* 7 A 8 D 9 E 10 C 11 A 12 A 13 B 14 C 15 A 16 B 17 E 18 A 19 E*

BU DURUMDA SÖYLENEBĐLECEK CÜMLE 1 * 2 B 3 D 4 C 5 B

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If Clauses Future possibility if + V1 , will/may/can + V1 • gelecekle ilgili ihtimaller, She will apply for the job, if they have a position. Mr. Clark will have an operation, if the doctor thinks it’s necessary. We will buy some gas if we run out of it. Real present if + V1 , V1 • fiziksel gerçekler, If you heat the water, it boils. The sun rises from the east. Unreal present if + V2 , would/could/might + V1 • içinde bulunulan zamanla ilgili varsayımlar, If I were* a teacher, I would give high marks to my students. (ama öğretmen değilim.) I could take photos if I had my camera with me now. (ama fotoğraf makinem yanımda değil.) If Ezgi were taller, she could reach the glass. (fakat boyu uzun değil.) Unreal past if + had V3 , would/could/might + have V3 • geçmiş için söylenen varsayımlar, If you had warned them earlier, they wouldn’t have gone to that forest. (uyarmadın ve ormana gittiler.) My grandpa could have lived longer if he hadn’t smoked. (fakat sigara içiyordu ve öldü.) Jason wouldn’t have had an accident if he had driven carefully. (ama dikkatsiz sürdü ve kaza yaptı.)

* Varsayımın gerçek olmadığını belirtmek için was yerine were tercih edilir.

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Mixed Clauses unreal present + unreal past If he were a successful businessman, he wouldn’t have gone bankrupt. (başarılı bir iş adamı değil ve bu yüzden iflas etti.) If I were Jack, I would have already resigned. (ama onun yerinde değilim.) unreal past + unreal present If he had raised her son better, he wouldn’t be in the jail now. (oğlunu iyi yetiştiremedi ve oğlu şu an hapiste.) If she had passed her exams, she would be a seventh grader now. (sınavını geçemedi ve hala altıncı sınıfta.) Unless (if not)

If you don’t do what she wants, she will cry all day. Unless you do what she wants, she will cry all day. They will cut on your wage, if you don’t go on time. They will cut on your wage, unless you go on time.

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IF CLAUSES ÇIKMIŞ SORULAR Boşluk doldurma soruları 1. If they ____ what sort of a person he was, they ____ him their support. A) would know / didn’t give B) knew / won’t give C) had known / wouldn’t have given D) would have known / hadn’t given E) have known / haven’t given 98K 2. ____ the embargo imposed on us is lifted in the near future, we can’t hope for any economic recovery. A) Whereas B) While C) Because D) In case E) Unless 98M 3. Most newspapers are of the opinion that if a majority of Scots really ____ independence, the British Parliament has no option but ____ to their wishes. A) did want / had acceded B) wanted / have acceded C) had wanted / would have acceded D) do want / to accede E) would have wanted / acceded 98M

4. If we ____ the terms of the contract, all the paint-work in the building ____ finished by the 15th of next month. A) are to meet / will have to be B) were meeting / will be C) met / would have had to be D) had met / is being E) will meet / was being 98M 5. Marxism ____ an important movement in Britain even though it ____ its origin here. A) would never have been / takes B) had never been / would take C) never was / has taken D) would never be / would have taken E) has never been / took 99M 6. Julius Caesar ____ a great historian if the making of history ____ him the time and the inclination to write it. A) could be / could have allowed B) would be / allowed C) had been / would have allowed D) would have been / could allow E) could have been / had allowed 01K

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7. Had it not been for the variety and flexibility of its trades, Huddersfield, like so many of the other textile towns, ______ into a decline in the 20th century. A) was going B) had gone C) would have gone D) would go E) had been going 01M 8. If she____ to the interview in a more positive state of mind, she ____a better impression. A) will go / would make B) goes / has made C) had gone / might have made D) would go / had made E) has gone / makes 02M 9. If Britain ____ the euro, say in 2004, the stability pact ____ highly important. A) will be joining / is becoming B) has joined / will have become C) will have joined / will become D) would join / has become E) were to join / would become 02K 10. Is seems that, even if big western companies____ to help develop lifesaving GM ( genetically modified ) seeds for the underdeveloped countries, only South Africa ____to accept them. A) will be willing/ is ready B) has been willing / will be ready C) had been willing/ would be ready D) would be willing/ was ready E) were willing / would be ready 04M

11. One day humans ____on Mars if US President Bush's recently announced plans ____to fruition. A) could be walking / come B) would walk / had come C) can be walking /will come D) would have walked / come E) will be walking / might come 05M 12. If you _____ a car, you _____ its performance, not its appearance. A) were buying / had been considering B) were buying / would have considered C) bought / had considered D) have bought / would have been considered E) are buying / should be considering 05K 13. The acquisition of knowledge by reading a book can give pleasure and benefits to an individual equivalent to consuming an ice-cream or seeing a film at the cinema. But education can also help advance in a chosen career ____success is achieved in specific examinations. A) even so B) since C) if D) as if E) unless 07M 14. Several species of birds in Vietnam vanished during the war, ____they began to reappear in the 1980s and their gradual return has been encouraged by Vietnamese villagers. A) but B) since C) unless D) when E) if 07M

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Çeviri soruları 1. Eğer bir kişiyi kendi davan için kazanmak istiyorsan, önce onu, onun gerçek dostu olduğuna ikna etmelisin. A) In winning a person to support your cause, you must first of all establish that you are truly his friend. B) Before you can win a man to your side, you must first prove to him that you are a faithful friend. C) If you want to win a man to your cause, you must first convince him that you are his true friend. D) The very first step in persuading to take up your cause is to impress on him that you are genuine friend of his. E) Should you wish to win a man over to your side, you have in the first place to convince him of your true friendship. 98M 2. Eğer hafif uçaklar veya helikopterler mevcut olsaydı, felaket alanı üzerinde bunlarla yapılacak alçak uçuşlar, hasarın coğrafi boyutları hakkında hızlı bilgi sağlayabilirdi. A) If light aircraft or helicopters were available, low altitude flights over the disaster area would yield rapid information on the geographic extent of the damage. B) Had light aircraft or helicopters been ready, flights at low altitudes over the disaster area could have provided useful information as to the geographic extent of the disaster. C) The geographic extent of the damage in the disaster area could have been established by low altitude flights If light aircraft and helicopters had been available. D) So long as light aircraft and helicopters for low altitude flights are available, valuable information concerning the geographic extent of the damage in the disaster can be obtained. E) The geographic extent of the damage in the disaster area could have been rapidly learned if only light aircraft and helicopters could have been made available for low altitude flights. 99K

3. Malthus, öz olarak, eğer nüfus geçim imkânlarından daha hızlı artarsa, bunun daha düşük bir yaşam düzeyine yol açacağını iddia ediyordu. A) In essence, what Malthus claimed was that when a population increased faster than the means of subsistence, living standards dropped. B) Malthus claimed in essence that, if a population increased faster than the means of subsistence, this would lead to lower living standards. C) The essence of what Malthus suggested was that if a population increased faster than the means of subsistence, a lowering of living standards could be inevitable. D) The claim of Malthus was that a lowering of living standards was inevitable as the population had grown faster than the means of subsistence. E) According to Malthus, living standards would naturally fall as the population was growing faster than the means of subsistence. 01M 4. Bir çocuk, doğduğu zaman annesiyle babası evliyse "meşru"dur. A) The parents married when the child was born, making it "legitimate". B) A child is said to be "legitimate" if its parents are married before it is born. C) A "legitimate" child is one whose parents are married at the time of its birth. D) The child is "legitimate" as, when it was born, the parents were married. E) A child is "legitimate" if its parents are married when it is born. 02M

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5. Eğer Rusya reform yapacak ve sonuçta müreffeh olacaksa, güvenli ve istikrarlı bir bölgeye ve yeni yatırımlara ihtiyaç duyacaktır. A) Russia can only reform and consequently prosper once a safe and stable neighbor exists and new investments are made. B) Russia will get the reforms she needs and eventually prosper if the neighborhood becomes safe and stable and there are new investments. C) A secure and stable environment and new investments are essential if Russia is to achieve these reforms and eventually prosper. D) There will have to be a safe and stable environment and more investments before Russia can introduce reforms and consequently prosper. E) If Russia is to reform and eventually prosper, it will need a secure and stable neighborhood, and new investments. 02K 6. A barometer measures air pressure, and if you watch the weather forecasts you will see that an increase in air pressure often signals fair weather, whereas a drop in air pressure may mean that a storm is on the way. A) Barometre hava basıncını ölçer ve hava tahminlerini izlerseniz, hava basıncındaki bir artışın çoğu kez iyi havaya işaret ettiğini, ancak hava basıncındaki bir düşmenin ise fırtınanın yolda olduğu anlamına gelebildiğini görürsünüz. B) Barometrenin hava basıncını olduğunu biliyorsanız, hava tahminlerini izlediğinizde hava basıncındaki bir artışın çoğu kez iyi havanın, basınçtaki bir düşmenin de fırtınanın yaklaştığının habercisi olduğunu anlarsınız. C) Hava basıncı barometreyle ölçülür ve hava tahminlerinde genellikle, hava basıncı artarsa hava nin iyi olacağı, basınçta bir düşme meydana gelirse fırtınanın yolda olabileceği söylenir. D) Hava tahminlerini izleyenler, barometrenin hava basıncını ölçtüğünü ve hava basıncı artarsa iyi havanın, düşerse de genellikle fırtınanın yolda olduğunu bilirler. E) Hava basıncı barometreyle ölçülür ve hava tahminlerinde hava basıncındaki bir artışın çoğu kez iyi havaya, basınçtaki bir düşmenin ise fırtınanın yolda olduğuna işaret ettiği söylenir. 05M

7. Last fall, Tony Blair announced that he would serve a full five-year term if the Labor Party won. A) Geçen sonbaharda, Tony Blair, Đşçi Partisi kazandığı takdirde, beş yıl tam dönem hizmet edeceğini ilan etti. B) Tony Blair, eğer Đşçi Partisi kazanırsa, beş yıl daha hizmet edeceğini geçen sonbaharda açıklamıştı. C) Geçen sonbaharda Đşçi Partisi’nin kazanması üzerine, Tony Blair görevini beş yıl daha sürdüreceğini ifade etti. D) Tony Blair, Đşçi Partisi’nin kazanmasının kendisine beş yıl tam dönem hizmet olanağı sağlayacağı yolundaki açıklamasını geçen sonbaharda yaptı. E) Geçen sonbaharda Tony Blair, eğer Đşçi Partisi kazanırsa, bir beş yıl daha hizmet etmek istediğini söyledi. 06K

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Cümle tamamlama soruları 1. I would naturally have felt extremely disappointed ____ . A) since he must have been by far the best applicant B) unless the competition has had very few entrants C) even though the two teams were extraordinarily well matched D) if they hadn’t sent us an invitation to the concert E) as the first prize went to a racist author 98K 2. ____, a multitude of new residential developments are underway. A) Unless the first impression is a good one B) Once the new marina had started C) If there were a reception centre to greet prospective customers D) Since Dubai would like to persuade people to stay on a more permanent basis E) As if they have benefited from the swimming pool and sports facilities 03M 3. If only the tax return over the year had been as high as had been predicted, _____. A) this can easily be accounted for B) they have underestimated their economic commitments C) some people regard accounting as an art, not a science D) companies are no longer the unified, self-contained organizations that they used to be E) such increased government outlays on public services would have been feasible 03M

4. ____ unless there is an agreement to the contrary. A) copyright is a form of protection provided to the creators of "original works of authorship" B) The authors of a joint work are co-owners of the copyright in the work C) There is list of countries that maintain copyright relations with the United States D) Works by the US government were not eligible for copyright protection E) Works consisting entirely of information that is common property were given no such protection 04M 5. Teachers cannot be criticized for failing to promote engineering ____. A) so the manner in which design is presented is of first importance B) that it is not a required field of study in most technical universities C) whether students should follow enough math’s and science courses to quality for engineering school D) if they have not been exposed to it themselves E) as all the young children had a flair for designing and building 04M 6. The overall quality of life in today’s world cannot be improved ____ . A) just as population growth would strain the global urban environment B) while the underdeveloped countries were ignored completely by international agencies like the United Nations and the World Bank C) as the population of that part of the world rose from 800 million in 1960 to 1.2 billion in 1985 D) unless the developed countries are prepared to offer a helping hand to the underdeveloped E) whenever the OECD declines to support a series of projects for the development of poorer countries 98K

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7. If only they had realized that our supplies were running out ____ . A) the crisis might still be avoided B) those in charge could put the matter right C) nobody could appreciate the gravity of the situation D) there were reinforcement ready to be sent out E) they would most certainly have done something about it 98M 8. Unless the Central European countries can keep their labor costs at this level, ____ . A) exports are already starting to drop B) they haven’t been able to compete with Western Europe C) unrest in these countries would have been unavoidable D) the finished products will have to go up in price E) a firm control of distribution and sales has not proved adequate 99K 9. ____ I would never have felt the need to read them. A) Whichever of these modern plays he may decide to direct B) Unless some books on the care of house plants are given to me as a present C) However many cookery books my husband may care to give me D) Until I saw him intently reading those sermons E) If she had not written so enthusiastically about the diaries of Scott of the Antarctica 00K

10. Unless they promise to use some of the money to improve career prospects for young scientists, ____ . A) the issue under discussion has been dropped B) there were a number of things we had to take into account C) no one else thought of opposing the scheme D) the money left over from donations could be included E) we feel we cannot give our support to the campaign 00M 11. If aluminum is used in place of steel in bridge construction, ______. A) this would be especially suitable in long-span bridges B) resistance to atmospheric corrosion had been better C) there would have been a reduction in maintenance costs D) erection and foundation costs will be lower E) there had been a considerable increase in the safe volume of traffic 01M 12. Unless a country can establish the fact that its economy is sound_____. A) only the very rich have risked their money there B) the world's public and private lenders alike refuse to extend loans C) trade-agreements were rarely made in its favour D) the industrial projects there did not receive adequate backing E) even an abundance of mineral resources could not have saved the situation 01M

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13. The manual workers in the automobile factory are threatening to go on strike ____. A) if they do not receive an adequate pay rise B) after their pay claim is granted C) that working conditions are not improving fast enough D) even if the union hadn't offered any support E) which is due to start next week 02M 14. The evacuation of the World Trade Center towers might have been easier ____. A) unless some of the steel columns had been heated beyond their melting point B) since in some places stairways are required to be in different corners of tall buildings C) if the multiple stairways had not all been in the central core of the building D) so long as effective fire-proofing had been installed E) after so many of the offices had already been vacated 02M 15. If there had bee no one to encourage her and feed her ego at this time, ____. A) she might well have given up writing altogether B) the critics were indeed merciless C) Even her best novels attracted little attention D) Like many of her friendships, this one was short-lived E) She has not been able to repeat the success 05K

16. If the company is to invest in long-term growth, ____ . A) the main aim is nevertheless to improve customer relations B) there was still a need for short-term profits C) it will clearly have to sacrifice short-term profits D) a new sales force is already being trained E) the investment would ultimately yield a return 05M 17. We are determined to give the contract to an architect____. A) since a great many problems had already arisen B) whose handling of the interiors was outstanding C) who is committed to environmentally responsible design D) until we learn the kind of garden that is possible E) if their requirements were even slightly unusual 05M 18. If there is too much mineral accumulation in the compost, ____. A) roots get burnt and plants die B) some plants need less fertilizer than others C) the flowering season was greatly reduced D) most plants grow far more quickly in wet areas E) the growing conditions also need to be considered 07M

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Benzer cümle soruları 1. I would willingly have lent you the money myself if only I'd known you needed it. A) As I realized just how necessary the loan was to you, I naturally lent you what you needed. B) I am quite willing to give you a loan myself if you can convince me that it is necessary. C) Had I realized that you were in need of such a loan, I would gladly have lent it to you myself. D) I would lend you the money willingly if I were convinced that you really require it. E) I was under no obligation to offer you a loan, but nevertheless did so gladly. 99K 2. You would do well to wait a little before buying a car A) If you are thinking of buying a car, this is the right time. B) You must realize that this is not the right time to change old car. C) Don't buy now; car prices are expected to fall. D) It would be better if you didn't buy a car just yet. E) Buy a car now and you won't regret it later. 00M

3. If I had heard about this conference on Satellite Services even a little earlier, I would most certainly have prepared a paper for it. A) Unfortunately, I haven’t had sufficient time to write a paper for that conference on Satellite Services, though I would very much have liked to have done so. B) I knew nothing about this conference on Satellite Services until it was too late to write a paper for it, but I certainly would have if time had allowed. C) There’s still time to write a paper for that conference they are talking about on Satellite Services, and I would certainly like to do so. D) If only they had informed me about the conference on Satellite Services, I would definitely have got this paper ready a lot earlier. E) If they had given out some information about the conference on Satellite Services at an earlier date, it might have been possible to have given a paper there. 01M

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KEY TO IF CLAUSES BOŞLUK DOLDURMA 1 C 2 E 3 D 4 A 5 E 6 E 7 C 8 C 9 E 10 E 11 A 12 E 13 C 14 A ÇEVĐRĐ 1 C 2 B 3 B 4 E 5 E 6 A 7 A

CÜMLE TAMAMLAMA 1 D 2 D 3 E 4 B 5 D 6 D 7 E 8 D 9 E 10 E 11 D 12 B 13 A 14 C 15 A 16 C 17 C 18 A

BENZER CÜMLE 1 C 2 D 3 B

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Wish Clauses Present wish + V2 or wish + could/ would V1

• pişmanlık duyduğumuz geniş zaman olaylar,

I wish I could read Arabic. (ama Arapça okuyamıyorum.) I wish I were* more courageous. (fakat cesur değilim.)

• bizi sinirlendiren insanlar yada olaylar,

I wish you would stop speaking! I wish you would tell my name right! I wish people wouldn’t smoke in closed areas!

• hayaller,

I wish I were handsome. (fakat yakışıklı değilim.) I wish she were in love with me! (ama bana aşık değil.)

• elimizde olmayan nedenler,

I wish there were not terror in the world. (fakat dünyada terör var.) I wish we didn’t have economical problems. (maalesef ekonomik sorunlarımız var.)

Past wish + had V3 or wish + could/would V3

• pişmanlık duyduğumuz geçmiş zaman olayları,

I wish I had studied for the exam. (ama sınava çalışmadım.) I wish she had accepted my proposal. (fakat teklifimi kabul etmedi.) I wish I could have gone the Cranberries concert. (fakat konsere gidemedim.)

Future wish + could/ would • gelecekle ilgili dilekler,

I wish you could visit us in New York next week. I wish Amelie would like my present. I wish you would get the job this time.

* durum gerçek olmadığı için was yerine were tercih edilir.

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WISH CLAUSES

ÇIKMIŞ SORULAR

Cümle tamamlama soruları

1. If only they had realized that our

supplies were running out ____ .

A) the crisis might still be avoided

B) those in charge could put the matter right

C) nobody could appreciate the gravity of the

situation

D) there were reinforcement ready to be sent

out

E) they would most certainly have done

something about it

98M

2. ____ , it was not long before they could

resume broadcasting.

A) If only their permit had been renewed

B) Once the fault in the system had been found

C) So long as the electrical supply remains

stable

D) Since the maintenance team were on leave

E) However unwelcome the delay might be

98M

3. If only the tax return over the year had

been as high as had been predicted, ____.

A) this can easily be accounted for

B) they have underestimated their economic

commitments

C) some people regard accounting as an art, not

a science

D) companies are no longer the unified, self-

contained organizations that they used to be

E) such increased government outlays on public

services would have been feasible

03M

4. While most people still saw computers as

science fiction, ____.

A) the discriminating few immediately

appreciated their advantages

B) the early ones were large in size and low in

performance

C) they continue to get smaller and more

versatile

D) it is hard to imagine how banks earned on

their work without them

E) a majority still wish they had never been

invented

04M

5. If only she had come up with some

positive suggestions, ____.

A) the scheme certainly had very many

drawbacks

B) nobody else is likely to complain

C) so far this is the best thesis to be submitted

D) the others will already have been rejected

E) I wouldn’t have minded her criticism of the

project

06K

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Benzer cümle soruları

1. I would willingly have lent you the

money myself if only I'd known you needed

it.

A) As I realized just how necessary the loan was

to you, I naturally lent you what you needed.

B) I am quite willing to give you a loan myself if

you can convince me that it is necessary.

C) Had I realized that you were in need of such

a loan, I would gladly have lent it to you myself.

D) I would lend you the money willingly if I were

convinced that you really require it.

E) I was under no obligation to offer you a loan,

but nevertheless did so gladly.

99K

2. I do wish they could have planned the

journey so as to allow us a week in London.

A) If only the travel arrangements had made it

possible for us to spend a week in London.

B) We hoped they would rearrange the

programme to allow us a full week in London.

C) Travel arrangements have been made so as

to allow us a whole week in London.

D) They have arranged for us to travel to

London and spend a week there.

E) They plan to allow us a week in London if

that’s what we wish.

99M

Bu durumda söylenebilecek cümle

1. A neighbor is going to a big reunion

dinner that you know your brother, who is

a well-known local figure, will also attend.

You think the two of them should meet, so

you say;

A) My brother is sure to be there at the reunion,

and I expect he’ll recognize you.

B) If only I’d been going too I would have

introduced you to my brother.

C) My brother is a lot like you, so its only natural

that you should have got on well.

D) I’ve told my brother about your suggestion,

and he seemed interested.

E) My brother will also be there. Everybody

knows him. So, do introduce yourself to him and

give him my greetings

98M

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KEY TO WISH CLAUSES CÜMLE TAMAMLAMA 1 E 2 B 3 E 4 A 5 E

BENZER CÜMLE 1 C 2 B

BU DURUMDA SÖYLENEBĐLECEK CÜMLE 1 E

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Reported Speech • bir konuşmayı aktarmak istediğimizde,

Sally says ‘ I like meeting new people.’ Sally says (that) she likes meeting new people. Duke said ‘ I’m learning how to cook.’ Duke said that he was learning how to cook.

Not: Eğer aktarma fiili geniş zamansa, geniş zaman olarak kalabilir. Bu bize ifadenin hala doğru olduğunu gösterir.

Melina says ‘My new flat is quite small.’ Melina says her new flat is quite small. (halen aynı evde olduğunu gösteriyor) Melina said that her new flat was quite small.

tell somebody say to somebody

Sevil told me ‘ I will give up smoking.’ Sevil told me that she would give up smoking. Sevil said to me that she would give up smoking.

• ifadeleri reported speech’ e çevirirken present � past olur.

He said ‘ I am teaching at the university.’ He said he was teaching at the university. She said ‘ I painted the room in red.’ She said she had painted the room in red. Fırat said ‘ I will see the dentist.’ He said he would see the dentist.

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Aşağıdaki tabloda tense’in nasıl değiştiğini görebilirsiniz.

TENSE DIRECT INDIRECT

The simple present

Kyle said ‘ I walk slow.’

Kyle said he walked slow.

The present continuous

Kyle said ‘ I am walking slow.’

Kyle said he was walking slow.

The simple

past

Kyle said ‘ I walked slow.’

Kyle said he (had) walked slow.

The past

continuous

Kyle said ‘ I was walking slow.’

Kyle said he was (had been) walking slow.

The present

perfect

Kyle said ‘ I have walked slow.’

Kyle said he had walked slow.

The present

perfect cont.

Kyle said ‘ I have been walking slow.’

Kyle said he had been walking slow.

The past perfect

Kyle said ‘ I had walked slow.’

Kyle said he had walked slow.

The past perfect cont.

Kyle said ‘ I had been walking slow.’

Kyle said he had been walking slow.

The simple future

Kyle said ‘ I will walk slow.’

Kyle said he would walk slow.

The future perfect

Kyle said ‘ I will have walked slow.’

Kyle said he would have walked slow.

Modals Kyle said ‘ I should walk.’

Kyle said ‘ I may walk.’ Kyle said ‘ I must walk.’

Kyle said he should walk.***

Kyle said he may walk. Kyle said he had to walk.

Soru sorarken,

Rick asked Jane ‘ Where are you going?’ He asked where she was going. Marvin asked Ed ‘ What do you want?’ He asked Ed what he wanted.

Not: Eğer yes-no sorusuysa if yada whether yapısı kullanılır. Norah asked Sonia ‘ Are you coming to the party?’ Norah asked her if/ whether she was coming to the party. Judy asked Doris ‘ Do you like rock music?’ She asked him if/ whether he liked rock music.

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• aşağıdaki kelimeler de ifade reported speech’ e çevrilirken değiştirilir. DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

yesterday last week, last year ago today tonight tomorrow next week, next Saturday this here

the previous day the previous week, the previous year before that day that night the following day the following week, the following Saturday that there

He said ‘ I am not going to be here next week.’ He said he was not going to be there the following week. Morgan said ‘ I was in the cinema yesterday.’ Morgan said he had been in the cinema the previous day.

• aktarırken say yada tell yerine ifadeyi daha iyi tanımlayan bir fiil kullanabiliriz. The officer told the sergeant ‘ Gather the soldiers at the field!’ The officer ordered the sergeant to gather the soldiers. The little boy told his mum ‘ Please mum, I want to go out!’ He begged his mum to go out. The guard said ‘ Don’t touch anything!’ He warned us not to touch anything.

My friend said ‘ Why don’t stay here?’ He suggested me to stay there.

Bu şekilde kullanabileceğimiz diğer fiiller: advise, agree, boast, claim, command, complain, confirm demand, deny, explain, hope, insist, promise, propose, reply, request, suppose, suspect, think

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REPORTED SPEECH ÇIKMIŞ SORULAR Boşluk doldurma soruları 1. For a hundred years or so some critics ____ that poetry is dying and all that time poets ____ poems that later generations recognize as great. A) have maintained / have been writing B) maintained / wrote C) had maintained / were writing D) maintain / are writing E) would maintain / had been writing 98M 2. The judges of the international tribunal at The Hague ____ on 1st February 2002, that charges relating to all three wars ____ together. A) would agree / had been heard B) have agreed / have been heard C) were agreed / will be heard D) agreed / would be heard E) had agreed / were heard 02M 3. Socrates ____ that we ____ with the improvement of our souls. A) must have said / would be concerned B) had said / had to be concerned C) was saying / should have been concerned D) has said / had been concerned said E) said / should be concerned 04K

4. He is hoping that, by the time he ____ for the grant, his book on Egyptian, silverwork ____. A) has to apply / will have been published B) had applied / had been published C) was to apply / has been published D) will be applying / would have been published E) would have applied / will be published 04M 5. He certainly ____ party members last weekend when he announced that he ____ to regain his party chairmanship. A) has shocked / had not sought B) would have shocked / will not seek C) had shocked / would not have sought D) was to shock / is not seeking E) shocked / would not seek 06M

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Çeviri soruları 1. In his talk he stressed that economic relationships are complicated and changeable, since everything happens at once. A) Konuşmasında, ekonomik ilişkilerin karmaşık olduğunu ve sürekli değiştiğini, bunun da her şeyin bir anda olup bitmesine yol açtığını ileri sürdü. B) Yaptığı konuşmada, her şeyin bir anda olup bitmesinin nedeninin ekonomik ilişkilerdeki karmaşıklık ve değişkenlik olduğunu iddia etti. C) Olayların bir anda olup bitmesi sonucu ekonomik ilişkilerin ne denli çapraşık ve farklı olduğunu konuşmasında açıkça ortaya koydu. D) Konuşmasında da belirttiği gibi, ekonomik ilişkiler hem karmaşık hem de değişken, çünkü her şey aniden ortaya çıkıyor. E) Konuşmasında, her şey bir anda olup bittiği için ekonomik ilişkilerin karmaşık ve değişken olduğunu vurguladı. 98K 2. Yönetim kurulu yakın gelecekte hiçbir ücret artışı yapılmayacağını açıkça belirtti. A) The board declared that the question of any wage increase could be brought up again in the near future. B) It was openly stated by the board that no increase at all in the wages could be seen in the near future. C) The board declared that there could be no question of any wage increase in the near future. D) The board made it clear that there would be no wage increase whatsoever in the near future. E) The board announced that no wage increase was to be expected in the near future. 99K

3. At a press conference today the Prime Minister of Yemen announced that his Government had been granted a loan by the World Bank to assist the implementation of the Rural Development Project started two years ago. A) Bugün yaptığı bir basın toplantısında Yemen Başbakanı iki yıldan beri sürdürülen Köy Kalkınma Projesi için Dünya Bankası’nca hükümetine kredi sağlanacağını açıkladı. B) Bugün yaptığı bir basın toplantısında, Yemen Başbakanı iki yıldan beri uygulanmakta olan Köy Kalkınma Projesi’nin sonuçlandırılması amacıyla Dünya Bankası’nın hükümetine kaynak sağladığını söyledi. C) Yemen Başbakanı bugün bir basın toplantısı yaparak, iki yıl süreyle uygulanacak olan Köy kalkınma Projesi’nin tamamlanabilmesi için hükümetin Dünya Bankası’ndan kredi isteyeceğini belirtti. D) Bugün bir basın toplantısında konuşan Yemen Başbakanı, iki yıl önce başlatılan Köy Kalkınma Projesi’nin yürütülebilmesi için hükümetin Dünya Bankası’ndan yeni bir kredi sağladığını bildirdi. E) Bugün bir basın toplantısında, Yemen Başbakanı iki yıl önce başlatılmış olan Köy kalkınma Projesi’nin uygulanmasına katkıda bulunmak amacıyla Dünya Bankası tarafından hükümete kredi verildiğini açıkladı. 98K 4. Adam Smith, bir ülkenin yüksek kaliteli ürünler üretmede gerekli becerileri kazanması için en az 50 yıllık deneyime ihtiyacı olduğunu iddia etmiştir. A) The essential skills required for the production of high-quality goods can, as Adam Smith explained, only be acquired over a period of 50 years in any country. B) According to Adam Smith, a period of at least 50 years of experience is essential for the acquisition of the skills needed for high-quality production in a country. C) As Adam Smith pointed out, at least 50 years of experience is necessary if a country is to produce high-quality goods. D) Adam Smith claimed that at least 50 years of experience were needed for a country to acquire the necessary skills to turn out high-quality products. E) Adam Smith asserted that the production of high-quality goods in a country depended on the acquisition of skills gained over a period of 50 years. 99K

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5. It has been announced that merger between the two banks is set to go ahead after approval from their boards. A) Đki bankanın birleşmesi için gerekli işlemlerin kendi kurullarının onayından sonra başlatılacağı söylendi. B) Đki banka arasındaki birleşmenin, kendi kurullarının onayından sonra gerçekleşeceği açıklandı. C) Đki banka arasındaki birleşmenin gerçekleşebilmesi için kurullardan onay alındıktan sonra işlem yapılacağı duyuruldu. D) Açıklandığı üzere, iki banka arasındaki birleşme ancak kurulların onayından sonra başlayacak. E) Duyurulduğuna göre, iki banka arasındaki birleşmenin kesin olarak gerçekleşebilmesi, kurulların onayına bağlı. 99M 6. The Serbian justice minister stated that the Serbians indicted for war crimes would not be sent to the Hague for trial by the war-crimes tribunal. A) Savaş suçu işlemiş Sırpların yargılamak üzere Lahey’ deki savaş suçları mahkemesine gönderilmesine Sırp adalet bakını itiraz etti. B) Sırp adalet bakanının yaptığı açıklamaya göre, savaş suçu işlemiş Sırplar, savaş suçları mahkemesi tarafından yargılanmaları için Lahey’ e kesinlikle gönderilmeyecek. C) Sırp adalet bakanı savaş suçları sanığı olan Sırpların, savaş suçları mahkemesi tarafından yargılanmak üzere Lahey’ e gönderilmeyeceğini ifade etti. D) Sırp adalet bakanı savaş suçlarıyla itham edilen sırpların yargılanmak için Lahey’ deki savaş suçları mahkemesine kesinlikle gönderilmeyeceğini tekrarladı. E) Çeşitli savaş suçları işlemiş Sırpların, savaş suçları mahkemesi tarafından yargılanmak için Lahey’ e asla gönderilmeyeceği, Sırp adalet bakanınca ifade edilmiştir. 99M

7. Başkan, son istatistiklere atıfta bulunarak, Amerika’ nın bazı kentlerinde suç oranının son on yıl içinde hızla artmış olduğunu ifade etti. A) The President announced that, according to some recent statistics, the rate of crime in a number of American cities had clearly risen substantially over the past decade. B) Citing recent statistics, the President stated that, over the last decade, the crime rate in some cities of America had risen rapidly. C) As the President pointed out with reference to recent statistics, since the last decade, the number of crimes in various major American cities has risen sharply. D) The president argued that, in view of recent statistical evidence, the rapid rise in the rate of crime in some American cities during the last decade called for serious action. E) As the President has pointed out, it appears from recent statistics that, over the last decade, there has been a considerable rise in the crime rate in some American cities. 99M 8. The guest speaker pointed out that by 1880 European powers had access to most of the markets in Asia's coastal regions. A) Konuk konuşmacının da belirttiği gibi, Avrupalı güçler, 188O’den beri, Asya'nın kıyı bölgelerindeki pazarların pek çoğuna giriş imtiyazına sahiptiler. B) Konuk konuşmacı, Avrupalı güçlerin, 1880'e kadar Asya'nın kıyı bölgelerindeki Pazarların çoğuna giriş hakkını elde etmiş olduğunu belirtti. C) Avrupalı güçlerin çoğunun, Asya'nın kıyı bölgelerindeki pazarlara 1880'e kadar ulaşmış olduğunu, konuk konuşmacı açık bir şekilde ifade etti. D) Konuk konuşmacı, Avrupalı güçlerin Asya'nın kıyı bölgelerindeki pek çok pazara giriş iznini ancak 1880'de aldığını ileri sürdü. E) Avrupalı güçlerin Asya'nın kıyı bölgelerindeki pek çok pazara serbest giriş hakkını ancak 1880'de elde edebildiği, konuk konuşmacı tarafından da belirtildi. 00M

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9. Bill Clinton, radyo konuşmasında bazı Amerikan okullarında verilen eğitimin toplumun en iyi değerlerini beslemediğini söyledi. A) Bill Clinton, in his radio talk, concentrated on the various ideals of society and regretted that some American schools failed to nourish them. B) During his radio talk, Bill Clinton explained how the education given in some American schools failed to uphold the best values of society. C) In his radio talk, Bill Clinton said that the education provided in some American schools did not nourish the best values of society. D) Bill Clinton pointed out in his radio talk that it was the duty of the American education system to ensure that some schools encouraged the best values of society. E) In certain American schools, as Bill Clinton pointed out in his radio talk, the education provided was not in accord with the ideals of society. 00M 10. Malthus, öz olarak, eğer nüfus geçim imkânlarından daha hızlı artarsa, bunun daha düşük bir yaşam düzeyine yol açacağını iddia ediyordu. A) In essence, what Malthus claimed was that when a population increased faster than the means of subsistence, living standards dropped. B) Malthus claimed in essence that, if a population increased faster than the means of subsistence, this would lead to lower living standards. C) The essence of what Malthus suggested was that if a population increased faster than the means of subsistence, a lowering of living standards could be inevitable. D) The claim of Malthus was that a lowering of living standards was inevitable as the population had grown faster than the means of subsistence. E) According to Malthus, living standards would naturally fall as the population was growing faster than the means of subsistence. 01M

11. Bu rapor, tıbbi bakım eksikliği sonucunda, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde birçok çocuğun bir yaşına bile gelmeden öldüğü gerçeğini vurguluyor. A) It is stressed in this report that the death of so many children before the age of one in the developing countries could be prevented by better health services. B) According to this report it is definite that many children in the developing countries die before they reach the age of one year as health facilities are so inadequate. C) This report emphasizes the fact that as a result of inadequate medical care, many children in developing countries die before they reach even one year old. D) According to this very emphatic report, children under one year old in the developing countries die because of the lack of medical care. E) As this report underlines, it is the lack of medical care that is responsible for so many deaths among children who haven't even reached their first birthday in the developing countries. 02M**** 12. Pek çok iktisatçı, sanayileşme sürecinde olan ülkelerde kapitalizm geliştikçe, küçük işletmelerin zamanla yok olacağını iddia etmektedir. A) Many economists claim that, as capitalism develops in the countries that are in the process of industrialization, small businesses will eventually disappear. B) In the opinion of many of these economists, small businesses will eventually disappear in those countries presently undergoing industrialization and turning to a capitalist system. C) Many economists presume that, with the development of capitalism in the countries now undergoing industrialization, small businesses are already disappearing. D) The process of industrialization in these countries, together with developing capitalism, will inevitably, according to most economists, lead to the closing down of small businesses. E) With the spread of industrialization and the growth of capitalism in these countries, many economists feel sure that the small businesses will eventually close down. 02M

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13. Başkan Bush, bir televizyon konuşmasında Amerikan halkına , terörizme karşı savaşın yüksek maliyetler ve kişisel özveri gerektiren uzun bir mücadele olacağını söyledi. A) President Bush's televised speech concerning war against terrorism warned the American people that the struggle would be a long one and entail high costs and much personal sacrifice. B) In his televised speech President Bush told the American people that the war against terrorism would be a long struggle requiring high costs and personal sacrifice. C) In a speech that was televised, President Bush warned the Americans that a war against terrorism could prove expensive and entail much personal sacrifice. D) In his speech, which was televised. President Bush asked the American people to be willing to sacrifice themselves in the cause of the struggle against terrorism. E) The people of America were asked by President Bush in a speech broadcast on television to be prepared to pay in money and personal sacrifice, for war against terrorism. 04M 14. Hala tartışmalı olsa da gökbilimciler, evrenin 40 ile 50 milyar galaksi içerebileceğini tahmin etmişlerdir. A) Many astronomers are still of the opinion that the universe contains 40 to 50 billion galaxies though these figures are controversial. B) Though still controversial, astronomers have estimated that the universe could contain 40 to 50 billion galaxies. C) The controversy continues among astronomers as to whether there are 40 or 50 billion galaxies in the universe. D) Some astronomers have estimated that there are 40 to 50 billion galaxies in the universe, but the figures remain controversial. E) It is still a matter of contention, but astronomers believe there are between 40 and 50 billion galaxies in the universe. 05K

15. Last fall, Tony Blair announced that he would serve a full five-year term if the Labour Party won. A) Geçen sonbaharda, Tony Blair, Đşçi Partisi kazandığı takdirde, beş yıl tam dönem hizmet edeceğini ilan etti. B) Tony Blair, eğer Đşçi Partisi kazanırsa, beş yıl daha hizmet edeceğini geçen sonbaharda açıklamıştı. C) Geçen sonbaharda Đşçi Partisi’nin kazanması üzerine, Tony Blair görevini beş yıl daha sürdüreceğini ifade etti. D) Tony Blair, Đşçi Partisi’nin kazanmasının kendisine beş yıl tam dönem hizmet olanağı sağlayacağı yolundaki açıklamasını geçen sonbaharda yaptı. E) Geçen sonbaharda Tony Blair, eğer Đşçi Partisi kazanırsa, bir beş yıl daha hizmet etmek istediğini söyledi. 06M 16. The Pentagon has estimated that about 25 percent of the military facilities in the country are unnecessary. A) Pentagon’a göre, ülke içinde bulunan askeri tesislerin yüzde 25’i gereksizdir. B) Pentagon, ülke içindeki askeri tesislerin hemen hemen yüzde 25’ine gereksinim duymadığını belirtmiştir. C) Pentagon’un hesaplarına göre, ülkedeki askeri tesislerin yüzde 25’ine hiç gereksinim yoktur. D) Pentagon, ülkedeki askeri tesislerin yaklaşık yüzde 25’inin gereksiz olduğunu hesaplamıştır. E) Ülkedeki askeri tesislerin aşağı yukarı yüzde 25’ine gereksinim olmadığı konusunda Pentagon kararlıdır. 06M

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Cümle tamamlama soruları 1. The speaker from China has pointed out ____ . A) so that preserving agricultural land is his government’s primary economic policy B) that terracing the soil is one conservation method used widely in his country to control erosion C) since urban renewal has completely changed the look of the cities in his country D) as regards the fact that a handful of industrial nations monopolized deep sea fishing until the early 1970’s E) while rich tropical forests are vanishing at the rate of some 11 million hectares a year 98K 2. People sometimes wonder ____ . A) because the richest sources of vitamin A are foods of animal origin such as liver, fish oil, milk and eggs B) in case a shortage of vitamin A was not the main problem C) that, in the typical western diet, about half of the vitamin A was not the main problem D) if the eating of liver too frequently can cause vitamin A toxicity E) just as most foods with vitamin A activity are brightly colored, often yellow or orange 01K**** 3. According to the newspapers, the investigators, who visited Ukraine over the sale of radar-detection equipment to Iraq, complained ____. A) until considerable incriminating evidence has been discovered B) though some officials have admittedly cooperated C) that vital information was being withheld D) whether other countries ought to come under their scrutiny E) though effective action would have been forthcoming 03M

4. It has only recently been accepted _____. A) just as in Huntington's disease a defective protein kills brain cells B) why the nerve cells of the adult human brain were long thought to be too specialized to regenerate C) because now it appears that the brain can greatly increase production in an attempt to repair damage D) In case the discovery raises the possibility of developing drugs to encourage cells to regenerate faster and sooner E) that adult human brains can generate new cells 03M*** 5. ____ that New York City is being badly run and desperately needs to be reorganized. A) None of them had admitted B) Everybody acknowledges C) Many Americans were asking the authorities D) Letters of protest had been written to the Mayor's Office E) Many journalists would recommend 04K 6. ____ that the reasons for introducing the new-design dollar bills were the persistent reports of high quality counterfeits circulating in the Middle East. A) Following a US Secret Service probe, the US Federal Reserve has wondered B) Enormous quantities of dollar bills are held in reserve in the US and overseas C) All of them are old allegations made by the US Federal Reserve D) The US government’s currency policy has been sharply criticized E) It has been claimed, but never confirmed by the US Federal Reserve 07M

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Benzer cümle soruları 1.When he asked which one I wanted, I said I didn't mind. A) He said I could choose between them, but I said it didn't matter to me. B) He said I had to choose, but I didn't want to. C) It was up to me to choose between them, but I really didn't want to. D) He wanted me to choose for him and I agreed to do so. E) I would have done the choosing if they had asked me to. 05M

2. The last time I talked to him, he told me that the business was doing well; but apparently that's not the case now! A) When we last met, the business was doing well or so he said; but I fear that is hardly the case any longer. B) The account he gave of the business the last time we spoke, was a favourable one, but now I'm not too sure, C) The last time we met he assured me that all was going well with the business, but I don't know what's happening now. D) When we last spoke he seemed confident that the business was picking up, but obviously it's not doing so now! E) When we last spoke together, he said the business was doing fine; but now, it seems, things are rather different. 05M

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KEY TO REPORTED SPEECH BOŞLUK DOLDURMA 1 A 2 D 3 E 4 A 5 E ÇEVĐRĐ 1 E 2 D 3 E 4 D 5 B 6 C 7 B 8 B 9 C 10 B 11 C 12 A 13 B 14 B 15 A 16 D

CÜMLE TAMAMLAMA 1 B 2 D 3 C 4 E 5 B 6 E BENZER CÜMLE 1 A 2 E

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Conjunctions Neden belirtme

Sonuç belirtme

Kar şıtlık belirtme

Amaç belirtme

Ek bilgi verme

Olumsuz şart

as because (of) for with since

therefore hence as a result for this reason thus consequently so

although though even though in spite of despite (the fact that) however nevertheless nonetheless yet but

in order to in order that so as to so that in case (of) for fear that

except (from) apart (from) in addition to as well as besides not only, but also moreover furthermore both…and

otherwise or else

Neden belirten bağlaçlar -Đki ayrı cümleyi birbirine bağlayanlar, as (için)

As he was really hungry, he went for the meal. because (çünkü)

He didn’t ring the bell because he didn’t want to disturb anyone. since (çünkü)

You didn’t understand me since you didn’t listen. (because) for (için)

We set out early, for we wanted to see the open-air concert. with (göre)

With the car broken, we can’t go any further. (as our car is broken) -Bir cümle ile yan cümleyi birleştirenler, because of (nedeniyle)

Because of the heavy snow, all the flights were cancelled. (as there was a heavy snow…)

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Amaç bildiren bağlaçlar -Đki ayrı cümleyi birbirine bağlayanlar, in order that/ so that (için)

The boy started running in order that/ so that he could catch the bus. for fear that (diye, negatif durum)

Kerem threw the cigarette for fear that he his father could see. in case (diye)

He wrote down the password in case he forgot. -Bir cümle ile yan cümleyi birleştirenler, in order to/ so as to (için)

The boy started running in order to/ so as to catch the bus. in case of(diye)

They set the alarm in case of a burglary. (…in case there is a burglary.) Kar şıtlık bildiren ba ğlaçlar -Đki ayrı cümleyi birbirine bağlayanlar, although/ though/ even though/ despite the fact that/ in spite of the fact that (rağmen)

Although/ though/ even though/ despite the fact that/ in spite of the fact that she didn’t study hard, she passed her exam. She passed her exam, although/ though/ even though/ despite the fact that/ in spite of the fact that she didn’t study hard.

nevertheless/ nonetheless/ however/but/ yet (her nasılsa, fakat)

She didn’t study hard nevertheless/ nonetheless/ however; /but/ yet, she passed her exam. The rich man gave charities to the poor, however; he is still in popular.

-Bir cümle ile yan cümleyi birleştirenler, despite/ in spite of (rağmen)

Despite/ in spite of the low prices, there are not much costumers around. (although the prices are low,…)

Kar şılaştırma -Đki ayrı cümleyi birbirine bağlayanlar, whereas/ while (aksine)

He didn’t even finish high school whereas/ while his sister became an engineer. Switzerland doesn’t have an army whereas/ while we have one of the biggest.

-Bir cümle ile yan cümleyi birleştirenler, unlike/ in contrast to (aksine)

In contrast to/ unlike Antalya, the weather is cooler in Eskişehir. The new mayor is keen on arts, unlike/ in contrast to his predecessor.

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Sonuç bildirme -Đki ayrı cümleyi birbirine bağlayanlar, therefore/ thus/ hence/ so/ for this reason/ as a result/ consequently

Mr. Penn is flying to Alaska therefore/ thus/ hence/ so/ for this reason/ as a result/ consequently, he won’t be with us tomorrow. There is a road work on D-600, therefore/ thus/ hence/ so/ for this reason/ as a result/ consequently, we will go on D-400.

This summer I will be in Alanya therefore/ thus/ hence/ so/ for this reason/ as a result/ consequently, I can learn diving.

Ek bilgi veren bağlaçlar -Đki ayrı cümleyi birbirine bağlayanlar, moreover (dahası)

The book they sent wasn’t about geology. Moreover it was in Chinese. furthermore (ayrıca)

He showed some evidence to the jury. Furthermore he called a witness of the crime. not only…but also (sadece değil…aynı zamanda)

She is not only a good teacher, but also a good mother. Not only can he speak English, but also he can speak German.

-Bir cümle ile yan cümleyi birleştirenler, both…and (hem…hem de)

She is both a good teacher and a good mother. He can speak both English and German.

in addition to/ as well as/ besides/ apart from (bununla birlikte, bunun yanında)

In addition to/ as well as/ besides/ apart from history, he studied sociology. The company is sending a catalogue in addition to/ as well as/ besides/ apart from a price list. The doctor advised a good rest in addition to/ as well as/ besides/ apart from prescribing some medicine.

except for (haricinde)

Don’t bring anything except for your clothes. Nobody stand by me except for my sister.

Olumsuz şart belirtme otherwise/ or else (aksi takdirde) The government has to abolish the law on abortion, otherwise/ or else the public will be furious.

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CONJUNCTIONS ÇIKMIŞ SORULAR Boşluk doldurma soruları 1. His proposals ____ the new social security policy seems more viable than any of the others. A) by way of B) due to C) owing to D) in case of E) as regards 98K 2. ____ the recent rise in unemployment largely affects eastern Germany, there is considerable unrest in western Germany, too. A) Since B) In case C) Although D) Unless E) Until 98K 3. Originally the sonnet was an Italian poetical form which attained great popularity in the Renaissance, and ____ it was natural, ____ not essential for Shakespeare and his contemporaries to use it. A) hence / if B) while / though C) since / however D) furthermore / rather than E) already / even 99K

4. Germany’s weight in the European Union is known, ____ what is not known, even to the Germans themselves, is ____ they are to use it. A) but / how B) in case / because C) unless / why D) lest / until E) otherwise / where 99M 5. Diesel engines are more efficient than gasoline engines ____ the fact that a larger proportion of the fuel used is burned. A) consequently B) following C) owing to D) contrary to E) so that 01K 6. Let's take the ferry to Bandırma from where it's only a short drive to Bursa, ____ driving all the way from Đstanbul to Bursa. A) as well as B) more than C) besides D) instead of E) except for 01K

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7. ______ the letters written by so many parents, the headmaster agreed not to expel the boys. A) In response to B) With reference to C) In case of D) Apart from E) Pertaining to 01M 8. ____ the Civil War, those years turned out to be a golden era for the magazine industry. A) Despite B) Obviously C) Although D) Pertaining to E) Nevertheless 02K 9. Unfortunately, ____ stamping out the drugs' trade, these programmes are simply forcing drug growers to move into more inaccessible regions. A) besides B) rather than C) in addition to D) due to E) as for 02K 10. Following four Mars mission losses, an independent report paints a very clear picture of ____ what ails the US space programme, ____ what must be done to fix it. A) whether / though B) either / or C) how/and D) thus/that E) not only / but also 02K

11. This part of Africa is growing greener again ____ that families who fled to wetter coastal regions are starting to go home. A) so far B) to such an extent C) even so D) as a result E) even more 02K 12. Little is known about life on the ocean floor ____ scientists have only recently developed the technology for exploring it. A) yet B) as C) though D) whereas E) while 02M 13. ____ providing luxury on every imaginable level, a five- star hotel should also have the ability to take you by surprise. A) with a view to B) in excess of C) consequent on D) in need of E) in addition to 04M 14. Ancient Peruvian textiles have survived in an excellent state of preservation ____ the dry conditions of much of the country. A) with regard to B) in comparison with C) in case of D) owing to E) in opposition to 04M

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15. ____ they are accessible by boat only, these islands are still largely undeveloped. A) Even B) As if C) Although D) Consequently E) Since 04K 16. ____ the growth in e-mail and fax transmissions, many communications are still best handled by face-to-face or voice-to-voice contact. A) Contrary to B) In spite of C) By means of D) Since E) As regards 06K 17. ____ by making an internal analysis can a company set the overall rationale for its international activities. A) Still B) While C) Only D) Until E) Just as 06K 18. A corporation’s formulation of its international strategy will greatly determine ____ it will benefit more from protectionism or from some other means for countering international competition. A) so B) as C) unless D) whether E) whereby 06K

19. In pollen analysis the exinesare extracted from the soil, studied under a microscope, and identified ____ the distinctive exine shape and surface ornamentation of different families and genera of plants. A) according to B) ahead of C) with a view to D) on behalf of E) in place of 06K 20. ____ little respect the British people may feel for the monarchy, they are still not likely to change to a republic. A) As far as B) Whatever C) Such a D) However E) Just as 06M 21. All of the world’s major national parks are included on the map, ____ are most of the important reserves of lesser status. A) as B) as well C) such D) which E) that 06M 22. His latest novel is about people who take their work seriously, ____ that’s being a mother, a nurse or a soldier. A) even so B) as if C) unless D) besides E) whether 06M

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23. In child development, play and exploration are similar ____ they are both intrinsically motivated behaviors and not directed by external goals. A) on the other hand B) whereas C) otherwise D) after E) since 07M 24. At present, the European Union imports about one quarter of its gas and one third of its oil from Russia, ____ countries such as Slovakia, Finland, Poland, Hungary, the Baltic states and the Ukraine are totally or very heavily dependent on Russian energy. A) even though B) since C) whether D) while E) in case 07M 25. Several species of birds in Vietnam vanished during the war, ____ they began to reappear in the 1980s and their gradual return has been encouraged by Vietnamese villagers. A) but B) since C) unless D) when E) if 07M

Çeviri soruları 1. Despite these objections raised in the Senate, there are strong arguments in favour of both sanctions and bombing. A) Senato’da dile getirilen karşıt görüşlere karşın, harekatı ve bombardımanı destekleyen yaklaşımların daha güçlü olduğu görülüyor. B) Senato’da yapılan bu itirazlara karşın, hem yaptırımlar hem de bombardıman lehinde güçlü görüşler bulunmaktadır. C) Senato’da tartışmalar devam etse de saldırı ve bombardıman lehindeki görüşler gittikçe artmaktadır. D) Senato’da böyle iddialar ileri sürülse de ortaya konan görüşler hem ablukayı hem de bombardımanı kuvvetle destekler niteliktedir. E) Tüm bu itirazlara karşın, senato’da yapılan güçlü tartışmalar işgal ve bombardımanın lehinde sonuçlanmıştır. 98M 2. Bugün, gelecek vaat eden pek çok genç yeteneğe karşın, Amerikan komedileri düzeyinde komedi ürettiğimizi sanmıyorum. A) Today, despite a lot of promising young talent, I don’t think we are producing comedies of the standard of American ones. B) The comedies we are currently producing are hardly of the same standard as the American ones, though we do have a great deal of young talent. C) The standard of the comedies we have produced so far is well below that of American comedies, despite the fact that there are plenty of talented young people today. D) Though there are plenty of talented young people today, still the standard of the comedies we have produced is below that of the American ones. E) Even though we have a lot of young talent today, we are producing comedies of a lower standard than those in America. 99M

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3. Since the British Factories Act of 1961 does not give an explicit statutory definition of the term accident, the courts have defined “accident" as any unintended and unexpected occurrence which produces hurt or loss". A) 1961 Đngiliz Fabrikalar Yasası, “kaza" sözcüğünün anlaşılabilir bir yasal tanımını vermediği için, “kaza", mahkemelerce, zarara veya kayba neden olan kasıtsız ve beklenmedik bir olay olarak tanımlanmıştır. B) 1961 Đngiliz Fabrikalar Yasası “kaza” sözcüğünün açık bir mevzuat tanımını vermediği için, mahkemeler, “kaza”yı, zarara veya kayba yol açan kasıtsız ve beklenmedik bir olay olarak tanımlamışlardır. C) “Kaza” sözcüğünün yeterli bir yasal tanımı 1961 Đngiliz Fabrikalar Yasasıda verilmediğinden, bu sözcüğünün tanımı, mahkemelerce, “zarar” veya kayıp yaratan kasıtsız ve beklenmeyen bir olay olarak belirlenmiştir. D) “Kaza” sözcüğünün tartışmasız yasal bir tanımı 1961 Đngiliz Fabrikalar Yasası’nda verilmemiş olduğu için, mahkemelere göre, “kaza”, zarara veya kayba neden olan, kasıtsız ve beklenmeyen her türlü olay olarak tanımlanmaktadır. E) 1961 Đngiliz Fabrikalar Yasasında, “kaza” sözcüğünün tam bir yasal tanımı verilmemiş olmasına rağmen, mahkemeler “kaza”yı, “zarar veya kayıp” meydana getiren kasıtsız ve beklenmeyen bir olay olarak anılamaya başlanmıştır. 01K 4. Amerikalılar, evlerini ısıtmak için doğalgazdan güneş enerjisine kadar çeşitli enerji kaynakları kullanılmaktadırlar. A) In order to heat their homes, Americans prefer to use different forms of energy, including natural gas and solar power. B) Americans use a variety of energy sources, from natural gas to solar power, to heat their homes. C) Natural gas and solar power are just two of the energy sources that Americans use to heat their homes. D) Americans favour natural gas and solar power as the energy sources for heating their homes. E) In order to heat their homes, American seem to prefer either natural gas or solar energy over other energy sources. 03M

5. Okyanus sularının ısınarak genişlemesi ve buzulların artan bir hızla erimesi nedeniyle, 2100 yılına kadar deniz seviyelerinin yaklaşık yarım metre yükselmesi muhtemeldir. A) Sea levels are expected to rise by roughly half a meter by the year 2100 if thermal expansion continues and the glaciers continue to melt at the same speed. B) Due to the thermal expansion of ocean water and the constant melting of glaciers, it seems likely that sea levels will have risen by at least half a meter by the year 2100. C) With the thermal expansion of ocean water and the rapid melting of glaciers it seems that sea levels are set to rise by up to half a meter by the year 2100. D) Because of the thermal expansion of ocean water and the accelerated melting of glaciers, sea levels are likely to rise by approximately half a meter by the year 2100. E) A rise in sea levels of about half a meter will result by the year 2100 because of the thermal expansion of ocean water and the rapid melting of the glaciers. 01M 6. Abu Dhabi may be the largest and wealthiest of the seven emirates that constitute the United Arab Emirates, but it is Dubai that has come to the fore. A) Her ne kadar Dubai çok bilinse de Abu Dabi, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri'ni kuran yedi emirliğin en büyüğü ve en zengini olarak görülebilir. B) Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri'ni oluşturan yedi emirlikten en büyüğü ve en zengini Abu Dabi'dir, ancak bunlardan en çok bilineni Dubai'dir. C) Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri'ni oluşturan yedi emirlikten biri olan Abu Dabi, bunların en büyüğü ve en zenginidir ama Dubai daha çok bilinir. D) Abu Dabi, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri'ni oluşturan yedi emirliğin en büyüğü ve en zengini olabilir, ancak öne çıkmış olan Dubai'dir. E) Dubai daha iyi tanınmakla birlikte, Abu Dabi'nin Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri'ni oluşturan yedi emirliğin en büyüğü ve en zengini olduğu kabul edilebilir. 04M

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7. Even though there are widespread doubts among EU members about the new candidates, no government has been prepared to veto enlargement. A) AB üyeleri arasında yeni adaylara ilişkin kuşkular giderek yaygınlaşıyor; ama hiçbir hükümet, genişlemeye yönelik veto hakkını kullanmaya hazırlanmıyor. B) Yeni adaylarla ilgili olarak AB üyeleri arasında güçlü kuşkular bulunmaktadır, ancak AB üyelerinden hiçbirinin hükümeti, genişlemeyi veto etmek için hazırlık içinde değildir. C) AB üyeleri arasında yeni adaylara yönelik birçok kuşku olmasına rağmen, hükümetlerin hiçbiri genişlemeyi veto etmeyi istemiyor. D) Hiçbir hükümet genişlemeyi veto etmek için herhangi bir hazırlık içinde olmamasına rağmen, AB üyeleri arasında yeni adaylara yönelik kuvvetli kuşkular yaygındır. E) AB üyeleri arasında yeni adaylara ilişkin yaygın kuşkular bulunsa da hiçbir hükümet genişlemeyi veto etmeye hazırlıklı değildir. 05K 8. Despite the explosion of stock-market wealth over the last decade, the most valuable asset most Americans own is their home. A) Çoğu Amerikalının, sahip olduğu evi en değerli varlık olarak görmesi, geçen on yıl içinde borsa da servet patlaması yaşanmasını engellemedi. B) Gecen on yıl içinde borsadan edinilen servet patlamasından pay alan Amerikaların çoğu için, evi hala en değerli varlığıdır. C) Çoğu Amerikalı, son on yılda borsadan edindiği büyük servetin yanı sıra, evini de en değerli varlık olarak görmektedir. D) Evlerini en değerli varlıkları olarak kabul eden pek çok Amerikalı için son on yılda borsada da bir servet patlaması oldu. E) Geçen on yıl içinde borsadan edinilen servet patlamasına rağmen, çoğu Amerikalının sahip olduğu en değerli varlık evidir. 05M

9. In contrast to the majority of American astronauts, Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman cosmonaut who went to space, was a textile factory worker when she entered the Soviet space programme. A) Amerikalı astronotların çoğunluğunun tersine, uzaya giden ilk kadın kozmonot Valentina Tereskhkova, Sovyet uzay programına girdiğinde bir tekstil fabrikası işçisiydi. B) Amerikalı meslektaşlarından farklı olarak, Valentina Tereshkova Sovyet uzay programına girmeden önce bir tekstil fabrikasında isçiydi; fakat, uzaya giden ilk kadın kozmonot olmayı başardı. C) Uzaya giden ilk kadın kozmonot Valentina Tereshkova'nin Amerikalı meslektaşlarının coşkunluğuna benzemeyişinin başlıca nedeni, Sovyet uzay programına girdiğinde bir tekstil fabrikası isçisi olmasıdır. D) Uzaya giden ilk kadın kozmonot olan Valentina Tereshkova, Amerikalı meslektaşlarından çok farklıydı ve bir tekstil fabrikası işçisi olmasına karşın, Sovyet uzay programına girebilmişti. E) Bir tekstil fabrikası işçisiyken Sovyet uzay programına giren Valentina Tereshkova, uzaya giden ilk kadın kozmonot olarak Amerikalı astronotların çoğundan farklıydı. 05M 10. Farklı konumdaki bireylerin farklı özellikleri olduğundan, kaynak ve ödüllerin nasıl dağıtılacağına ilişkin görüşlerinde de doğal olarak farklılıklar vardır. A) Since individuals in different positions have different interests and attributes, they naturally have differences in opinion about how resources and rewards should be distributed. B) It is only natural that there should be differences in opinion about how resources and rewards should be distributed, as people in different positions have different interests and attributes. C) Obviously, among individuals in different positions with different interests and attributes, there will be differences in opinion about how resources and rewards should be distributed. D) Since individuals in different positions have different interests and attributes, it is only natural that they should disagree about how resources and rewards can be distributed. E) Individuals in different positions, with different interests and attributes, will obviously disagree about what is the fair distribution of resources and rewards 05M

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11. As we learn from the works of many biologists in the past, since sponges did not move from one place to another, they were thought to be plants. A) Geçmişteki pek çok biyologun, eserlerinde, süngerlerden bitki olarak söz etmesinin nedeni, bu canlıların bir yerden bir yere hareket etmemesidir. B) Geçmişteki biyologların eserlerinden öğrendiğimiz kadarıyla, süngerler bir yerden bir yere hareket etmemeleri dolayısıyla bitkilerle aynı grupta ele alınıyordu. C) Geçmişteki pek çok biyologun eserlerinden öğrendiğimiz kadarıyla, süngerler bir yerden bir yere hareket etmediği için onların bitki olduğu sanılıyordu. D) Geçmişte, süngerler, bir yerden bir yere hareket etmedikleri için bitki olarak kabul edildiği halde,pek çok biyolog bu görüşe eserlerinde yer vermemiştir. E) Süngerler, bir yerden bir yere hareket etmedikleri için, geçmişte bitki olarak sınıflanıyordu; fakat birçok biyolog, eserlerinde bunun yanlış olduğunu belirtmektedir. 06K 12. Patara’da pek çok pansiyon ve birkaç görkemli otel olmasına rağmen, geleneksel köy yaşamı hâlâ devam etmektedir. A) Patara boasts various pensions and a number of magnificent hotels even though village life continues here in a traditional way. B) Despite a number of pensions and some excellent hotels, Patara is still a village which has a traditional way of life. C) Though a village where traditional life still goes on, Patara has a great number of pensions and several luxurious hotels. D) Although in Patara there are many pensions and a few splendid hotels, traditional village life still continues. E) Patara, which has several pensions but few nice hotels, is just a village where life goes on in a traditional manner. 06K

13. Elmaslar, muhteşem güzellikleri için çok şiddetle arzu edilir, ancak basit gerçek şu ki onlar sadece sıkıştırılmış kristalize karbondur. A) Because of their wonderful beauty, one always has a great desire for diamonds, but the truth is that they are no more than just compressed crystallized carbon. B) Although diamonds are always desired for their exceptional beauty, in fact they are really only compressed crystallized carbon. C) Diamonds are much coveted for their exquisite beauty, but the simple truth is that they are just compressed crystallized carbon. D) Invariably one has a strong urge for diamonds because of their extreme beauty even though in truth, they are only compressed crystallized carbon. E) In fact, diamonds are merely compressed crystallized carbon, but there is always a widespread desire for them due to their magnificent beauty. 07M 14. ABD, Arap petrolünün serbest akışını sağlamak için askerî güç dahil gerekli her vasıtayı kullanmaya kendini resmen bağımlı kılmıştır. A) In order to secure the free flow of Arab oil, the USA has officially decided to resort to any means imaginable, including military force. B) The USA is officially committed to the use of any means necessary, including military force, to ensure the free flow of Arab oil. C) It is a determined policy of the USA to make sure, through the official use of any means, including military force, that Arab oil flows freely. D) The USA is clearly determined to use any means whatsoever, even military force, in an effort to secure the unobstructed flow of Arab oil. E) It is the official policy of the USA to ensure the free flow of Arab oil by using all kinds of means except military force. 07M

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Cümle tamamlama soruları 1. Since these new printers weigh less than 900 grams, ____. A) they really deserve to be called portable B) their performance is invariably admirable C) most people have been misled by their price D) they were readily available at all the best retailers E) the research team has already moved onto a new project 99K 2. ____ , but most of them don’t see a doctor because they think it’s something they just have to live with. A) It was reported earlier in this decade that about one third of all patients had received treatment for impotence B) Over 200 thousand men have received proper medical treatment C) Impotence is something we have learned to deal with D) Urologists and other doctors have always been concerned with impotence E) Impotence affects over ten million men nationwide 99M 3. Though free politics and free-market economics go most happily together, ____ . A) no new aid would be approved for six months B) they could no longer blame the colonialists, who had withdrawn from America two or three decades before C) five years ago, dictatorships proclaiming socialists policies prevailed in Africa D) one does not necessarily lead to the other, nor guarantee its success E) Africans have shown that they want multi-party democracy and are beginning to achieve it 99M

4. ____ she did not turn seriously to writing until after her husband's death in 1883. A) Although Kate Chopin had previously contemplated a literary career B) Since Kate Chopin had been thinking about a literary career C) As far as Kate Chopin's interest in literature was concerned D) Once Kate Chopin had decided to live the rest of her life in New Orleans E) However much interest Kate Chopin's short stories have aroused 00K 5. Since the cleaning up of the pollution of the seas is so expensive, ____ . A) the project had progressed as expected B) large corporations would offer contributions C) the question of liability inevitably arises D) excessive care provided the answer E) the final result has still to be analyzed 00K 6. Though the construction of a bridge across the river would doubtless prove popular, ____ . A) the technology to be transferred is quite suitable B) eight councils would have been committed to arrange it C) similar designs are on view everywhere D) it will not be easy to raise enough money to do it E) it is a German-Japanese consortium that gives the orders 00M

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7. ____ because students go in then at half price. A) All the tickets had been sold at least a week before the concert took place B) The paintings will be on exhibition for two weeks C) The museum is always crowded on Thursdays D) The spectators are expected to applaud generously E) The gates used to be closed at sunset 01M 8. Though coral reefs are among the richest ecosystems on the planet, ____. A) they grow in crystal-clear waters that contain hardly any nutrients B) nutrient uptake is closely related to the degree of movement in the sea C) the rough surfaces are what make this possible D) they are also skilled at recycling E) changes in turbulence accurately predicted the rate of nutrient uptake 02K 9. Despite the great concern for leadership and the large volume of writings about it, ____. A) leadership is a topic of interest to many people B) this is hardly a comprehensive definition C) it was too vigorous a definition and didn't reflect the common sense notion of the term D) older children would actually follow his lead E) there is relatively little agreement about what it is or how it functions 02M

10. Though every industrial development project is a potential source of pollution ____ . A) air pollution would clearly have been the most dangerous of all B) this didn't mean that industrial development had to be radically reduced C) careful advance planning can minimize that pollution and its effects on the population D) such benefits as reductions in crop losses would help to offset the costs of pollution control E) the dangers of pollution are everywhere recognized 02M 11. ____, urban farms are usually far more productive than their rural counterparts. A) If city authorities and agricultural researchers continue to ignore urban farming B) Because they tend to be small and carefully looked after C) Even though most farmers didn't use yield-boosting chemicals D) While the highest productivity has been on the smallest plots E) As better child nutrition can be linked to the local production of food in urban areas 03M 12. Since the migratory routes of cranes ignore political boundaries, ____. A) a species bank of captive cranes has been created to guard against extinction B) some cranes depend exclusively upon wetlands for nesting and feeding C) of any effort to protect them requires the participation of several countries D) an International effort to ensure safe passage for cranes would have been hardly feasible E) this was simply a means to draw global attention to cranes and their work 04K

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13. ____ there's a lot of truth in the saying that an orchestra is only as good as its conductor. A) Though there are exceptions B) If the orchestra were in better shape C) Since his abilities as an orchestra builder are very impressive D) Once they had gained international recognition E) Since music critics are involved in a serious controversy 04K 14. Many of Europe's museums and cultural institutions are in financial trouble, ____. A) even though most of America's cultural institutions get little cash from the federal government B) since plans by the Italian government to privatize parts of the country's cultural heritage have fallen through C) as governments find themselves forced to cut subsidies D) because the Italian government has come up with a bold plan to ease the cash crisis facing the museums E) if France's new culture minister has come out in favour of a plan for more independence for national museums 04K 15. Although Japan has one of the world's most rapidly ageing populations, ____. A) Japanese companies will be world leaders in catering for the elderly B) other countries such as China and South Korea and most of Western Europe are closing the gap C) in 2004 one-fifth of its population will be 6 or over and there will be more than 20,000 people over the age of a hundred D) the increasing burden of providing pensions and health care for the growing number of elderly will cause Japan's public finances to remain by far the worst in the developed world E) to safeguard the financial assets of its pensioners, the bank of Japan will not be able to take any radical measures 04M

16. ____ , they are especially common during the spring and early summer. A) Although tornadoes can happen at any time of the year B) Since the conditions that lead to the formation of tornadoes are most often to be found in the central and southern United States C) As a tornado is a dark funnel-shaped cloud made up of violently rotating winds D) White tornadoes in the United States generally travel in a northeast direction E) Because tornadoes are capable of lifting houses off their foundations and hurling them considerable distances 04M 17. ____ America should by local grain and distribute that, thus stimulating agriculture where it is most needed. A) As soon as aid from European countries tends to have fewer stings attached B) While remaining one of the world's stingiest donors of aid C) Instead of dumping America Cereal Surpluses as aid on hungry countries D) Because Africa leaders often point out E) In case Europe allows the world's poorest countries to export many good tariff-free 05K 18. ____ that Mars has experienced a striking diversity of processes throughout its history. A) In fact nobody suggested B) It is now apparent C) The discussion is likely to continue D) Majority opinions are not necessarily correct E) The evidence they presented 05K

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19. Though people continue to be fascinated by the explorer, Livingstone, ____. A) his rival Stanley had been admired more B) the way people regard him has changed dramatically C) some of his former possessions sold recently for over a million dollars D) he was physically brave and morally righteous E) he made several more Africa expeditions 05K 20. This conductor offers an orchestral balance quite unlike ____ . A) as if some string passages almost get lost B) as you simply do not hear the violins as the "main line" of the music C) what we are used to D) that he adds something of his own E) since the work is hardly recognizable 05M 21. The building of the Toshka canal in Egypt was carefully planned ____. A) if the inlet starts at a point 8 km north of Toshka bay B) as the mistakes made in earlier canals had proved costly C) as if the desert could become green D) until the amount of water required was agreed on E) that wealthy investors could easily be found 05M

22. There has been a decrease in deaths from motor vehicle crashes over recent years, ____ . A) since speed limits would be lowered B) which is partly due to improved safety features in cars C) if there were public intolerance of drinking and driving D) as there has been improved safety design in occupational machinery E) in which improved medical care had played a part 05M 23. Although microeconomic theories try to explain how large numbers of firms act in the marketplace, ____. A) economists faced several unique problems B) they are quite poor at describing or predicting the actual behavior of any one particular real-world firm C) managers try to minimize inventory costs, meet production schedules and devise diverse product mixes D) behavioral theories had been far more descriptive and predictive of the behavior of individual firms and managers E) its primary aim is to promote organizational values and interests 05M 24. Because energy production expends resources and causes pollution, ____ . A) we depend upon nature to provide the basics of life, such as food and oxygen B) many resources are used once and then thrown away C) modern technical challenges are seldom met by scientists D) scientists and engineers must work to develop energy-efficient processes E) engineers must solve problems without even understanding the underlying theory 06K

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25. Smallpox was once a dreaded human disease, ____. A) while genetic engineering can be used in several ways to make vaccines B) although today DNA technology is helping medical researchers develop vaccines C) even if artificial-mutant vaccines may cause fewer side effects than natural mutants D) but it was eradicated worldwide in the 1970s by widespread vaccination E) since there has been no effective drug treatment for many viral diseases 06K 26. The Welsh language has changed so little through the centuries ____. A) whose annual Eisteddfod celebration honors its best poets and writers B) that an educated Welshman can still read the Welsh of the Middle Ages C) as more and more English families settle in Wales, bringing their habits with them D) although Wales recently formed its own national assembly E) unless it embodies the kind, unambitious nature of the Welsh people 06K 27. Salmon farms are prohibited in Alaska ____. A) unless salmon actually does protect against cancer B) because fishermen blame the farms for undercutting their price C) since farmed salmon used to be fattier than wild salmon D) but they say salmon farms are bad for the environment E) once the industry begins to attack some of the problems 06M

28. ____ even though she’s still not prepared to forgive herself. A) The wrong person got blamed B) After all, she committed an error, not a crime C) Others were also involved in the affair D) A lot of people have forgiven her E) She was wrongly accused A 06M 29. Though the smell of fumes in an aircraft cockpit may not always spell danger, ____. A) a forced landing could have been avoided B) even a small sensor can detect a wide range of chemicals C) harmless fumes had been caused by a small leak of oil D) it is guaranteed to alarm the pilot E) such a detector can easily be fitted into an aircraft 07M 30. Because children enjoy the process of play, ____ . A) various other options had been taken into consideration B) they are not primarily focused on achieving a product or achieving a goal C) group demands begin to grow steadily D) many alternative approaches also had to be tested E) the acquisition of social skills is a positive asset 07M

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31. Environmentalists are criticizing the patent office for delaying its decision on some new measuring instruments ____ . A) while the guidelines have been consistently ignored B) if applications for patents on plants are on the increase C) before objections were filed against patents on a herbicide resistant plant D) since they believe that these are urgently needed to detect certain problems E) as if the controversy had actually died down 07M 32. ____ , they operate as effective carriers and may pass it on to other birds which are more susceptible. A) Though many migratory birds are immune to the effects of the avian flu virus B) Since many residents of outlying villages have refused to carry out the culling of their chickens to prevent the spread of avian flu C) Despite the fact that the avian flu virus is spread, primarily, by migratory birds D) As symptoms of bird flu in humans are similar to those of common flu E) If the spread of the avian flu virus through populations of wild birds remains unchecked 07M

Benzer cümle soruları 1. Though diplomatic efforts to forestall the bombardment have been intensified, there is apparently no progress towards an agreement. A)Every known means of diplomacy has been tried, but peace seems to recede and the expected attack to be quickly approaching. B) Reconciliation remains a remote hope, for diplomatic channels apparently lack the necessary authority to check an attack. C) In spite of diplomatic efforts to the contrary, the bombardment was a violent one and all hopes of an agreement were shattered. D) Though they are desperately in need of a truce, they can find no way to achieve one and now await the attack. E) Reconciliation seems no nearer, even though a massive effort is being made to find a diplomatic solution and so avoid a bombardment 98K 2. He got to the top at last because there was literally nobody standing in his path. A) it was a long, hard grind to the top, but he finally made it. B) If there had been any serious competition, it's not likely that he'd have made it to the top. C) As there was absolutely no one to prevent him from doing so, he finally made it to the top. D) As there was no opposition, he quickly rose to the top. E) Since he faced no serious competition, it was inevitable that he should get to the top. 04K

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3. Although for many individuals, personal ethics are rooted in religious beliefs, this is not true for everyone. A) Each individual has his own ethical standards and these always reflect his religious beliefs. B) Everyone has his own ethical code which may or may not have a religious foundation. C) With most people religious beliefs and ethical standards are largely in harmony, at least in most situations. D) There is a religious basis to the special ethical code of many people, but not, by any means, of all people. E) Ethical standards usually effect religious beliefs but there are certain rare exceptions. 07M

Paragraf tamamlama soruları 1. Compared to its Balkan neighbors, Greece is a wealthy country, but it remains one of the poorer members of the European Union. ____ Nevertheless, with a nominally capitalist orientation, it has overcome its resemblance to pre-1989 Eastern Europe. Loss-making state enterprises have been sold off, and inflation and interest rates have fallen. However, unemployment remains high. A) It is still a developing economy, with the agriculture and service sectors accounting for two-thirds of its GNP. B) Still, the Greek islands attract thousands of tourists, many of whom come simply to enjoy the sun and sand and the relaxed pace of life. C) Accordingly, it now seems poised to become a significant regional power. D) Furthermore, it has one of the lowest birth rates in Europe. E) Yet family life and social life are usually one and the same, and tend to revolve around eating out. 06K 2. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, who was to become Victorian England’s most famous woman poet in the nineteenth century, received an unusual education for a woman of her time. Availing herself of her brother’s tutor, she studied Latin and Greek. ____ But as her intellectual and literary powers matured, her personal life became increasingly undermined by ill health. Although, by the age of thirty-nine, she was a prominent woman of letters, she continued to live in semi seclusion as an invalid in her father’s house, where she occasionally received visitors. A) In her later poems, in which she took up the cause of Italian nationalism, she was mostly concerned with the political issues of her time. B) Once in Italy, she regained much health and strength, bearing and raising a son, to whom she was ardently devoted. C) Hence, in her early work, she tended to use the visionary modes of Romantic narrative poetry. D) Moreover, she read voraciously in history, philosophy and literature and began to write poetry from an early age. E) However, her work fell into disrepute with the modernist reaction against the didacticism and rhetorical excess of Victorian poetry. 06K

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3. No description of embarrassment would be complete without considering the blush. For many of us, it is the hallmark display of embarrassment. ____. Although the physiology of the blush is not fully understood, we are getting nearer to a better understanding of it. A) Their results showed that blushing begins with a sharp increase of blood flow, which is then followed by a slower rise in facial temperature B) Although smiling occurs during embarrassment, it has a different appearance from that of amusement C) On the other hand, in embarrassment, the lips turn up but without the accompanying action of the crinkling of the eyes D) Actually, however, blushing does not necessarily accompany embarrassment, and facial reddening can occur during other physical and emotional states as well E) Generally speaking, heart rate and blood pressure tend to rise and fall in many emotional states such as anger, fear and happiness 07M

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KEY TO CONJUNCTIONS BOŞLUK DOLDURMA 1 * 2 C 3 * 4 A 5 C 6 D 7 A 8 A 9 B 10 E 11 B 12 B 13 E 14 D 15 E 16 B 17 C 18 D 19 A 20 D 21 A 22 E 23 E 24 D 25 A

ÇEVĐRĐ 1 B 2 A 3 B 4 B 5 D 6 D 7 E 8 E 9 A 10 A 11 C 12 D 13 C 14 B CÜMLE TAMAMLAMA 1 A 2 E 3 D 4 A 5 C 6 D 7 C 8 A

9 E 10 C 11 B 12 C 13 A 14 C 15 B 16 A 17 C 18 B 19 B 20 C 21 B 22 B 23 B 24 D 25 D 26 B 27 B 28 D 29 D 30 B 31 D 32 A

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Adjectives • Sıfatlar, isimden önce gelerek bize ismin niteliği,

a sad mother a large house

yaşı,

an old building a ten-year old boy

yapısı,

a leather jacket a stone heart

rengi,

a red t-shirt a blue sky

ölçüsü ve boyutu,

a narrow gate a huge salon

şekli,

a triangle room a round table

kalitesi,

a nice work a beautiful day

kökeni hakkında bilgi verir.

a Turkish bath a Celtic song

• Sıfatlar, gradable (derecelendirilebilen) ve ungradable (derecelendirilemeyen) olarak ikiye ayrılır. Örnek olarak:

gradable

ungradable

angry big busy cheap comfortable common easy happy

important quiet rich sad strong successful young

absurd amazed awful devastated dreadful enormous essential furious

huge impossible marvelous useless terrified perfect wonderful

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Comparatives • iki şeyi birbirleriyle karşılaştırırken comparative adjective kullanırız. Gradable adjective kullanırız.

Luxembourg is smaller than Germany. History is more interesting than Geography.

• eğer sıfat tek heceli ise –er takısı, daha fazla heceliyse önüne more alır.

My dad is busier in winter than in summer. Security is more important than comfort.

• bazı sıfatlar her iki şekilde de kullanılabilir. Bunlar:

clever, friendly, handsome, simple, tender, yellow

Alex is cleverer than Sean. Alex is more clever than Sean.

• bazı sıfatlarsa ne –er takısı ne de more alır. Düzensiz sıfat olarak adlandırılan bu sıfatlar, tamamen farklılaşır.

bad worse good better far further little less many/ much more

Kate is better at Math’s than Jeff. Sugar is less than salt.

Dikkat: Comparative formda than mutlaka kullanılır Superlatives • bir grup içersinde en üst derecedekini gösterirken kullanırız.

Russia is the largest country. Maybach is the most expensive car.

• eğer sıfat tek heceli ise –est takısı, daha fazla heceliyse önüne most alır.

Sony produced the tiniest handy cam. Allison is the most hardworking student in the class.

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• bazı sıfatlar her iki şekilde de kullanılabilir. Bunlar:

clever, friendly, handsome, simple, tender, yellow

Alex is the cleverest student. Alex is the most clever student.

• bazı sıfatlarsa ne –est takısı ne de most alır. Düzensiz sıfat olarak adlandırılan bu sıfatlar, tamamen farklılaşır.

bad worst good best far furthest little least many/ much most

Australia is the furthest country. Coldplay is the best band of the year.

Dikkat: Superlative formda sıfattan önce mutlaka the kullanılır.

Position of Adjectives (sıfatlarda sıralama) Bir cümlede birden fazla sıfat varsa sıralama genellikle şu şekilde olur: opinion, size, age, shape, color, origin, material OSASCOM

a nice new wooden table a tall blonde French lady an old round glass vase

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Adjectives with –ed or –ing • Bazı fiiller hem –ed hem de –ing takısı alarak sıfat olabilirler. Fakat –ed takısı alanlar insanlar için kullanılırken –ing takısı alanlarsa şeyler için kullanılır.

a frightening dog ( korkunç köpek ) Betty was frightened of the dog. ( Betty korkmuş.) a surprising event ( şaşırtıcı bir olay ) Wayne was surprised by the event. (olay karşısında şaşırmış.) a tiring job John was tired of the job. a satisfying answer Nevin was satisfied with the answer.

• bu şekilde kullanılabilen bazı sıfatlar: alarmed – alarming amazed – amazing bored – boring depressed - depressing excited – exciting frightened – frightening

interested – interesting pleased – pleasing satisfied - satisfying surprised – surprising tired - tiring worried – worrying

Not: Sıfatların önüne the koyarak sıfatın nitelediği grubun genelini kastedebiliriz.

Rich people should be considerate about poor people. The rich should be considerate about the poor. Old people can be a sample for young people. The old can be a sample for the young.

bkz. prepositions (adj+pre)

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As…as (kadar) • Sıfatlarla eşitlik bildirmek için as…as kalıbı kullanılır.

Canada is as large as USA. (Canada, Amerika kadar geniş) Tony is as old as Helen. Gerry isn’t as talkative as Easton.

The…the • Đki olay arasındaki sebep-sonuç ilişkisini sıfatlar yoluyla belirtirken kullanırız.

The better a product is, the higher the price is. The more interesting a book is, the more entertaining it is. The longer the questions are, the harder the answers.

Progressive Adjectives • Gelişimi betimleyen sıfatlardır. Comparative form kullanılarak yapılır.

The sun gets brighter and brighter. The sentences are becoming longer and longer. She is getting more and more jealous of her sister.

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ADJECTIVES ÇIKMIŞ SORULAR Boşluk doldurma soruları 1. Do you really believe that the party programme ____ it now stands, is democratic ____ to influence the vote in our favour? A) as / enough B) since / also C) where / as well D) such as / too E) that / even 98K 2. Private investments play ____ important a part in the country’s long-running economic expansion ____ no government dares to increase taxation on personal savings. A) too / that B) such / as C) much / so D) so / that E) as / as 98K 3. Progress in materials research is ____ to overcoming such problems as the finiteness of the world’s resources and possible shortages of strategic materials. A) crucial B) inexpensive C) adamant D) subversive E) subsequent 98M 4. Of all the policies put into effect by the Thatcher governments ____controversial was the economic one. A) most B) the more C) the most D) more E) mostly 98M

5. Today the expansion of knowledge in astronomy, physics, chemistry, and biology is ____ vast and complex, and multiplying ____ quickly to be mastered fully. A) so / that B) just as / as C) as well / as D) so / so E) too / too 98M 6. The objective of this project is to increase the depth of awareness and understanding in the world, about the causes and consequences of the HIV epidemic through ____ policies and programmes. A) innovative B) decadent C) meager D) ambiguous E) poignant 99M 7. Apparently, the talks held between the two governments concerning the prevention of drug-trafficking have not been constructive ____ to produce any positive results. A) just B) as well C) also D) enough E) so that 99M 8. Recent studies have shown that smokers are more ____ to common colds and flu than non-smokers. A) feasible B) susceptible C) applicable D) reliable E) responsible 00K

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9. Anti-lock brakes (ABS) help you to maintain steering control of your car even while braking on ____ roads. A) lonesome B) fast C) reckless D) slippery E) stagnant 00M 10. Perhaps these people are ____ ignorant to realize ____ serious a threat these fertilizers are to their health. A) more / than B) so / why C) as much / as D) too / just how E) not only / but also 00M 11. I would have thought that only ____ naive worker could be deceived by ____ assurances. A) the more / neither B) a most / each C) the most / such D) a much / any E) most / same 00M 12. The motive was ____ aesthetic and social ____ they sought to bring good design within the reach of the ordinary man. A) so / in that B) both / because C) just as / that D) as much / as E) too / therefore 00M

13. The government has recently made one million dollars _____ for research grants concerning the prediction of earthquakes. A) conditional B) available C) suitable D) considerable E) vulnerable 01M 14. Acid rain only became a ____ environmental issue in the 1980s following groundbreaking studies in the 1970s. A) previous B) deceitful C) reckless D) destructive E) prominent 02K 15. Certain new findings suggest that young calves may be more____ than older cows to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). A) reluctant B) hazardous C) intimate D) susceptible E) relative 02M 16.The micro air vehicles they are working on are____ small that it will be almost impossible to detect them with radar. A) too B) as C) such D) so E) more 02M

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17. Sponsorship is being increasingly allowed in schools provided it is regarded as being ____with educational curricula. A) considerate B) predictable C) decisive D) compatible E) provocative 03M 18. The book is surprisingly lucid and manages to make the controversial field of evolutionary psychology____ to the average intelligent reader. A) susceptible B) conducive C) available D) indulgent E) exclusive 04K 19. When the rage for orchids hit Europe in the nineteenth century collectors immediately realized that greenhouses were needed to provide ____ growing conditions. A) better B) best C) as good D) the most E) more 04K 20. It seems strange to us now that miners and others employed in dangerous work should not have demanded the provision of____ Headgear. A) forceful B) obstructive C) relentless D) protective E) intensive 04M

21. Exciting new research is transforming industrial robotics, offering the promise of whole new generation of ____intelligent machines. A) more B) much C) any D) mostly E) too 04M 22. Slow-motion photography can reveal things that happen ____ fast for the human eye to see. A) more B) as C) than D) too E) such 05M 23. Satellite television transmission now makes it ____for us to watch events as they unfold in other countries. A) worldwide B) substantial C) aware D) commonplace E) liable 06K 24. Pollen grains - the tiny male reproductive bodies of flowering plants – have an almost ____outer shell that can survive in certain sediments for tens of thousands of years. A) intense B) approachable C) indestructible D) abundant E) unsteady 06K

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Çeviri soruları 1. Today the more we learn through science and technology, the farther the limits of what we don't know spread out towards infinity. A) Bugün bilim ve teknoloji yardımıyla çok şey öğreniyor olsak da hala bilmediklerimizin sınırları sonsuzluğun derinliklerine kadar uzanmaktadır. B) Bugünün bilim ve teknolojisiyle öğrendiklerimiz, eskisinden çok olsa da bilmediğimiz şeylerin sınırları derin bir sonsuzluğa doğru uzanıyor. C) Bugün bilim ve teknoloji vasıtasıyla çok şey öğreniyoruz; ancak, bilmediklerimizin sınırları büyük bir sonsuzluk içinde kalmaya devam ediyor. D) Bugün bilim ve teknolojiden yararlanarak çok şey öğrenmemize karşın, bilmediklerimiz uçsuz bucaksız bir sonsuzluk oluşturmaktadır. E) Bugün bilim ve teknoloji vasıtasıyla ne kadar çok öğreniyorsak, bilmediklerimizin sınırları da o kadar çok sonsuzluğa doğru uzanmaktadır. 00K 2. Sierra Leone'daki iç savaş o kadar vahşiydi ki ve bıraktığı hasarlar o kadar ağır olmuştur ki normal düzene hızlı bir dönüş imkansızdır. A) One cannot look for a speedy return to normality in Sierra Leone, for the civil war there was horrific and the resulting injuries excessive. B) Since the civil war in Sierra Leone was so barbaric and the injuries that resulted so grave, a speedy return to normality is not to be expected. C) The civil war in Sierra Leone was so barbaric, and the injuries it left so grave, that a swift return to normality is out of the question. D) The civil war in Sierra Leone was so horrific and left in its wake so many injured that a return to normality cannot readily be achieved. E) A quick return to normality in Sierra Leone is out of the question, for the civil war was a savage one and the atrocities committed particularly injurious 02K

3. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ile Kanada arasında olduğu gibi, farklı ekonomileri bütünleştirmede ortak bir dil, ortak para biriminden çok daha yararlıdır. A) It is the single language that aids the integration of different economies as in the case of the US and Canada, not the monetary system. B) A common language can be far more useful than a common currency to integrate different economies, as is the case between the US and Canada. C) As regards the US and Canada the integration of the different economies is due more to the single language than to the single monetary system. D) The integration of the different economies of the US and Canada owes more to a single language than to a single monetary system. E) A common language rather than a common monetary system has made possible the integration of the different economies of the US and Canada. 02K 4. Pluto, which is the outermost planet of the solar system, has a mass ten times smaller than hitherto supposed. A) Bugüne kadar bilinenden on kat daha az bir kütleye sahip olan Plüton, güneş sisteminin en uç gezegenidir. B) Güneş sisteminin en uç noktasında bulunan Plüton gezegeninin kütlesi, daha önce bilinenden on kat daha azdır. C) Daha önce kabul edilenden on kat daha az bir kütlesi bulunan Plüton gezegeni, güneş sisteminin en dış noktasındadır. D) Güneş sisteminin en uzak gezegeni olan Plüton bugüne kadar sanıldığından on kat daha az bir kütleye sahiptir. E) Güneş sisteminin en uç noktasında bulunan Plüton, şimdiye kadar düşünülenden on kat daha az bir kütleden oluşan bir gezegendir. 02K

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5. Volkan bilimciler, Yellowstone'da gelecekteki bir yanardağ patlamasının, bildiğimiz patlamalardan binlerce kat daha güçlü olacağından korkmaktadır. A) Volcanologists fear that a future volcanic eruption at Yellowstone will be thousands of times more-powerful than the eruptions we are familiar with. B) Volcanologists suspect that any future volcanic eruption at Yellowstone could be far more powerful than any eruption we have experienced to date. C) If the volcano at Yellowstone erupts again, then the eruption could, in the opinion of Volcanologists, be a thousand times more powerful than any we have so far experienced. D) Volcanologists are concerned about the force of any future volcanic eruption at Yellowstone since it could be a thousand times more powerful than earlier ones of our experience. E) Should the volcano at Yellowstone erupt again, Volcanologists fear the force of the eruption could be thousands of times more powerful than any earlier one of our experience. 05K 6. Despite the explosion of stock-market wealth over the last decade, the most valuable asset most Americans own is their home. A) Çoğu Amerikalının, sahip olduğu evi en değerli varlık olarak görmesi, geçen on yıl içinde borsa da servet patlaması yaşanmasını engellemedi. B) Gecen on yıl içinde borsadan edinilen servet patlamasından pay alan Amerikalıların çoğu için, evi hala en değerli varlığıdır. C) Çoğu Amerikalı, son on yılda borsadan edindiği büyük servetin yanı sıra, evini de en değerli varlık olarak görmektedir. D) Evlerini en değerli varlıkları olarak kabul eden pek çok Amerikalı için son on yılda borsada da bir servet patlaması oldu. E) Geçen on yıl içinde borsadan edinilen servet patlamasına rağmen, çoğu Amerikalının sahip olduğu en değerli varlık evidir. 05M

Cümle tamamlama soruları 1. By 1809, Sweden’s military power had waned to such an extent____. A) as a new constitution transferred power from the king to Parliament B) so that it could no longer continue as a great power C) that the country was forced to surrender part of its territory to Russia D) in that nearly one million Swedes migrated, mostly to America E) even though the Swedes had contributed to Europe’s Age of Enlightenment with advances in science 06K Benzer cümle sorusu 1. Today we are more prosperous and have better relationships across the generations than ever before. A) I think people today have more money than they used to, but inter-generational relationships have suffered as a consequence. B) In the past there used to be more prosperity and better inter-generational communication. C) People these days are better off financially and there is better communication between different age groups than at any time in the past. D) These days we are better at establishing trust between people than we used to be, although we may lack financial resources. E) Nowadays people think that relationships and trust between generations are more important than wealth. 06K

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KEY TO ADJECTIVES BOŞLUK DOLDURMA 1 A 2 B 3 A 4 C 5 E* 6 E* 7 D 8 B 9 D 10 D 11 C 12 * 13 B 14 E 15 D 16 D 17 D 18 C 19 A 20 D 21 A 22 D 23 D 24 C

ÇEVĐRĐ 1 E 2 C 3 B 4 D 5 A 6 E 7 C 8 C CÜMLE TAMAMLAMA 1 C BENZER CÜMLE 1 C

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Adverbs • Zarflar, fiilleri

He drives the car carefully. She sings softly.

• sıfatları,

I’m very tired. This book is really outstanding.

• veya zarfları niteler.

He works extremely hard. You learn very fast.

• sıfatlara –ly takısı gelerek oluşan zarflar olduğu gibi, adj adv

bright clear easy quick shy warm

brightly clearly easily quickly shyly warmly

a quick shower He had a shower quickly a shy look She looked shyly at me.

• sıfatla aynı formda olan zarflar da vardır. adj adv

hard fast late long loud near straight

hard * fast late * long loud near * straight

a fast car She drives the car fast. a loud music He plays the music loud.

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Dikkat: hard, late ,near –ly takısı alırsa anlamları değişir. hardly = rarely She hardly visits us. lately = recently I’ve not seen him lately. nearly = almost I almost forgot! Not: good sıfatı düzensiz olduğu için adverb hali well dir.

a good job. He did the job well.

Types of Adverbs TYPE

ADVERB and EXAMPLE

manner

clearly, easily, fast, quickly, softly, well, hard I can easily see him here.

place at home, here, there, inside, outside He was sitting here.

time all day, for a while, now, since last week, today The children played football all day.

degree almost, completely, enough, extremely, fairly, hardly She is extremely selfish.

comment certainly, definitely, frankly, in my opinion, luckily Luckily, I wasn’t in that bus.

viewpoint biologically, chemically, economically, scientifically, theoretically Theoretically, what you say is right.

focus chiefly, especially, mainly, mostly, particularly, primarily, probably We mostly argue about the education.

frequency always, ever, never, rarely, seldom, sometimes, usually He sometimes buys computer games.

restrictive exclusively, just, merely, only, purely, solely This model is exclusively sold to Middle East.

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Comparative Adverbs • Zarflarla karşılaştırma yaparken, sıfat formuyla aynı olan zarflar –er takısı alırken,

She worked harder to earn more. I sleep longer in summers.

• diğerleri ise önüne more alır.

After the accident, he started drive more carefully. I wanted him to speak more clearly.

• bazı zarflarsa ne –er takısı ne de more alır. Düzensiz olarak adlandırılan bu zarflar tamamen farklılaşır.

badly worse far further little less much more well better She made a better score this time. I’m exhausted. I can’t go further.

Superlative Adverbs • En üst seviyedeki zarfı gösterirken, sıfat formuyla aynı olan zarflar –est takısı alırken,

My brother drives the fastest in our family. As usual, Jane came the latest.

• diğerleriyse önüne most alır.

They debated on traffic crimes the most seriously. She worked for the charity the most passionately.

• bazı zarflarsa ne –est takısı ne de most alır. Düzensiz olarak adlandırılan bu zarflar tamamen farklılaşır.

badly the worst far the furthest little the least much the most well the best

He scored the best in Olympics. Jane earns the least among her friends.

Dikkat: Superlative form da adverb den önce mutlaka the gelir.

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As…as (kadar) • Zarflarla eşitlik bildirmek için as…as kalıbı kullanılır.

She can type as fast as you can. (senin kadar hızlı yazabilir.) Tony speaks as fluently as a French. Karen can’t dive as deep as Lily.

The…the • Đki olay arasındaki sebep-sonuç ilişkisini zarflar yoluyla belirtirken kullanırız.

The more slowly you speak, the more clearly we understand. ( Ne kadar yavaş konuşursan, o kadar kolay anlıyoruz.) The harder you work, the more you earn. The more you practice, the better you speak.

Progressive Adverbs • Gelişimi betimleyen zarflardır. Comparative form kullanılarak yapılır.

They ask this question more and more frequently. He started to drive more and more carelessly. Everytime, she skated better and better.

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ADVERBS ÇIKMIŞ SORULAR Boşluk doldurma soruları 1. Because of their high toxic contents, none of these chemicals can ____ be permitted for export to any country. A) fruitfully B) adequately C) presently D) notoriously E) equivocally 98K 2. ____ he was campaigning for re-election last year, he promised that ____ re-elected, he would undertake to restructure the party. A) Wherever / lest B) Because / while C) As / since D) While / unless E) When / if 98K 3. It is ____ ten years since AIDS caught the world’s attention. A) formidably B) generously C) pertinently D) roughly E) inevitably 98M

4. The new ceramics, which have little in common with the chinaware we use in our kitchens everyday, are being used ____ in engines and electronics. A) depressingly B) seemingly C) increasingly D) discouragingly E) obligingly 98M 5. Today the expansion of knowledge in astronomy, physics, chemistry, and biology is ____ vast and complex, and multiplying ____ quickly to be mastered fully. A) so / that B) just as / as C) as well / as D) so / so E) too / too 98M 6. ____ suggestion he may make as regards the tax rate, let’s not give any response ____ we have discussed the matter thoroughly together. A) However / when B) Whatever / until C) Why ever / after D) Whatsoever / while E) Whenever / before 98M

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7. The current social security system is ____ popular, partly because its universal and partly because retirement benefits are related to contributions, so most people think the system is fair. A) extremely B) likely C) eventually D) indispensably E) favourably 99K 8. Launched as the new regulatory authority for the countries banking and insurance sector, the National Financial Services Management will extend its activities so as ____ to cover more than 40% of the national economy. A) exceptionally B) ultimately C) inherently D) fluently E) apparently 99M 9. For the present, the party is expected to put its differences aside and campaign ____ for a victory at the forthcoming elections. A) vigorously B) awkwardly C) precisely D) distinctly E) reluctantly 00K 10. Industry has developed rapidly in certain countries as raw materials are ____ available there. A) repeatedly B) scarcely C) consequently D) abundantly E) indefinitely 00K

11. ____ populated, rural Northumberland is one of the most unspoiled countries in England. A) Sparsely B) Nearly C) Primarily D) Suitably E) Efficiently 00M 12. I sent an e-mail to everyone in the department, asking for articles for this special issue, but ____ there has been no response. A) so long B) on time C) until then D) even later E) so far 00M 13. In many countries training for industry has always been considered to be ____ the concern of industry itself, not of the state. A) socially B) primarily C) suitably D) firmly E) reputedly 01K 14. The ozone layer may still act like a protective blanket, but scientists continue to worry about the sun's _____ lethal effects. A) potentially B) equivalently C) indifferently D) approximately E) abruptly 01M

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15. Henry VII's foreign policy was unheroic and unspectacular; ______ did he go to war and that was when he invaded France. A) this once B) never before C) once again D) only once E) once more 01M 16. Beethoven's seventeen string quartets hold ______ the same position in chamber music ______ his symphonies hold in the orchestral repertoire. A) as / that B) much / as C) quite / whether D) just / what E) thus / like 01M 17. The distinction between a language and a dialect is a ____ difficult one. A) precisely B) notoriously C) compulsively D) suitably E) flexibly 02M 18. The discovery of a ____ cancer-causing chemical in foods like crisps, chips and cereals caused shock waves around the world when it hit the headlines earlier this year. A) potentially B) remarkably C) controversially D) memorably E) concisely 03M

19. More than 29 million Africans are now infected with HIV, and the disease is killing ____ Africans ____ all the continent's wars combined. A) so many / as B) either / or C) more / than D) not only / but also E) both / and 03M 20. He did ____ better in the interview ____ any of the other applicants. A) much / as B) rather / than C) as / for D) still / with E) far / from 03M 21. The quartet's rendering of Mozart is ____ good, but l have mixed feelings about the Schubert collection. A) exceptionally B) sensitively C) preferably D) impulsively E) impartially 04K 22. Human activrty has destroyed ____ plant species that collective action is essential for the conservation of those that remain. A) more B) so many C) many more D) the most E) as many 04K

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23. In the past 30 years, our knowledge of the ancient Maya civilization has increased ____ as a result of the decipherment of a newly discovered script. A) significantly B) alternatively C) suspiciously D) persuasively E) conditionally 04M 24. ____ helmets had been revived for soldiers and extended to many workers, safety head coverings for athletes almost inevitably followed. A) while B) before C) although D) once E) until 04M 25. Pharmaceutical firms are wary of devoting money to new antibiotics whose sales can be ____ limited by the development of resistance in the target microbes. A) accurately B) adequately C) severely D) complacently E) confidently 05K 26. Over this period, according to a report recently issued by the Hispanic Studies Center in Los Angeles, Mexicans received 14.5 billon US dollars from relatives working in the United States, which is almost ____ Mexico earned from foreign oil sales. A) as B) just as C) as well as D) as much as E) as far as 05K

27. Unless you use your computer ____ , you can't expect it to function well. A) surely B) particularly C) recently D) properly E) soundly 05M 28. James Joyce left Ireland for Paris but returned to Dublin for a short while ____ learning that his mother was dying. A)whenever B)until C)after D)while E)as 05M 29. Latin American countries on average export only about 10 per cent of their products to other Latin American countries but ____ 20 percent of them to the US. A) almost B) fairly C) respectively D) initially E) extensively 06K 30. In some parts of Western Europe, ____ in France, Denmark and Sweden, cohabitation has become almost as common as marriage. A) completely B) deceptively C) notably D) voluntarily E) relatively 06M

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31. In pollen analysis the exinesare extracted from the soil, studied under a microscope, and identified according to the distinctive exine shape and surface ornamentation of different families and genera of plants. ____ quantified, these identifications are then plotted as curves on a pollen diagram. A) Before B) Whenever C) While D) Until E) Once 06K 32. In the largely closed economies of the Gulf, private as well as public funds have ____ turned to real estate and equity markets, fuelling a dangerous speculative boom. A) unlikely B) nominally C) rapidly D) still E) tightly 07M 33. Britain’s history has shaped a great diversity of musical traditions, many of which ____ flourish. A) then B) still C) thus D) almost E) too 07M

Çeviri soruları 1. 1970’lerdeki büyük petrol bunalımından beri, Uluslararası Enerji Kurumu alternatif enerji kaynakları bulmak için yapılan araştırmaları teşvik etmiş ve desteklemiştir. A) Since the great oil crisis of the 1970s, the International Energy Agency has encouraged and supported research carried out to discover alternative energy sources. B) Since there was a great oil crisis in the 1970s, the International Energy Agency has been encouraging and supporting research into alternative energy sources. C) Following the serious oil crisis of the 1970s, the International Energy Agency has been encouraging and subsidizing any research pertaining to alternative energy resources. D) Following the great oil crisis of the 1970s, the International Energy Agency has encouraged research that might lead to the discovery of alternative energy sources. E) The great oil crisis of the 1970s convinced the International Energy Agency of the need to support research into the development of alternative energy resources. 98K 2. Sonunda ormanın kenarına ulaştığımızda, uzun süre orada durduk ve önümüzde uzayıp giden manzarayı seyrettik. A) With the forest finally behind us, we stood for a long time looking at the countryside ahead of us. B) On finally getting through to the edge of the forest we paused for a while, to look at the landscape that stretched out before us. C) Once we had got through the forest, we paused to look at the landscape that lay ahead of us. D) When we finally got to the edge of the forest, we stood there for a long while and looked at the landscape that stretched out before us. E) When we finally came out of the forest we stood there, gazing for a long time at the countryside in front of us. 01M

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3. Ten years ago there was not enough electricity available in the region to support the extraordinary growth we have experienced over the last two years. A) Son iki yılda gözlediğimiz hızlı büyümeyi destekleyecek kadar elektrik, son on yıl içinde bile üretilmemişti. B) Son iki yılda gördüğümüz muazzam büyümeyi desteklemek için on yıl öncesinde bölgede yeterli elektrik bulunması gerekiyordu. C) On yıl önce, bölgede son iki yılda yaşadığımız olağanüstü büyümeyi destekleyecek yeterli elektrik mevcut değildi. D) On yıl öncesi gibi, son iki yılda görülen olağanüstü büyümeyi desteklemeye yetecek elektrik yoktu. E) On yıl önce bölgede elektrik bulunmadığı için son iki yıldan beri görülen muazzam büyümeyi desteklemek çok zor oldu. 01M 4. Devletler çökünce, sadece teröristlere ve uyuşturucu kaçakçılarına sığınak olmaz, aynı zamanda mülteci yığınlarının zengin ülkelere yönelmesini teşvik ederler. A) When states collapse, they not only become havens for terrorists and drug smugglers but also prompt multitudes of refugees to head for richer countries. B) When states collapse terrorists and drug smugglers can safely move in and multitudes of refugees leave for richer countries. C) When states collapse, this provides terrorists and drug peddlers with a safe haven while masses of refugees escape to richer countries. D) Terrorists and drug peddlers find a haven for themselves when states collapse, but others flee the country in search of a richer world. E) Masses of refugees flee to richer countries when states collapse, but terrorists and drug dealers move in to safety. 02K

5. During the 4th century B.C., Aristotle studied almost every aspect of science and summed up each as best he could. A) M.Ö. 4. yüzyılda, Aristoteles, bilimin hemen hemen her yönünü araştırmış ve her birini elinden geldiğince özetlemiştir. B) M.Ö.4. yüzyılda, Aristoteles, tüm bilimleri araştırmış ve her birini ayrı ayrı özetlemiştir. C) M.Ö. 4. yüzyılda her bir bilimi ayrı ayrı inceleyen Aristoteles, elde ettiği sonuçtan bir araya toplamıştır. D) Aristoteles'in M.Ö. 4. yüzyılda yaptığı bilimsel çalışmalar, tek bir eser halinde toplanmıştır. E) Aristoteles'in M.Ö, 4. yüzyılda bir araya toplayabildiği bilimsel çalışmalar, aslında ayrı ayrı yapılmış araştırmalardı. 02M 6. Whenever governments use globalization to deny responsibility, democracy suffers another blow and prospects for growth in the developing countries are set back a little further. A) Hükümetler sorumluluklarından kaçmak için küreselleşmeyi bahane ederlerse gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki demokrasi yeni bir darbe alır ve büyüme ümitleri çok daha derinlere gömülür. B) Ne zaman ki hükümetler sorumluluktan kaçınmak için küreselleşmeyi kullanır, demokrasi bir darbe daha alır ve kalkınmakta olan ülkelerdeki büyüme ümitleri biraz daha geriye atılır. C) Sorumluluktan kaçınmak isteyen hükümetlerin küreselleşmeyi bahane etmeleri, kalkınmakta olan ülkelerin demokrasisine darbe vurmakla kalmaz, büyüme ümitlerini de yok eder. D) Sorumluluktan kaçmak için küreselleşmeye sığınan hükümetler, demokrasiye darbe vurduklarını ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerin ümitlerini boşa çıkardıklarım bilmelidirler. E) Sorumluluktan kaçmak için küreselleşmeyi kullanan hükümetler, demokrasiye darbe vurmakta ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki büyüme ümitlerini ortadan kaldırmaktadırlar. 02M

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7. Atmosferdeki oksijenin yaklaşık % 20'sl Amazon yağmur ormanlarındaki dev ağaçlar tarafından üretilir ve bu miktar, aynı alan kadar çimenin üreteceğinden çok daha fazladır. A) Because of the giant trees, the Amazonian rain forests can produce 20% of the oxygen in the atmosphere, which is a great deal more than a similar area of grassland can produce. B) The giant trees of the Amazonian rain forests actually produce 20% of the oxygen in the atmosphere; the same area of grass could not produce quite so much. C) On their own, the Amazonian rain forests, with their giant trees, are responsible for at least 20% of the oxygen in the atmosphere, which is a far greater amount than a similar area of grassland could produce. D) About 20% of the oxygen in the atmosphere is produced by the giant trees of the Amazonian rain forests, and this amount is much more than the same area of grass would produce. E) While the giant trees of the Amazon rain forests produce more than 20% of the oxygen in the atmosphere, the same area of grassland could not produce nearly as much as this. 05M

Cümle tamamlama soruları 1. ____ a greet many alarming theories are sure to spring to the fore. A) Before the truth had been verified B) Even though his death had almost certainly been from natural causes C) If several perfectly natural explanations had been put forward D) Whenever there are anonymous terrorist attacks E) As soon as this admittedly unpleasant incident got forgotten 00K 2. ____ , a committee will be set up to determine just how to turn the museum into private non-profit corporation. A) As long as there were no rival claims B) As soon as the board has approved the project C) However much disappointment it would have caused them D) If such a crisis could have been avoided E) Whoever managed to deceive you 00M 3. Whenever we pick up a newspaper or turn on the TV, ____ . A) there are, of course, numerous non-economic forces that determine and mould our decision-making process B) there are clear lines of demarcation between economics and politics C) it is natural that economics constitutes a significant percentage of our media coverage D) generally politics is defined as the art of government and, as such, is seriously concerned with economics E) we are likely to be bombarded with facts and figures on such subjects as pollution, unemployment and inflation 01K

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4. ____ , when Eveready introduced the alkaline battery. A) Their technological success is still being questioned B) Many new materials have been adapted for battery use C) Mercury, too, has recently been eliminated from batteries on account of its toxicity D) The lifespan of these batteries are expected to improve E) The first major advance in flashlight batteries came in 1959 04K 5. Before the 21st century has run its course, ____ . A) the powers of computers have expanded vastly due to advanced research B) countless technologies not envisioned yet will be available to us C) a great deal of scientific effort is being made to find solutions to complex problems D) most people in developed countries enjoy a state of true health throughout their lives E) our knowledge of the world around us has improved to a great extent 06K 6. The United Nations officially recognized the greenhouse effect in 1995, ____. A) when its International Panel on Climate noted that human activity had a discernible influence on global temperatures B) as the economies of developing nations will grow over the next few decades C) if developing nations were exempted from the Kyoto Agreement D) since the US government announced that it would not participate in Kyoto Agreement E) that the participating nations must make large and costly changes in their energy systems 07M

Benzer cümle sorusu 1.The sooner we get the new system into action, the better. A) Once the new system is working, the situation will improve. B) We should get the new system working as soon as possible. C) Sooner or later we'll have to install a new system. D) At some future date a new system is going to be necessary. E) We are going to get a new system installed without delay. 05M

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KEY TO ADVERBS BOŞLUK DOLDURMA 1 C 2 E 3 D 4 C 5 * 6 B 7 A 8 * 9 A 10 D 11 A 12 E 13 B 14 A 15 D 16 B 17 A* 18 A 19 C 20 B 21 A 22 B 23 A 24 D 25 C

26 D 27 D 28 C 29 A 30 E 31 C 32 C 33 B ÇEVĐRĐ 1 A 2 D 3 C 4 A 5 A 6 B 7 D

CÜMLE TAMAMLAMA 1 D 2 B 3 E 4 E 5 B 6 A BENZER CÜMLE 1 B

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Prepositions in geniş bir alan yada zaman içersinde: in Paris, in a bank, in the picture, in hospital, in a newspaper, in the morning, in 1690, in a minute, in two years time at bir alan yada zaman içersinde bir nokta: at midnight, at 7 PM, at the end of the year, at the same time, at university on bir düzlem üzerinde bir nokta: on my way home, on the wall, on a bus, on a plane(in a car), on an island, on TV, on E-5, on Sunday, on Valentines Day with – by (ile)

I went to the chemist with Helen. I went to the chemist by Helen’s car.

among – between (arasında)

The little girl was standing between her mum and dad. (iki şey arasında) The little girl was standing among her relatives. (bir grup arasında)

above – over (üzerinde)

Tyler was a county above Dallas. The bird flew over us to south.

below – under (altında)

It is hot in Adana. The temperature didn’t fall below 35 degrees Celsius. All the night, she stayed under the blanket.

along (bir düzlem boyunca)

She talked about her nephew all along the way. I used to walk along the beach when ı lived in Alanya.

during (bir süre boyunca)

During the time we were in France, I’ve never been to Disneyland. He didn’t utter a word during the lesson.

through (üç boyutlu bir düzlem içersinden)

You can go through the forest to cut short. Switch on your headlights when you pass through the tunnel.

by/ beside/ next to (yanında)

Stand by/ beside/ next to the structure and I’ll take your photo. There is a moll by/ beside/ next to hotel.

near or next to

He lives near our house. (evi bizimkinin yakınında) He lives next to our house. (evlerimiz bitişik)

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across (karşısında) He passed across the street and looked at me. They will sail across the Pacific to go to Australia.

against (karşı)

Do you think the students are against the administration? I think I’ll vote against him.

around (etrafında)

I would like to travel all around the world. When the new rock star got off his car, the journalists gathered around him.

behind (arkasında)

There is a man hiding behind the tree. Can you see the car signaling behind us?

beyond (ötesinde)

Don’t try to understand. It is beyond your comprehension. It is beyond me to train you as an artist.

from (-den)

Are there any flights from here to Amsterdam? to (-e)

I saw her going to the cinema yesterday. throughout (bir zaman dilimi boyunca)

Throughout its history, Britain has always cared for her interests Throughout the history, humankind has tried to explain the nightmares.

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Belli fiiller, sıfatlar ve isimlerden sonra belli preposition lar gelir. Bunların öğrenilmesinde fayda var. Preposition after verb about provide in on with agree register believe act acquaint ask (sb) reserve collaborate bet alternate boast search confide centre argue care send delight comment bargain dream suffer differ compliment begin hear thank dress concentrate charge inquire vote end depend coincide joke wait enroll dwell combine laugh wish implicate embark communicate quarrel (sth) indulge experiment confer speak from insert feed end talk abstain persist gain fit think ban result impose identify benefit specialize insist infect at borrow succeed live interact arrive date operate issue estimate deduce of rely negotiate gaze deduct accuse spend paint glance depart approve spy quarrel guess derive beware reason hint deter complain to supply laugh diverge dispose admit threaten look eliminate repent adjust trust peep emerge relieve adapt peer escape suspect appeal point excuse(sb) think ascend shoot hinder ascribe smile infer assign stare prevent attach wonder prohibit attend protect belong for recover change account refrain compare allow release complain (sb) apply request dedicate arrest rescue devote beg resign explain blame remove introduce compensate refer lend excuse save object head separate refer hope steal respond prepare suffer restrict

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Preposition after adjective about in on anxious different based submit concerned included dependent subscribe confused interested intent with confident involved keen acquainted curious lacking reliant angry doubtful latest associated enthusiastic limited to busy glad negligent accountable consistent mad occupied accustomed content optimistic poor applicable crowded particular prompt appropriate delighted sorry (sb) rich beneficial disgusted upset successful committed honest worried congenial inconsistent of contrary level at afraid cruel moist astonished ashamed dedicated patient bad aware detrimental pleased good capable devoted popular lucky certain equal satisfied slow composed essential strict conscious faithful for convinced fatal anxious critical foreign available deprived grateful (sb) bound deserving indifferent convenient devoid inferior eager envious kind eligible fond liable famous free loyal fit full married qualified guilty opposed ready ignorant peculiar sorry independent polite suitable jealous prior proud prone from relieved relative absent scared relevant different short restricted distant suspicious sensitive distinct tired subject exempt tolerant superior free suspect safe used

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Preposition after noun about experience to argument failure access complaint faith commitment concern fall comparison confusion increase devotion doubt interest indifference idea participation objection information pleasure reaction news reduction reference result response at rise solution attempt satisfaction skill with for success comparison admiration difficulty affection of familiarity compensation advent trouble disregard approval excuse cause fondness choice hope disadvantage need division permission fear plan hope reason intention remedy knowledge respect lack room means search need substitution possession shortage from use divorce escape on expulsion attack protection authority resignation effect expert in influence ability insistence belief reliance competence confidence drop

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PREPOSITIONS

ÇIKMIŞ SORULAR

Boşluk doldurma soruları

1. ____ the terms of the forthcoming trade

agreement, Japan wins parity ____ the United States.

A) Through / above

B) By / of

C) From / from

D) Under / with

E) After / over

98K

2. We have yet to take ____ consideration the problem of how large future national

armies should eventually be, regardless ____ their current size.

A) onto / at

B) in / in

C) for / with

D) under / from

E) into / of

98K

3. We are prevented ____ completing the project ____ time due to unforeseen circumstances.

A) from / on

B) in / by

C) by / in

D) at / over

E) for / about

98M

4. The Hollywood studio system in film making, which began ____ 1920 and

flourished from the early 1930s ____ the 1950s is unique in Western culture.

A) throughout / into

B) around / through

C) by / until

D) within / over

E) along / till

98M

5. Although the American writer Katherine Anne Porter used a variety of places ____ the setting of her short stories and novels,

she frequently came ____ to the scenes of her early days.

A) through / over

B) within / in

C) for / back

D) without / for

E) under / up

99K

6. British TV is still stuck ____ a regulatory structure designed ____ a bygone age.

A) off / within

B) up / in

C) away / by

D) through / over

E) with / for

99K

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7. In their discussions concerning the

proposed defense strategies, NATO diplomats found they could not agree ____ what the alliance was ____ , what weapons it would threaten to use and in what circumstances.

A) on / for

B) about / into

C) with / over

D) by / about

E) before / through

99K

8. They claim that their aim is to establish long term cooperation ____ their customers, ____ a basis of partnership and

mutual trust.

A) for / over

B) with / on

C) by / through

D) from / in

E) among / for

99M

9. The collapse of Rome left ____ its wake a large variety of ethnic communities ____ which modern European states emerged.

A) before / of

B) at / through

C) over / by

D) in / from

E) within / with

99M

10. Infectious diseases are those which are caused ____ an invasion of the body ____ organisms from outside.

A) through / with

B) by / by

C) over / through

D) in / without

E) upon / within

00K

11. I did manage to keep my temper but I

couldn't refrain ____ pointing ____ that what he had done was wrong.

A) in / at

B) at / to

C) by / away

D) for / off

E) from / out

00K

12. The arrival of Europeans in America dislocated traditional ways of life and altered the world ____ recognition.

A) for

B) beyond

C) at

D) off

E) from

00M

13. ____ the past few decades South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong have achieved the fastest rates ____ economic growth the world has ever seen.

A) Within / at

B) During / of

C) In / over

D) After / in

E) Over / about

01K

14. The works of the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates commonly known as the "Hippocratic Collection", consist ____ about 70 works, ___ which only a relatively small number are possible by him.

A) of / of

B) in / for

C) for / in

D) at / about

E) by / within

01K

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15. ____ the computerized Dutch auction

system, the flower industry gets flowers into our homes when they are still ____ their best.

A) under / at

B) at / in

C) from / with

D) until / to

E) within / for

01K

16. Post offices don't have enough space to cope ______ the tremendous increase

______ demand for PO boxes.

A) with / in

B) on / of

C) upon / within

D) for / upon

E) through / from

01M

17. Even prior to the 1930s, Swedish banks played an important role _____ the financing _____ long-term industrial projects.

A) at / for

B) for / in

C) in / of

D) by / with

E) into / over

01M

18. In Belgium, compensation ______ accidents at work and occupational illnesses is exclusively the concern ______ employers.

A) over / from

B) in / by

C) from / for

D) for / of

E) of / with

01M

19. The biggest accounting issue

raised____ the energy company is____ accounting standards.

A) by / over

B) to / to

C) for / under

D) through / within

E) from / into

02K

20. Crying, which starts ____ birth, is an alarm system that attracts the parent and it

can be switched off ____ parental attention.

A) with / after

B) at / by

C) for / with

D) from / for

E) by / through

02K

21. Since 1998, the US federal government has more than doubled its spending____ defence ____ biological and chemical weapons.

A) for / with

B) of / to

C) on / against

D) in / from

E) with / over

02K

22. Items____ display in this museum were obtained ____ mosques, Turkish baths, fountains and caravansary dating back to the Ottoman period.

A) on / from

B) in / by

C) for / out of

D) within / of

E) with / at

02K

139

23. The traditional idea that Asia was the

cradle ____ primeval man has had to be modified____ the light of the discovery of human fossils of great antiquity in Africa.

A) to / over

B) for / from

C) by / under

D) from / within

E) of / in

02M

24. Naturally I was rather disappointed____ the results of the experiment, but actually I wasn't really surprised____ them.

A) by / to

B) over / for

C) for / by

D) with / at

E) of / with

02M

25. When the personnel manager announced that everybody had to do overtime because they were____ schedule, this caused a great deal of ill will ____ the staff.

A) near / for

B) off / in

C) back / from

D) below / between

E) behind / among

02M

26. The essays taken together tell the story of how the US became an economic power _____ a scale unprecedented _____ history.

A) for / with

B) at / by

C) with / from

D) thought / at

E) on / in

03M

27. _____ the surprise of the

archaeologists, the structures turned out to be the remains ____ two domed tombs, each over a thousand years old.

A) To / of

B) At / from

C) For / by

D) With / over

E) By / through

03M

28. ____ its vast forests, Myanmar was thought to possess the largest number of tigers ____ India.

A) For / with

B) In / for

C) At / to

D) With / after

E) Through / by

04K

29. Though the most important factors in pricing decisions are production costs and the level ____ demand, broader company objectives must also be taken ____consideration.

A) in / out of

B) of / into

C) with / for

D) between / by

E) on / under

04K

30. The software has been designed to help detectives solve complex cases ____ prompting them to explore lines ____ enquity other than the obvious ones.

A) through / to

B) by / of

C) from / into

D) over / with

E) into / for

04M

140

31. Recent findings have suggested that, in

ancient times too, man was capable ____ causing rapid and decisive changes____ the genetic make-up of staple crops.

A) in / for

B) to / of

C) of / in

D) from / over

E) with / into

04M

32. What's really ____ issue is the political structure ____ which Soviet communism was erected.

A) at / on

B) for / from

C) to / through

D) by / in

E) over / with

05K

33. Provincial governments play a big role in the lives of Canadians ____ primary responsibility _____ health, education and welfare.

A) through / over

B) at / about

C) from / to

D) by / of

E) with / for

05K

34. The Gulf countries have achieved substantial progress ____ regional integration____ the past 20 years.

A) through / of

B) into / with

C) for / on

D) over / by

E) towards / over

05M

35. The analysis of a story____ its central

conflict is likely to be especially fruitful, for it rapidly takes us to what is truly____ issue in the story.

A) by / over

B) from / with

C) through / at

D) with / about

E) towards / above

05M

36. An Indian drug company has offered to supply an anti-AIDS drug____ sufferers in developing countries____ less than one-

twentieth of the standard cost in the west.

A) in / to

B) at / over

C) with / for

D) to / at

E) on / with

07M

37. The main attention at the World Economic Forum, when it was not focused ____ China, centered on Africa’s remarkable economic growth ____ the past couple of years.

A) in / with

B) on / over

C) of / towards

D) by / at

E) from / through

07M

38. The patchwork of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic nations, the myths of a rural idyll created ____ rapid urbanization, have contributed to the wealth of music literature and recordings.

A) of

B) in

C) at

D) with

E) by

07M

141

39. As far as an employee is concerned,

your educational qualification is a means ____ filtering where there is keen competition for a post.

A) of

B) by

C) over

D) with

E) through

07M

40. Severity of autism ranges____ those who are mute and have no functional behavior ____ individuals with high IQ scores.

A) into / among

B) in / about

C) between / of

D) through / for

E) from / to

06K

41. Most companies would prefer to concentrate ____ domestic rather than foreign markets because of their great familiarity ____ their own environments.

A) in / of

B) on / with

C) over / by

D) at / from

E) for / to

06K

42. Fluctuations in the curve____ each plant category may then be studied for signs of climatic fluctuation.

A) across

B) on

C) for

D) about

E) at

06K

43. He found remains of structures for

turning blubber ____ whale-oil.

A) by

B) about

C) next to

D) upon

E) into

06K

44. Philosophers have debated the relation ____ thought and emotions ____ at least two millennia.

A) from / over

B) over / in

C) between / for

D) in / by

E) through / to

06M

45. The concept developed ____ a growing emphasis on research into the interaction of emotion and thought.

A) off

B) against

C) without

D) out of

E) under

06M

142

KEY TO PREPOSITIONS BOŞLUK DOLDURMA 1 D 2 E 3 A 4 B 5 C 6 E 7 A 8 B 9 D* 10 B 11 E 12 * 13 A* 14 A 15 A* 16 A 17 C 18 D 19 A 20 B 21 C 22 A 23 B 24 D 25 E

26 E 27 A 28 D 29 B 30 B 31 C 32 A 33 E 34 E 35 C 36 D 37 B 38 E 39 A 40 E 41 B 42 C 43 E 44 C 45 D

143

Relative Clauses Bir kişi yada şeyi tanımlayan veya hakkında ekstra bilgi veren cümleciklerdir. Defining ve Non-defining relative clauses olarak ikiye ayrılır. Defining relative clauses • başka benzerleri bulunan, kişi yada şey hakkında tanımlayıcı bilgi verir. who/ that (kişi)

This is the girl who won the gold medal. ( This is the girl. She won the gold medal.)

which/ that (şey)

I bought a washing machine which cost too much. (I bought a washing machine. It cost too much.)

where/ / in which (yer)

The county where I worked as a nurse was very small. ( This is a very small county. I worked there as a nurse.)

whose (aitlik)

I met a man whose son studies in Harvard. ( I met a man. His son studies in Harvard.)

when/ at which/ in which (zaman)

He remembers the day when he first drove a car. ( He remembers the day. He first drove a car.)

why/ for which (neden)

I was tired this is why I took a nap.******** ( I was tired. This is the reason I took a nap.)

Not: who/ which yerine that kullanılabilir.

I learnt a secret that nobody knows. (which) The girl that won the beauty contest wasn’t so charming. (who)

• tanımlanan object (nesne) ise, who/ which/ that kullanılmayabilir. Ayrıca who yerine whom kullanılabilir.

This is the actor (who/ whom/ that) I admire. He found the necklace (which/ that) her sister lost. I saw her in a cafe (which) she goes very often.****

144

Non-defining relative clauses • kişi yada şey hakkında ekstra bilgi verir. Mutlaka ana cümleden virgülle ayrılır.

Mr. Penn, who was a counselor, died yesterday. The Prince, who was known for his justice, ruled seventeen years.

• özel isimlerde kullanılır.

Dr. Hedrick, who was rewarded the Nobel prize, lives in our neighborhood. Belgrad Forest, where you can see deer, is situated on the North-west.

• türünün tek örneğiyse kullanılır. The Sun, which is 4.6 billion years old, revolves around itself.

WHO, which was founded in 1948, Works to improve health conditions. Not: non-defining relative clause da that kullanamayız.

Evanesance, which makes gothic music, took stage on Harbiye. Dikkat: Bazı durumlarda hem defining hem de non-defining clause kullanabiliriz. Fakat anlamda değişme olur.

My sister who is a teacher works in Nevşehir. (başka kız kardeşim de var.) My sister, who is a teacher, works in Nevşehir. (tek kız kardeşim var.)

• non-defining clause kullanabileceğimiz diğer kalıplar:

All of None of WHOM Some of WHICH Each of WHOSE Most of The biggest, the best of

There were seven questions in the exam. I couldn’t answer any of them. There were seven questions in the exam, none of which I could answer. I met his sons. One of them was a writer. I met his sons, one of whom was a writer. Sarah looked after the children. Their mothers worked. Sarah looked after the children, all of whose mother worked.

145

RELATIVE CLAUSES ÇIKMIŞ SORULAR Boşluk doldurma soruları 1. There are situations ____ the best way to heal the patient is to help him die peacefully. A) from where B) in that C) whence D) for whom E) in which 98K 2. David Dickinson’s new play is a fairy-tale romance, ____ a pregnant woman searches for the father of her child during a torrential rainstorm. A) who B) by whom C) that D) in which E) whose 00K 3. Galileo originated the method of controlled experiment ____ now forms the basis of scientific investigation. A) what B) who C) where D) whom E) which 01K

4. Bennett's novel The Old Wives’ Tale is the one _____ he is likely to be best known by posterity. A) of which B) for whom C) by which D) in which E) that 01M 5. Several important ports, _____ export timber, are situated on the shores of the White Sea. A) most of which B) that many of them C) those which D) whichever of them E) some of whom 01M 6. The members of the special commission on crime, some of ____ were appointed by the mayor, still meet on a regular basis. A) that B) whose C) whom D) who E) which 02K

146

7. The young sociologist ____ article was published in the "National Geographic" had traveled 1700 miles across Australia's western wilderness. A) whose B) who C) that D) which E) whom 02M 8. Photosynthesis is the process _____ green plants manufacture carbohydrates, using the energy of sunlight. A) as when B) on which C) where D) by which E) since 03M 9. The most devastating human impact on environments can be seen on islands ____ settlers have introduced new animals and plants. A) which B) to whom C) what D) to which E) whom 04K 10. Management must learn to determine market conditions in the countries ____ it is doing business. A) where B) what C) as for D) of which E) so that 06K

11. The nautical archaeologist Robert Grenier led a Parks Canada team in search of the Basque galleon San Juan, ____ the archives said had sunk in the harbor in 1565. A) whose B) when C) whom D) who E) which 06K 12. Héviz is Europe’s largest warm-water lake and visitors can swim there even in winter, ____ helps extend the tourist season. A) thus B) which C) nor D) too E) so 06M 13. Music educators give us many good reasons for playing. It is said to feed our intelligence and raise our self-esteem. It removes us from the anxieties of daily life, placing us in the curious world of self-expression, ____ the linear passage of time seems to vanish. A) wherever B) which C) where D) how E) whom 07M

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Çeviri soruları 1. In Latin America and Eastern Europe, where interventional methods in the past were put into effect most austerely, it is governments, not outside economists, that today speak most favourably in support of market economics. A) Geçmişte devlet müdahalesini esas alan ve bizzat uygulayan Latin Amerika ve Doğu Avrupa hükümetleri, yabancı uzmanlardan daha istekli bir şekilde pazar ekonomisini destekleyici konuşmalar yapmaktadır. B) Bugün Latin Amerika’da ve Doğu Avrupa’da pazar ekonomisini destekleyenler, yabancı ekonomistlerden çok, geçmişte aşırı müdahaleci yöntemler uygulamış olan hükümetlerin bizzat kendileridir. C) Geçmişte müdahaleci yöntemlerin en sert şekilde uygulamaya konulduğu Latin Amerika’da ve doğu Avrupa’da, bugün pazar ekonomisi lehinde en olumlu konuşanlar yabancı ekonomistler değil, hükümetlerdir. D) Bugün Latin Amerika’da ve Doğu Avrupa’da pazar ekonomisinin yararlarından söz edenler, sadece yabancı uzmanlar değil, geçmişte aşırı devlet müdahalesini benimsemiş olan hükümetlerin kendileridir. E) Eskiden aşırı müdahaleci uygulamaların olduğu Latin Amerika’da ve Doğu Avrupa’da bugünkü hükümetler pazar ekonomisini yabancı ekonomistlerden daha fazla övmeye yönelmektedir. 98K

2. Our company, a partner in an international consortium and headquartered in Istanbul, is looking for water resources engineers who have at least ten years of experience in irrigation engineering and land development. A) Uluslararası bir konsorsiyumun ortağı olan ve merkezi Đstanbul’da bulunan şirketimiz, sulama mühendisliği ve arazi ıslahında en az on yıl tecrübesi olan su kaynakları mühendisleri aramaktadır. B) Merkezi Đstanbul’da bulunan şirketimiz uluslararası bir konsorsiyumun ortağıdır ve sulama mühendisliği ile toprak ıslahında en az on yıl çalışmış olan su mühendislerini istihdam etmektedir. C) Sulama yöntemleri ve bölge kalkınmasında en az on yıllık tecrübe sahibi olan su mühendisleri arayan şirketimiz uluslararası bir konsorsiyumun üyesidir. D) Đstanbul’da kurulmuş ve sulama işleri ile toprak ıslahında en az on yıllık tecrübeye sahip su mühendisleri arayan şirketimiz uluslararası bir konsorsiyum üyesidir. E) Uluslararası bir konsorsiyuma dahil olan ve ana merkezi Đstanbul’da bulunan şirketimiz, sulama işlerinde ve arazi ıslahında çalıştırılmak üzere su kaynaklarında en az on yıllık tecrübeye sahip su mühendislerine ihtiyaç duymaktadır. 98K 3. Britain’s newspaper market, which is one of the world’s most diverse, continues to prosper with relatively stable prices. A) Dünyanın en çeşitlilerinden biri olan Đngiliz gazete piyasası, nispeten istikrarlı fiyatlarla gelişmeye devam ediyor. B) Dünyanın en karmaşık basın piyasasına sahip olan Đngiltere’de gazete fiyatlarındaki istikrar kısmen devam etmektedir. C) Kısmen istikrarlı fiyatlara sahip olan Đngiliz basın piyasası, dünyanın en çok farklılık gösteren piyasalarından biridir ve gelişmesini sürdürmektedir. D) Dünyanın en güvenilir basın piyasasına sahip olan Đngiltere’de gazete fiyatlarının istikrarlı durumu devam etmektedir. E) Dünyanın en farklı piyasalarından biri olan Đngiliz gazete piyasası kısmen istikrarlı fiyatlar sayesinde olumlu gelişmesini sürdürmektedir. 98M

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4. There was much documentary evidence about the case, which was subjected to rigorous testing by the forensic specialists and found to be authentic. A) Davaya ilişkin bir sürü kanıt ve belge bu alanın uzmanlarınca köklü bir incelemeye alınmış ve bunların doğruluğu ispatlanmıştır. B) Güvenlik uzmanları, dava ile ilgili pek çok belge ve kanıtı yoğun bir incelemeye almış ve bunların gerçek olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. C) Dava hakkında, adli tıp uzmanlarınca sıkı incelemeye tabi tutulan ve gerçek olduğu anlaşılan pek çok belgesel kanıt bulunmaktaydı. D) Parmak izi uzmanlarınca ayrıntılı bir incelemeye tabi tutulan belgesel kanıtlar, davaya ilişkin gerçekleri kesin olarak ortaya koymuştur. E) Davaya ilişkin o kadar çok belge ve kanıt bulunmaktaydı ki bunların gizli uzmanlarca incelenmesi ve doğruluklarının saptanması çok uzun süre almıştır. 98M 5. Today there are some political scientists who would date the beginning of the cold war back to the early 1920s when the Soviets declared ideological war on western capital societies. A) Bugün bazı siyaset bilimciler, Sovyetlerin kapitalist batı ülkelerine karşı ideolojik bir savaş açtığı 1920’li yılların, soğuk savaşın başlangıç tarihi olarak kabul edilmesine karşılar. B) Bugün, soğuk savaşın başlangıcını, Sovyetlerin kapitalist batı toplumlarına karşı ideolojik savaş ilan ettiği 1920’lerin ilk yıllarına dayandıran bazı siyaset bilimciler bulunmaktadır. C) Bugün bazı siyaset bilimcilere göre, Sovyetlerin 1920’li yılların başında kapitalist batı ülkelerine karşı ideolojik bir savaş açması, soğuk savaşın başlangıcını oluşturan ilk gelişmedir. D) Bugün bazı siyaset bilimciler soğuk savaşın başlangıç tarihini 1920’li yıllar olarak kabul ederler, çünkü bu dönemde Sovyetler kapitalist batı ülkelerine karşı ideolojik bir savaş ilan etmişlerdir. E) 1920’li yılların başında Sovyetlerin bazı kapitalist batı toplumlarına karşı ideolojik bir savaş başlatmaları, bugün bazı siyaset uzmanları tarafından soğuk savaş olarak kabul edilmektedir. 98M

6. Aqueducts are conduits in which water flows or is conveyed from its source to the place where it is to be used. A) Su kemerleri, suyun içinde aktığı veya kaynağından kullanılacağı yere taşındığı su yollarıdır. B) Đçinde su akan, veya suyu kaynağından kullanılacağı yere kadar taşıyan su yollarına su kemerleri adı verilir. C) Đçinde suyun aktığı su kemerleri, aynı zamanda suyu kaynağından kullanılacağı yere taşıyan su yollarıdır. D) Su kemerleri, içinde su akan veya suyu kaynağından alarak kullanılacağı yere kadar taşıyan su yollarından oluşur. E) Birer su yolu olan su kemerleri, içinden akan suyu kaynağından alarak kullanılacağı yere kadar taşır. 99K 7. Martin Scorsese’s controversial film takes its story from Edith Warton’s novel, which appeared in 1920 and made her the first woman to receive the Pulitzer Prize for literature. A) Martin Scorsese’nin tartışmalı filmi, öyküsünü, Edith Warton’nun 1920’de yayımlanan ve onu Pulitzer Edebiyat Ödülü’nü alan ilk kadın yapan romanından almaktadır. B) Martin Scorsese’nin çok tartışılan filmi, 1920’de yayımladığı romanıyla Pulitzer Edebiyat Ödülü’nü alan ilk kadın Edith Warton’nun öyküsünü anlatmaktadır. C) Edith Warton 1920’de yazdığı ve kendisini Pulitzer Edebiyat Ödülü’nü alan ilk kadın yapan romanı, Martin Scorsese’nin tartışmalı filmine de konu olmuştur. D) Martin Scorsese’nin tartışmaya açık filminin öyküsü, 1920’de yayımlandığında Edith Warton’nun Pulitzer Edebiyat Ödülü’nü alan ilk kadın olmasını sağlayan romanını anlatmaktadır. E) Martin Scorsese’nin çok tartışılan filminin öyküsünü, Pulitzer Edebiyat Ödülü’nü alan ilk kadın olan Edith Warton’nun 1920’de yayımlanmış bir romanından alınmıştır. 99K

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8. The rigid and hierarchical corporate structure that provided the basis for business growth until the 1980s has now become a thing of the past. A) 1980’lerde iş dünyasında oluşturan katı ve hiyerarşik kurumsal yapılanma, bugün artık geçmişe ait bir olgu olarak görülmektedir. B) 1980’lere kadar şirketlerin büyümesini sağlayan sağlam ve hiyerarşik yapılanma, bugün artık eski önemini yitirmiştir. C) Đşlerin büyümesi için 1980’lere kadar temel oluşturan katı ve hiyerarşik şirket yapısı, bugün artık geçmişte kalmıştır. D) 1980’li yıllara kadar büyüme sürecinin temelini oluşturan katı hiyerarşik kurumsal yapının önemi, bugün artık yok olmuştur. E) Geçmişten günümüze kadar uzanan sağlam ve hiyerarşik kurumsal yapı, 1980’lere kadar büyümenin temelini oluşturmuştur. 99M 9. The European Molecular Biology Council, which represents the member states of the European Union, will co-ordinate advanced research into genetics. A) Genetik alanında ileri araştırmaların eşgüdümünü sağlayacak olan Avrupa Moleküler Biyoloji Konseyi, Avrupa Birliği'ne üye devletlerin temsilcilerinden oluşmaktadır. B) Avrupa Birliği'ne üye devletlerin oluşturduğu Avrupa Moleküler Biyoloji Konseyi, genetik alanındaki araştırmaları destekleyecektir. C) Genetik alanında ileri araştırmaların eşgüdümü, Avrupa Birliği'ne üye devletlerin oluşturduğu Avrupa Moleküler Biyoloji Konseyi tarafından sağlanabilir. D) Avrupa Birliği'ne üye devletleri temsil eden Avrupa Moleküler Biyoloji Konseyi, genetik alanındaki ileri araştırmaların eşgüdümünü sağlayacak. E) Avrupa Moleküler Biyoloji Konseyi, Avrupa Birliği'ne üye devletlerin genetik alanında yürüttüğü yoğun araştırmaların eşgüdümünü sağlayacak. 00K

10. Pasifik Okyanusu'nun Atlantik Okyanusu'ndan ayrı olduğunu ilk fark eden Avrupalı, Đspanyol kaşif Vasco de Balboa idi. A) Even so, it was the Spanish explorer Vasco de Balboa who was the first European to notice that the Pacific and the Atlantic were separate oceans. B) The Spanish explorer Vasco de Balboa was the first European to realize that the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean were separated. C) The first European to recognize the Pacific Ocean as distinct from the Atlantic Ocean was the Spanish explorer Vasco de Balboa. D) Vasco de Balboa of Spain was the first European to discover that the Pacific and the Atlantic oceans were separate. E) Until the Spanish explorer Vasco de Balboa made the discovery, Europeans did not realize that the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean were distinct. 00K 11. In his article, the author, who is a noted economist, describes why the economic decline in South America in the 1980s was inevitable. A) Bu makalede, yazar, ünlü bir iktisatçı olarak, 1980’li yıllarda Güney Amerika’da yaşanan ekonomik çöküşün niçin durdurulamadığını ayrıntılarla anlatmaktadır. B) Bu makalede. önemli bir iktisatçı olan yazar, Güney Amerika’da 1980’lerde görülen ekonomik gerilemenin kaçınılmaz sonuçlarını ortaya koymaktadır. C) Bu makalede, 1980'li yıllarda Güney Amerika’da görülen ekonomik bunalımın nedenleri ünlü bir iktisatçı tarafından açıklanmaktadır. D) Bu makalede, 1980’lerde Güney Amerika’da ortaya çıkan ekonomik durgunluğun niçin önlenemediği saygın bir iktisatçı yazar tarafından anlatılmaktadır. E) Bu makalede, tanınmış bir iktisatçı olan yazar, 1980'lerde Güney Amerika’da ekonomik gerilemenin niçin kaçınılmaz olduğunu anlatmaktadır. 00M

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12. The Beni-Israel is a Jewish community of some thousands, known as the White Jews and found chiefly in Bombay and the costal towns of south-west India. A) Birkaç bin kişiden oluşan Beni-Đsrail Yahudi topluluğu, genellikle Beyaz Yahudilerden oluşur ve bunlar Güneybatı Hindistan'ın Bombay ve öteki kıyı kentlerinde toplanmıştır. B) Bombay ve Güneybatı Hindistan'ın kıyı kentlerinde yaşayan birkaç bin nüfuslu Beni-Đsrail Yahudi topluluğu, genellikle Beyaz Yahudiler olarak bilinmektedir. C) Birkaç bin nüfuslu bir Yahudi topluluğu olan Beni-Đsrail içinde Beyaz Yahudiler olarak bilinenler, Bombay dahil Güneybatı Hindistan'ın kıyı kentlerinde bulunmaktadır. D) Beni-Đsrail olarak bilinen ve nüfusu birkaç bini geçmeyen Beyaz Yahudi topluluğu, Bombay dahil Güneybatı Hindistan'ın kıyı kentlerinde yaşar. E) Beni-Đsrail, Beyaz Yahudiler olarak bilinen ve genellikle Bombay ve Güneybatı Hindistan'ın kıyı kentlerinde bulunan birkaç bin nüfuslu bir Yahudi topluluğudur. 01M 13. The German poet Gottfried Benn, who was born in Prussia, spent most of his life in Berlin as a medical specialist. A) Prusya'da doğmuş olan Alman şair Gottfried Benn, yaşamının büyük bir bölümünü Berlin'de tıp uzmanı olarak geçirdi. B) Prusya doğumlu olan Alman şair Gottfried Benn, bir tıp uzmanı olarak tüm yaşamını Berlin'de geçirdi. C) Prusya'da doğan Alman şair Gottfried Benn, Berlin'deki yaşamını hep tıp alanındaki çalışmalarla geçirmiştir. D) Prusya'da doğan ve bir tıp uzmanı olan Alman şair Gottfried Benn, yaşamının hemen hemen tümünü Berlin'de geçirmiştir. E) Yaşamının önemli bir bölümünü Berlin'de geçiren Alman şair Gottfried Benn, Prusya'da doğmuş bir tıp uzmanıydı. 01M

14. Đsrail devletinin ilk başbakanı olan David Ben-Gurion, sadece ünlü bir hatip ve verimli bir yazar değil, aynı zamanda ciddi bir Đncil ve felsefe araştırmacısıydı. A) David Ben-Gurion, besides being the first prime minister of the state of Israel, was a notable orator and a prolific writer as well as a knowledgeable student of the Bible and philosophy. B) David Ben-Gurion, the first prime minister of the state of Israel, was not only a notable orator and prolific writer but also a serious student of the Bible and philosophy. C) In addition to being Israel's first prime minister, David Ben-Gurion, was also an excellent orator and a prolific writer as well as being an avid student of the Bible and philosophy. D) Israel's first prime minister, David Ben-Gurion, was not only a much admired orator and prolific author but was also interested in the Bible and philosophy. E) David Ben-Gurion, who was the first prime minister of the state of Israel, was a brilliant orator and prolific author, besides being an authority on the Bible and philosophy. 01M 15. Pluto, which is the outermost planet of the solar system, has a mass ten times smaller than hitherto supposed. A) Bugüne kadar bilinenden on kat daha az bir kütleye sahip olan Plüton, güneş sisteminin en uç gezegenidir. B) Güneş sisteminin en uç noktasında bulunan Plüton gezegeninin kütlesi, daha önce bilinenden on kat daha azdır. C) Daha önce kabul edilenden on kat daha az bir kütlesi bulunan Plüton gezegeni, güneş sisteminin en dış noktasındadır. D) Güneş sisteminin en uzak gezegeni olan Plüton bugüne kadar sanıldığından on kat daha az bir kütleye sahiptir. E) Güneş sisteminin en uç noktasında bulunan Plüton, şimdiye kadar düşünülenden on kat daha az bir kütleden oluşan bir gezegendir. 02K

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16. One of the issues covered by the Maastricht Treaty, which took effect on 1 November 1993, is the European Union's decision-making process. A) 1 Kasım 1993'te yürürlüğe giren Maastricht Antlaşması ile Avrupa Birliği'nin karar alma sürecine ilişkin sorunlarından biri çözülmüştür. B) Avrupa Birliği'nin karar alma süreciyle ilgili konuları kapsayan Maastricht Antlaşması, 1 Kasım 1993'te yürürlüğe girmiştir. C) 1 Kasım 1993'te yürürlüğe giren Maastricht Antlaşması, Avrupa Birliği'nin karar alma sürecinin konu edildiği düzenlemelerden biridir. D) Avrupa Birliği'nin karar alma sürecine ilişkin sorunların, 1 Kasım 1993'te yürürlüğe giren Maastricht Antlaşması'yla çözülmesi amaçlanmıştır. E) 1 Kasım 1993'te yürürlüğe giren Maastricht Antlaşması'nda kapsanan konulardan biri, Avrupa Birliği'nin karar alma sürecidir. 03M 17. At a UN conference held in Rome in July 1998, an agreement was reached to set up a permanent international criminal court to try individuals accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity. A) Temmuz 1998'de Roma'da yapılan BM konferansında alınan bir kararla kurulan uluslararası daimi ceza mahkemesi, savaş suçu ve insanlığa karşı diğer suçları işleyen kişilerin yargılanmasıyla görevlendirilmiştir. B) Savaş suçları ve insanlığa karşı suçlarla itham edilen kişilerin yargılanmasıyla amacıyla bir uluslararası daimi ceza mahkemesinin kurulması ancak Temmuz 1998'de Roma'da yapılan bir BM konferansında alınan kararla mümkün olmuştur. C) Temmuz 1998'de Roma'da yapılan bir BM konferansında, savaş suçları ve insanlığa karşı suçlarla itham edilen kişileri yargılamak amacıyla bir uluslararası daimi ceza mahkemesinin kurulması için anlaşmaya varıldı. D) temmuz 1998'de Roma'da yapılan BM konferansında bir uluslararası daimi ceza mahkemesinin kurulmasına karar verilince, savaş suçları gibi insanlık suçu işleyen kişilerin yargılanması mümkün olmuştur. E) Savaş suçları gibi insanlık suçu işlemiş kişileri yargılayacak uluslararası bir daimi ceza mahkemesinin kurulması konusunda Temmuz 1998'de Roma'da yapılan bir BM konferansında anlaşmaya varıldı. 03M

18. The Celts, who were later called "Gauls" by the Romans, migrated from the Rhine valley into the region that is now France. A) Geçmişte Romalıların "Salyalılar" dediği Keltiler, Ren vadisinden göç ederek bugünkü Fransa'ya yerleşmişlerdir. B) Romalıların "Salyalılar" olarak adlandırdığı Keltiler, bugünkü Fransa'nın yakınlarına, Ren vadisinden göç ederek gelmişlerdir. C) Bugün Fransa olan bölgeye Ren vadisinden göç etmiş olan Keltlere, Romalılar "Salyalılar" adını vermişti. D) Daha sonra Romalılar tarafından "Salyalılar" olarak adlandırılan Keltiler, bugün Fransa olan bölgeye, Ren vadisinden göç etmişlerdir. E) Romalılarca uzun yıllar boyunca "Salyalılar" olarak adlandırılan Keltiler, Ren vadisinden göç edip bugünkü Fransa'ya yerleşmişlerdir. 04K 19. Osmanlı imparatorluğu döneminde, Selanik şehrinde ilk futbol maçını düzenleyenler, Đngiliz tütün ve pamuk tüccarlarıydı. A) It was during the period of the Ottoman Empire that the first football match in the city of Salonika was organized by British tobacco and cotton traders. B) It was British tobacco and cotton traders who organized the first football match in the city of Salonika during the period of the Ottoman Empire. C) The first football match to be organized by British tobacco and cotton traders was in the city of Salonika during the period of the Ottoman Empire. D) British tobacco and cotton traders held their first football match in Salonika during the time of the Ottoman Empire. E) The first football match to be held in Salonika was during the time of the Ottoman Empire and was organized by British tobacco and cotton traders. 04K

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20. The strategic importance of Malta was first recognized by the Phoenicians, who occupied it and established a trade colony there. A) Malta'nın stratejik önemini ilk anlayan Fenikeliler, burayı işgal ettiler ve burada bir ticaret kolonisi kurdular. B) Malta'nın stratejik önemi nedeniyle burayı işgal eden Fenikeliler, ilk önce bir ticaret kolonisi kurdular. C) Malta'nın stratejik önemi, ilk kez, arayı işgal eden ve orada bir ticaret kolonisi kuran Fenikelilerce anlaşılmıştır. D) Đlk kez Fenikeliler tarafından işgal edilen Malta'nın stratejik önemi hemen anlaşıldı ve burada bir ticaret kolonisi kuruldu. E) Malta'nın stratejik önemini anlayarak burayı işgal eden Fenikeliler, ilk ticaret kolonisini burada kurdular. 04M 21. Analysis of the reddish surface soil of Mars points to the presence of oxidized iron, indicating that at the planet's surface is rusting. A) Mars'ın kızılımsı yüzey toprağının analizi, gezegenin yüzeyinin paslanmakta olduğunu gösteren oksitlenmiş demirin varlığına işaret etmektedir. B) Mars'ın kızılımsı yüzey toprağı analiz edildiğinde, oksitlenmiş demirin varlığı nedeniyle gezegen yüzeyinin paslanmakta olduğu görülür. C) Mars'ın kızılımsı yüzey toprağının analizi, oksitlenmiş demirin varlığını göstermektedir ve gezegen yüzeyinin paslanmasının nedeni de budur. D) Mars'ın kızılımsı yüzey toprağının analizinden, oksitlenmiş demir varlığının, gezegen yüzeyinin paslanmasına yol açtığı anlaşılmaktadır E) Mars'ın kızılımsı yüzey toprağının analizi ile, oksitlenmiş demir varlığına bağlı olarak gezegen yüzeyinin paslanmakta olduğu belirlenmiştir 04M

22. Ünlü "Aynalı Salon"nun bulunduğu Versailles Sarayı, XIV. Louis'nin hükümdarlığı sırasında inşa edilmiş ve 1793'e kadar kraliyet sarayı olarak hizmet vermiştir. A) From the time it was built in the reign of Louis XIV, until 1793, Versailles, with its famous "Hall of Mirrors" served as the royal palace. B) The Palace of Versailles, with its famous "Hall of Mirrors", was built at the request of Louis XIV and served as the royal palace until 1793. C) The Palace of Versailles, containing the famous "Hall of Mirrors", was built during the reign of Louis XIV and served as the royal palace until 1793. D) The Palace of Versailles, famous for its "Hall of Mirrors", was built for Louis XIV and continued to be the royal palace until 1793. E) The Palace of Versailles, best known for its "Hall of Mirrors", was the royal palace of Louis XIV and others right up to the year 1793. 05K 23. The Aryans who invaded India from the northwest in about 1500 B.C. found a land there that was already home to an advanced civilization. A) Đleri bir uygarlığı zaten barındırmakta olan Hindistan’ı, M.Ö. 1500 yıllarında Ariler kuzeybatıdan istila etmişlerdir. B) Ariler, ileri bir uygarlığa çok önceden beri ev sahipliği yapan bir ülke olarak buldukları Hindistan'ı, M.Ö. 1500 yıllarında kuzeybatıdan işgal ettiler. C) Zaten ileri bir uygarlığın vatanı olan Hindistan, M.Ö. 1500'lerde kuzeybatısından Ari istilasına uğramıştır. D) Ariler, Hindistan’ı M.Ö. 1500 dolayında işgal etmişler ve orayı ileri bir uygarlığın vatanı olarak görmüşlerdir. E) Hindistan’ı M.Ö. 1500 dolayında kuzeybatıdan istila eden Ariler, orada, ileri bir uygarlığı zaten barındırmakta olan bir ülke buldular. 05M

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24. James Joyce, whom Samuel Beckett knew in Paris in the 1920s, had a great impact on Beckett’s thinking regarding the art of writing. A) Samuel Beckett’in 1920’lerde Paris’te tanıdığı James Joyce’un, Beckett’in yazma sanatıyla ilgili düşünceleri üzerinde büyük bir etkisi oldu. B) James Joyce’un yazma sanatı konusundaki düşüncelerinden çok etkilenen Samuel Beckett, onu 1920’lerde Paris’te tanımıştı. C) Samuel Beckett 1920’lerde James Joyce’la Paris’te tanıştıktan sonra, yazma sanatı konusundaki düşünceleri bir ölçüde değişti. D) James Joyce 1920’lerde Paris’te tanıdığı Samuel Beckett’in yazma sanatı konusundaki düşüncelerini büyük ölçüde etkiledi. E) 1920’lerde Paris’te yaşayan Samuel Beckett’in yazma sanatı konusundaki düşünceleri James Joyce sayesinde tamamıyla değişti. 06K 25. The European Union is engaged in a variety of programmes all around the world to promote and protect the rights of children, particularly in countries where children are affected by war. A) Tüm dünyada özellikle savaşan ülkelerdeki çocuklar için çocuk haklarını desteklemek ve korumak için Avrupa Birliği birçok programa izin veriyor. B) Avrupa Birliği dünyada savaşan ülkelerin çocuklarının haklarını desteklemek ve korumak için çeşitli programları destekliyor. C) Avrupa Birliği tüm dünyada, özellikle çocukların savaştan etkilendiği ülkelerde, çocuk haklarını desteklemek ve korumak için çeşitli programlarla ilgileniyor. D) Avrupa Birliği özellikle savaştan etkilenen ülkelerin çocuklarını desteklemek ve korumak için tüm dünyada çeşitli programlar düzenliyor. E) Özellikle çocukların savaştan etkilendiği ülkelerdeki çocuk haklarını destekleyen ve koruyan Avrupa Birliği tüm dünyada çeşitli programlarla ilgilidir. 06M

27. Dilbilimi, son zamanlarda hemen tüm alanlarda muazzam bir genişleme sağlayan, genç bir sosyal bilimdir. A) Linguistics, which is, in a sense, a young social science, has expanded in every area in recent times. B) Linguistics is a young social science, which has recently had a massive expansion in almost all areas. C) As a young social science, linguistics has expanded enormously in all areas in recent years. D) Although linguistics is in fact a somewhat young social science, its recent expansion in almost all fields has been remarkable. E) Linguistics, which has expanded rapidly in all areas in recent years, is in fact a young social science. 07M 28. Shakspeare’in ailesi, idamı, 13. yüzyıl ortasında kayda geçmiş olan Warwickshire’lı eşkıya William Shakspeare’e dayanmaktadır. A) It is to William Shakespeare, a Warwickshire robber in the mid-13th century, whose hanging is recorded, that Shakespeare’s family is related. B) William Shakespeare was a mid-13th century Warwickshire robber whose hanging was recorded and to whom Shakespeare’s family can be traced. C) Shakespeare’s family can be traced back to a Warwickshire robber, William Shakespeare, who was hung some time in the mid-13th century. D) Shakespeare’s family goes back to the Warwickshire robber William Shakespeare, whose hanging was recorded in the mid-13th century. E) Shakespeare’s family has been traced back to William Shakespeare, a Warwickshire robber, whose hanging in the mid-13th century was recorded. 07M

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Cümle tamamlama soruları 1. Many Egypt’s ruins are unfortunately being destroyed by the very people ____ . A) whose living habits had been depicted in the monuments B) that actually aren’t trained conservationists C) who will ask for international funding D) that is the result of faculty renovation E) who were hired to fix them 99K 2. A new generation of business leaders is coming to the fore, ____ . A) whether the state continues to meddle in corporate affairs B) whose methods are more vital, more international and more aggressive C) who aimed to impress international investors D) which was realistic about the importance of economic growth E) so that they work to gratify not politicians but their own shareholders 99K 3. The elderly gentleman sitting over there is an artist ____ . A) whose many articles about their commitment to the cause of human welfare and happiness in Africa would be controversial B) that he shares the vision of young people for a peaceful and prosperous world in the next century C) whose work has been exhibited widely in many countries in Europe D) since his awards include gold and silver medals presented by various organizations E) whereby he had unanimously been elected an honorary member by the Society of Modern Arts 99M

4. In 1922 Hemingway settled in Paris ____ . A) whether he would be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954 B) if the life of a journalist hadn't attracted him even more than the life of a novelist C) that he wrote stories and novels about the Americans living there just as Henry James had done D) since he soon gave up journalism for fiction E) where he moved in a circle of American expatriates that included Ezra Pound and Scott Fitzgerald 00K 5. The doctor has prescribed some new pills ____ . A) which really do bring relief from pain B) if we could afforded them C) even though she requires them regularly D) why the others had ceased to be effective E) that had just come onto the market 01K 6. At concert halls, the centre of the stage is increasingly being taken over by percussionists _____. A) who were trying out a wide range of new instruments B) that there is now a vast array of instruments C) whose performance showed amazing virtuosity D) who used to stand at the back of the orchestra tapping out the rhythm E) in order that a great range of new musical sound was being developed 01M

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7. Japan has produced two hi-tech stadiums ____. A) that has been designed to serve several purposes B) which display the sort of innovation for fun treatment we expect from that country C) neither of them is designed with the fans in mind D) whenever there is novelty for the sake of novelty E) as there is provision for novel waterproofing systems which are highly effective 03M 8. ____ where farmers benefit from legal opium cultivation for the production of painkillers. A) Turkey is one of several countries B) The UN's drug control agency admits that crop substitution projects are inadequate C) Total opium elimination in these countries is hardly feasible D) Until recently, only the trafficking of opium was prohibited in Laos, not the cultivation of it E) Opium is one of the oldest painkillers known 04K 9. Celebrities ____ cause 14 times as many people to copy them as do other suicides. A) whose suicide was reported in newspapers B) who kill themselves C) whom journalists try to interview D) as the impact of their suicide on society is studied E) when they are reported in the media 05K

10. We are determined to give the contract to an architect ____ . A) since a great many problems had already arisen B) whose handling of the interiors was outstanding C) who is committed to environmentally responsible design D) until we learn the kind of garden that is possible E) if their requirements were even slightly unusual 05M 11. Neanderthals were a recent evolutionary human relative ____ . A) who lived in Europe and became extinct 30,000-40,000 years ago B) as researchers studying human origins debated this question for decades C) which are muscular and robust, with a brain similar to ours in size D) while the relationship between humans and Neanderthals may best be described as sister species E) despite the fact that they had hands as nimble as those of present-day humans, with a thumb and fingers 06K 12. Road and rail connections in Italy are generally better in the north, ____. A) because between the snowy peaks of the Alps and the rugged shores of Sicily lies a whole series of regions, each with its distinctive culture B) but there are many other attractive historic towns and cities C) but people speak of two Italies: the rich industrial North and the poorer agricultural South D) just as the government has allocated extra funds for road repairs E) where Milan, Bologna and Verona are the key transport centers 06K

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13. He has focused on moving the complexity of computing from the desktop to the network, ____. A) where it can be managed more easily B) if computers could communicate more easily with one another C) that his improvements actually caught the eye of the Pentagon D) though it became the most widely used operating system of its day E) which would have been the greatest challenge of his career 06M 14. The Bermuda Triangle, ____, is noted for a high incidence of unexplained losses of ships, small boats and aircraft. A) that an entire squadron of planes vanished shortly after takeoff B) as local environmental conditions could be the cause C) since the sea here is particularly fast moving D) when there is an almost unique magnetic effect on compasses E) which is off the southeastern Atlantic coast of the US 06M

15. The stereotype of woman as the more “emotional” sex is the one ____. A) that still persists today B) as emotions are so unpredictable C) but it had been encouraged by the Stoics D) until overruled by 20th century psychology E) which a more sophisticated mode of thinking will have denied 06M 16. Africa Report is a weekly TV programme ____ . A) unless it showcases the very best in Africa B) that focuses on business and investment in Africa C) though it covers everything from economic reform to rewarding investment opportunities D) so it has 250 million viewers in Africa alone E) as it is brought to you by the world’s leading business channel 07M

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Benzer cümle soruları 1. In a country such as Russia, where much power is vested in one man, that man can make quite a difference. A) Should one man be given unlimited power, as in Russia, it would make a difference to the country. B) When, as in Russia, one man unconditionally wields enormous power, he can affect many changes. C) If much power were invested in one man, in a country such as Russia, he could bring about great changes. D) It would make a terrific difference in Russia, for instance, if a great deal of power were vested in one man. E) In a country such as Russia, there would be a notable difference if complete power were vested in such a man as that. 99M

2. He's one of those people who is always ready to promise help but rarely keeps his promise. A) He's often promised to help one, but never once done so. B) He's like lots of other people; he promises to help but rarely does. C) It's easy for him to promise to help, but he never actually does help. D) Like so many others, he often promises to help but then forgets to do so. E) He's the sort of person who is good at promising help, but almost always fails to do so 04K

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KEY TO RELATIVE CLAUSES BOŞLUK DOLDURMA 1 E 2 D 3 E 4 C 5 A 6 C 7 A 8 D 9 D 10 A 11 E 12 B 13 C ÇEVĐRĐ 1 C 2 A 3 A 4 C 5 B

6 A 7 A 8 C 9 D 10 C 11 E 12 A 13 A 14 B 15 D 16 E 17 C 18 D 19 B 20 C 21 A 22 C 23 E 24 A 25 C 26 B 27 B 28 D

CÜMLE TAMAMLAMA 1 E* 2 B 3 C 4 E 5 A 6 D 7 B 8 A 9 B 10 C 11 A 12 E 13 A 14 E 15 A 16 B

BENZER CÜMLE 1 C 2 E

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Gerund – Infinitive Gerund • isim olarak kullanılır,

I like watching horror films, Smoking is forbidden here.

• sıfat olarak kullanılır,

Can you hear the mocking bird? She hates the working class.

• bazı kalıplardan sonra kullanılır, be accustomed to it’s no good be used to it’s no use can’t help it’s worth get accustomed to look forward to get used to there is no point in

It’s no use talking to the boss. We look forward to visiting Egypt. I can’t help buying expensive clothes. He got used to driving on the right in Britain.

• aşağıdaki fiillerden sonra kullanılır: acknowledge admit advocate anticipate appreciate avoid consider contemplate defer delay deny dislike detest discuss dispute

dread endanger enjoy envisage escape excuse fancy favor finish foresee forgive imagine include involve justify

keep mean mention mind miss necessitate pardon postpone practice prevent prohibit propose recall recollect repent

report resent resist resume risk stop suffer suggest

I hate eating frozen meat. She imagines living in a house with a pool.

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Not: Olayın bittiğini vurgulamak için having + ing kullanılabilir.

The man recalled that he had seen the thief. The man recalled seeing the thief. The man recalled having seen the thief.

Infinitive • isim olarak kullanılır,

To find the right person is hard. They decided to buy a new house. It’s sad to hear war news.

• sıfat olarak kullanılır,

The first driver to finish the race was Alonso. The latest student to attend the class is Cengiz. Angela was the ugliest girl to join the competition.

• amaç bildiren belirteç olarak kullanılır,

I went to the Office to fetch my suitcase. They opened the window to let some air in.

• aşağıda verilen yapılardan sonra kullanılır,

too…enough She is too fat to run fast. adj + infinitive It is hard to believe him. be able to He is not able to swim. be supposed to You were supposed to be here at ten. be going to She is going to study in the US. used to I used to join art clubs when ı was at university. be about to The roof is about to collapse. be to You are to hand in your homework on time.

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• aşağıdaki fiillerden sonra kullanılır:

The man threatened to kill the baby. Four thousand males volunteer to join the army. The security warned us not to take any photos. The cold weather forced the birds to immigrate early.

* Bu fiillerden hemen sonra nesne gelir. ‘warned us not to’ gibi

agree aim appear arrange bother can afford care claim decide demand deserve endeavour fail happen

hesitate hope learn know manage offer plan pledge prepare pretend proceed promise refuse resolve

seek seem tend threaten undertake volunteer

O + infinitive * advise allow believe cause challenge command compel dare drive enable encourage find force hire

invite notify order permit recommend remind require select teach tell tempt trust urge warn

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Önemli Bazı fiiller hem gerund hem de infinitive alabilirler. Fakat anlam farkı oluşur. Aşağıda bazı fiiller ve anlam farklılıkları verilmiştir.

come + gerund come + infinitive forget + gerund forget + infinitive go on + gerund go on + infinitive mean + gerund mean + infinitive regret + gerund regret + infinitive remember + gerund remember + infinitive stop + gerund stop + infinitive try + gerund try + infinitive

She came to be known as a photographer. (olarak tanınmaya başladı) He came murmuring about the day. (söylenerek geldi) He forgets leaving the lights on. (açık bıraktığını unutuyor) He forgot to leave the light on. (açık bırakmayı unuttu) They went on complaining about the weather. The army went on after they camped in Barbua. (ara verip devam ettiler) To be successful means to work hard. (çok çalışmak anlamına geliyor) I meant to visit Jordan. (ziyaret etmeye niyetlendim) I regret telling you that you are fired. (atıldığını söylediğime pişmanım) I regret to tell you that you are fired. (üzgünüm ama atıldın) I remember visiting my aunt. (ziyaret ettiğimi hatırlıyorum) I remembered to visit my aunt. (ziyaret etmeyi unutmadım) He stopped drinking coke. (kola içmeyi bıraktı) He stopped to drink coke. (kola içmek için durdu) He tried phoning the company, but they didn’t help. (aradı, işe yaramadı) He tried to phone the company, but he couldn’t contact. (ulaşmaya çalıştı)

Not: notice, make, feel, hear, observe, overhear, see, watch, have, let gibi fiiller hem –ing hem de bare infinitive* alabilirler. Fakat anlamda değişme olur.

I watched him racing in the WRC. (yarışın bir kısmını, tamamını değil) I watched him race in the WRC. (yarışın tamamını seyrettim) I saw him watering the garden. (bir ara sularken gördüm) I saw him water the garden. (sulayıp bitirinceye kadar baktım)

* -to eki almayan infinitive ‘watch him race’ gibi

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GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES ÇIKMIŞ SORULAR Boşluk doldurma soruları 1. An acorn, left to itself becomes an oak, and a geneticist ____ its DNA to make it grow into an elm may justly be said ____ with its natural course. A) altering / to have interfered B) having altered / to interfere C) to alter / having interfered D) being altered / interfered E) to have altered / to be interfering 98K 2. The book of "a thousand and one nights" is a collection of fascinating tales of the Orient, of Mixed Indian, Persian, Arabic, and Egyptian origination, and first ____ in Europe by Antoine Galland's French translation in the early eighteenth century. A) having known B) to know C) to be known D) made known E) to be made known 99K**** 3. This poem is generally supposed ____ in the fifteenth century, but some people date it even earlier. A) being composed B) to be composed C) having been composed D) to have composed E) to have been composed 00K

4. He ____ that the forests ____ to their natural inhabitants, that is, to all varieties of living things. A) suggests / be returned B) suggested / to be returned C) has suggested / to have been returned D) had suggested / are being returned E) would have suggested / return 00M 5. When I ____ as a fully licensed geneticist in 1961, I thought I knew everything there was ____ about genetics. A) had been graduated / to be known B) graduated / to know C) was graduated / to have known D) have been graduated / known E) have graduated / to have been known 00M 6. It is not unusual for advertising campaigns ____ even before the new products ____ onto the market. A) to have been launched / have come B) being launched / will come C) to be launched / come D) having been launched / are coming E) to have been launched / will have come 01K

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7. Soon, customs officers____ to use X-ray technology____ cavities in vehicles for drugs. A) have been able / having scanned B) are able / scanning C) were able / to be scanned D) will be able / to scan E) would have been able / to have scanned 02K 8. They hope that by surrounding city centres and likely terrorist targets with "soft walls", they____ it impossible for hijacked planes____ anywhere near them. A) will make / to get B) make / having got C) make / to have got D) have made / to be got E) are making / getting 04K 9. Following World War II, job prospects for young people ____ greatly which allowed them ____ more prosperous than their parents. A) had improved / to have felt B) have improved / feeling C) improved / to feel D) were improving / having felt E) would have improved / having to feel 05K

10. The 1980s____ a surge of new interest ____ the definition of intelligence. A) have brought / to be expanding B) had brought / having expanded C) were bringing / to have expanded D) brought / in expanding E) would have brought / to expand 06M 11. The British government ____ details of the next stage of its genetically modified crop field trials, thus____ off a now familiar cycle of debate and demonstration. A) has released / setting B) will release / to set C) would have released / having set D) is releasing / to have set E) released / to be set 07M****

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Çeviri soruları 1. But it has become increasingly hard to sustain the idea that Britain has the best television in the world. A) Ne var ki, dünyada en iyi televizyona Đngiltere'nin sahip olduğu görüşünün kabul görmesi kesinlikle imkansızdır. B) Ama Đngiltere'nin dünyada en iyi televizyona sahip olduğu savı gittikçe daha güçlü destek bulmaktadır. C) Nitekim, dünyanın en iyi televizyonunun Đngiltere'de olduğu görüşü gittikçe anlamını yitirmektedir. D) Fakat dünyada en iyi televizyon yayıncılığının Đngiltere'de olduğu düşüncesi, bugün daha da güçlenmiştir. E) Ancak, Đngiltere'nin dünyada en iyi televizyona sahip olduğu görüşünü sürdürmek giderek zorlaşmıştır. 99K 2. Martin Scorsese’s controversial film takes its story from Edith Warton’s novel, which appeared in 1920 and made her the first woman to receive the Pulitzer Prize for literature. A) Martin Scorsese’nin tartışmalı filmi, öyküsünü, Edith Warton’nun 1920’de yayımlanan ve onu Pulitzer Edebiyat Ödülü’nü alan ilk kadın yapan romanından almaktadır. B) Martin Scorsese’nin çok tartışılan filmi, 1920’de yayımladığı romanıyla Pulitzer Edebiyat Ödülü’nü alan ilk kadın Edith Warton’nun öyküsünü anlatmaktadır. C) Edith Warton 1920’de yazdığı ve kendisini Pulitzer Edebiyat Ödülü’nü alan ilk kadın yapan romanı, Martin Scorsese’nin tartışmalı filmine de konu olmuştur. D) Martin Scorsese’nin tartışmaya açık filminin öyküsü, 1920’de yayımlandığında Edith Warton’nun Pulitzer Edebiyat Ödülü’nü alan ilk kadın olmasını sağlayan romanını anlatmaktadır. E) Martin Scorsese’nin çok tartışılan filminin öyküsünü, Pulitzer Edebiyat Ödülü’nü alan ilk kadın olan Edith Warton’nun 1920’de yayımlanmış bir romanından alınmıştır. 99K

3. The first colonial immigrants began to arrive in Britain in the early 1950s to work in the manufacturing industry. A) 1950’lerin başlarında Đngiltere’ye gelen ilk sömürge göçmenleri, öncelikle imalat sanayinde çalışmaya başladılar. B) Sömürgelerden Đngiltere’ye gelen ilk göçmenler, 1950’lerin başlarında imalat sanayinde çalışmaya başladılar. C) 1950’lerin başlarından itibaren pek çok göçmen, imalat sanayinde çalışmak amacıyla, ilk kez sömürgelerden Đngiltere’ye gelmeye başladı. D) Đlk kez 1950’lerde Đngiltere’ye gelmeye başlayan sömürge göçmenleri, öncelikle imalat sanayinde çalıştılar. E) Đlk sömürge göçmenleri, Đngiltere’ye, imalat sanayinde çalışmak amacıyla, 1950’lerin başlarında gelmeye başlamıştır. 99M 4. Greenpeace activists failed to stop a ship carrying reprocessed nuclear fuel through the Panama Canal. A) Yeşilbarış eylemcileri, yeniden işlenmiş nükleer yakıt taşıyan bir gemiyi Panama Kanalı’nda durdurmayı amaçlıyordu. B) Yeşilbarış eylemcileri, yeniden işlenmiş nükleer yakıt taşımakta olan bir gemiyi Panama Kanalı’nda durdurmaya çalıştılar. C) Yeşilbarış eylemcileri, Panama Kanalı’ndan yeniden işlenmiş nükleer yakıt taşıyan bir gemiyi durdurmayı başaramadılar. D) Yeşilbarış eylemcileri, işlenmiş nükleer yakıt taşıyan bir gemiyi Panama Kanalı’nda durdurma girişiminde yetersiz kaldılar. E) Yeşilbarış eylemcilerinin, yeniden işlenmiş nükleer yakıt taşıyan bir gemiyi Panama Kanalı’nda durdurma çabaları boşa gitti. 99M

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5. Hükümet giriş ücretlerini kaldırır kaldırmaz, çok daha fazla kişi müzeleri ve sanat galerilerini ziyaret etmeye başladı. A) Following the government's ruling for no entrance charges for museums and art galleries, more and more people will start to visit them. B) An increasing number of people had begun to visit the museums and art galleries even before the government abolished entrance fees. C) If the government decides to stop charging entrance fees for museums and art galleries, many more people will start to visit them D) As soon as the government had abolished entrance charges, many more people started to visit the museums and art galleries. E) Now, as there are no admission charges for museums and art galleries, following a government ruling, an increasing number of people are visiting them. 03M 6. Ağlama, yalnızca insana özgü olan gülmenin tersine, insanın başka birçok hayvanla paylaştığı bir özelliktir. A) In common with many other animals, human beings laugh but do not cry. B) Humans, like many other animals, cry, but laughing seems to be reserved for them alone. C) Animals and humans can cry, but it is only humans, who laugh. D) The ability to cry is shared by humans and all other animal, but no laughter; that is uniquely human. E) Crying, as opposed to laughing which is uniquely human, is a characteristics that humans share with many other animals. 03M

7. lraq is making efforts to rebuild its shattered financial system by granting three foreign banks permission to operate in the country. A) Yok olmuş mali sistemini yeniden kurabilmek için çalışmalara başlamış olan Irak, sadece üç yabancı bankanın ülkede faaliyet göstermesine izin veriyor. B) Irak, yıkılmış olan mali sistemini yeniden yapılandırmak amacıyla çalışmalara başlamış ve üç yabancı bankanın ülkede faaliyete geçmesine izin vermiştir. C) Dağılmış olan mali sistemini yeniden düzenlemek için gayret içine giren Irak, ülkede üç yabancı bankanın faaliyet göstermesine onay vermiştir. D) Irak'ın yabancı bankalardan üçünün ülkede faaliyete geçmesine onay vermesi, yıkılan mali sistemini yeniden kurmaya çalıştığının göstergesidir. E) Irak, ülkede faaliyet göstermeleri için üç yabancı bankaya izin vererek, paramparça olmuş mali sistemini yeniden kurmaya çaba gösteriyor. 04K 8. In some parts of the world, many believe that politics is not a suitable job for women, but eventually such opposition seems likely to disappear. A) Dünyanın çeşitli bölgelerinde birçok insan siyaseti kadınlar için uygun bir uğraş olarak görmemektedir; ancak bu tür muhalefet zamanla yok olacaktır. B) Dünyanın bazı bölgelerinde pek çok kişi siyasetin kadınlar için uygun bir uğraş olmadığına inanmaktadır; ancak bu tür muhalefet zamanla ortadan kalkacak gibi görünmektedir. C) Birçok insan siyasetin kadınlara uygun bir iş olmadığını düşünmektedir; ancak dünyanın pek çok yerinde bu muhalefetin zamanla yok olacağına inanılmaktadır. D) Dünyanın çeşitli bölgelerinde çoğu insan siyasetin kadınlara uygun bir uğraş olduğuna kesinlikle inanmamaktadır; ancak bu muhalefet zamanla önemini yitirecektir. E) Pek çok kişi siyaseti dünyanın bazı bölgelerinde, kadınların yapabileceği bir uğraş olarak görmemektedir; ancak bu tür muhalefetin zamanla önemini yitireceğine inanılmaktadır. 04M

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9. During the Gulf War in 1991, the Iraqi troops caused the worst ever man-made environmental disaster by setting fire to 650 of Kuwait's 950 oil wells. A) Đnsan tarafından şimdiye kadar oluşturulmuş çevre felaketlerinden biri, 1991'deki Körfez Savaşı sırasında Irak birliklerinin Kuveyt'in 950 petrol kuyusundan 650'sini ateşe vermesiyle meydana gelmiştir. B) 1991'deki Körfez Savaşı sırasında, Irak birliklerinin Kuveyt'e ait 950 petrol kuyusundan 650'sini yakması, şimdiye kadar insandan kaynaklanan en korkunç cevre felaketlerinden biriyle sonuçlandı. C) 1991'deki Körfez Savaşı sırasında, Irak birlikleri Kuveyt'in 950 petrol kuyusundan 650'sini ateşe vererek insan tarafından şimdiye kadar oluşturulmuş en kötü çevre felaketine neden oldular. D) Đnsandan kaynaklanmış en korkunç cevre felaketi 1991'deki Körfez Savaşı sırasında meydana gelmiştir; çünkü bu savaşta Irak güçleri Kuveyt'in 950 petrol kuyusundan en az 650'sini ateşe vermiştir. E) 1991 yılında yalnız Körfez Savaşı'ndan dolayı değil, bu savaş sırasında Irak güçlerinin Kuveyt'e ait 950 petrol kuyusundan 650'sini ateşe vermesi yüzünden de insan tarafından şimdiye kadar oluşturulmuş en korkunç cevre felaketi yaşanmıştır. 05M

10. Germany’s far-right National Democratic Party upset the other parties by winning nearly 10 per cent of the votes in the economically depressed state of Saxony last year. A) Almanya’nın aşırı sağ Ulusal Demokratik Partisi, geçen yıl, ekonomik olarak geri kalmış Saksonya eyaletinde, oyların hemen hemen yüzde onunu kazanarak diğer partilerin canını sıktı. B) Geçen yıl, daha büyük ekonomik sıkıntılar içinde olan Saksonya eyaletinde, oyların yüzde onunu alan aşırı sağ Ulusal Demokratik Partisi, Almanya’daki diğer partileri telaşlandırmıştır. C) Almanya’nın aşırı sağ Ulusal Demokratik Partisi, geçen yıl, ekonomik sıkıntılar içinde olan Saksonya eyaletinde oyların aşağı yukarı yüzde onunu kazanmış ve diğer partilerin çoğunu sıkıntıya sokmuştur. D) Almanya’daki diğer partilerin canını sıkan aşırı sağ Ulusal Demokratik Partisi, geçen yıl, ekonomik durgunluk içinde olan Saksonya eyaletindeki oyların yüzde onunu kazanmıştır. E)Almanya’nın aşırı sağ Ulusal Demokratik Partisi, geçen yıl, ekonomik sıkıntı içindeki Saksonya eyaletindeki oyların yüzde onunu alınca, diğer partiler telaşa kapılmıştır. 06M

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Benzer cümle soruları 1. The normal school obviously doesn't have the resources necessary to cope with badly handicapped children. A) When children are seriously handicapped, the ordinary school has to find ways of answering their needs. B) The needs of such handicapped children are beyond the range of any ordinary school programme. C) Seriously handicapped children cannot fit into the routine of ordinary school life. D) In an ordinary school, the needs of seriously handicapped children tend to get forgotten. E) When it's a case of seriously handicapped children, the average school simply cannot meet their needs. 02M 2. I can’t help feeling that he’s not experienced enough to be given a position of such responsibility. A) With a little more experience I’m sure he will develop into a highly efficient manager. B) It’s inevitable that one should ask oneself whether he really is the right man for the job. C) A job of that description requires someone with a great deal of experience. D) It’s a very demanding position and I’m not at all sure that he has the experience needed for it. E) In my experience, men of his type rarely function well in positions of authority. 98M

3. China's determination to put people in space dates back to the 1960's. A) It was only in the 1960s that China could contemplate travel in space B) China has been resolutely sending people into space ever since the early 1960s. C) As far back as the 1960s, China also recognized the need to send people into space. D) From the 1960s onwards, China has been captivated by space travel. E) China has been set on getting people into space ever since the 1960s. 04K 4. Getting a law passed is one thing but getting it enforced is quite another thing. A) The law has already been passed, but I suspect it won’t be easy to implement it. B) Once the law has been passed, it will be easy enough to put it into effect. C) If the law has been passed, it will soon come into effect. D) The law has been passed and will soon be enforced. E) The passing of a law and the implementing of it are two very different things. 06M

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KEY TO GERUND - INFINITIVE BOŞLUK DOLDURMA 1 A 2 D 3 B* 4 A* 5 A* 6 C 7 D 8 A 9 C 10 D 11 A

ÇEVĐRĐ 1 E 2 A 3 E 4 C 5 D 6 E 7 E 8 B 9 C 10 A

BENZER CÜMLE 1 E 2 D 3 E 4 E

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Participles • Relative yada Adverbial clause cümlelerinin kısaltılmasını sağlayan kalıplardır. Relative Clause Active -ing

The boy who is speaking with Alice is an architect. The boy speaking with Alice is an architect. The lamp which illuminates our street is broken. The lamp illuminating our street is broken.

Passive V3

The book which was written by G. Nielson is on auroras. The book written by G. Nielson is on auroras. The officer who was attained for the information department speaks three languages. The officer attained for the information department speaks three languages.

Adverbial Clauses Active • aynı anda olan olaylar –ing

When I entered the room, I found her crying. Entering the room, I found her crying. While she was driving to work, she saw her high-school friend. Driving to work, she saw her high-school friend. As Jack is a calm man, he won’t get furious about it. Being a calm man, Jack won’t get furious about it.

• biri tamamlandıktan sonra diğeri meydana gelen olaylar having V3

After she cooked the dinner, she made a pie. Having cooked the dinner, she made a pie. After Kenan painted the house, he moved his furniture. Having painted the house, Kenan moved his furniture.

Passive • aynı anda olan olaylar V3

When the car was stolen in Vegas, it was brand new. When stolen in Vegas, the car was brand new. When it is switched on, the AC cools the room in five minutes. When switched on, the AC cools the room in five minutes.

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As he is sent to jail, he can’t harm anyone. Being sent to jail, he can’t harm anyone.

• farklı zamanlarda olan olaylar having been V3

After Judy was rejected, she didn’t apply for the job again. Having been rejected, Judy didn’t apply for the job again.

Not: Eğer iki cümlenin öznesi de aynı değilse, özneyi belirtmek gerekir.

After Judy was rejected, they found somebody else. Judy having been rejected, they found somebody else.

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PARTICIPLES ÇIKMIŞ SORULAR Boşluk doldurma soruları 1. An acorn, left to itself becomes an oak, and a geneticist ____ its DNA to make it grow into an elm may justly be said ____ with its natural course. A) altering / to have interfered B) having altered / to interfere C) to alter / having interfered D) being altered / interfered E) to have altered / to be interfering 98K 2. Once the occupying forces ______ many seemingly innocent people were accused of ______ with the enemy. A) are leaving / to have been collaborated B) were leaving / to have collaborated C) have left / being collaborated D) will leave / collaborating E) had left / having collaborated 01M 3. One oil company particular claims ______ its best to balance economic progress with environmental care and social responsibility. A) to be done B) having done C) doing D) having been done E) to have done 01M

4. Until the middle of the nineteenth century, most Americans were indifferent to paint. Wood was plentiful and cheap especially on the frontier; in fact most settlers had to chop down trees to dear their land. ____ eager to start farming, they used their wood to build their cabins as cheaply and quickly as possible. A) Having been B) To be C) To have been D) Being E) Having to be 04K 5. Seafarers' records ____ back to 1590 ____ it possible to visualize the behavior of one of the planet's most mysterious phenomena : its magnetic field. A) dating / have made B) to date / would make C) being dated/ had made D) to be dated / are making E) to have been dated / will make 04M

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Çeviri soruları 1. Đngiltere tarafından halen uygulanmakta olan ve iyileştirilmesine acilen ihtiyaç duyulan sığınma politikasına göre, mülteciler ülkeye varışlarında gözetim altına alınmakta ve yasal işlemlerin tamamlanması oldukça uzun sürmektedir. A) Due to the requirements of the asylum policy recently adopted by Britain but still in need of improvement, every refugee who arrives in the country has to be detained until legal matters are settled, and this usually takes a long time. B) The current asylum policy followed by the Britain urgently needs to be improved since it requires that all the refugees arriving in the country are to be held in custody until the completion of legal procedures which takes some time. C) According to the asylum policy currently practiced by Britain and urgently in need of improvement, refugees are detained on arrival in the country, and the completion of legal procedures takes quite a long time. D) The asylum policy currently practiced in Britain is in urgent need of reform as, on arrival, all refugees are taken into detention until legal procedures are finalized which may take a long time. E) Britain’s current asylum policy, which is in dire need of revision requires that all refugees are to be detained upon their arrival in the country and wait for the completion of lengthy legal procedures. 98M 2. A new stamp, issued by the United Nations for use on its mail, features the typhoon Abby as it traveled over the Pacific towards China in September 1986. A) Yeni çıkarılan ve üzerinde Eylül 1986’da Pasifik’te oluşarak Çin’e kadar ilerleyen Abby tayfununun resmi olan pul, yalnızca Birleşmiş Milletlerin kendi postasına kullanılacaktır. B) Eylül 1986’da Pasifik üzerinden Çin’e doğru yol alan Abby tayfununu gösteren ve Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından çıkarılan yeni pul, postada kullanılmaya başlamıştır. C) Eylül 1986’da, Birleşmiş Milletler, kendi postasında kullanmak için üzerinde Abby tayfununun Pasifik’ten Çin’e doğru ilerleyişinin gösterildiği bir pul çıkarılmıştır. D) Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından, kendi postasında kullanılmak üzere çıkarılan yeni bir pul, Abby tayfununun Eylül 1986’da Pasifik üzerinde Çin’e doğru yol alışını göstermektedir. E) Kendi postasında kullanılmak için Birleşmiş Milletlerin Eylül 1986’dan beri çıkardığı pulların sonuncusunda, Abby tayfununun Pasifik üzerinden Çin’e yönelişi gösterilmektedir. 99K

3. The project we have undertaken will explore the political, social, and economic consequences of new information and communication technologies, particularly relating to issues such as the changing role of the state and new security threats. A) Üstlendiğimiz proje, özellikle devletin değişen rolü ve yeni güvenlik tehditleri gibi konulara ilişkin olarak, yeni bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin siyasal, toplumsal ve ekonomik sonuçlarını araştıracaktır. B) Yürütmekte olduğumuz projeyle, yeni bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin, özellikle devletin değişen rolü ve yeni güvenlik tehditleri üzerindeki siyasal, toplumsal ve ekonomik etkileri araştırılacaktır. C) Devletin değişen rolü ve yeni güvenlik tehditleri gibi konuları inceleyen projemizle, özellikle yeni bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin siyasal, toplumsal ve ekonomik etkilerini araştıracağız. D) Üzerinde çalıştığımız proje, özellikle devletin değişen işlevleri ve yeni güvenlik tehditleri gibi çeşitli konularla yeni bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin siyasal, toplumsal ve ekonomik yararlarını incelemektedir. E) Ele aldığımız proje, özellikle devletin değişen işlevini ve ortaya çıkan yeni tehditleri, yeni bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin siyasal, toplumsal ve ekonomik sonuçları çerçevesinde araştıracaktır. 99M 4. The question we have to answer is how the 60 trillion cells composing the human body communicate with each other and keep the body as a whole in balance. A) Bizce ilk önce cevaplanması gereken soru, 60 trilyon hücreden oluşan insan vücudunun nasıl iletişim sağladığı ve bir bütün olarak nasıl dengede kaldığıdır. B) Cevaplamamız gereken soru, insan vücudunu oluşturan 60 trilyon hücrenin birbiriyle nasıl iletişim kurduğu ve vücudu bir bütün olarak nasıl dengede tuttuğudur. C) Bizce, insan vücudunda yer alan 60 trilyon hücrenin birbirleriyle nasıl iletişim kurduğu ve vücudu genel olarak nasıl dengede tuttuğu hâlâ cevap bekleyen bir sorudur. D) Đnsan vücudunu oluşturan ve vücut bütünlüğünü dengede tutan 60 trilyon hücrenin birbiriyle nasıl iletişim kurduğu sorusu cevaplanmalıdır. E) Öncelikle cevaplanması gereken soru insan vücudundaki 60 trilyon hücrenin, vücut dengesini sağlamak için birbiriyle nasıl iletişim kurduğudur. 00K

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5. According to the "capitulations" generously granted by the Ottoman sultans, the foreigners operating within the Empire could import and sell goods at any price they chose and were largely exempt from taxes. A) Osmanlı padişahlarınca cömertçe verilen kapitülasyonlara göre, imparatorluk içinde faaliyet gösteren yabancılar, malları, tercih ettikleri herhangi bir fiyattan ithal edip satabiliyorlardı ve büyük ölçüde vergiden muaftılar. B) Osmanlı padişahlarının cömertçe verdiği kapitülasyonlara göre, imparatorluk içinde ticaretle uğraşan yabancılar, istedikleri malı istedikleri fiyattan alıp satabiliyor ve tüm vergilerden muaf tutuluyorlardı. C) Osmanlı padişahlarınca cömertçe verilen kapitülasyonlar sayesinde, imparatorluk içinde iş sahibi yabancılar, mallarını istedikleri fiyattan ithal ediyor ve satıyor, üstelik çoğu hiç vergi vermiyordu. D) Osmanlı padişahlarınca cömertçe verdikleri kapitülasyonlarla, imparatorlukta yaşayan yabancılara, her türlü malı uygun gördükleri fiyattan ithal edip satma ve vergilerin tamamından muaf olma hakkı tanımışlardı. E) Osmanlı padişahlarınca cömertçe verilen kapitülasyonlar sayesinde, imparatorluk içinde yerleşmiş olan yabancılar, istedikleri malı, tercih ettikleri fiyattan ithal edip pazarlıyor ve geniş bir vergi muafiyetinden yararlanıyorlardı. 00M 6. The Beni-Israel is a Jewish community of some thousands, known as the White Jews and found chiefly in Bombay and the costal towns of south-west India. A) Birkaç bin kişiden oluşan Beni-Đsrail Yahudi topluluğu, genellikle Beyaz Yahudilerden oluşur ve bunlar Güneybatı Hindistan'ın Bombay ve öteki kıyı kentlerinde toplanmıştır. B) Bombay ve Güneybatı Hindistan'ın kıyı kentlerinde yaşayan birkaç bin nüfuslu Beni-Đsrail Yahudi topluluğu, genellikle Beyaz Yahudiler olarak bilinmektedir. C) Birkaç bin nüfuslu bir Yahudi topluluğu olan Beni-Đsrail içinde Beyaz Yahudiler olarak bilinenler, Bombay dahil Güneybatı Hindistan'ın kıyı kentlerinde bulunmaktadır. D) Beni-Đsrail olarak bilinen ve nüfusu birkaç bini geçmeyen Beyaz Yahudi topluluğu, Bombay dahil Güneybatı Hindistan'ın kıyı kentlerinde yaşar. E) Beni-Đsrail, Beyaz Yahudiler olarak bilinen ve genellikle Bombay ve Güneybatı Hindistan'ın kıyı kentlerinde bulunan birkaç bin nüfuslu bir Yahudi topluluğudur. 01M

7. Alsace is one of the most densely populated regions of France, the rural population being particularly high in the Rhine plain. A) Alsas, Ren Ovası'nda özellikle yüksek olan kırsal nüfusla, Fransa'nın en yoğun nüfuslu bölgelerinden biridir. B) Alsas, Fransa'nın en kalabalık yerleşim bölgelerinden biridir ve kırsal nüfus yoğunluğu özellikle Ren Ovası'nda yüksektir. C) Özellikle Ren Ovası'ndaki yoğun kırsal nüfusu ile Alsas, Fransa'da yerleşimin en yoğun olduğu bölgedir. D) Ren Ovası'nda kırsal nüfusun çok yüksek olması, Alsas'ı, Fransa'nın en yoğun nüfuslu bölgesi haline getirmiştir. E) Fransa'nın en yoğun nüfuslu bölgelerinden biri olan Alsas'ın, kırsal kesim nüfusu özellikle Ren Ovası’nda çok yüksektir. 02M 8. At the 1994 Brussels NATO summit a "partnership for peace" programme was formally launched, enabling the old Warsaw Pact members and former Soviet republics to take part in a wide range of military cooperation with NATO. A) Eski Varşova Paktı üyeleri ve önceki Sovyet cumhuriyetleri, 1994 Brüksel NATO zirvesinde kabul edilen "barış için ortaklık" programı sayesinde NATO ile askeri alanda çok kapsamlı işbirliği yapma olanağı buldular. B) Eski Varşova Paktı üyelerinin ve önceki Sovyet cumhuriyetlerinin NATO ile geniş kapsamlı askeri işbirliği yapmalarını sağlamaya yönelik "barış için ortaklık" programı, ancak 1994 Brüksel NATO zirvesinde resmen hayata geçirilme olanağı buldu. C) 1994 Brüksel NATO zirvesinde ilk kez önerilen "barış için ortaklık" programı, eski Varşova Paktı üyelerine ve önceki Sovyet cumhuriyetlerine NATO ile askeri alanda sıkı bir işbirliği yapma olanağı sağlamayı amaçlıyordu. D) 1994 Brüksel NATO zirvesinde, eski Varşova Paktı üyelerine ve önceki Sovyet cumhuriyetlerine NATO ile geniş kapsamlı bir askeri işbirliği yapma olanağı sağlayan "barış için ortaklık" programı resmen yürürlüğe kondu. E) "Barış için ortaklık", ilk kez 1994 Brüksel NATO zirvesinde resmen kararlaştırılıp yürürlüğe konan ve eski Varşova Paktı üyeleri ile önceki Sovyet cumhuriyetlerine NATO ile askeri işbirliği olanağı sağlayan geniş kapsamlı bir programdır. 03M

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9. When the Mongol invasion started, the Uygurs, realizing that resistance was futile, submitted willingly to Genghis Khan. A) Moğol istilası yaygınlaşınca, direnişin ise yaramayacağını anlayan Uygurlar, Cengiz Han'a gönüllü teslim oldular. B) Moğol istilası başlayınca, direnişin boşuna olduğunu anlayan Uygurlar, Cengiz Han'a isteyerek teslim oldular. C) Direnişin boşuna olduğuna inanan Uygurlar, Moğol istilası başlar başlamaz Cengiz Han'a teslim oldular. D) Moğolların istilası başlayınca direnmenin boşuna olduğunu fark eden Uygurlar, Cengiz Han'ın isteklerini kabul ettiler. E) Moğol istilası, Uygurların direnişin boşuna olduğuna inanmalarına yol açtı ve Uygurlar, Cengiz Han'a isteyerek teslim oldular. 04K 10. According to the UN observers in the region, Rwandan troops have reentered Congo in violation of the peace treaty signed between the two countries last year. A) Bölgedeki BM gözlemcilerine göre, Ruanda askerleri, geçen yıl iki ülke arasında imzalanan barış antlaşmasına aykırı olarak, yeniden Kongo'ya girmiştir. B) Bölgedeki BM görevlilerine göre, geçen yıl iki ülke arasında yapılan barış antlaşmasını çiğneyen Ruanda askerleri, Kongo'ya tekrar girmiştir. C) Bölgede bulunan BM görevlilerine göre, Ruanda askerleri Kongo'ya tekrar girerek geçen yıl yapılan barış antlaşmasını bozmuştur. D) Bölgede görev yapan BM sorumlularına göre, Ruanda askerleri Kongo'ya yeniden girmiş ve böylelikle geçen yıl iki ülke arasında imzalanmış olan barış antlaşmasını ihlal etmiştir. E) Bölgede bulunan BM gözlemcilerine göre, geçen yıl iki ülke arasında imzalanan barış antlaşmasına rağmen, Ruanda askerlerinin çoğu Kongo'ya bir kez daha girmiştir. 04K

11. Analysis of the reddish surface soil of Mars points to the presence of oxidized iron, indicating that the planet's surface is rusting. A) Mars'ın kızılımsı yüzey toprağının analizi, gezegenin yüzeyinin paslanmakta olduğunu gösteren oksitlenmiş demirin varlığına işaret etmektedir. B) Mars'ın kızılımsı yüzey toprağı analiz edildiğinde, oksitlenmiş demirin varlığı nedeniyle gezegen yüzeyinin paslanmakta olduğu görülür. C) Mars'ın kızılımsı yüzey toprağının analizi, oksitlenmiş demirin varlığını göstermektedir ve gezegen yüzeyinin paslanmasının nedeni de budur. D) Mars'ın kızılımsı yüzey toprağının analizinden, oksitlenmiş demir varlığının, gezegen yüzeyinin paslanmasına yol açtığı anlaşılmaktadır E) Mars'ın kızılımsı yüzey toprağının analizi ile, oksitlenmiş demir varlığına bağlı olarak gezegen yüzeyinin paslanmakta olduğu belirlenmiştir 04M 12. 1958'de başlatılan ve 1963'te tamamlanan "Mercury Projesi", ABD'nin ilk "uzayda insan" programıydı. A) The US was the first country to set up a "human-in-space" programme, known as the "Mercury Project", and covering the years 1958 to 1963. B) The "Mercury Project", which was begun in 1958 and came to an end in 1963, was the first "human-in-s pace" programme to be sponsored by the US. C) The first "human-in-space" programme, known as the "Mercury Project", was set up in the US in 1958 and only ended in 1963. D) The "Mercury Project" initiated in 1958 and completed in 1963, was the US's first "human-in- space" programme. E) Often referred to as the "Mercury Project", the US's first "human-in-space" programme was set up in 1958 and continued until 1963. 05K

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13. Yaklaşık olarak M.Ö. 8. yüzyılda Homer tarafından kaleme alınan Truva Savaşı hakkındaki destanlar, birkaç yüzyıl boyunca sözlü olarak korunmuş olabilir. A) Homer’s epics about the Trojan War were written down, probably in the 8th century B.C., but may have been around for centuries in oral form. B) Homer apparently wrote down the epics of the Trojan War sometime in the 8th century B.C., but they had already existed in oral form for centuries. C) The Trojan War epics had probably existed for centuries in oral form before they were finally transcribed by Homer sometime in the 8th century B.C. D) The epics about the Trojan War written down by Homer in about the 8th century B.C. may have been preserved orally for several centuries. E) Homer transcribed the Trojan War epics sometime during the 8th century B.C., but their origins go back to an earlier oral tradition. 06M 14. When the Sirkeci train station went into service on November 3, 1890, the waiting room was heated with stoves brought from Austria and lit by coal-gas lamps. A) 3 Kasım 1890’da hizmete giren Sirkeci tren istasyonunun hava gazı lambalarıyla aydınlatılan bekleme salonu, çoğu Avusturya’dan ithal edilen sobalarla ısıtılıyordu. B) Sirkeci tren istasyonu 3 Kasım 1890’da hizmete girdiğinde, bekleme salonu Avusturya’dan getirtilen sobalarla ısıtılıyor ve hava gazı lambalarıyla aydınlatılıyordu. C) 3 Kasım 1890’da, bekleme salonu hava gazı lambalarıyla aydınlatılan ve Avusturya’dan ithal edilen sobalarla ısıtılan Sirkeci tren istasyonu hizmete girdi. D) Sirkeci tren istasyonu 3 Kasım 1890’da hizmete girdiğinde, hava gazı lambalarıyla aydınlatılan bekleme salonunu ısıtmak için Avusturya’dan soba ithal edilmişti. E) Sirkeci tren istasyonunun Avusturya sobalarıyla ısıtılan ve hava gazı lambalarıyla aydınlatılan bekleme salonu, 3 Kasım 1890’da hizmete girmişti. 06K

Benzer cümle soruları 1. You would do well to wait a little before buying a car. A) If you are thinking of buying a car, this is the right time. B) You must realize that this is not the right time to change old car. C) Don't buy now; car prices are expected to fall. D) It would be better if you didn't buy a car just yet. E) Buy a car now and you won't regret it later. 00M 2. The new range of products launched last Autumn is already selling well. A) The market for the new goods has improved greatly since last Autumn. B) Sales of the new products that appeared on the market in the Autumn, are at last doing well. C) Articles on sale for the first time in the Autumn are finally selling well. D) The goods put onto the market for the first time last Autumn have already found plenty of buyers. E) The are still few buyers for the new range of goods that first made an appearance last Autumn. 03M

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3. He should have known better than to have left his son in charge of the factory if only for a week. A) Though it was only for a week, it was foolish of him to make his son responsible for the running of the factory. B) it was quite wrong of him to leave his son to run the factory for as long as a week. C) it was foolish of the boy to imagine he could take his father's place in the factory for a week. D) He must have known that he couldn't leave his son in charge of the factory for a whole week. E) He was mistaken in thinking that his son was up to the responsibility of running the factory for a week. 04M 5. On seeing the new shopping centre for the first time I wondered whether it would succeed, with all the other shops already in the neighborhood. A) I’m sure the new shopping centre will make a profit, because it is much nicer than the other shops nearby. B) Because there were already many shops in the area, when I first noticed it I wasn’t sure if the new shopping centre would do well. C) Due to the lack of shops in the area, I couldn’t understand why the new shopping centre wasn’t successful from the beginning. D) There are quite a few shops in the neighborhood, so the new shopping centre will face stiff competition. E) I don’t know why they built a new shopping centre in our neighborhood; there was certainly no need for one. 06K

6. A recent survey regarding new engineering graduates revealed that these graduates lack communication skills. A) New engineering graduates are not as good at communicating as their predecessors, according to the results of a recent survey. B) A deficiency in communicative skills was the most common complaint about new engineering graduates, according to a recent survey. C) The fact that recent engineering graduates do not have the ability to make themselves understood was made clear by a new survey. D) The results of a new survey on engineering graduates suggest that the most recent of these graduates are only average communicators. E) Good communication skills were rated in a recent survey as the most sought-after quality in new engineering graduates. 06K

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KEY TO PARTICIPLES BOŞLUK DOLDURMA 1 A 2 B 3 E 4 D 5 A

ÇEVĐRĐ 1 C 2 D 3 A 4 B 5 A 6 E 7 A 8 D 9 B 10 A 11 A 12 D 13 D 14 B

BENZER CÜMLE 1 D 2 D 3 A 4 B 5 C

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Passive Voice Active cümlelerde öznenin ne yaptığı anlatılırken, passive cümlelerde özneye ne yapıldığı anlatılır.

They took the children to the park. The children were taken to the park.(by them) *

• Passive voice, vurgulamak istediğimiz olayın kendisi olduğunda,

This mosque was built in the 16th century. (by the Ottoman Empire) The arid lands are forested.

• Eylemi yapan önemli olmadığında,

The garden is cleaned and the trees are trimmed. Are the exam papers distributed?

• Yada eylemi yapan bilinmediğinde,

My uncle’s house was burglarized yesterday. All the street lamps were damaged.

• Eylemi yapan açıkça belli olduğunda,

Seven suspects have been arrested. (polis tarafından) The trash bins are picked up every day. (belediye tarafından)

• Herkese hitap eden cümlelerde passive voice kullanılır.

More explanation can be found on page 110. Borrowed books must be returned on time.

* by eki ile eylemin kimin tarafından yapıldığını bildirebiliriz. Buna agent denir.

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TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE

The simple

present

The birds eat the seed.

The seeds is eaten.

The present continuous

The birds are eating the seeds.

The seeds are being eaten.

The simple past

The birds ate the seeds.

The seeds were eaten.

The past

continuous

The birds were eating the seeds.

The seeds were being eaten.

The present perfect

The birds have eaten the seeds.

The seeds have been eaten.

The present

perfect cont.

The birds have been eating the seeds.

The seeds have been being eaten.*

The past

perfect

The birds had eaten the seeds.

The seeds had been eaten.

The past

perfect cont.

The birds had been eating the seeds.

The seeds had been being eaten.†

The simple

future

The birds will eat the seeds.

The seeds will be eaten.

The future

perfect

The birds will have eaten the seeds.

The seeds will have been eaten.

Modals The birds should eat the seeds.

The birds may eat the seeds. The birds must eat the seeds.

The seeds should be eaten.

The seeds may be eaten. The seeds must be eaten

* Nadiren kullanılır. † Nadiren kullanılır.

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Gerund and infinitive in passive voice Verb -ing

I remember my grandparents giving me pocket money. I remember being given pocket money. I don’t like people watching me. I don’t like being watched. The teacher caught Jenny cheating. Jenny was caught cheating.

bkz. gerund (verbs with gerunds) Verb to infinitive

James started to write the report. The report was started to be written. Teresa is trying to open the jar. The jar is being tried to open. The guards allowed us to enter the building. We were allowed to enter the building.

bkz. infinitives (verbs with infinitives) Not: Đki nesne bulunduran cümleler iki şekilde passive yapılabilir. Đki nesne alabilen fiiller:

acknowledge, assume, believe, claim, consider, declare, estimate, expect, feel, find, know, prove, report, say, suppose, suspect, think, understand The boy claimed that he saw the accident. It’s claimed that the accident was seen. The accident was claimed to be seen. People believe that famous people are happy. It’s believed that famous people are happy. Famous people are believed to be happy.

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PASSIVE VOICE ÇIKMIŞ SORULAR Boşluk doldurma soruları 1. Of the many attempts that ____ to regulate language one way or another, very few ____ . A) were made / had succeeded B) have been made / have succeeded C) are made / succeeded D) could have been made / will succeed E) are being made / may have succeeded 98K 2. When the Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli ____ a map of Mars in 1877, he ____ a large number of straight linear features, which he called “canali” that is “channels”. A) publishes / has noted B) had published / was noting C) has published / notes D) published / noted E) would have published / had noted 98M 3. The report presents a general overview of the problems that ____ when a disaster ____ nation. A) would have been encountered / will hit B) are encountered / will hit C) have been encountered / had hit D) had been encountered / was being hit E) will be encountered / hits 99K

4. The history of the Venetian Republic ____ to an end in 1797 when Venice ____ over to Austria by Napoleon. A) was coming / would have been handed B) had come / has been handed C) comes / had been handed D) came / was handed E) would come / was being handed 99M 5. More than half of the 850 asylum seekers currently detained in Britain ____ in prison with no right of appeal, even though the vast majority ____ with any offence, let alone convicted. A) were held / are not charged B) are being held / have not been charged C) have been held / would not be charged D) being held / had not been charged E) will be held / were not being charged 99M 6. For observers of international politics, March 1998 ____ as a month when the world’s superpower relations ____ a hopeful new turn. A) will be remembered / may have taken B) had been remembered / would have taken C) may be remembered / took D) has been remembered / would take E) would be remembered / will have taken 99M

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7. Thesiger's passionate belief that traditional societies around the world ____ against the modern onslaught ____ fierce criticism. A) were protected / will attract B) have been protected / had attracted C) are being protected / was attracting D) ought to be protected / has attracted E) would have been protected / would attract 00K 8. All the reports ____ handed in last week, but some of them still ____ me. A) should have been / haven't reached B) were / didn't reach C) have been / won't reach D) had been / didn't reach E) would have been / don't reach 00K 9. With the help of satellite images, the Indonesian government ____ that it is the timber companies which ____ the mass destruction of their rain forests. A) will show / would have caused B) would have shown / had caused C) had shown / were causing D) shows / had been causing E) has shown / are causing 00M 10. Physics, as it ____ at the end of the nineteenth century ____ to as classical physics. A) has been known / might be referred B) is known / has been C) had been known / had been referred D) was known / is referred E) might have been known / was referred 01K

11. Much health education in recent years ____ towards the view that heavy drinker ____ subject for amusement but for practical help. A) has been directed / is not B) had been directed / was not C) was being directed / wouldn't be D) is directed / won't be E) is being directed / hasn't been 01K 12. Although the metropolitan theatres ______ a monopoly there for a long time, recently several private theatres ______. A) would hold / are being opened B) had held / had been opened C) were holding / will be opened D) held / have been opened E) have held / were opened 01M 13. In 1906 at Boğazköy several thousand cuneiform tablets ______ and most of them ______ now on exhibit in the Anatolian Civilizations Museum in Ankara. A) have been discovered / were B) were discovered / are C) had been discovered / had been D) would have been discovered / are being E) had discovered / have been 01M 14. Though we still ____ a long way to go, a lot ____ in developing new medical procedures to deal with diseased tissue. A) had had / had been accomplished B) had / has been accomplished C) have had / was accomplished D) are having / was being accomplished E) have / is being accomplished 02K

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15. As acquisition opportunities within the EU ____less, western European energy companies____ to turn eastwards in the hunt for expansion opportunities. A) grow / are being forced B) will grow / would have been forced C) are growing / would be forced D) have grown / had been forced E) grew / have been forced 02K 16. The judges of the international tribunal at The Hague____, on 1st February 2002, that charges relating to all three wars ____together. A) would agree / had been heard B) have agreed / have been heard C) were agreed / will be heard D) agreed / would be heard E) had agreed / were heard 02M 17. Professional tennis, which got its start in 1926 when the French player Suzanne Lenglen _____ 50,000 US dollars for a tour, only _____ full recognition in 1968. A) had been paid / has received B) was paid / received C) has been paid / would receive D) is paid / receives E) would be paid / had received 03M 18. Throughout his term in office, President Clinton _____ by allegations relating to the Whitewater real estate deal in which he and his wife, Hillary Clinton, _____ prior to the 1992 election. A) is dogged / are involved B) had been dogged / were involved C) was dogged / had been involved D) has been dogged / have been involved E) was being dogged / may have been involved 03M

19. He is hoping that, by the time he ____for the grant, his book on Egyptian, silverwork ____. A) has to apply / will have been published B) had applied / had been published C) was to apply / has been published D) will be applying / would have been published E) would have applied / will be published 04M 20. The big test ____ over the next few weeks when the government____ to introduce a plan to include drug coverage in Medicare. A) is coming / will be expected B) comes / was expected C) has come / is expecting D) will come / is expected E) would come / would be expected 04M 21. The choices we make and the lives we lead _____ by the values we _____ . A) would be influenced / are holding B) are influenced / hold C) had been influenced / were holding D) must have influenced / had hold E) have been influenced / were holding 05K 22. The auditing of accounts means the official inspection of a company's accounts by a qualified accountant, and this____ by law each year. A) had been required B) requires C) is required D) required E) would have been required 05M

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23. He ____ in a line of work that was dependent solely on his ability to win the trust of others, and one in which very close relationships ____ necessary. A) was engaged / were B) would have been engaged / will be C) will be engaged / could be D) had been engaged / are E) is engaged / would be 05M 24. Joyce attended Clongowes Wood College for several years, but ____to leave when his family fell upon increasing economic hardship. A) was forced B) is forced C) has been forced D) would have forced E) would be forced 25. Having read so many contemporary American writers, I____ to feel impatient with the kind of fiction that ____ in England. A) was beginning / will have been written B) had begun / has been written C) have begun / would have been written D) would begin / is being written E) began / was being written 06M

26. The term emotional intelligence was probably first used in an unpublished dissertation in 1986. In 1990 it ____ into the field of scientific psychology. A) was being introduced B) had been introduced C) would be introduced D) has been introduced E) was introduced 06M 27. Training schemes in the United Kingdom ____ by the government as unemployment ____. A) were encouraged / will have worsened B) would be encouraged / had been worsened C) have been encouraged / has worsened D) had been encouraged / may worsen E) are encouraged / would have worsened 07M 28. After the Germanic invasions, Celtic cultures, which in pre-roman times ____most of Western Europe, ____almost entirely to the British Isles. A) had covered / were confined B) have been covering / have bee confined C) had been covering / would be confined D) have covered / could have been confined E) were covering / had been confined 07M

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Çeviri soruları 1. The German government and the opposition are expected to agree on a new law to make it easier for qualified foreigners to settle in Germany. A) Alman hükümeti ve muhalefetin üzerinde uzlaştığı yeni yasanın nitelikli yabancıların Almanya'ya yerleşmelerini kolaylaştırması bekleniyor. B) Alman hükümeti nitelikli yabancıların Almanya'ya yerleşmelerini kolaylaştıran yeni bir yasa üzerinde muhalefetle anlaşmayı umuyor. C) Alman hükümeti ile muhalefetin, nitelikli yabancıların Almanya'ya yerleşmelerini kolaylaştırmak için yeni bir yasa üzerinde anlaşmaya varmaları bekleniyor. D) Alman muhalefetinin nitelikli yabancıların Almanya'ya daha kolay yerleşmelerini sağlayacak yeni bir yasa üzerinde hükümetle anlaştığı belirtiliyor. E) Alman hükümeti ve muhalefetinin uzlaşarak, nitelikli yabancıların Almanya'da çalışmalarını kolaylaştıracak yeni yasayı yakında çıkarmaları bekleniyor. 04K 2. New Deal sözüyle 1929'un sonunda patlak veren büyük ekonomik bunalımı aşmak için 1933'te Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde Başkan Roosevelt'in aldığı önlemler ifade edilmektedir. A) In order to deal with the great economic crisis that had broken out in the United States of America at the end of 1929, President Roosevelt implemented the measures known as the New Deal in 1933. B) In 1929 and again in 1933, President Roosevelt introduced the New Deal, a series of measures designed to put an end to the great economic crisis which had broken out in the United States of America. C) The measures known as the New Deal were designed by President Roosevelt in 1933 to put an end to the great economic crisis that broke out in the United States of America at the end of 1929. D) By the term New Deal is meant the measures taken by President Roosevelt in the United States of America in 1933 to overcome the great economic crisis which broke out at the end of 1929. E) The measures known by the term New Deal, implemented by President Roosevelt in the United States of America in 1933, succeeded in overcoming the great economic crisis that broke out in 1929. 02M

3. Avrupa tarihindeki savaşların çoğu, güç dengesinin yeniden kurulmasını sağladıkları gerekçesiyle haklı gösterilmiştir. A) Most of the wars in European history are regarded as justifiable since the alleged purpose was to maintain the balance of power. B) In the course of European history, the majority of the wars were fought to maintain the balance of power and so they were said to be justified. C) The need to maintain the balance of power was the alleged reason for the majority of the wars fought in Europe and this justified them. D) Most of the wars fought in Europe have sought to restore the balance of power and so they have been regarded as justifiable. E) Most of the wars in European history have been justified on the grounds that they helped to restore the balance of power. 01M 4. Bugün Batı, Üçüncü Dünya ülkelerine borç para verme tekniğini, onları kontrol altında tutma aracı olarak mükemmelleştirmiş bulunmaktadır. A) The technique of lending money to the Third World countries has today been improved by the West so that it can control them. B) Today, the West has perfected the technique of lending money to the Third World countries as a means of controlling them. C) In order to control the Third World countries today, the West has developed certain money-lending techniques. D) Today, the money-lending techniques perfected by the West have become a means for controlling the Third World countries. E) Today, the Third World countries are perfectly controlled by the West by means of money-lending techniques. 00M

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5. According to a report published last week, annual stipends for British graduate students should be increased by more than a third. A) Geçen hafta yayımlanan bir rapora göre, Đngiliz lisansüstü öğrencilerinin yıllık bursları üçte birden daha fazla artırılmalıdır. B) Geçen hafta açıklanan rapora göre, Đngiliz lisansüstü öğrencileri harçlarının yıllık olarak üçte birden daha fazla artması gerekir. C) Geçen hafta yayımlanan bir rapora göre, Đngiliz lisansüstü öğrencilerinin üçte birinden daha fazlasının yıllık burslarının artırılması şarttır. D) Geçen hafta yayımlanan bir rapor doğrultusunda, Đngiliz lisansüstü öğrenci harçlarının her yıl üçte bir oranından daha fazla artırılmasına karar verildi. E) Geçen hafta açıklanmış olan bir rapora dayanarak, Đngiliz lisansüstü öğrencilerine yapılan yıllık ödemeler üçte birden daha fazla artırıldı. 00K 6. Kızılderililer arasında din, bireyle tanrı arasındaki bir ilişki olarak değil, daha çok belli bir tanrıyla bir toplum arasındaki sözleşme olarak görülür. A) Religion, among American-Indian people, is not regarded as a personal relationship between the deity and each individual, but rather as a covenant between a particular deity and a community. B) Religion, for the American-Indian people, means an agreement between some special deity and the community, there is no concept of a personal relationship between the deity and an individual. C) For the American-Indian people, there is no concept of a personal relationship between a deity and an individual but only between a specific deity and a community. D) The American-Indian people believe that each community has a special deity, but that there can never be a personal relationship between a deity and an individual. E) The concept of a personal relationship between an individual and a deity has no place in the religion of the American-Indian people, who regard their deity as common to the community. 00K

7. Observer gazetesinin genel yayın yönetmeni Will Hutton, Đngiliz basınının durumunu izlemek üzere kurulan bağımsız bir kurulun başkanlığına atandı. A) Will Hutton, presently editor-in-chief of The Observer, has been approached to chair a special commission which will look into the issues facing the British press. B) In order to study the efficiency of the British press, Will Hutton, editor-in-chief of The Observer, was selected to chair an independent commission. C) Will Hutton, former editor-in-chief of The Observer, has been designated as the chairman of a free commission to report on the state of the British press. D) Will Hutton, editor-in-chief of The Observer, was appointed chair of an independent commission set up to monitor the state of the British press. E) Will Hutton, who is currently the editor-in-chief of The Observer, has been chosen as the chair of an autonomous commission established to study the progress of the British press. 99M 8. William Carlos Williams is known primarily as a poet, but he occasionally wrote prose in the form of short stories, novels and essays. A) Kısa öykü, roman ve deneme biçiminde düz yazılar da yazmış olmasına karşın, William Carlos Williams, öncelikle bir şair olarak tanınmak istemiştir. B) William Carlos Williams’ı asıl tanıtan, zaman zaman yazdığı kısa öykü, roman ve denemeler biçimindeki düzyazıları değil, şiirleri olmuştur. C) Her ne kadar kısa öyküler, romanlar ve denemeler düzyazılar yazmışsa da William Carlos Williams önde gelen bir şair olarak tanınır. D) Önde gelen bir şair olarak tanınan William Carlos Williams’ın yazdığı az sayıdaki düz yazılar, genelde kısa öykü, roman ve deneme biçimindedir. E) William Carlos Williams öncelikle bir şair olarak tanınmaktadır; ancak zaman zaman kısa öyküler, romanlar ve denemeler biçiminde düzyazılar da yazmıştır. 99K

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9. When slave ships took thousands of Africans to the Caribbean, these people were deprived of a link with their own native history. A) Binlerce Afrikalı, köle gemileriyle Karayiplere taşındığı zaman, bu insanların kendi yerel tarihleriyle bağları yok edildi. B) Köle gemilerinin binlerce Afrikalıyı Karayiplere taşıması bu insanların kendi yerel tarihleriyle bağlarının kopmasına neden oldu. C) Köle gemilerinin binlerce Afrikalıyı Karayiplere taşıması sonucu, bütün bu insanların kendi yerel tarihleriyle bağları tamamen koptu. D) Köle gemileri binlerce Afrikalıyı Karayiplere taşıyınca, bu insanlar kendi yerel tarihleriyle bir bağ kurmaktan yoksun kaldılar. E) Köle gemilerinin binlerce Afrikalıyı Karayiplere taşıması üzerine, bu insanlar kendi yerel tarihleriyle olan bağlarından koparılıp atıldılar. 05K 10. 1942'de gerçekleşen ve 3 Haziran'dan 6 Haziran'a kadar süren Midway Savaşı, tarihçiler tarafından 2.Dünya Savaşının bir dönüm noktası olarak görülmüştür. A) Historians insist that the Battle of Midway, Which took place between June 3rd and June 6th 1942, should be regarded as a turning point in World War II. B) According to many Historians, the Battle of Midway, Which took place in 1942 between June 3rd and June 6th, can be regarded as a turning point in World War II. C) The Battle of Midway, Which took place in 1942 and lasted from June 3 rd to June 6th, has been regarded by historians as a turning point in World War II. D) In the opinion of historians, the turning point of World War II came with the Battle of Midway, June 3rd-6th, 1942. E) Historians tend to regard the Battle of Midway, June 3rd-6th, 1942, as the turning point of World War II. 04M

11. The strategic importance of Malta was first recognized by the Phoenicians, who occupied it and established a trade colony there. A) Malta'nın stratejik önemini ilk anlayan Fenikeliler, burayı işgal ettiler ve burada bir ticaret kolonisi kurdular. B) Malta'nın stratejik önemi nedeniyle burayı işgal eden Fenikeliler, ilk önce bir ticaret kolonisi kurdular. C) Malta'nın stratejik önemi, ilk kez, orayı işgal eden ve orada bir ticaret kolonisi kuran Fenikelilerce anlaşılmıştır. D) Đlk kez Fenikeliler tarafından işgal edilen Malta'nın stratejik önemi hemen anlaşıldı ve burada bir ticaret kolonisi kuruldu. E) Malta'nın stratejik önemini anlayarak burayı işgal eden Fenikeliler, ilk ticaret kolonisini burada kurdular. 04M 12. Overrun by the Austro-German armies in World War I, Poland declared its independence on November 11, 1918, and on June 20, 1919, was recognized as an independent state by the Treaty of Versailles. A) I. Dünya Savaşı’nda Avusturya-Alman orduları tarafından işgal edilmiş olan Polonya, bağımsızlığını 11 Kasım 1918’de ilân etmiş olsa da bağımsız bir devlet olarak tanınması, 20 Haziran 1919’da imzalanan Versailles Antlaşması’yla gerçekleşmiştir. B) Avusturya-Alman ordularınca I. Dünya Savaşı’nda işgal edilmiş olan Polonya, 11 Kasım 1918’de bağımsızlığını ilân etmiştir; ancak bir devlet olarak bağımsızlığı Versailles Antlaşması’yla 20 Haziran 1919’da kesinleşmiştir. C) Polonya, I. Dünya Savaşı’nda Avusturya-Alman ordularının işgaline uğrasa da 11 Kasım 1918’de bağımsızlığını ilân etmiş ve bir devlet olarak bağımsızlığı, 20 Haziran 1919’da Versailles Antlaşması’yla kesinleşmiştir. D) I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Avusturya-Alman ordularının işgaline uğrayan Polonya, Versailles Antlaşması’na göre, bağımsızlığını 11 Kasım 1918’de ilân etmiş ve 20 Haziran 1919’da da bağımsız bir devlet olarak tanınmıştır. E) Avusturya-Alman ordularınca I. Dünya Savaşı’nda işgal edilmiş olan Polonya, 11 Kasım 1918’de bağımsızlığını ilân etmiş ve Versailles Antlaşması’yla 20 Haziran 1919’da bağımsız bir devlet olarak tanınmıştır. 06K

191

13. Minority representatives in any political establishment must be made to feel that their interests are sufficiently protected. A) Herhangi bir siyasal kuruluşta, azınlık temsilcileri, çıkarlarının tam olarak korunduğunu hissetmelidirler. B) Herhangi bir siyasal kuruluştaki azınlık temsilcilerine, çıkarlarının yeterince korunduğu hissettirilmelidir. C) Herhangi bir siyasal kuruluşun azınlık temsilcileri, çıkarlarının olabildiğince korunduğunu hissedebilmelidirler. D) Azınlık temsilcileri, bir siyasal kuruluştaki çıkarlarının tamamen korunduğunu hissetmelidirler. E) Bir siyasal kuruluş, azınlık temsilcilerine, çıkarlarının tamamen korunduğunu hissettirmelidir. 06M 14. Ortaçağ haritaları Hollanda’nın neredeyse yarısını su altında gösterir, ama o zamandan beri denizden geniş alanlar kazanılmıştır. A) In medieval maps nearly half of the Netherlands is under water, but since then the sea has withdrawn from large areas. B) Large areas of what is now the Netherlands have often been claimed from the sea, but in medieval maps they were under water. C) Nearly half of the Netherlands does not exist on medieval maps but later large areas were recovered from the sea. D) Medieval maps show that large areas of the Netherlands used to be under the sea, but they have since been reclaimed. E) Medieval maps show nearly half of the Netherlands under water, but since then large areas have been claimed from the sea. 06M

15. In the last century, much attention was given to the language of literature and the question of whether there was in fact a separate literary language. A) Geçen yüzyılda, edebiyat dili çok ilgi çekmiş ve gerçekte apayrı bir edebî dil olup olmadığı sorusu üzerinde önemle durulmuştur. B) Geçen yüzyılda, edebiyat dili çok ilgi çekmiş ve apayrı bir edebî dil olup olmadığı sorusu hep tartışılmıştır. C) Geçen yüzyılda, edebiyat diline ve gerçekte ayrı bir edebî dil olup olmadığı sorusuna çok ilgi gösterilmiştir. D) Edebiyat dilinin ne olduğu ve apayrı bir edebî dilin gerçekten var olup olmadığı sorusu, geçen yüzyılda çok ilgi çekmiştir. E) Edebiyat dili geçen yüzyılda çok tartışılmıştır ve gerçekte ayrı bir edebî dilin olup olmadığı sorusu ele alınmıştır. 07M 16. As we learn from the works of many biologists in the past, since sponges did not move from one place to another, they were thought to be plants. A) Geçmişteki pek çok biyologun, eserlerinde, süngerlerden bitki olarak söz etmesinin nedeni, bu canlıların bir yerden bir yere hareket etmemesidir. B) Geçmişteki biyologların eserlerinden öğrendiğimiz kadarıyla, süngerler bir yerden bir yere hareket etmemeleri dolayısıyla bitkilerle aynı grupta ele alınıyordu. C) Geçmişteki pek çok biyologun eserlerinden öğrendiğimiz kadarıyla, süngerler bir yerden bir yere hareket etmediği için onların bitki olduğu sanılıyordu. D) Geçmişte, süngerler, bir yerden bir yere hareket etmedikleri için bitki olarak kabul edildiği halde,pek çok biyolog bu görüşe eserlerinde yer vermemiştir. E) Süngerler, bir yerden bir yere hareket etmedikleri için, geçmişte bitki olarak sınıflanıyordu; fakat birçok biyolog, eserlerinde bunun yanlış olduğunu belirtmektedir. 06K

192

KEY TO PASSIVE VOICE BOŞLUK DOLDURMA 1 B 2 B* 3 E 4 D 5 B 6 C 7 D 8 A 9 E 10 D 11 A 12 D 13 B 14 C 15 C 16 D* 17 B 18 C 19 A 20 D 21 B 22 C 23 A 24 A 25 E 26 E 27 C 28 A

ÇEVĐRĐ 1 C 2 D 3 E 4 B 5 A 6 A 7 D 8 E 9 D 10 C 11 C 12 E 13 B 14 E 15 C 16 C

193

Causatives • Bir işi başkasına yaptırdığımızı gösterirken kullanırız.

have sth done

I had my car painted. (arabamı boyattım.) She will have her house cleaned. He is having his office decorated.

I had Terry paint my car. (arabamı Terry’e boyattım.) She will have the maid clean the house. He is having an architect decorate his office.

• have yerine informal olan get de kullanılabilir. Fakat get sb to do sth şeklinde kullanılır.

I got Terry to paint my car. (arabamı Terry’e boyattım.) She will get the maid to clean the house. He is getting an architect to decorate his office.

• ayrıca olumsuz veya istenmeyen bir olaydan bahsederken de have sth done kalıbını kullanabiliriz.

My dad had his wallet stolen. (cüzdanını çaldırmış) Kate has had her glasses broken again.

• benzer şekilde kullanılabilen diğer bazı filler: make

The little boy made us laugh. (bizi güldürdü) The teacher made us finish our homework.

let

Their mother let them play outside. (oynamalarına izin verdi) They didn’t let her enter the building.

force to

He forced me to say it. (söylemeye zorladı) Cold weather forced them to stop.

have sb do sth

194

CAUSATIVES

ÇIKMIŞ SORULAR

Boşluk doldurma soruları

1. The book of "a thousand and one nights"

is a collection of fascinating tales of the

Orient, of Mixed Indian, Persian, Arabic,

and Egyptian origination, and first ____ in

Europe by Antoine Galland's French

translation in the early eighteenth century.

A) having known B) to know C) to be known D) made known E) to be made known 99K

Çeviri soruları

1. Martin Scorsese’s controversial film

takes its story from Edith Warton’s novel,

which appeared in 1920 and made her the

first woman to receive the Pulitzer Prize for

literature.

A) Martin Scorsese’nin tartışmalı filmi, öyküsünü, Edith Warton’nun 1920’de yayımlanan ve onu Pulitzer Edebiyat Ödülü’nü alan ilk kadın yapan romanından almaktadır. B) Martin Scorsese’nin çok tartışılan filmi, 1920’de yayımladığı romanıyla Pulitzer Edebiyat Ödülü’nü alan ilk kadın Edith Warton’nun öyküsünü anlatmaktadır. C) Edith Warton 1920’de yazdığı ve kendisini Pulitzer Edebiyat Ödülü’nü alan ilk kadın yapan romanı, Martin Scorsese’nin tartışmalı filmine de konu olmuştur. D) Martin Scorsese’nin tartışmaya açık filminin öyküsü, 1920’de yayımlandığında Edith Warton’nun Pulitzer Edebiyat Ödülü’nü alan ilk kadın olmasını sağlayan romanını anlatmaktadır. E) Martin Scorsese’nin çok tartışılan filminin öyküsünü, Pulitzer Edebiyat Ödülü’nü alan ilk kadın olan Edith Warton’nun 1920’de yayımlanmış bir romanından alınmıştır. 99K 2. Minority representatives in any political

establishment must be made to feel that

their interests are sufficiently protected.

A) Herhangi bir siyasal kuruluşta, azınlık temsilcileri, çıkarlarının tam olarak korunduğunu hissetmelidirler. B) Herhangi bir siyasal kuruluştaki azınlık temsilcilerine, çıkarlarının yeterince korunduğu hissettirilmelidir. C) Herhangi bir siyasal kuruluşun azınlık temsilcileri, çıkarlarının olabildiğince korunduğunu hissedebilmelidirler. D) Azınlık temsilcileri, bir siyasal kuruluştaki çıkarlarının tamamen korunduğunu hissetmelidirler. E) Bir siyasal kuruluş, azınlık temsilcilerine, çıkarlarının tamamen korunduğunu hissettirmelidir. 06M

195

Benzer cümle soruları

1. A good book review lets you know

whether it's the sort of book you want to

read or not.

A) To be good, a book review has to establish who would enjoy reading it. B) One ought to be able to understand from a book review which books are worth reading. C) The prime function of any book review should be to establish whether or not a book is worth reading. D) According to book reviews, all books are worth reading. E) You can understand from a good book review whether or not it's the kind of book you enjoy. 00K 2. I suppose most criminals do get caught

in the end because they believe their luck

will hold just one more time.

A) In most cases, so long as a criminal avoids taking risks he is not likely to be suspected. B) It seems that the majority of criminals start to take greater risks and so get arrested. C) Apparently, by trusting their luck just once too often, most criminals do eventually get arrested. D) Once the average criminal has fallen under suspicion he can no longer trust his luck. E) In my opinion, however hard he may try, no criminal can ever escape arrest. 98M

3. I just couldn't make him understand that

good planning is essential to success.

A) I've failed to convince him that the secret to success lies in a sound plan. B) Apparently he can't grasp the fact that without a sound plan, success is hard to come by. C) He refuses to believe that the plan will turn out to be successful. D) He's convinced that the scheme is bound to succeed. E) I'll convince him in the end that no amount of planning can guarantee success. 02K 4. Get Jim to give the speech of welcome;

he's quite the best person for the job.

A) Try to persuade Jim to give the speech of welcome: he's good at such things. B) Jim will give a far better speech of welcome than anyone else would; get him do it. C) As he's good at things like that, why don't you get Jim to give the speech of welcome? D) One person who is good at speechmaking is Jim; ask him to do it. E) Jim will make as good a speech of welcome as anyone l know; see if he'll agree to do it. 04K

196

KEY TO CAUSATIVES BOŞLUK DOLDURMA 1 D ÇEVĐRĐ 1 A 2 B BENZER CÜMLE 1 E 2 C 3 A 4 B

197

Pharasal Verbs act like: gibi davranmak

Why are you acting like a child? act up: şımarmak

Stop acting up and do your homework. ask after: hal hatır sormak

Jenny asked after you. ask for: bir ceza yada belayı hak etmek

I am not sorry for him. He asked for it. back off: geri adım atmak

We told them we would sue them but they didn’t back off. back out off: anlaşmayı bozmak

Now that you’ve signed the contract, you can’t back out off it. back up: bir bilgiyi desteklemek

He is not lying. His friend backed up his story as well. back up: yedeklemek

I wish I had backed up the file. I have to write it again now. be up to: uğraşmak, meşgul olmak

I’ve seen you recently. What are you up to? blow up: patlamak

The bomb will blow up when he starts his car. blow up: birden sinirlenmek

Dorothy blew up when her son told he was suspended from school. break away: alışkanlık terk etmek

You have to break away your bad habits, if you want to live healthy. break down: bozulmak, arızalanmak

Did the tv break down? I can’t switch it on. break in: kilidi kırıp girmek

When we were on holiday, somebody broke in and took the TV and computer. break off: ili şkiyi bitirmek

I can’t believe that they broke off. They were so happy.

198

break out of: bir yerden kaçmak Two prisoners broke out of jail yesterday.

break up: okulların tatil olması

When does the schools break up in Germany. bring back: hatırlatmak

The photo brought back her to childhood. bring on: sebep olmak

The agents are trying to find out what brought on the fire. bring out: yeni bir ürün sürmek

The chair man of Dell told they would bring out three new models next week. bring round: dile getirmek

Why don’t you bring round the pollution problem in the council? bring round: ayıltmak

We couldn’t bring her round for two hours. bring up: yetiştirmek

My Grandma brought me up as my parents were working. burn up: birini kızdırmak

My father will burnu p when I tell him my grades. burst in: odaya dalmak

Don’t burst in here again! Knock on the door first. butter up: yağ çekmek

George is buttering the new manager up. butt in: konuşmayı bölmek

They didn’t let the author speak because they constantly butt in. buy up: tamamını satın almak

Chevrolet bought up Daewoo motors last week. call away: iş için çağrılmak

The branch managers are called away to the US. call by: uğramak

I just called by to return your book. Thanks. call for: gerektirmek

The situation calls for immediate action. call in: uğramak

I called in at the chemist’s to buy some aspirins.

199

call off: iptal etmek The concert is called off because of the rain.

call up: göreve çağrılmak The nationalist called up the army.

calm down: sakinleşmek

Calm down. we are going to find a solution. care for: bakmak, korumak

Gina really cares for her children. catch on: anlamaya başlamak

You will like it when you catch on the story. catch up with: yetişmek

Rudy has been ill for a week. He will have to catch up with his friends. check in: otele kayıt yapmak

After you check in, you can use the hotel pool. check out: otelden ayrılmak

You have to check or else they will charge one more day. check over: doğruluğunu kontrol etmek

The consulate will check over your papers to decide on your visa. cheer up: neşelendirmek

Even the cartoon on tv didn’t cheer up little girl. chew out: azarlamak, fırçalamak

The boss chewed out Martin as he forgot to hand in his report. clear up: havanın açması

If it clears up, we will go for a picnic. come across: şans eseri bulmak

I came acroos these old photos while I was looking for my certificates. come by: elde etmek

How did you come by this old camera? come down with: hastalanmak

He came down with flu as he ate so much ice-cream. come in: gelmek (yarışta 1. 2. vs.)

The Turkish athlete came first in long jump. come into: miras kalmak

Mr. Shepherd came into two houses and a car after his uncles death.

200

come in: moda olmak Leather jackets came in when Michael Jackson wore it 1980s.

come off: kopmak

The buttons will come off if you keep playing with them. come on: yavaş yavaş başlamak

The flight fares are going up as the summer comes on. come out: ortaya çıkmak

The flowers started coming out after two weeks we planted them. come round: uğramak

I think he is coming round to see you. come round: ayılmak

The boy came roud when they washed his face. come round to: fikre katılmak

He will come round to our plan if you explain it well. come through: atlatmak

The passenger came through without a scratch in the accident.*** come up against: sorunla karşılaşmak

It’s normal to come up against these kind of problems abroad. count in: hesaba katmak, saymak

Don’t count me in unless you by train. count on: güvenmek

You can’t count on him about lending money. cut across: kestirmeden gitmek

We cut across by using the old motorway. cut back: bir şeyin tüketimini azaltmak

The city has to cut back on spending money on structures. cut down on: azaltmak

You have to cut down on salt and fat for your health. cut off: bağlantısı kesilmek

Many villages are cut off by snow in winters. cut out: kısaltmak

They cut out the text as it was too long. do over: tekrar yapmak

Somebody has deleted my homework. I have to do it over.

201

drag on: beklenenden uzun sürmek We the the meet would end in an hour but it dragged on till nine.

draw in: gün için kısalmak

The days will draw in after August. draw out of: para çekmek

He drew out of some money as he was going on a holiday. draw up: durmak (araç)

A lorry drew up in front of the bank. drop in: habersiz ziyaret etmek

Helen’s dropped in us two days ago. drop off: uykuya çabuk dalmak, sızmak

Because he worked all day, he dropped off as soon as he went to bed. drop sb off: arabayla bırakmak

Can you drop me off after the party. drop out: okulu bırakmak

He dropped out for acting. dry up: nemi kurumak

The lake dries up a hundred years ago. dry out: alkol yada uyuşturucuyu tedavi ile bırakmak

Sean dried out after the programme in Jersey. eat out: restoranda yemek

We eat out every Saturday. end up: son bulmak, soluğu (bir yerde) almak

If you go on smuggling, you will end up in jail. face up to: gerçekleri kabul etmek

She doesn’t like you. You must face up to it. fall back: geri çekilmek

The Greek forces fell back because of the strong defense. fall behind with sth: ödeme yada etkinlikte geri kalmak

He fell behind with his bills as he is laid off. fall for: aldanmak

Don’t fall for the sellers, they always want to earn more. fall in with: bir fikre uymak

We tried to persuade the boss to fall in with our plan.

202

fall out: münakaşa etmek Did you fall out with Tony for a computer game?

fall through: planı suya düşmek

We don’t have a Plan B. Because we didn’t think Plan A would fall through. feel up to: kotarmak, becermek

Find someone else to play the Sultan. I don’t feel up to it. figure out: bir problemi çözmek, anlamak

Everybody laughed but she didn’t figure it out. fill out: form doldurmak

Fill this form out. We will inform you later. find out: bulmak, ortaya çıkarmak

The police are trying to find out the criminals. fix up: görüşme ayarlamak

Can you fix up a meeting with bus? get across: anlaşılmak

He tried hard but he just couldn’t get across his point. get along: anlaşmak, geçinmek

Are you getting along with your fiancée? get at: yetişmek, uzanmak

As Serhat was a short boy he couldn’t get at the lamp on the ceiling. get away: kaçmak

Trevor tried to get away a few times but he always get caught somehow. get by: ekonomik açıdan geçinmek

I can’t my wife is going to get a job. We can’t get by. get down: yazmak

Mrs. Peterson always wants her students to get down everything on the board. get down to: işe başlamak

This rest is enough. Let’s get down on some work. get in: küçük bir araca binmek

Get in the car! It’s raining. get off: araçtan inmek

Just as I got off the bus, somebody grabbed my purse. get on with: geçinmek, anlaşmak

Try getting on with the new manager. He is quite harsh.

203

get over: atlatmak, etkisinden kurtulmak It’s three years since her fathers death but she still couldn’t get over.

get rid of: kurtulmak, başından savmak

I don’t want the journalists. Get rid of them. get round sb: ikna etmek

If we can get round our dad, we will come with you to the concert. get round to: zaman ayırmak

I would like to go to the theatre but I can’t get round to it. get round: üstesinden gelmek

I don’t need your help. I can get round it. get through: ulaşmak, iletişim kurmak

I can’t get through to Glen. What is going on? get through: sınavı geçmek

Many people can’t get through the driving exam. get up to: halt karıştırmak

He doesn’t know what his son is getting up to these days. give away: ihbar etmek

Why don’t you give him away if you think he is selling drugs? give in: teslim olmak

After a short clash, the terrorist gave in. give off: koku yada duman salmak

This old tomato paste is giving off a bad smell! give out: dağıtmak

Can you give out these worksheets? give up: bir alışkanlığı bırakmak

I know it’s harmful, but I can’t give up. go along with: bir fikre katılmak

I don’t go along with you. This project is just a dream. go at: saldırmak

Butch went at Fred as it thought him a thief. go by: bir bilgi yada ipucunu baz almak

You can’t go by the newspapers. They aren’t always true. go down: batmak

There are no life jackets in this boat. Because we won’t go down.

204

go for: saldırmak As I hadn’t eaten anything for two days, I went for the food.

go for: fiyat biçmek

How much does a second hand laptop go for these days? go off: çalmak (alarm)

The clock didn’t go off yesterday. I was late, of course. go off: kesilmek (elektrik)

I couldn’t do my homework, because the electricity went off. go off: bozulmak

This soup smells bad. I think it’s gone off. go out: çıkmak

Mary doesn’t go out with anyone poor. go over: gözden geçirmek

Go over your answers again. You still have some time. go round: yetmek

You can each have two. It will go round. go through: tecrübe etmek, yaşamak

He went through really bad days after his mother’s death. go with: uymak, yakışmak

This red tie doesn’t go with your jacket. goof off: zaman öldürmek, aylaklık etmek

As soon as the manager went out, the workers started to goof off. grow out of sth: büyüdüğü için bırakmak

He is stil spitting out while walking. I thought he would grow out of it. grow up: büyümek, olgunlaşmak

I’ll be an officer when I grow up. hand in: bir rapor yada ödev teslim etmek

When is the deadline to hand in our reports? hand out: dağıtmak

Please hand out these assignments to your friends. hang on: hatta kalmak

Can you hang on a minute? Dad is on the other line. have sb around: ağırlamak

We would like to have you around, if you come to Rwanda.

205

hold in: duygularını gizlemek You shouldn’t’ t hold in your love for her. Go and tell her!

hold on: beklemek

Hold on a second. I will check the store for your order. hold out: dayanmak, tahammül etmek

I can’t hold out his bad behaviors anymore! hold up: oyalanmak

We were held up in the traffic. Everyone was heading back home from holiday. keep off: uzak durmak

You can live longer, if you keep off danger. keep on: devam etmek

You can’t keep on like that! You must get over it. keep up with: takip etmek, ayak uydurmak

Do you think he can keep up with these rich kids? kick out: atılmak

Yanni was kicked out off school because of cheating. knock out: bilincini kaybetmek

The man knocked out when he was hit on the head. knock out: yenmek, alt etmek

Galatasaray knocked out Chelsea in the first match. lay off: işten çıkarmak

My father was laid off according to the new economical arrangements. leave out: çıkartmak

This programme leaves out the mistakes automatically. let down: hayal kırıklığına uğratmak

I thought Derek would win the gold medal but he let me down. let off: gaz yada duman salmak

You can’t do anything. The factories will let off smoke. let out: hapisten salınmak

She was let out after the police found the real criminal. let through: yol vermek

I said I was his son but they didn’t let me through. look forward to: dört gözle beklemek

I look forward to see my cousins in the summer.

206

look down on: hor görmek Don’t look down on poor people!

look into: araştırmak

The senate is still looking into the matter. look like: görüntü itibariyle benzemek

She really looks like her sister. look on: hiçbir şey yapmadan bakmak

There was no one who knew first-aid so they just looked on. look on to: bakmak (bina)

Our new house looks on to the Black Sea. look out: dikkat et!

Look out! There is a car coming. look over: kontrol etmek

Mr. Preston looked over the garden but didn’t like it at all. look through: aramak

The man at the desk looked through the papers but couldn’t find my report. look up: bir kaynaktan bilgi aramak

The teacher wants us to look up at the dictionary for the words we don’t know. make for: telafi etmek

I’ve not seen my parents for two years. I don’t know how to make up for it. make fun of: alay etmek

Don’t make fun of old people! make out: anlam vermek

He told a long story but we couldn’t make out his point. make up: reçete yapmak

Many pharmacies doesn’t make up prescription with credit cards. make up: uydurmak

Children sometimes make up stories. It’s normal. make up: makyaj yapmak

It takes her two hours to make up before she goes out. mix up: aklını karıştırmak

The old man’s direction mixed up my mind. pass away: vefat etmek

My uncle passed away when I was a little child.

207

pass for: sanmak, benzetmek She is only twelve, but she can easily pass for twenty.

pass off as: kendini biri gibi göstermek

He wore a uniform and passed off as an officer. pass out: bayılmak

The old lady passed out because of the hot weather. pay off: karşılığını almak

Sometimes hard work doesn’t pay off. pick out: seçmek

Pick out the color you like the best. pick up: kaldırmak, toplamak

Why don’t you ever pick up your clothes! pick up: hastalığa yakalanmak

Babies pick up flu much easier. play along: destekliyor gözükmek

Although he doesn’t agree with the boss, he plays along. play up to: yalakalık etmek

The workers who play up to his superiors are always promoted. pull away: hareket etmek (araç)

He run fast. However the bus pulled away before he reached. pull down: yıkmak

The City is determined to pull down the old buildings. pull in: yanaşıp durmak (araç)

We were out off gas, so we pulled in at the gas station. pull out: çekip çıkartmak

I went to see the dentist and he pulled out two of my teeth. pull over: aracı yolun kenarına çekmek

The police man made us a sign to pull over. pull up: yavaşlayıp durmak (araç)

The limousine pulled up in front of the hotel. put across: kabul ettirmek

Although he tried hard, he couldn’t put across his view. put away: para biriktirmek

I’ve to put away some money to go abroad.

208

put back: geciktirmek, oyalamak The strike put all the orders back.

put down: not almak

You should put down everything Mr. Vitally says. put down to: olarak açıklamak

Her strange behaviors were put down to her childhood. put forward: bir fikir öne sürmek

Young candidates are not let to put forward any ideas. put in for: baş vurmak

Are you planning to put in for the tutoring position? put out: söndürmek

Don’t forget to put out the candle before you sleep. put off: ertelemek

Fifa put off today’s match due to the bad weather. put on: giymek

Put on your clothes. We are going out. put sb on: dalga geçmek, kafa bulmak

You don’t have to see the boss. I was just putting you on! put sb out: birinin başını derde sokmak

I don’t want to put you out. You don’t have to come with me. put sb up: birini yatıya almak

I don’t mind putting you up for the night. put through: telefonu bağlamak

The girl on the phone won’t put me through to Dr. Tucker. put up with: tahammül etmek

I can’t put up with chatty people. ring off: telefona bakamadan kapanmak

I ran for the phone but it rang off before I get it. run down: araçla ezmek

My dog was run down by a lorry yesterday. run down: azalmak

The remote control doesn’t work. I think the batteries ran down. run into: şans eseri karşılaşmak

Mrs. Gwenth ran into one of her old friends in down town.

209

run out off: tükenmek We’ve run out off the gas we bought a few hours ago.

run over: araçla çarpmak, ezmek

I think, you’ve just ran over a frog! run through: tekrar etmek

I want to run through the headlines before I finish. see off: yolcu etmek

Donnie went to see his girlfriend off. see to: kontrol etmek, takip etmek

Can you see to the project when I’m abroad. send for: postayla sipariş vermek

I sent for a tv set two weeks ago. Why are they so late? sell out: ürünlerin tamamını satmak, tüketmek

The laptops were sold out as they were much cheaper than the normal price. set back: geciktirmek

The export orders were set back because of the strikes. set off: tetiklemek

The bomb on the train was set off with a mobile phone. set out: yolculuğa çıkmak

I’ll set out early in the morning. I don’t want to be held up in the traffic. set out: kurul yada komisyon oluşturmak

The president set out a commission for human rights. set up: iş kurmak

Paul wants to set up his own business with the inheritance. settle down: bir yere yerleşmek

After many years, they settled down in France. show off: gösteriş yapmak

He bought a motorbike to show off. show up: gelmek, gözükmek

She was rewarded the golden globe, but she didn’t show up at the ceremony. stand by: desteklemek, yanında olmak

I was surprised to see him stand by me. stand out: kendini göstermek, fark ettirmek

Jenny’s paintings always stand by.

210

stand for: simgelemek What do the letters of NATO stand for?

stand up to: karşılık vermek

Though her father slapped her face, she didn’t stand up to him. step on: terbiye etmek, disipline etmek

Somebody has to step on children. stir up: ortalığı karıştırmak

The old lady stirred up the bank when she learnt the wages were postponed. take after: görüntü itibariyle benzemek

Terry takes after his grandfather. He also had curly hair. take back: geri götürmek

You have to take the books back to the library in two weeks. take care of: sağlığına dikkat etmek

Everybody thinks they take care of their health. take in: anlamak

The conference took four hours but I didn’t take in anything. take in (passive): aldatılmak, dolandırılmak

Clare paid 100 dollars for a shirt. She is certainly taken in. take off: elbiseyi çıkartmak

Why don’t you take off your clothes? Is it cold? take off: kalkmak (uçak)

When does your plane take off? take on: işçi almak

DTE corporation takes on twenty workers each year. take out: para çekmek

Can you take out some money form me? take up: yer kaplamak

This dinner table takes up too much place. take up: bir hobi yada spora başlamak

Andrew took up tennis despite his age. think over: iyice düşünmek

Before you buy the flat, you had better think it over. try on: bir elbiseyi denemek

Why don’t you try this sweater on?

211

try out: bir makineyi denemek They don’t let everyone try out the luxury cars.

turn down: ayarını düşürmek yada kısmak

I am sure Becky will turn down Harry’s proposal. turn off: bir cihazı kapatmak

You can turn off the light. The daylight is enough. turn on: bir cihazı açmak

The heater automatically turns on when it’s cold. turn sb on: heyecanlandırmak, tahrik etmek

What kind of music turns you on? turn over: ters dönmek

The vandals turned over three cars and burned them. turn up: ayarını yükseltmek

Can you turn up the volume? I can’t hear it. turn up: beklenmedik bir anda gelmek

We were expecting them the next week, but they turned up yesterday. watch out for: dikkat etmek

Your duty is to watch out for the shop-lifters. wear off: etkisi geçmek

When the alcohol wears off, he will understand his mistake. wear out: yormak

This homework really wore me off. It is thirty pages in total! work out: incelemek, kontrol etmek

The meeting ends after we work out the import results. zonk out: hemen uykuya dalmak

As he had been working for nine hours, he zonked out as soon as he went to bed.

212

PHARASAL VERBS ÇIKMIŞ SORULAR

Boşluk doldurma soruları

1. I don’t know how we are going to ____ the expected surge of immigrants into the country.

A) look over

B) run through

C) put out

D) take down

E) cope with

98K

2. The Jewish immigrants, who ____ the boat in England, formed the bulk of the ethnic groups arriving in a country historically wary of foreigners.

A) took after

B) got off

C) turned up

D) made up

E) showed off

98K

3. Despite the gusty wind they were able to put out the fire before it ____ .

A) fell off

B) was taken into account

C) was held out

D) got out of hand

E) broke up

98M

4. Before the meeting begins, it would be advisable to remind him that he is not on any account to ____ the subject of unemployment insurance.

A) look through

B) bring up

C) take back

D) break out

E) make out

99K

5. Since most of the world’s commercial apples lack genetic diversity, they are unable to ____ a disease or a pest.

A) put away

B) hold up

C) fight off

D) get off

E) break out

99M

6. The atmosphere ____ the earth as if it were a huge roof.

A) breaks up

B) makes for

C) hangs over

D) puts off

E) runs over

99M

213

7. The problem of how to ____ the vast quantities of waste we produce, requires our urgent attention.

A) bring up

B) win over

C) find out

D) put off

E) deal with

00K

8. Once the children have grown up I shall start traveling again, and I'm really ____ that.

A) passing on to

B) waiting up for

C) looking forward to

D) making up for

E) going along with

00K

9. Natural disasters have been defined as ecological disruptions exceeding the adjustment capacity of a community and ____ outside assistance.

A) stepping up

B) putting up with

C) look after

D) calling for

E) dealing with

00M

10. It is hard for a tiger, especially an inexperienced one, to ____ how to attack an animal that is facing it.

A) figure out

B) keep away

C) rule out

D) fall back

E) run over

00M

11. In the early twentieth century, a number of scientists, who had been trained as physicists, were interested in the study of biological organisms, and their efforts ____ the field we now call molecular biology.

A) took leave of

B) made up for

C) gave rise to

D) showed up

E) fell apart

01K

12. In the introduction to this book, the writer ____ a foreign policy that makes world peace the top priority.

A) calls for

B) holds out

C) keeps up

D) puts on

E) brings about

01K

13. I'm afraid I can't ____ the signature on this oil painting, but it has been signed.

A) make out

B) take up

C) find out

D) turn back

E) put down

01M

14. The top research universities in the USA are ______ the fact that women researchers are encountering substantial barriers to career advancement.

A) waiting for

B) pulling out of

C) facing up to

D) trying out

E) turning up

01M

214

15. His doctor ______ advising him to take it easy for a while and stop all overtime, but he didn't listen.

A) made up

B) kept on

C) ran through

D) left out

E) played down

01M

16. The foreman has a way of making most people do what he wants, but somehow I don't think he'll manage to ____ the new director!

A) get around

B) make up for

C) turn over

D) keep up with

E) rule out

02K

17. The man who created the first computer virus has been sentenced to 20 months in an American federal prison, and it is generally agreed that he has been ____ very lightly.

A) shown up

B) let off

C) taken down

D) given up

E) brought in

02K

18. The population of the underdeveloped countries is growing so fast that the agricultural activities there are unable to ____ the progressively rising demand for food.

A) keep up with

C) look out for

B) make sure of

D) bring up

E) sort out

02M

19. Among the Maori of New Zealand, each community has developed its own way of ____ crimes and has chosen a number of different punishments to match them.

A) holding up

B) coming along

C) dealing with

D) paying for

E) taking over

02M

20. The first two paragraphs ____ the particular requirements of the digital environment as the source of data and as a means of producing maps and other visualizations.

A) lay emphasis on

B) run out of

C) break through

D) stop short of

E) look down on

03M

21. As Egypt ____ its biggest irrigation project, the Pharaohs' dream of spreading their kingdoms into the desert is coming true.

A) puts off

B) embarks on

C) breaks up

D) tries on

E) shows up

04K

22. Pakistan ____ the Indus and its tributaries for almost half of its irrigation supplies.

A) turns back

B) waits for

C) takes to

D) pulls up

E) relies on

04M

215

23. Jean Chrétien ____ after more than ten years as Canada's prime minister.

A) steps down

B) makes out

C) runs out

D) holds up

E) points out

05K

24. In China's largest psychiatric facility there is a serious lack of resources but the staff try hard to ____ this in their treatment of the patients.

A) come up with

B) go in for

C) put up with

D) set oat for

E) make up for

05M

25. Solar heating never ____ in the US because of the cost and limited winter sunlight in most areas.

A) caught on

B) played up

C) turned over

D) waited on

E) looked back

06M

26. For decades presidents have been coming ____ plans to deal with the fact that one day the world will run ____ its key sources of energy; oil.

A) up with/ out of

B) out of/ up against

C) down to/ away from

D) up for/ through

E) over to/ into

06M

27. There has been increasing pressure in the US to ____ the amount of funding allocated to foreign aid, and instead, use the funds to improve the domestic economy.

A) make up for

B) point out to

C) keep up with

D) cut down on

E) take up with

06K

28. Cells convert energy from one form to another and use that energy to ____ various activities, ranging from mechanical work to chemical synthesis.

A) turn off

B) use up

C) take in

D) carry out

E) pick up

07M

216

KEY TO PHRASAL VERBS BOŞLUK DOLDURMA 1 E 2 B 3 D 4 B 5 B 6 C 7 C 8 E 9 C 10 D 11 A 12 B 13 A 14 C 15 C 16 B

17 A 18 B 19 A 20 C 21 A 22 B 23 E 24 A 25 E 26 A 27 A 28 D 29 D

217

VOCABULARY

ÇIKMIŞ SORULAR

Boşluk doldurma soruları

1. Asthma is a common ____ in which the

airways lining the lung become inflamed.

A) diagnosis

B) disease

C) fury

D) patient

E) recovery

98K

2. From the report released today it

appears that oil tankers suffer their major

____ on their return journeys.

A) spills

B) costs

C) repairs

D) drills

E) crews

98K

3. People curious to get some idea of what

it is like to be black in a country ____ by

whites need look no further than Dennis

Williams’s new novel Crossover.

A) tempted

B) undermined

C) perpetrated

D) run

E) deemed

98K

4. It is plain that the United Nations will

not lift the sanctions unless the Iraqi

government fully ____ with the Security

Council resolutions.

A) matches

B) elaborates

C) complies

D) resumes

E) accomplishes

98K

5. When the chairman tried to explain his

views to the shareholders at the ____

general meeting, he was shouted down by

them with cries of “Resign!”.

A) annual

B) minimal

C) essential

D) ultimate

E) recurrent

98K

6. If we are serious about suppressing

terrorism we shall have to ____ stronger

measures than those currently in practice.

A) require

B) revise

C) adopt

D) abduct

E) suspend

98M

218

7. When an unknown but gifted artist is

finally recognized, his paintings can

become valuable ____ in the future.

A) rates

B) accounts

C) sales

D) interests

E) assets

98M

8. I am horrified at the turn things have

taken and am convinced that he is ____ of

much better treatment than that which he

is receiving.

A) rebutting

B) deserving

C) defending

D) safeguarding

E) indulging

98M

9. Progress in materials research is ____ to

overcoming such problems as the finiteness

of the world’s resources and possible

shortages of strategic materials.

A) crucial

B) inexpensive

C) adamant

D) subversive

E) subsequent

98M

10. The whole business of having meals at

fixed ____ is nothing but a social

convention and, in modern life, a matter of

convenience.

A) approaches

B) substances

C) intervals

D) requirements

E) proportions

99K

11. Space research is largely a branch of

pure science, independent of any

applications which ____ from it.

A) enforce

B) insure

C) reduce

D) restore

E) stem

99K

12. She is the oldest person in the village,

to be precise, 92 years old and has a ____

word of advice for everyone.

A) fanciful

B) faithful

C) credible

D) futile

E) kindly

99K

13. Our challenge is to ____ our clients

with the best possible advice and support,

enabling them to take the right direction at

both strategic and operational levels.

A) expand

B) consult

C) improve

D) provide

E) respect

99K

14. It is a book rich in ideas and beauty, a

book that ____ and tries to answer great

fundamental questions and demands the

most active reading one is capable of.

A) raises

B) attains

C) casts

D) alludes

E) accomplishes

99K

219

15. The Carnegie Endowment for

International Peace seeks an individual to

launch a research project on the

information revolution and its ____ on

international affairs.

A) impact

B) involvement

C) reference

D) linkage

E) comparison

99M

16. Unlike Europe’s stone castles and

cathedrals, America’s historical buildings

are often wood-framed and so subject to

____ from moisture and insects.

A) rebuke

B) deficiency

C) damage

D) obsession

E) frustration

99M

17. Physically speaking, the Pacific Basin

includes not only all those countries

bordering on the Pacific coast but also the

Pacific island nations ____ across the

ocean.

A) adopted

B) based

C) grafted

D) scattered

E) expanded

99M

18. Nearly half of the world’s countries

have ____ capital punishment in law or in

practice, and some two dozen of them have

done so formally since 1985.

A) accused

B) abolished

C) executed

D) entailed

E) frustrated

99M

19. The objective of this project is to

increase the depth of awareness and

understanding in the world, about the

causes and consequences of the HIV

epidemic through ____ policies and

programmes.

A) innovative

B) decadent

C) meagre

D) ambiguous

E) poignant

99M

20. If you want that post you'd better apply

quickly; the last day for ____ applications

is Friday.

A) reversing

B) withholding

C) enforcing

D) submitting

E) committing

00K

21. In this paper I should like to report

some of the results of an ____ study of two

hundred London families.

A) extreme

B) intrinsic

C) intensive

D) emphatic

E) apparent

00K

22. Recent studies have shown that

smokers are more ____ to common colds

and flu than non-smokers.

A) feasible

B) susceptible

C) applicable

D) reliable

E) responsible

00K

220

23. I wasn't at all impressed by the ____

he gave me.

A) distribution

B) explanation

C) determination

D) complication

E) negotiation

00K

24. The river Danube rises in Germany and

____ through central Europe and into the

Black Sea.

A) cruises

B) spreads

C) flows

D) conducts

E) covers

00M

25. Anti-lock brakes (ABS) help you to

maintain steering control of your car even

while braking on ____ roads.

A) lonesome

B) fast

C) reckless

D) slippery

E) stagnant

00M

26. ____ populated, rural Northumberland

is one of the most unspoiled countries in

England.

A) Sparsely

B) Nearly

C) Primarily

D) Suitably

E) Efficiently

00M

27. Today a very wide spectrum of

biological scientists are needed, both to

develop the biotechnology of the next

millennium and to ensure the ____ of life in

our planet.

A) explanation

B) process

C) exhaustion

D) duration

E) conservation

00M

28. If the ____ of profits falls in one area of

activity, entrepreneurs may move their

resources to an industry where the returns

are higher.

A) phase

B) liability

C) level

D) supply

E) policy

01K

29. In many countries training for industry

has always been considered to be ____ the

concern of industry itself, not of the state.

A) socially

B) primarily

C) suitably

D) firmly

E) reputedly

01K

30. A basic ____ of amphibious warfare is

undoubtedly command of the sea.

A) withdrawal

B) involvement

C) determination

D) concession

E) requirement

01K

221

31. Even quite late in the twentieth century

many men assumed that entry into certain

professions was their ____ right.

A) independent

B) exclusive

C) adequate

D) excessive

E) unaccountable

01K

32. Bacteria have remarkable capacity for

____ tolerance to previously lethal drugs.

A) acquiring

B) denouncing

C) deceiving

D) repudiating

E) recovering

01K

33. Our understanding of the development

of behaviour has long been hampered by

the tendency to _____ sharply between

"innate" and "acquired" behavior.

A) exclude

B) separate

C) distinguish

D) infer

E) assess

01M

34. The government has recently made one

million dollars _____ for research grants

concerning the prediction of earthquakes.

A) conditional

B) available

C) suitable

D) considerable

E) vulnerable

01M

35. The ozone layer may still act like a

protective blanket, but scientists continue

to worry about the sun's _____ lethal

effects.

A) potentially

B) equivalently

C) indifferently

D) approximately

E) abruptly

01M

36. Owing to the shortages in some

building materials and labor ______ in

some trades, the building industry began to

make more use of prefabricated

components.

A) immunity

B) reliability

C) cavity

D) scarcity

E) morality

01M

37. In a blizzard, the _____ of very low

temperatures, strong wind and suffocating

snow often proves fatal.

A) expectation

B) endurance

C) engagement

D) consistence

E) combination

01M

38. Acid rain only became a ____

environmental issue in the 1980s following

groundbreaking studies in the 1970s.

A) previous

B) deceitful

C) reckless

D) destructive

E) prominent

02K

222

39. Using the dam to generate power would

not ____ the treaty with the neighboring

country, but diverting water out of the river

would.

A) intimidate

B) betray

C) violate

D) convert

E) fetch

02K

40. The ____ that terrorists use to move

money from regions that finance them to

their target country are often identical to

those used by criminal gangs.

A) regulations

B) methods

C) provisions

D) laws

E) admissions

02K

41. In the wake of yet another financial

scandal, the chief accountant handed in his

____ to the director.

A) retirement

B) redundancy

C) promotion

D) resignation

E) vacancy

02K

42. The American constitution with its

various constraints ____ to protect

citizens, can actually shield criminals.

A) discovered

B) complained

C) persuaded

D) designed

E) displayed

02K

43. Now that formal____ has been given by

the government, the project team can be

recruited.

A) reference

B) apprehension

C) approval

D) expression

E) determination

02M

44. Certain new findings suggest that

young calves may be more ____ than older

cows to bovine spongiform encephalopathy

(BSE).

A) reluctant

B) hazardous

C) intimate

D) susceptible

E) relative

02M

45. Champions of the green movement

regard the internal combustion machine as

one of the biggest ____ in history.

A) disasters

B) rejections

C) admissions

D) denials

E) illusions

02M

46. The distinction between a language and

a dialect is a ____ difficult one.

A) precisely

B) notoriously

C) compulsively

D) suitably

E) flexibly

02M

223

47. Japan is often ____ as an example of a

country that has managed to keep its

national defense orientated industries

entirely separate from foreign-owned

companies.

A) deduced

B) delayed

C) deceived

D) withdrawn

E) cited

02M

48. The general feeling in the court was

that several of the witnesses were ____

information that could have a direct

bearing upon the case.

A) expressing

B) withholding

C) avoiding

D) disrupting

E) declining

02M

49. As the new field-worker will be working

in close ____ with several others, make

sure you select someone with an agreeable

personality.

A) uniformity

B) suspicion

C) collaboration

D) discretion

E) productivity

03M

50. Sponsorship is being increasingly

allowed in schools provided it is regarded

as being ____ with educational curricula.

A) considerate

B) predictable

C) decisive

D) compatible

E) provocative

03M

51. The discovery of a _____ cancer-

causing chemical in foods like crisps, chips

and cereals caused shock waves around the

world when it hit the headlines earlier this

year.

A) potentially

B) remarkably

C) controversially

D) memorably

E) concisely

03M

52. Each year, large amounts of carbon

monoxide are _____ into the atmosphere

by automobiles and factories.

A) absorbed

B) emitted

C) exchanged

D) repulsed

E) compelled

03M

53. These novels illustrate the

author's____ for the struggles of young

people and the proper help that should be

given.

A) deceit

B) obligation

C) alteration

D) disturbance

E) concern

04K

54. The quartet's rendering of Mozart is

____ good, but l have mixed feelings about

the Schubert collection.

A) exceptionally

B) sensitively

C) preferably

D) impulsively

E) impartially

04K

224

55. The book is surprisingly lucid and

manages to make the controversial field of

evolutionary psychology ____ to the

average intelligent reader.

A) susceptible

B) conducive

C) available

D) indulgent

E) exclusive

04K

56. America's subsidies to its cotton

farmers have long been a noteworthy

example of the harm that rich countries'

subsidies ____ on the poor.

A) enforce

B) provide

C) exceed

D) inflict

E) employ

04K

57. Their Prime Minister has been able to

act more aggressively in the past year

because he has ____ his power within the

government.

A) recommended

B) reduced

C) compelled

D) consolidated

E) impaired

04M

58. The auroras are caused by the ____ of

solar winds with gases in the Earth's

atmosphere.

A) intersection

B) completion

C) interaction

D) perception

E) distraction

04M

59. It seems strange to us now that miners

and others employed in dangerous work

should not have demanded the provision

of____ Headgear.

A) forceful

B) obstructive

C) relentless

D) protective

E) intensive

04M

60. In the past 30 years , our knowledge of

the ancient Maya civilization has increased

____ as a result of the decipherment of a

newly discovered script.

A) significantly

B) alternatively

C) suspiciously

D) persuasively

E) conditionally

04M

61. A fair proportion of the workforce now

work from their homes, a____ that has

been made possible by computers.

A) disturbance

B) destination

C) circumstance

D) support

E) denial

05K

62. North Korea is ____ to abandon its

nuclear programme without specific

security guarantees from America and

promises of lost of aid.

A) sincere

B) nasty

C) boastful

D) unlikely

E) provisional

05K

225

63. Pharmaceutical firms are wary of

devoting money to new antibiotics whose

sales can be ____ limited by the

development of resistance in the target

microbes.

A) accurately

B) adequately

C) severely

D) complacently

E) confidently

05K

64. In an aircraft the cabin lights are

dimmed during take-off and landing to help

passengers to _____ themselves to

darkness in the event of an emergency.

A) modify

B) accustom

C) resume

D) associate

E) relate

05K

65. Unless you use your computer____ ,

you can't expect it to function well

A) surely

B) particularly

C) recently

D) properly

E) soundly

05M

66. It's worth remembering that his ____

of the downward trends in output over

recent years is not the only one.

A) interpretation

B) departure

C) compliance

D) discretion

E) intention

05M

67. In the case of opera, the benefits of

being able to experience the whole

production from the comfort of your

armchair are very ____.

A) subtle

B) demonstrative

C) deliberate

D) excessive

E) attractive

05M

68. For the control of the deadly brain

disease in cows (BSE), surveillance is being

stepped up in Canada, but the US claims to

be testing enough cattle already to ____

the risk.

A) assert

B) assess

C) consult

D) exceed

E) discourage

05M

69. Volcanoes are built by the ____ of their

own eruptive products, which are lava, ash,

flows, airborne and dust.

A) accumulation

B) destruction

C) explosion

D) instability

E) growth

07M

70. Certain nations have ____ the use of

prenatal diagnostic techniques to select the

sex of an unborn child; but, bribery and

human ingenuity have made it easy for

prospective parents to bypass the statute.

A) removed

B) outlawed

C) explored

D) sustained

E) retained

07M

226

71. Music educators give us many good

reasons for playing. It is said to feed our

intelligence and ____ our self-esteem.

A) raise

B) appreciate

C) afflict

D) represent

E) provoke

07M

72. Education is both a consumption and an

investment good. The ____ of knowledge

by reading a book can give pleasure and

benefits to an individual equivalent to

consuming an ice-cream or seeing a film at

the cinema.

A) contribution

B) exclusion

C) obscurity

D) acquisition

E) continuation

07M

73. A strong ____ exists between a

country’s wealth and the freedom afforded

its citizens.

A) coincidence

B) correlation

C) consideration

D) determination

E) interpretation

06K

74. Satellite television transmission now

makes it ____ for us to watch events as

they unfold in other countries.

A) worldwide

B) substantial

C) aware

D) commonplace

E) liable

06K

75. Pollen grains - the tiny male

reproductive bodies of flowering plants –

have an almost ____ outer shell that can

survive in certain sediments for tens of

thousands of years.

A) intense

B) approachable

C) indestructible

D) abundant

E) unsteady

06K

76. The Basques were at this time the

largest suppliers to Europe of whale-oil –

an important ____ used for lighting and in

products such as soaps.

A) commodity

B) refinement

C) artifact

D) hardship

E) settlement

06K

77. The laws concerning the breeding of

animals for research could turn out to be to

the ____ of medical research.

A) admission

B) detriment

C) exclusion

D) preference

E) cohesion

06M

78. At present, interest rates are

comparatively____ ; let’s hope they remain

that way.

A) frequent

B) uneasy

C) consecutive

D) comprehensive

E) steady

06M

227

79. What are some of the things that

differentially affect siblings and help ____

their success or failure?

A) pursue

B) recognize

C) recreate

D) determine

E) reinstate

06M

80. The concept developed out of a

growing emphasis on research into the

____ of emotion and thought.

A) alternation

B) participation

C) interaction

D) obstruction

E) complication

06M

228

KEY TO VOCABULARY BOŞLUK DOLDURMA 1 B 2 A 3 D 4 C 5 A 6 C 7 E 8 B 9 A 10 C 11 E 12 C 13 D 14 A 15 A 16 C 17 D 18 B 19 E 20 D 21 C 22 B 23 B 24 C 25 D

26 A 27 E 28 C 29 B 30 E 31 B 32 C 33 C 34 B 35 A 36 D 37 E 38 E 39 C 40 B 41 D 42 D 43 C 44 D 45 A 46 * 47 E 48 B 49 C 50 D 51 A 52 E

53 E 54 A 55 C 56 D 57 D 58 C 59 D 60 A 61 C 62 D 63 C 64 B 65 D 66 A 67 E 68 B 69 A 70 B 71 A 72 D 73 B 74 D 75 C 76 A 77 B 78 E 79 D 80 C

229

PARAGRAF SORULARI ANALĐZĐ Örnek paragraf 1 1.-5 soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. (2) No human dream is more universal than the longing for a paradise on earth, a place free of the ravages of time and disease, where the best in nature flourishes while the worst is forbidden to enter. By definition, such magical lands can’t be near at hand; they must be remote and inaccessible – destinations to be reached by pilgrimage or a heroic journey. (3) Ancient Tibetan Buddhist texts spoke of just such a kingdom, where wise kings, blessed with long life spans, await the day when they will take power over the world, ushering in a golden age of peace and justice. This mythical kingdom was called “Shambala,” and its location was believed to be a valley in northern India. Said to be enclosed by a double ring of snow-capped mountains, this fabled valley of Shambala resembled a (5) “mandala,” which is Buddhism’s circular symbol of the unity of all creation. Known only to a few European enthusiasts of Asia in the 19th century, (1,4) the myth of Shambala was popularized in the 20th century by the famous Russian mystic, Madame Blavatsky, who claimed she received telepathic messages from the mystic valley. 1. It is clear from the passage that the myth of Shambala ____ . A) was originally introduced by those Europeans in the 19th century who were interested in Buddhism and carried out extensive studies in India B) began to be so popular in Europe in the 19th century that, with Madame Blavatsky, it turned into a mystical kind of religion C) had obviously been very popular throughout Asia in the 19th and 20th centuries before it was discovered by the Europeans D) had originally been an Indian myth and was later adopted by Tibetan Buddhists into their own culture E) came to be known widely in Europe only in the last century, thanks to Madame Blavatsky Soru kökü ‘Shambala’ dan bahsettiği için paragrafta kelimenin geçtiği satırı buluyoruz (1 numaralı satır). E şıkkında known widely olarak verilen yani tanınan ibaresi aslında metinde de popularized olarak geçiyor. Đkisi de Shambala’nın Madame Blavatsky tarafından Avrupa’ya tanıtıldığını anlatıyor. A şıkkı: Shambala’yı Avrupalı araştırmacılar tarafında tanıtıldığını, B şıkkı: Madame Blavatsky tarafından Avrupa’ya tanıtıldığını fakat bir dine dönüştüğünü, C şıkkı: Avrupalılar keşfetmeden önce de Shambala’nın Asya’da bilindiğinden, D şıkkı: bir Hint mitiyken Tibetli Budistler tarafından kendi kültürlerine uyarlandığından bahsediyor.

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2. The author claims that a great many people ____ . A) yearn for a distant land of absolute health, happiness and goodness B) imagine India as a land of plenty, where people lead a most prosperous and peaceful life C) go on long pilgrimages to very remote places such as Tibet, where the most popular religion is Buddhism D) have a mystical view of life which enables them to cope with the ravages of time and disease E) have a strong desire to make a pilgrimage to the mythical valley of Shambala in order to recover from their sorrows and sufferings Soru kökü pek çok insan diye başlıyor. Metnin girişinde de insanların cennet gibi bir dünya hayal ettiklerinden bahsediyor. Metindeki long for kelimesinin eş anlamlısı yearn (özlem duymak) A şıkkında geçmekte. Her ikisi de insanların her zaman mutlu ve sağlıklı olduğu, kötüleri olmadığı cennet misali bir yerden bahsetmekte. B şıkkı: insanların Hindistan’ın mutlu ve huzurlu bir yer olarak hayal ettiklerinden, C şıkkı: insanların Tibet gibi uzak yerlere hacca gittiklerinden, D şıkkı: insanların sıkıntı ve hastalıklarıyla mistik bir dünya görüşü sayesinde baş ettiklerinden, E şıkkı: insanların sıkıntılarından kurtulmak için Shambala’ya gitmek istediklerinden bahsediyor. 3. According to the passage, ancient Tibetan Buddhists ____ . A) preferred to live in places which were very remote and not easily accessible for common people B) had a very strong longing for a world in which Buddhist values and ideas were shared by all human beings C) were most gifted writers who idealized life on earth and, in their writings, encouraged people to strive for peace and justice D) often made long pilgrimages and journeys to the valley of Shambala in India in order to have a mystical experience E) believed that a time would come when, under the rule of wise kings, peace and justice would prevail in the world Soru kökünde geçen eski Tibet Budistleri 3 numaralı satırda geçiyor. Eski Tibet Budistlerinin kaynaklarında dünyaya huzur ve adaleti getirecek bilge kralların ortaya çıkacağından ve dünyanın altın çağını yaşacağından bahsediyor. Bu ise E şıkkında aynen anlatılıyor. A şıkkı: Eski Tibet Budistlerinin uzak yerlerde yaşamayı tercih ettiklerinden, B şıkkı: Eski Tibet Budistlerinin Budizm öğretilerinin benimsendiği bir dünya hayal ettiklerinden, C şıkkı: Eski Tibet Budistlerinin çok iyi yazarlar olduğundan, D şıkkı: Eski Tibet Budistlerinin Shambala’ya hacca gittiklerinden bahsediyor.

231

4. As one understands from the passage, the Russian mystic Madame Blavatsky ____ . A) was clearly one of the few Europeans in the 19th century who were seriously concerned with studies related to Asia B) developed her telepathic skill through her study of Buddhism and also by making innumerable journeys to the valley of Shambala C) constantly dreamed of a paradise on earth and made great efforts to make peace and justice dominant in the world D) helped to spread interest in the mythical kingdom of Shambala E) believed that a study of Tibetan Buddhist texts was indispensable for the acquisition and exercise of telepathic skills Aslında bu soru, 1. sorunun tersten sorulmuş hali. Yani Madam Blavatsky’nin Shambala’yı Avrupa’ya tanıttığından bahsediyor. A şıkkı: Madam Blavatsky’nin Asya araştırmalarıyla ilgilenen birkaç Avrupalı’dan biri olduğundan, B şıkkı: Madam Blavatsky’nin telepati yeteneğini Budizm çalışmaları sayesinde edindiğinden, C şıkkı: Madam Blavatsky’nin cennet gibi bir dünya hayal ettiğinden ve bunun için çabaladığından, E şıkkı: Madam Blavatsky’nin telepati öğrenmek için Budizm kaynaklarının vazgeçilmez olduğundan bahsediyor. 5. One learns from the passage that, for Buddhism, ____ . A) the wise kings of the valley of Shambala value peace and justice more than any other thing B) man can never enjoy absolute peace and justice in the world owing to his wickedness C) the valley of Shambala is a sacred place for pilgrimage and worship D) a paradise on earth can only be established in the distant future E) everything created in the universe was part of one whole, which was represented by the symbol of mandala Soru kökündeki mandala kelimesi metinde 5 numaralı satırda geçiyor. Budizm’e göre yaratılmış her şey aslında bir bütünün parçası. E şıkkı bize bu bilgiyi veriyor. A şıkkı: Budizm’e göre bilge krallar için en önemli şey huzur ve adalettir. B şıkkı: Budizm’e göre insan kötü olduğu için dünyada asla mutlu olamaz. C şıkkı: Budizm’e göre Shambala saklı bir ibadet ve hac yeridir. D şıkkı: Budizm’e göre ileri bir gelecekte cennet gibi bir yaşam kurulabilir.

232

Örnek paragraf 2 1.-5. soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Until the giant American energy company (5) Enron collapsed, and its director Kenneth Lay was imprisoned, his life had been a model of the American dream of rising from rags to riches on the strength of merit and hard work. His beginnings were socially and financially very modest. He was born in Tyrone, Missouri, in 1942, as the son of a preacher who was also a part-time salesman. (3) He helped his father make ends meet by cutting grass and delivering papers. His start in the energy industry seemed similarly modest. After obtaining a doctoral degree in economics from the University of Houston, he got his start in the booming Texan oil industry. In 1985 (2) he merged Houston Natural Gas with InterNorth of Nebraska in order to form Enron. As Enron became stronger, (4) Mr. Lay turned increasingly to politics and was one of the biggest donors to the Bush-Cheney campaign. (1) After Mr. Bush entered the White House, Mr. Lay had hopes of a seat in the cabinet, perhaps as energy secretary or even at the Treasury. However, for reasons that remain unclear, Mr. Bush overlooked him, so his professional life ended in frustration. 1. According to the passage, after Mr. Bush was elected president of the US, Kenneth Lay ____ . A) turned increasingly to politics B) became involved in the Texan oil industry C) was not offered a cabinet seat D) obtained a doctoral degree from the University of Houston E) dissolved Enron, the company he had created Bush başkan seçildikten sonra Lay kendisine de kabinede bir koltuk verileceğini düşünüyor. 1 numaralı satırda geçen bu bilgi C şıkkı ile tamamlanıyor. Fakat kabineye alınmıyor. A şıkkı: Kenneth Lay kendini politikaya veriyor. B şıkkı: Kenneth Lay Texan Oil’e katılıyor. D şıkkı: Kenneth Lay Houston Üniversitesinden doktora derecesi alıyor. E şıkkı: Kenneth Lay Enron’ u bölüyor.

233

2. It is clear from the passage that the giant American energy company Enron was founded through ____ . A) Kenneth Lay’s increasing interest in politics B) Kenneth Lay’s dream of rising from rags to riches C) the fact that Kenneth Lay had been imprisoned D) Kenneth Lay’s modest beginnings as the son of a preacher and part-time salesman E) the merging of two companies: Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth Soru kökü bizden Enron’un nasıl kurulduğunu istiyor. 2 numaralı satır, Enron’un Houston Doğal Gaz ve InterNorth’un birleşmesi ile kurulduğunu gösteriyor. E şıkkı da aynı bilgiyi veriyor. A şıkkı: Enron’un Lay’in politikaya girmesiyle, B şıkkı: Enron’un Lay’in fakirlikten kurtulma hayali sayesinde, C şıkkı: Enron’un Lay hapse girdiği için, D şıkkı: Enron’un Lay’in mütevazi hayatı sayesinde kurulduğunu söylüyor. 3. We understand from the passage that, when Kenneth Lay was a child, he ____ . A) worked as a part-time salesman together with his father B) wanted to become a preacher like his father C) moved with his family from Tyrone, Missouri, to Houston, Texas D) contributed to his family’s income by working at part-time jobs E) dreamed of becoming an oil tycoon Soru kökü bize Lay’in çocukluğunu soruyor. 3 numaralı satırda çocukken satıcılıkta babasına yardım ettiğini öğreniyoruz. Yani A şıkkında belirtildiği gibi. B şıkkı: babası gibi vaiz olmak istediğinden, C şıkkı: ailesiyle Tyrone’den Houston’a taşındığından, D şıkkı: part-time işlerde çalışarak ailesine destek olduğundan, E şıkkı: petrol devi olmak istediğinden bahsediyor.

234

4. We can infer from the passage that Kenneth Lay expected Mr. Bush to offer him a high position in his administration because Mr. Lay ____ . A) had contributed a very large amount of money to Mr. Bush’s presidential campaign B) was an important player in the Texan oil industry C) was frustrated with his political life D) had obtained a high level of education, and was therefore quite knowledgeable E) had become very rich through his hard work Lay, Bush’tan bir koltuk bekliyor. Soru kökü Lay’in neden böyle bir beklenti içinde olduğunu bize soruyor. 4 numaralı satırda Lay’in, Bush’un seçim kampanyasına büyük destekte bulunduğunu öğreniyoruz. A şıkkı bize Lay’in seçim kampanyasına yüksek miktarda para akıttığını söylüyor. B şıkkı: Texan Oil’de yönetici olduğu için, C şıkkı: politikadan istediğini alamadığı için, D şıkkı: iyi bir eğitim almış olduğu için, E şıkkı: zengin olduğu için kendisine koltuk verilmesi gerektiğini düşünüyor. 5. We see from the passage that Kenneth Lay’s imprisonment was ____ . A) the result of his involvement in the Bush-Cheney campaign B) a miscarriage of justice C) due to a crime he had committed while studying at the University of Houston D) carried out despite the fact that he was a good friend of President Bush E) implemented at around the same time that Enron, the company he had founded, collapsed Soru kökü bizden Lay’in hapse atılması hakkında bilgi istiyor. 5 numaralı satırda Enron’un battığını ve hapse atıldığını öğreniyoruz. Yani iki olayda ardı sıra gerçekleşiyor. E şıkkında bahsettiği gibi. A şıkkı: seçim kampanyasına katıldığı için hapse atıldığını, B şıkkı: yasalara karşı geldiği için hapse atıldığını, C şıkkı: üniversitede işlediği bir suç için hapse atıldığını, D şıkkı: Bush’un dostu olmasına rağmen hapse atıldığını söylüyor.

235

Örnek paragraf 3 1.-5. soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Just as every teenager thinks he is brighter than his parents, (5) every decade considers itself superior to the one that came before. Over the past few months, (2) we of the 2000 decade have made it quite clear that we are morally heads above those who lived in the 1990s. We’ve done it first by establishing a reigning cliché for that period. Just as the 1960s are known for student unrest, the 1980s for Reagan, Thatcher and the Yuppies, the 1990s will henceforth be known as the second Gilded Age. They will be known as the age when the real problems in the world were ignored while the illusions of the dotcom types were celebrated. It was the age of effortless abundance, cell phones on every ear, stock markets that only went up and Mercedes sport utility vehicles. (4) Never before had business leaders enjoyed so much prestige, and never before had capitalism had fewer mortal enemies. Bill Gates couldn’t be on enough business-magazine covers; tycoons like him felt free to assume the role of global sages, writing books with such weighty titles as “The Road Ahead.” 1. According to the passage, the decade of the 1990s was characterized by ____ . A) capitalism, blindness and possessions B) hard-work, greed and the need to communicate C) indifference, immorality and selfishness D) generosity, spontaneity and individuality E) disagreements, competition and prejudice Soru kökü bize 90’lı yılların nasıl anlatıldığını soruyor. Gilded age yazan bölümden itibaren bize 90’lı yılların özellikleri anlatılıyor. Đnsanların gerçek sorunlardan uzaklaşıp teknoloji ve spor arabalarla uğraştığı, varlık içinde yüzülen bir hayat. A şıkkı bunların hepsini özetliyor. B şıkkı: 90’lı yılları çok çalışma, hırs ve iletişim gerekirliği, C şıkkı: 90’lı yılları kayıtsızlık, bencillik, ahlaksızlık, D şıkkı: 90’lı yılları cömertlik, doğaçlama, bireyselci, E şıkkı: 90’lı yılları uyuşmazlık, rekabet ve önyargı yılları olarak tanımlamış.

236

2. In the opinion of the author of the passage, the 2000 decade____ . A) differs very little from the decade of Reagan, Thatcher and the Yuppies B) inherited a failing global economy from the previous decade C) is far more moral than the preceding one D) still admires the values of the business leaders of the 1990s and the books they wrote E) is fast losing its idealism and growing more and more like previous decades Soru kökü bize 2000’li yılların nasıl anlatıldığını soruyor. 2 numaralı satırda 2000’li yılların 90’lı yıllardan daha ahlaklı olduğunu söylüyor. C şıkkı bize bu bilgiyi veriyor. Morally heads above diye bahsettiği şey C şıkkında far more moral (daha ahlaklı) olarak geçiyor. A şıkkı: 2000’li yılların Reagan’lı yıllardan çok da farklı olmadığını, B şıkkı: 2000’li yılların küresel ekonomiyi önceki yıllardan kötü devraldığını, D şıkkı: 2000’li yılların hala 90’lı yılların işadamlarına hayranlık duyduğuna, E şıkkı: 2000’li yılların idealizmini kaybedip önceki dönemlere benzemeye başladığını anlatıyor. 3. The term “Gilded Age” as it is used in the passage means____ . A) to be admired B) golden age C) with moral principles D) with surface shine E) in bad taste Soru kökünde Pırıltılı Yıllar kelimesiyle neyin kastedildiğini soruyor. Bu gösterişli olmasına rağmen 90’lı yılların içinin boş olduğunu bize gösteriyor. D şıkkı yüzeyi parlayan anlamında with surface shine kelimesini kullanmış. A şıkkı:hayran olunacak, B şıkkı: altın çağ, C şıkkı: ahlaklı, E şıkkı: kötü tatlı tanımlarını öngörmüş.

237

4. We understand from the passage that, during the 1990s, ____ . A) there was a great deal of student unrest B) capitalism again fell into disrepute C) technological advance took the form of useful gadgets D) teenagers grew very critical of their parents E) business tycoons received undue respect and were indeed almost idolized Soru kökü bizden 90’lı yıllarda yaşanan bir bilgiyi istiyor. Şıklardan sadece E şıkkı 90’lı yıllara ait bilgi içeriyor. Bu da 90’lı yıllarda işadamlarına hayranlık duyulmaya başlandığı. A şıkkı: öğrenci ayaklanmalarından, B şıkkı: kapitalizmin gözden düştüğünden, C şıkkı: teknolojinin yararlı aletler ürettiğinden, D şıkkı: gençlerin ailelerini eleştirdiklerinden bahsetmiş. 5. One point made in the passage is that ____ . A) with each passing decade life gets easier and more comfortable B) any hopes of the 2000 decade are not likely to survive the decade C) the business magazines of this decade differ very little from those of earlier decades D) each new decade regards itself as superior to the previous one E) the real problems of each decade are essentially the same Not: Soru kökünde burada olduğu gibi ayrıca bir ipucu verilmiyorsa, mesela: One point made in the passage is that,

We understand from the passage that, According to the passage, It is clear from the passage that, One point emphasized in the passage is that, gibi soru kökleri parçanın genelinden bir bilgi çıkartmamızı gerektirir. Ayrıca bir ipucu kelime olsaydı, mesela:

We understand from the passage that, during the 1990s

biz, hemen 90’lı yıllara ait bir bilgi arayacaktık. Bu tür sorularda en doğru yöntem şıklardan hareket ederek cevabı bulmaktır. Yani yanlış bilgi içeren yada parçayla alakası olamayan şıkları çıkarttıktan sonra bize zaten doğru şık kalacaktır. A şıkkı: her geçen gün yaşamın kolaylaştığından bahsediyor. B şıkkı: 2000’li yıllara dair umutların çok yaşamayacağından, C şıkkı: bu yılların iş dergilerinin önceki yıllardan çok değişmediğinden, E şıkkı: asıl sorunların bu dönemde de aynı olduğunda bahsediyor. Fakat D şıkkı her dönem insanının kendini bir önceki dönem insanlarından daha üstün gördüğünü söylüyor. Bu şıkkın metinde yer aldığını 5 numaralı satırda geçen cümleden anlıyoruz.

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PARAGRAF 1

ÇIKMIŞ SORULAR

1. – 5. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

Editors have two primary functions which sometimes overlap: finding/selecting manuscripts, then polishing them for publication. Acquisitions editors perform the first chore. The approach they adopt depends on several factors. The idea for a college text, for example, usually originates inside the publishing house; the acquisition editor’s job is then to choose a suitable author to produce the manuscript. In a trade book division, on the other hand, the acquisitions editor may be more passive, carefully reading manuscripts and queries that are mailed in, then recommending the best of these for development as a book. In the former case, the acquisitions editor may be knowledgeable in a given area (economics, perhaps, or one of the sciences) while the second type might be more of a generalist. Copyeditors, who whip the manuscript into shape for the press, must possess a superb background in English and bring to their work high standards of accuracy and thoroughness along with a remarkable attention to detail. 07M

1. According to the passage, editors have two primary functions ____ .

A) one of which is to write publicity

announcements about the books which will be

published

B) the most crucial of them to prepare

manuscripts for publication

C) which occasionally merge into each other

D) both of which are related to the selection of

books to be published

E) which few publishers can fulfill

2. We learn from the passage that a college text ____ .

A) usually has its starting point in a lecturer’s

notes

B) is always assigned to an author by

copyeditors

C) can only be edited by the original author

D) is harder to edit than a trade book

E) often has its origin in an editor’s office

3. It is clear from the passage that, the queries and manuscripts sent to an editor’s office ____ . A) are meticulously examined with a view to

making books

B) are rarely of any interest to the editorial staff

C) will almost always result in a publication

D) seldom receive the attention they deserve

E) are of vital importance in the search for a

suitable writer for a given text

4. We understand from the passage that an acquisitions editor, working on college texts, will probably ____ .

A) have far better skills and qualifications than

copyeditors

B) have started his career in one of the branches

of the media

C) have taken courses in marketing and

advertising

D) aim to go on to promote sales

E) have a specialized knowledge of one or more

fields

5. It is obvious from the passage that the work of a copyeditor ____ . A) is one of the easier ones in the publishing

business

B) hardly differs from that of the acquisitions

editor

C) has been constantly underrated

D) requires an excellent grasp of the English

language and the ability to give precise

expression

E) combines specialized knowledge with

communication skills and the ability to

summarize essential points

239

PARAGRAF 2

1. – 5. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

When you stay as a guest in someone’s house, you give up your anonymity. This becomes quite a challenge if you are the kind of person who cherishes independence. However, when you and your host are on the same wavelength, you can have a trip more special than money can buy. Some years ago when I went to Auckland, New Zealand, for the first time, my hosts were a couple, about my age, whom I had met while traveling in Europe. They had a full programme lined up for me. They drove me around and showed me their favorite hot springs and also the beach where a popular TV series had once been filmed. At mealtimes, they introduced me to their favorite restaurants, where I sampled cheeses from south New Zealand that don’t get exported, and fruits grown locally. Normally such a tight schedule would make me nervous, but I found myself happily relinquishing control to my hosts, who truly understood the pleasures of their native country and enjoyed sharing them. I couldn’t have encountered this New Zealand on my own. 06K

1. As we understand from the passage, the narrator ____ .

A) was a person who shamelessly exploited the

couple’s hospitality

B) expected his hosts to meet all the expenses

of his sightseeing in and around Auckland

C) and his hosts had similar tastes and interests,

which made his trip most enjoyable

D) was more interested in eating than visiting

places

E) enjoyed the beginning of the holiday but not

the latter part

2. It is suggested in the passage that a person with a sense of independence____ . A) enjoys traveling together with other people

B) can make friends easily while traveling

C) soon mixes with other people

D) wants to be led around by friends who know

the territory

E) usually prefers to be anonymous when he or

she travels

3. According to the passage, while the narrator was in New Zealand, he ____ .

A) tried to find ways whereby he could travel

independently

B) had the opportunity to taste the native

produce unique to the country

C) was frustrated with the programme prepared

for him by his hosts

D) was particularly attracted by the location of a

popular TV series

E) did not have enough money to see the other

parts of the country outside Auckland

4. It is pointed out in the passage that the narrator and his hosts ____ .

A) knew each other before he traveled to New

Zealand

B) had made a long journey together across

many European countries

C) spent a fortune to experience the pleasures of

New Zealand

D) were genuinely interested in sampling a large

variety of New Zealand’s food and drinks

E) were independent people who preferred to be

on their own

5. It is implied in the passage that the narrator usually likes ____ . A) local food more than nationally popular food

B) to be in New Zealand rather than in Europe or

anywhere else

C) to follow a full programme on his travels

D) to see his travels as a challenge

E) to travel in a relaxed and leisurely way

240

PARAGRAF 3

1. – 5. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

In this century, the wealth and success of nations will depend like never before on the ability to produce and use knowledge. Universities have long been instrumental in generating knowledge and ideas. But in an increasingly globalized world, and in the face of rapid scientific change, they will need to think about a set of new challenges and how best to prepare their students for the coming decades. Universities will need to teach a new kind of literacy, in which global awareness will play an important role. They also need to deal with the dilemmas posed by the accelerating pace of change brought on by scientific and technological advances. We are on the brink of once-in-human-history progress in combating disease through the application of modern science. Doctors will have at their disposal blood tests that will tell you with substantial predictive power how long you will live and from what diseases you are likely to suffer. The Internet and the application of information technology may well represent the most profound change in the way knowledge is disseminated since the printing press. We are close to understanding the first second of the history of the cosmos. 06M 1. According to the passage, universities are under an obligation to ensure that their students ____ .

A) have the chance to work alongside foreign

students

B) are equipped to deal with the changing

conditions of the coming decades

C) are introduced to international perspectives in

every area of study

D) are taught not specific facts as much as

broad ways of thinking

E) all have a good grounding in science and

technology

2. One point that is given considerable emphasis in the passage is ____ .

A) the need of all students to get acquainted

with foreign cultures and global issues

B) that the universities have a commitment to

the pursuit of truth for its own sake

C) that the universities are in a position to

further greater global integration

D) the incredible speed with which knowledge is

increasing

E) that universities must stick to the values that

have made them successful in the past

3. It is clear from the passage that science and the application of science ____ .

A) will not help to further global awareness

B) is largely confined within the universities

C) has grown so complex that it is beyond the

understanding of all but a very few

D) cannot go on advancing at this rate

E) is opening up startling new possibilities

4. The writer of the passage seems convinced that the current rapid developments in science and technology____ .

A) will be accompanied by new problems

B) cannot go on much longer

C) will bring more harm than good

D) are largely concentrated in the field of

medicine

E) are beyond the grasp of most people in most

countries

5. The phrase, “once-in-human-history progress” is saying ____ . A) we cannot expect or, indeed, hope for such

progress ever to happen again

B) this is only the first of many spurts of

progress

C) this is the first instance of a widespread

application of science

D) there has never been such progress ever

before and there may not be again

E) this is the highest possible peak of progress

241

PARAGRAF 4

1. – 5. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

One of the greatest natural catastrophes the world will ever see could be little more than a decade away. The film Super volcano traces the evolution of an enormous volcanic eruption -one that not only wipes out several states of America but that threatens the entire planet. But is such an eruption really possible? Well, super volcanoes certainly aren't fiction. They're a normal part of the way the Earth works and occur perhaps every 50,000 years. Every statistic associated with a super-eruption is always wildly over-exaggerated. Molten magma is blasted out at a rate 140 times greater than the flow of water over the Victoria Falls. Ash and gas are thrown more than 50km upwards to the edge of space before falling over one percent of the Earth's surface. Enough ash would pile up on the ground to bury Britain under a blanket 4m thick. Further, devastating winds carrying burning gas and red hot ash would scour the land surface over an area of 10,000 square kilometers. Worst of all, a super-eruption is followed by a dramatic fall in global temperatures, leading to years and years of bitter cold known as a volcanic winter. 05K 1. We understand from the passage that the film Super volcano ____ .

A) gives a convincing and credible account of an

imminent super-eruption

B) has attracted a great deal of attention in the

scientific world

C) has aroused little interest among the general

public

D) focuses on the horrors of a volcanic winter

E) presents a futuristic account of the effects of

a volcanic super-eruption

2. In this dramatic account of the film Super volcano, the writer ____ . A) urges the general public to go and see the

film

B) is primarily concerned with the measures

needed to contain a super-eruption

C) essentially deals with the causes of a super-

eruption

D) also includes certain specific details

E) is obsessed with the idea that the end of the

world is very near

3. According to the passage, one of the devastating consequences following a super eruption would be ____ .

A) the complete destruction of America and

Britain

B) a very long period of excessive cold on earth

C) that deep layers of volcanic ash would cover

the whole surface of the planet

D) the drying-up of all water sources on earth

E) a dramatic increase of heat on earth, the

result of burning gas

4. The writer seems convinced that ____ .

A) super-eruptions really do occur at long but

fairly regular intervals

B) no part of the US could possibly survive a

super-eruption

C) Britain would be the first region of the planet

to be buried under the ashes of a super-

eruption

D) a volcanic winter, following a super-eruption,

would wipe out life on earth

E) there is no likelihood of a super-eruption

happening in the near future

5. According to the passage, the destruction caused by a volcanic super-eruption ____ . A) could lead to the break-up of the entire

planet

B) could be contained, if not prevented

C) would be on an unimaginably huge scale

D) would result largely from the flow of molten

magma

E) can only be guessed at as one has never

occurred

242

PARAGRAF 5

1. – 5. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

We should care about dying languages for the same reason that we care when a species of animal or plant dies. It reduces the diversity of our planet. In the case of language, we are talking about intellectual and cultural diversity, not biological diversity, but the issues are the same. As a result of decades of environmental publicity and activism, most people have come to accept that biodiversity is a good thing. But linguistic diversity has not enjoyed the same publicity. Diversity occupies a central place in evolutionary theory because it enables a species to survive in different environments. Increasing uniformity holds dangers for the long-term survival of a species. The strongest ecosystems are those which are most diverse. It has often been said that our success in colonizing the planet can be accounted for by our ability to develop diverse cultures which suit different environments. 05K 1. It is stressed in the passage that biological diversity _____ .

A) is not in any way related to eco"1 systems

B) has received far more attention than linguistic

diversity

C) is fast being reduced

D) contributes very little to the survival of plant

and animal species

E) is richer in northern regions than in southern

ones

2. The point is made in the passage that the survival of species in different environments _____ .

A) is of no real importance except to biologists

B) has been made possible by the continuous

efforts of man

C) has aroused very little interest in the general

public

D) has been made possible by diversity

E) bears no relation to the survival of languages

and cultures.

3. The author draws a strong parallel between ____ . A) cultural and linguistic diversity

B) plant and animal species

C) linguistic and biological diversity

D) environmental and cultural publicity

E) the uniformity of ecosystems and that of

cultures

4.It is pointed out in the passage that man _____ . A) has developed diverse cultures which are

appropriate for the environment he lives in

B) has always been very much aware of the

benefits of biodiversity

C) has always valued cultural diversity well

above biodiversity

D) has always found it very hard to adapt

himself to any new environment

E) has always felt that cultural uniformity is

desirable

5. According to the writer, diversity on earth _____ .

A) is rapidly becoming reduced owing to a lack

of public interest in it

B) consists not only of the diversity of species

and plants but also of languages and cultures

C) has only recently become a research concern

among environmentalists

D) has encouraged man to exploit his

environment

E) can best be maintained through the

preservation of different languages

243

PARAGRAF 6

1. – 5. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

The discovery of an ancient tomb in modern China is so commonplace that it often annoys as much as excites, because it can delay construction for months or even years. So when archaeologists were called in last May to check structures discovered during the expansion of a bone meal factory in a southern suburb of Beijing, they weren't expecting to find anything of great interest. To the archaeologists' surprise, the structures were the remains of two traditional domed tombs, each over a thousand years old. One was flooded and badly damaged, but the other contained beautifully-preserved wall frescoes from the 10th century. "It's only recently that the Chinese have been publishing artifacts from ancient tombs, and it's unusual to see them in the Western press,'1 says Dr Jessica Rawson, Professor of Oriental Art and Archaeology at Oxford University. 05K 1. We learn from the passage that the Chinese ____ .

A) show archaeologists a great deal of respect

B) are very proud of their ancient archaeological

heritage

C) are very skilled in the art of frescoes

D) often have mixed feelings when an ancient

tomb is discovered

E) used to prefer tombs without domes to those

with domes

2. It is clear from the passage that in China today the progress of a construction work ____ .

A) is very often hindered by the unexpected

discovery of ancient tombs

B) is frequently supervised by archaeologists

C) is liable to be delayed for a variety of reasons

D) depends, to a certain extent, on weather

conditions

E) often runs parallel with archaeological

excavations

3. According to Professor Rawson in the passage, China ____ .

A) has only recently emerged as an area of

interest for archaeologists

B) has only just started to publish art objects for

the West

C) is noted for its ancient domed tombs with

frescoes

D) continues to be very secretive about its

archaeological finds

E) has the finest frescoes anywhere in the world

4. We understand from the passage that only one of the tombs unearthed during extension work at a factory in Beijing _____ .

A) attracted the attention of Dr Rawson had a

domed roof which was undamaged

B) had a doomed roof which was undamaged

C) could be dated back to the 10th century

D) revealed frescoes in excellent condition

E) caused a delay in the Project

5. The passage points out that the archaeologists who were called in ____ .

A) were not impressed by the frescoes on the

walls of one of the tombs

B) weren't expecting to discover tombs of such

great value in a suburb of Beijing

C) made ancient tombs their specialty

D) had published extensively in the western

press

E) were annoyed by the discovery of two ancient

tombs in Beijing

244

PARAGRAF 7

1. – 5. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

Much has been said and written about the declining numbers of and disappointing lack of diversity among American college students majoring in engineering. Among the factors cited to explain this phenomenon are the lack of exposure of high school students to the very idea of engineering and the fact that many have insufficient mathematics and science background to gain entrance to engineering school, even if they do identify the profession as a possible career. This is unfortunate, for the ideas of engineering should be integrated into the curricula not only of high schools but also of middle and primary schools. Our children are being done a disservice by not being exposed properly throughout their education to engineering activities identified as such. After all, even pre-school children have the prerequisites in their play for appreciating exactly what engineering is: design. Indeed, design is everywhere around them throughout their school day, even in their before-school and after-school activities. it need only be pointed out to them that they are designing something, and therefore being engineers of sorts, in virtually everything that they do. 04M 1. The writer of the passage feels strongiy that ____ .

A) children should be involved in engineering

activities at an early age

B) many children are being unfairly directed into

a career in engineering

C) the mathematics and science courses in

schools need to be modernized

D) university engineering courses ought to be

upgraded

E) the education of pre-school children is being

given too much importance

2. The writer points out chat children can, at a very early age____ .

A) be encouraged to take part in after-school

activities

B) develop an interest in scientific matters

C) make up their minds to study engineering at

university

D) learn something about the basis of

engineering, which is design

E) be influenced by their school environment

3. The writer recognizes the fact that engineering____ .

A) is becoming less and less popular as a field of

study among university students

B) is only suitable for highly intelligent students

C) is a complicated subject only suitable for

really mature students

D) has become one of the most popular fields of

study at American universities

E) requires many years of treaning prior to

qualification

4. Among the reasons given in the passage for the decline in the numbers of engineering students is that____ .

A) the American schools still follow out-dated

curricula

B) university entrance requirements are far too

demanding

C) it is generally recognized as one of the most

difficult of all the courses

D) engineering in the US is not considered to be

a competitive field of study

E) many of them fail to acquire an adequate

knowledge of mathematics and science at high

schools

5. According to the passage, all school programmes____ .

A) should be designed to make students aware

of the engineering practices and principles

B) ought to give priority to the sciences

C) must encourage children to make creative

designs

D) seem to put the emphasis on the need to

diversify learning

E) overlook the fact that all children are different

245

PARAGRAF 8

1. – 5. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

In many ways, Hollywood seems to exemplify the most joyless aspects of capitalism. The "industry", as it insists upon calling itself, packages artistic ideas and images as commodities and then values those commodities according to how they "penetrate" markets. The system's worrying inefficiency, of course, is that studios never know what the public at large will want to buy. So films are tested in front of preview audiences, revised according to the audience's suggestions, tested again, and then marketed with a vigor directly proportionate to the test scores. There are two problems with this approach. The first is that the test-sample size is minimal but can determine a film's fate. The second is that by the time the test audience sees a film it's too late to change it very much anyway, particularly when twenty, fifty or a hundred million dollars has already been spent. 04M 1. One point made in the passage about test audiences is that they ____ .

A) seldom have any real understanding of

artistic values

B) add to the expenses of film-making

C) rarely have any constructive criticism to

make

D) are ignorant of the Hollywood techniques of

film making

E) are too small to be truly representative of the

general public

2. According to the passage, film-makers find it difficult to ____ .

A) carry out any market research to find out

about the wishes of film-goers

B) find volunteers for their preview audiences

C) raise the money needed for film- making

D) guess what sort of films will be popular and

so profitable

E) revise scripts to meet the expectations of

their audiences

3. As we understand from the passage, the writer ____ . A) is a great admirer of Hollywood's film-making

B) seems reluctant to call film-making an

industry

C) is sympathetic towards the film-industry and

wants it to be more successful

D) attaches great importance to the suggestions

of preview audiences

E) thinks that the amount spent on a film is

usually in proportion to its success

4. It is clear from the passage that Hollywood regards its films as____ .

A) commodities to be selectively marketed to

suitable audiences

B) artistic creations designed for sophisticated

audiences

C) goods to be dynamically marketed

D) the most creative products of capitalism

E) financial investments which are sure to make

a profit

5. We understand from the passage that the making of a film ____ .

A) is far more important than the marketing of it

B) usually involves a very large financial

investment

C) is a strictly secret process until it finally goes

on show

D) usually follows the norms established by

Hollywood

E) is guided by a whole series o representative

preview audiences

246

PARAGRAF 9

1. – 5. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

Throughout his working life, Shakespeare worked as an actor in the midst of a troupe. We know little about his first years in London, For a few years between 1585 and 1592 his name disappears altogether from the public records, and the most likely reason for this is that, for at least some of this time, he was working for one of the city's acting companies; as a junior member he would not be listed among the troupe's principal players. In the late 1580s theatrical activity in London was largely concentrated in shore ditch and Southward, districts of London. Shakespeare could have lived anywhere, but Shore ditch, which would have been cheap and convenient, is a likely candidate for a young actor. In his early career Shakespeare may have moved from troupe to troupe in order to survive. Whatever the case, working conditions must have been similar. Sundays, religious holidays and disasters aside, a company would perform a different play each afternoon of the week, though some plays would be repeated in the weeks ahead. An actor usually had to keep at least 30 parts in his memory and a leading player such as Alleyn or Burbage must have kept in mind nearly 5,00 lines a week. 04K 1. According to the passage, in Shakespeare's time, ____ .

A) it was not unusual for actors to appear in a

great many roles each week

B) there was no theatrical activity anywhere in

England except for London

C) leading actors would only agree to appear in

certain roles

D) an acting company usually staged a new play

each week

E) acting was regarded as an immoral

occupation

2. We learn from the passage that, in Shakespeare's London, theatres ____ .

A) competed with each other to get Alleyn or

Burbage in their troupe

B) were normally open to the public six

afternoons a week

C) provided actors with a comfortable and

profitable way of life

D) were rather like drama schools and they

trained actors

E) all had their own leading players

3. it is clear ,from the passage that Shakespeare, during his early years in London, ____ .

A) gained experience as an actor by appearing in

a huge variety of parts

B) was encouraged to write plays by Alleyn and

Burbage

C) devoted himself primarily to the writing of

plays

D) preferred living in Southward to Shore ditch

E) was little known as an actor though he was

probably acting

4. We understand from the passage that in the late 16th century____ . A) it was illegal to hold theatrical performances

on religious days

B) Shore ditch and Southward were heavily

populated, commercial districts

C) there was apparently a great deal of public

interest in the theatres

D) the popularity of Alleyn and Burbage was

already on the decline

E) working conditions in the theatres varied

enormously

5. it was clear from the passage that, for Shakespeare, they years in London up to 1592 ____ .

A) were times of hardship and uncertainty

B) were a period of widespread public

recognition

C) marked a turning point in his life

D) brought many great changes and

opportunities

E) were the period during which he established a

lifelong friendship with Alleyn and Burbage

247

PARAGRAF 10

1. – 5. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

Scientist who study earth's moon have two big regrets about the six Apollo missions that landed a dozen astronauts on the lunar surface between 1969 and 1972. The biggest regret, of course, is that the emissions ended so abruptly, with so much of the moon still unexplored. But researchers also lament that the great triumph of Apollo led to a popular misconception: because astronauts have visited the moon, there is no compelling reason to go back. In the 1990s, however, two probes that orbited the moon raised new questions about Earth's airless satellite. One stunning discovery was strong evidence of water ice in the perpetually shadowed areas near the moon's poles. Because scientists believe that comets deposited water and organic compounds on both Earth and its moon, well-preserved ice at the lunar poles could yield clues to the origins of life. 03M 1. The point made in the passage is that it may be possible to _____ .

A) come to a better understanding of comets

through the study of the moon

B) learn more about the beginnings of life from

the ice at the moon's poles

C) resume Apollo missions as there is evidence

of water on the moon

D) identify the origin of the organic compounds

found on the moon

E) have a full knowledge of the moon without

sending anymore astronauts there

2. As is pointed out in the passage, one significant outcome of the lunar probes in the 1990s was ____ . A) the staggering finding of evidence of water on

the moon

B) the focusing of scientific attention on the

comets

C) the resumption of lunar missions

D) the realization that life is possible on the

moon

E) the realization that there were great

similarities between earth and moon

3. According to the passage, even through there were six Apollo missions to the moon roughly thirty years ago, ____ .

A) none of them could claim to be successful

B) man's knowledge of the moon has not

increased at all

C) a very large proportion of the lunar surface

remains to date unexamined

D) it was only the lunar poles that were explored

fully

E) the idea of sending astronauts back to the

moon seems even more far-fetched than

formerly

4. As we understand from the passage, a great many people____ .

A) believe lunar missions should continue

indefinitely

B) regard the Apollo missions as a scientific

breakthrough

C) are sure the moon cannot support life

D) feel that the very fact that man has landed

on the moon is enough

E) regard scientific investigations of the moon as

unfeasible

5. A major point made in the passage is that ____ .

A) comets hold the secrets of the origins of life

in the universe

B) the six Apollo missions to the moon were a

great scientific success

C) the chances of finding water on the moon are

very slim

D) the probes of the 1990s demonstrated that

the lunar landings should have continued

E) scientists are agreed that there is nothing

further to learn about the moon

248

PARAGRAF 11

1. – 5. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

In modern times, it was perhaps the "gentleman scientists" of the nineteenth century who came closest to a genuinely objective form of scientific research. These privileged amateurs enjoyed a financial independence which most scientists today cannot have, and which enabled them to satisfy their scientific curiosity without the need to please patrons. With the growth of scientific research after World War II, science has become an expensive occupation. Many scientists today look back upon the 1960s as a golden age of modern-day science, when research was mainly funded by the taxpayer, and scientific enquiry was seen by governments to be part of the public good, and worth paying for. Today, the situation is very different. "Academic freedom" is now often little more than an illusion for most scientists working at universities or in publicly-funded research institutes. Moreover, science is now largely dominated by the interests of the industrial world, and hence, hardly deserves the name "science". 02K 1. According to the passage, the major difference between the "gentleman scientists" and present-day ones ____ . A) has frequently been ignored by governments

and universities

B) is that the former were free to research as

they chose, while the latter are not

C) has become a highly controversial issue in

university circles

D) is not nearly so obvious as some people

believe it to be

E) the former were less objective in their

research methods than the latter are

2. The writer points out that in the 1960s____ . A) research activities were largely carried out

under the sponsorship of industry

B) scientists believed that they were entering

upon a golden age

C) academic freedom was already a thing of the

past

D) scientists carried out their research activities

at the public expense

E) scientific research largely concentrated on

meeting the needs of war

3. The writer of the passage argues that contemporary scientific research ____ . A) is, to a large extent, controlled by the

interests of industry

B) finds its best milieu within the universities

C) is advancing at an incredibly fast rate

D) offers one of the most exciting and

stimulating of careers

E) is far more concerned with theory than with

any practical application

4. The writer of the passage regards the "gentleman scientists" of the nineteenth century as privileged because ____ . A) the choice of field was rapidly expanding

B) there were plenty of patrons willing to finance

them

C) they were unrestricted by financial pressures

D) scientific research was still in its early stages

and it was easy to discover something new

E) they were always well-rewarded for their

efforts

5. The phrase "part of the public good" (lines 13-14) in effect means ____ .

A) deserving of a good public

B) setting good standards for society

C) ensuring a better future for society

D) beneficial to society

E) recognized by the general public as being

good

249

PARAGRAF 12

1. – 3. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

Water of doubtful purity for drinking can be rendered safe by boiling and then can be cooled in water bags or in earthenware containers, which must be protected from dust and files. When boiling is not possible, drinking water can in many areas be adequately sterilized by chlorination; one tablet of Halazone is added to one liter of water and allowed to stand for 30 minutes. Water containing suspended matter should be filtered first. There is, however, the danger of a particularly serious infectious disease in many regions of Africa, the Middle and Far East, and South America. In these regions the water of rivers, lakes and canals may be infected, and the disease is acquired when the water comes in contact with the skin. 01M 1. In this passage the writer point out that boiling ____ .

A) is the only safe method of producing drinking

water

B) is commonly used in Africa and the less

developed countries to purify water.

C) is a reliable method of making impure water

safe to drink

D) will purify water but must not continue for

more than 30 minutes

E) is one method of combating infectious

diseases in third world countries

2. We learn from the passage that, when sterilization of water is to be carried out by means of chlorination, ____ .

A) it is important to make sure that the water is

not infected

B) it must be preceded by filtration

C) great care must be taken that no dust be

allowed to get into the water

D) the best containers for the job are

earthenware ones

E) the process should be followed by the boiling

of the water

3. We understand from the passage that, in certain regions of the world, such as parts of Africa and Asia, ____ .

A) filtration is vital for the removal of suspended

matter from the water.

B) river water may be so infected that boiling

cannot purify it.

C) people are cautioned not to use canal water

because it is always infected

D) Halazone tablets are frequently used to

sterilize infected water

E) skin contact with infected water can cause the

development of a highly infectious disease

250

PARAGRAF 13

1. – 3. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

The Amazon is the largest river in the world. It carries about a quarter of the world’ s running water and is the second longest after the Nile. Much of it is brown, brackish, piranha-infested and bitterly cold. Ranging from narrow tributaries and raging rapids to stretches of prodigious width and calm, the river’ s banks can take half a day to reach in parts. It can drop up to 40 meters in less than a kilometer. Furthermore, it runs through deep canyons and steep gorges that have been carved out by its turbulent waters. 99M 1. We learn from the passage that, though the Amazon has the largest volume of water of any river in the world, ____ .

A) it is not the longest

B) it is in no parts particularly wide

C) there is very little topographical variety in its

course

D) it is seldom used for transportation of goods

E) it is in most parts congested with mud and

slime hence slow-moving

2. It is pointed out in the passage that the waters of the Amazon ____ . A) shelter many species of exotic fish

B) are in parts muddy and not fresh

C) form a chain of spectacular waterfalls

D) are not suitable for the survival of piranha

E) flow calmly throughout its course

3. The passage largely deals with ____ .

A) the difference and the similarities between

the Amazon and the Nile

B) the varying problems of navigation along the

Amazon

C) the geological formation of the course of the

Amazon

D) the number and the size of the Amazon’ s

many tributaries

E) the size of the Amazon and its topographical

and aquatic features

251

KEY TO PARAGRAPHS PARAGRAF 1 1 C 2 E 3 A 4 E 5 D PARAGRAF 2 1 C 2 E 3 B 4 A 5 E PARAGRAF 3 1 B 2 D 3 E 4 A 5 D PARAGRAF 4 1 E 2 D 3 B 4 A 5 C

PARAGRAF 5 1 B 2 D 3 C 4 A 5 B PARAGRAF 6 1 D 2 A 3 D 4 D 5 E PARAGRAF 7 1 A 2 D 3 A 4 E 5 A

PARAGRAF 8 1 E 2 D 3 D 4 C 5 B PARAGRAF 9 1 A 2 B 3 E 4 A 5 A PARAGRAF 10 1 B 2 A 3 C 4 D 5 A

PARAGRAF 11 1 B 2 D 3 A 4 C 5 D PARAGRAF 12 1 C 2 D 3 E PARAGRAF 13 1 A 2 B 3 E

253

APPENDIX 1

IRREGULAR VERBS infinitive

V1 past simple

V2 past participle

V3 be was/were been beat beat beaten become became become begin began begun bend bent bent bet bet bet bite bit bitten blow blew blown break broke broken bring brought brought build built built burst burst burst buy bought bought catch caught caught choose chose chosen come came come cost cost cost cut cut cut deal dealt dealt dig dug dug do did done draw drew drawn drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found fly flew flown forbid forbade forbidden forget forgot forgotten forgive forgave forgiven freeze froze frozen get got got give gave given go went gone grow grew grown hang hung hung have had had hear heard heard hide hid hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept know knew known

254

lay laid laid leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie lay lain light lit lit lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met pay paid paid put put put read read read ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run say said said see saw seen seek sought sought sell sold sold send sent sent set set set sew sewed sewn shake shook shaken shine shone shone shoot shot shot show showed shown shrink shrank shrunk shut shut shut sing sang sung sink sank sunk sit sat sat sleep slept slept speak spoke spoken spend spent spent stand stood stood steal stole stolen swear swore sworn sweep swept swept swim swam swum swing swung swung take took taken teach taught taught tear tore torn tell told told think thought thought throw threw thrown understand understood understood wake woke woken wear wore worn win won won write wrote written

255

LIST OF THE IRREGULAR VERBS (advanced) INFINITIVE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE abide abode abode arise arose arisen awake awoke awoke bear bore borne bear bore born beat beat beat/ beaten become became become befall befell befallen beget begot begotten begin began begun behold beheld beheld bereave bereft bereft beseech besought besought bet bet bet bid bid/ bad bid/ bidden bind bound bound bite bit bit bleed bled bled blow blew blown break broke broken breed bred bred bring brought brought broadcast broadcasted broadcast build built built burn burnt burnt burst burst burst buy bought bought cast cast cast catch caught caught chide chid chidden/ chid chose chose chosen cleave clove/ cleft cloven/ cleft cling clung clung clothe clad clad come came come cost cost cost creep crept crept crow crew crowed cut cut cut dare durst dared deal dealt dealt dig dug dug do did done draw drew drawn dream dreamt dreamt drink drank drunk drive drove driven dwell dwelt dwelt

256

eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found flee fled fled fling flung flung fly flew flown forbear forbore forborne forbid forbad forbidden forecast forecast forecast forego forewent foregone forget forgot forgotten forgive forgave forgiven forsake forsook forsaken forswear forswore forsworn freeze froze frozen get got got give gave given go went gone grind ground ground grow grew grown hang hung hung hear heard heard heave hove hove hew hewed hewn hide hid hidden/ hid hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept kneel knelt knelt knit knit knit know knew known lade laded laden lay laid laid lead led led lean leant leant leap leapt leapt learn learnt learnt leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie lay lain light lit lit lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met

257

mistake mistook mistaken mow mowed mown pay paid paid put put put quit quit quit read read read rid rid/ ridded rid/ ridded ride rode ridden ring rang/ rung rung rise rose risen run ran run saw sawed sawn/ sawed say said said see saw seen sell sold sold seek sought sought send sent sent set set set sew sewed sewn shake shook shaken shave shaved shaved/ shaven shear sheared shorn shed shed shed shine shone shone shoe shod shod shoot shot shot show showed shown shrink shrank shrunk/ shrunken shut shut shut sing sang sung sink sank sunk sit sat sat slay slew slain sleep slept slept slide slid slid sling slung slung slink slunk slunk slit slit slit smell smelt smelt smite smote smitten sow sowed sown/ sowed speak spoke spoken speed sped sped spell spelt spelt spend spent spent spill spilt spilt spin spun/ span spun spit spat/ spit spat/ spit split split split spoil spoilt spoilt

258

spread spread spread spring sprang sprung stand stood stood steal stole stolen stick stuck stuck sting stung stung stink stank/ stunk stunk strew strewed strewn stride strode stridden strike struck struck string strung strong strive strove striven swear swore sworn sweat sweat sweat sweep swept swept swell swelled swollen/ swelled swim swam swum swing swung swung take took taken teach taught taught tear tore torn tell told told think thought thought thrive throve thriven throw threw thrown thrust thrust thrust tread trod trodden understand understood understood wake woke woke/ woken wear wore worn weave wove woven weep wept wept win won won wind wound wound wring wrung wrung write wrote written

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APPENDIX 2

STATE VERBS*

acknowledge, agree, assume, believe, belong, contain, cost, detest, deduct, disagree, excuse, feel, hate, have, hope, know, like, look, love, own, prefer, realize, regret, resemble, smell,

taste, trust APPENDIX 3

COUNTABLE OR UNCOUNTABLE ? †

[C]

[U]

accident

ache arrangement assignment belonging building

coast condition disaster

expenditure explanation

feeling income

life movie

neighborhood operation

pain problem situation stream

tide trouble view

advice anger

behavior bread cake

coffee courage

education equipment

food furniture health

information jewelry

knowledge love

luggage meal

money news

rubbish scenery smell tea

traffic vocabulary

water wealth weather

* continuous ve modal would ile kullanamayacağımız bazı fiiller † sıkça karıştırılan sayılabilir ve sayılamaz isimler

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Glossary A abandon : leave, desert - bırakmak abate : reduce, decrease, lessen - azaltmak abbreviate : shorten, curtail, brief, abridge - kısaltmak abhor : hate, detest, loathe – nefret etmek abide : remain, sojourn, reside, inhabit - katlanmak abject : humiliating, contemptible, base, mean - sefil abolish : annul, nullify, revoke – yürürlükten kaldırmak abound : teem, swarm - bol abreast : alongside – omuz omuza abrupt : sudden, hasty - ani absent-minded : oblivious, inattentive - dikkatsiz absolute : complete, perfect – mükemmel, mutlak absorb : swallow, engulf - emmek abstain : refrain - kaçınmak abstract : theoretical, unpracticed - muğlak absurd : ridiculous, foolish, stupid - garip abundance : plenty, profusion - yeterli abuse : misuse, maltreat, ill-use, reproach – suiistimal accelerate : hurry, hasten, quicken, speed up - hızlanmak accept : admit, approve – kabul etmek access : approach - ulaşmak accidental : casual, contingent - kazara acclaim : praise - övmek accommodate : suit, fit, adapt, hold, contain - yerleştirmek accompany : escort, convoy – eşlik etmek accomplish : fulfill, complete, achieve, execute - başarmak accord : agree, assent, concur - uymak account : explanation, exposition - açıklamak accumulate : gather - toplamak accurate : correct, precise - kesin accuse : indict, charge, impeach, blame - suçlamak accustomed : customary, habitual, wont – alışık achieve : accomplish, effect, perform - başarmak acknowledge : admit, confess, own - bilgilendirmek acquaintance : associate, companion - tanıdık acquire : gain, win, earn, secure - dinmek acquit : declare sb innocent - aklamak actual : tangible, definite, genuine - asıl acute : sharp, intense, poignant, severe – keskin, şiddetli adapt : suit, adjust, fit - uymak address : 1. residence, abode - adres 2. speech, lecture, discourse – işaret etmek adequate : sufficient, suitable - yeterli adhere : stick, cleave, cling - yapışmak adjourn : suspend, postpone, defer, delay - ertelemek adjust : fit, adapt, suit - uymak admonish : give advice – nasihat etmek administer : manage, conduct, execute, direct - yönetmek admirable : praiseworthy, fine, excellent – takdire şayan admire : esteem, revere - imrenmek admit : acknowledge, own, confess, receive – kabul etmek adore : worship, esteem, revere – hayran olmak adorn : decorate, beautify, ornament - süslemek adroit : skilful - mahir

260

advance : improve, progress, propose, offer - ilerlemek advent : arrival - varış adversary : antagonist, opponent, enemy, foe - düşman adversity : calamity, catastrophe, disaster, misfortune - felaket affable : agreeable – uyumlu, geçimli advocate : support, argue for, speak for - desteklemek affect : influence, impress, touch, stir - etki affectation : airs, pretense - gösteriş affection : attachment, amity, love – sevgi affectionate : friendly - sevimli affluent : rich, opulent, abundant - varlıklı affront : offend, insult, abuse – hor görmek aggregate : assemble, collect, accumulate, gather - toplamak aggressive : offensive, assaulting, militant - saldırgan agile : quick, light, nimble - hızlı agree : assent, consent, accede, comply - kabul etmek ailing : sick, ill, unwell - hasta ailment : illness - hastalık aim : direct, point - hedef alert : attentive, vigilant, watchful, wary - dikkatli alien : strange, foreign - yabancı allege : declare, affirm, assert - açıklamak alleviate : ease, lessen, abate - azaltmak alliance : association, partnership, affiliation, union - birlik allocate : assign - ayrımak, atamak allot : divide, distribute, assign, allocate - tahsis etmek allow : permit, grant - izin vermek allude : mention indirectly - ima etmek ally : align, confederate, join, combine - müttefik alter : modify, change, vary - değişmek alternate : interchange, occur successively - değişmeli alternative : choice, option - seçenek altitude : height, elevation - yükseklik altruistic : unselfish - paylaşımcı amass : collect, gather, accumulate - toplamak amaze : astound, surprise, astonish - şaşırtmak ambiguous : unclear, vague - muğlak amend : improve or correct sth. - özür dilemek amiable : kind, friendly, amicable - uyumlu, dostça ample : large, spacious, vast, great - bol amplify : enlarge, expand, magnify - büyütmek amuse : entertain, please, cheer - eğlendirmek ancestor : forefather - ata anchor : fix, secure, fasten - bağlamak ancient : old, aged, antique, antiquate - eski anger : resentment, wrath, fury, rage - öfke angry : indignant, resentful, irate - sinirli anguish : pain, pang, suffering, agony - üzüntü annihilate : remove, abolish, erase, exterminate - yok etmek announce : proclaim, publish, declare - duyurmak annoy : harass, bother, worry, trouble - kızdırmak annul : cancel - ertelemek anonymous : unnamed, unsigned - anonim antagonist : opponent, adversary - rakip antagonize : counteract - karşısına almak anticipate : foresee, forecast - tahmin etmek antipathy : dislike, disgust, hatred - hoşlanmamak apathetic : indifferent, unconcerned, uninterested - vurdum duymaz

261

apex : tip, summit, zenith, acme, climax - zirve appall : frighten, horrify, terrify, shock - dehşete düşürmek apparel : clothes, dress, garb, attire, costume - kıyafet apparent : plain, clear, evident, obvious - açık appeal : entreaty, request, petition - başvurmak appease : pacify, quiet, soothe, calm, tranquilize - sakinleştirmek appendix : supplement, adjunct - ek applause : acclamation, acclaim - alkışlamak appliance : instrument, apparatus, device, tool - alet apply : use, employ, utilize - uygulamak appoint : nominate, name, designate - atamak apportion : divide, allot, assign, allocate - pay appreciate : value, estimate - takdir etmek apprehension : anxiety, misgiving - kuruntu apprentice : trainee - çırak appropriate : suitable, proper - uygun apt : inclined, disposed, prone, liable - yatkın aptly : appropriately - uygun bir şekilde aptitude : aptness, fitness, suitability - uygunluk archaic : ancient, antiquated, antique - tarihi ardent : passionate, fervent, eager, enthusiastic - hevesli ardor : eagerness, zeal, passion, enthusiasm - heves arid : barren - çorak argue : debate, discuss, dispute - tartışmak arouse : awaken, excite, incite, stimulate - uyandırmak, tahrik etmek arrange : order, array - ayarlamak arrogant : haughty, insolent, overbearing - kibirli arrest : seize, apprehend, capture - tutuklamak ascend : mount, soar, arise - yükselmek ascertain : determine, settle, discover - doğrusunu araştırmak aspect : appearance, look, countenance - görünüş aspire : desire, long, yearn - arzulamak assail : assault, attack - saldırı assassinate : murder, kill, slay - suikast düzenlemek assemble : gather, congregate, collect, convene - toplamak assembly : congress, legislature, parliament, diet - toplanmak assent : accede, consent - uzlaşmak assess : estimate, calculate, evaluate, appraise - değer biçmek asset : commodity - mal assign : distribute, allot - tahsis etmek associate : join, affiliate, unite, combine - birleşmek assort : classify, group, sort, categorize - sınıflamak assume : pretend, affect - tahmin etmek assure : convince - temin etmek astonish : amaze, surprise, shock, startle, stun - şaşırtmak asylum : refugee - mülteci attach : fasten, affix, join, annex - bağlamak attachment : affection - bağlılık attain : 1. reach, win - ulaşmak, başarmak attempt : try - denemek attend : wait on, serve - katılmak attentive : heedful, alert, watchful, careful - dikkatli attire : clothing - kıyafet attitude : position, bearing, pose - tavır attract : draw, allure, charm - cazibe augment : increase - arttrmak, büyütmek authority : power - otorite authorize : empower, allow, permit, let - yetki vermek

262

auxiliary : subsidiary, subordinate, additional - yardımcı available : usable - elverişli avenge : revenge - öc almak average : mean, median - vasat avid : greedy, avaricious, covetous - aç gözlü avoid : shun, evade, escape, elude - kaçınmak aware : conscious - bilinçli awe : wonder, amazement - merak awkward : clumsy, unskillful - sakar B ban : forbid, inhibit, prohibit, outlaw - yasaklamak banish : expel, exile, deport - sürgün etmek bar : hinder, obstruct, deter, stop, impede - engel barbarian : savage, primitive, barbaric, barbarous - cani bare : naked, nude, exposed - çıplak, yalın bargain : contract, trade, sell - pazarlık yapmak barren : sterile, infertile, unproductive - kısır barrier : bar, obstruction, barricade, obstacle - engel barter : trade, exchange - takas yapmak base : mean, degraded - temel beam : shine, gleam, glitter, radiate - tayf bear : carry, transport, convey - taşımak bearing : manner, behavior, conduct - tavir becoming : attractive, comely, suitable, appropriate - uygun beg : entreat, crave - yalvarmak behave : conduct - davranmak bend : curve, crook, bow - eğilmek beneficial : helpful, profitable, advantageous - faydalı benevolent : kind, humane, tender, generous - kibar betray : be unfaithful to, be a traitor to - ihanet etmek beverage : drink - içecek bewilder : confuse, perplex, puzzle - aklını karıştırmak bias : prejudice - ön yargı bid : command, order, direct - emretmek; fiyat vermek bilateral : between to sides - iki yönlü bind : tie, fasten - bağlamak bite : gnaw, chew - ısırmak bitter : harsh, acrid, biting - acı blame : reproach, censure, condemn - suçlamak blasphemy : disrespectful speech towards God - isyan blast : explosion, outburst, burst - patlama blaze : flame - alev blemish : stain, defect, speck - leke blend : mingle, mix - karışım, harman blind : sightless - kör blink : wink, twinkle - göz kırpmak block : obstacle - engel bloody : cruel, ruthless - acımasız bloom : flowering - çiçek açmak blow : move with air - üflemek blunt : dull - küt, körelmiş boast : brag, swagger - övünmek bold : courageous, daring, valiant - cesur bond : union - birleşik bondage : slavery, confinement - kölelik

263

boom : flourish, thrive, prosper - yükselişe geçmek bore : weary, tire - sıkmak bother : annoy, worry, trouble, harass, disturb - rahatsız etmek bound : boundary, border, limit, precinct - bağlı, sınırlı boundary : edge - sınır bow : stoop, bend - başıyla selamlamak brave : courageous, gallant, dauntless, bold - cesur bravery : boldness, courage, daring - cesaret break : shatter, batter, destroy - kırmak, bozmak breakthrough : important discovery - dönüm noktası breed : generate, raise, rear, nurture - beslemek brief : short, transitory, transient, temporary - özet bright : radiant, glowing, beaming, brilliant - parlak brisk : active, lively, energetic - hareketli broad : wide, extensive, vast, spacious - geniş brood : dwell on, ponder, meditate - yuva yapmak brook : stream - akarsu brutal : savage, cruel, inhuman, barbarous - acımasız brute : beast, animal - hayvan bulk : large size - yığın burden : load - yük, sıkıntı burst : explode, blow up - patlamak bury : entomb, hide - gömmek C calamity : tragedy, disaster, catastrophe, cataclysm - felaket calculate : count, figure, reckon, compute - hesaplamak cancel : annul, revoke - ertelemek candid : frank, open, outspoken - açık sözlü capacious : spacious, roomy - geniş capacity : ability - yetenek capital : principal, chief, prime, primary - öncül captivate : charm, enthrall, enchant, fascinate - etkisi altına almak captivity : bondage, confinement - tutsak capture : seize, catch, snare - yakalamak careful : cautious, watchful, vigilant, discreet - dikkatli careless : heedless, reckless, indiscreet - dikkatsiz cargo : freight, load, burden - yük carriage : vehicle, conveyance - taşıt carry : convey, transport, transfer - taşımak cast : throw, fling, hurl, pitch - atmak casual : unexpected - tessadüfi catastrophe : disaster, mishap, calamity, misfortune - afet cease : stop, terminate - durmak celebrate : observe, commemorate - kutlamak celebrated : famous, renowned, well-known, distinguished - tanınmış celebrity : a famous person, hero, notable - ünlü celestial : heavenly - uhrevi census : count of population - nüfus sayımı cessation : stopping - durma change : alter, turn, transform, vary - değişme charge : load - mal olmak charitable : generous, benign, kind - cömert cheat : deceive, defraud, trick, delude - aldatmak check : study, examination, inspection, stop - kontrol etmek cheer : inspirit, animate - neşe

264

cheerful : gay, joyful, buoyant, jolly - neşeli cherish : value sth. highly - değerini bilmek chill : cold, coldness - soğuk chop : cut, mince - doğramak chronic : habitual, confirmed - kronik cite : mention as an example - örnek olarak bahsetmek civil : polite, courteous, civilized - kibar claim : demand, request, requirement - iddia etmek clash : collide - çarpışmak clasp : grasp, grip, clutch - tutmak clean : unstained, clear, pure - temiz cleanse : clean, purify - temizlemek clear : distinct, evident, plain, obvious - açık clever : smart, intelligent, ingenious - akıllı climb : mount, ascend, scale - tırmanmak clumsy : awkward - sakar coarse : crude, rude, rough - kaba coax : cajole, persuade - ikna etmek cohere : stick, cling, adhere, bond - bağlamak cohesion : bond, adhesion - tutarlı collect : assemble, amass, accumulate, aggregate - toplamak column : pillar - sütun combat : struggle, fight, battle - savaşmak combination : conjunction, association, union - birleşik combine : unite, join, associate, incorporate - birleştirmek comfort : soothe, console, solace - teselli etmek command : order, bid, instruct - yönetmek commence : begin, start, originate - başlamak commend : entrust, laud, praise, exalt - iltifat etmek commit : perform - işlemek commodity : traded item - mal communicate : transmit, convey - iletişim kurmak compact : tightly, packed - sıkıştırılmış companion : associate, partner, fellow, mate - arkadaş comparable : similar, equivalent, like - benzer compassion : pity, sympathy, mercy - merhamet compel : force, impel - zorlamak compensate : atone - telafi etmek compete : contend, vie, rival - yarışmak competent : qualified, capable, proficient - yetenekli complain : grumble - şikayet etmek complex : compound, complicated - karışık comply : acquiesce, conform, consent, accede - uymak component : element, ingredient - bileşen composed : calm, tranquil - sakin comprehend : understand, grasp, discern, perceive - anlamak comprehensive : inclusive, broad, extensive, sweeping - anlaşılır compress : condense, squeeze - sıkmak compulsory : compelled, binding - zorunlu conceal : hide, bury - gizlemek conceit : vanity, complacency - kenini beğenmiş conceive : understand, apprehend, comprehend - kavramak concentrate : focus, intensify - odaklanmak concession : privilege - ödün conciseness : brevity - kısalık concrete : definite - somut condemn : blame, censure - suçlamak condense : compress, concentrate - yoğunlaşmak

265

condition : state, situation, circumstance - durum conduct : behavior, demeanor, manner, bearing - davranış confer : bestow, give, donate, grant - ünvan vermek conference : meeting, convention - toplantı confess : avow, own, admit - itiraf etmek confidence : trust, belief, faith, reliance - itimat confident : certain, convinced - emin confine : enclose, imprison - tutsak etmek confirm : assure - temin etmek conflict : collide, clash, contend, fight - çatışma conform : comply, yield, agree, assent - uymak confuse : disturb, confound, perplex, bewilder - kafasını karıştırmak confront : encounter - maruz kalmak congestion : blockage - tıkanıklık congress : meeting, assembly, conference - kongre conjurer : magician - sihirbaz conquer : defeat, master, beat - fethetmek conscience : scruples - vicdan conscientious : just, upright, honest - vicdanlı conscious : aware - bilinç consensus : agreement - uzlaşma consequence : effect, result, outcome - sonuç consider : contemplate, meditate, reflect, ponder - düşünmek considerate : thoughtful, charitable - düşünceli consistent : compatible, harmonious - tutarlı console : comfort, solace, soothe - teselli etmek consort : associate, fraternize, agree - beraberlik conspicuous : prominent, manifest, plain, apparent - göze çarpan constant : invariable, uniform, stable, unchanging - sabit constitution : document of laws - anayasa constrain : compel, coerce - zorunda bırakmak constrict : compress, contract - darltmak consult : confer - danışmak consume : expend, exhaust - tüketmek contagious : communicable, infectious - bulaşıcı contain : hold, accommodate, include - içermek contaminate : pollute, stain, corrupt - kirletmek contemplate : consider, reflect, ponder, meditate - ayrıntısıyla düşünmek contemporary : coexisting - çağdaş contempt : scorn, disdain - küçümseme contemptible : mean, abject, base - alçak contemptuous : scornful, sneering - aşağılayıcı contend : struggle, strive, fight, battle - mücadele etmek content : satisfied, contented - memnun contest : struggle , battle, combat, fight - yarışmak continual : incessant, ceaseless - devamlı contract : compact, bargain - sözleşme contradictory : opposing, paradoxical, inconsistent, contrary - karşıt contrast : comparison - zıtlık contrive : devise, invent, design - bulmak control : dominate, govern, rule, reign - kontrol etmek controversy : dispute, debate - tartışma convenient : handy - münasip converse : opposite, reverse - ters convert : change, transform - değiştirmek convey : carry, transport, transmit - taşımak convict : find guilty - suçlu bulmak convince : persuade - ikna etmek

266

core : center, heart - çekirdek corpse : body - ceset correct : amend, remedy, cure - düzeltmek correspond : conform, accord, match - uyuşmak corrosion : decay - çürüme, yozlaşma corrupt : rotten, spoiled - bozuk courteous : civil, polite, well-mannered - kibar covet : want sb else’s property - göz dikmek cowardly : craven, afraid, timid - korkakça crack : break, snap, split - çatlak craft : skill, ingenuity - sanat crash : shatter, smash - çarpışmak crave : desire - arzulamak crazy : insane, lunatic, mad - çılgın credit : belief, trust, confidence, faith - güven creditable : reputable, honorable - güvenilir credulous : gullible - saf, çabuk kanan crime : offense, sin, felony - suç criminal : convict, sinner, culprit, offender - suçlu cripple : disable, maim, ruin - sakat crisis : emergency - acil critic : reviewer, judge - eleştirmen critical : crucial, momentous, important - kritik crop : harvest, produce, yield - ürün crowd : throng, multitude, swarm, herd - kalabalık crucial : vital - önemli crude : unrefined, raw - ham cruel : barbarous, ferocious - acımasız crush : shatter, smash, crumble - çarpmak cumbersome : bulky, inconvenient - hantal cunning : tricky, sly - kurnaz curb : restrain - kendine hakim olmak cure : remedy - şifa curious : inquisitive, interested - meraklı current : prevailing, prevalent, common, popular - hali hazırda curse : damn, imprecate - lanetlemek curtail : curb, reduce - dizginlemek custody : imprisonment, confinement - göz altı customary : habitual, accustomed, conventional - alışılan cut : divide, sever, chop - kesmek cynical : sarcastic, satirical, sneering - ironik D damage : injury, harm, hurt, impairment - zarar damp : moist, humid, wet - nem danger : hazard, risk, peril, jeopardy - tehlike dare : venture, risk, challenge, defy - cesaret etmek daring : courageous, bold, brave, valiant - cesur dash : rush, dart, bolt - acele etmek dawn : daybreak - gün batımı dead : deceased, extinct, inanimate - ölü deadly : fatal, lethal, mortal - ölümcül debate : discussion, argument, controversy, dispute - tartışma decadence : deterioration, decline - rezil olma decay : deteriorate, decline - kötüye gitmek

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deceit : fraud, deception, cheating - hile deceive : delude, cheat - kandırmak decent : right, proper, nice, pure, modest - münasip decided : resolute, determined, final - kararlı declare : announce, proclaim - duyurmak decline : refuse, reject - red etmek decrease : diminish, lessen, dwindle, abate - inmek dedicate : devote - adamak deduct : subtract - çıkartmak defeat : conquer, overwhelm, subdue - yenmek defect : blemish, flaw, fault, weakness - kusur defend : guard, shield, shelter, protect - savunmak deficient : lacking - eksiklik definite : fixed, clear, express - açık defy : challenge - kafa tutmak dejected : depressed, discouraged - üzgün deliberate : careful, thoughtful, cautious - kasti delicate : dainty, graceful, elegant - hassas delicacy : dainty, savory - hassasiyet delinquency : unlawful behavior - suç delude : lead sb into false belief - yanıltmak demolition : destruction - yıkım deny : gainsay, contradict - red etmek depart : start, leave, quit - ayrılmak depict : represent, portray - betimlemek depletion : exhaustion - tükenme deplore : grieve, regret, lament, mourn - üzülmek deposit : save, store, entrust - ayırmak depressed : downcast, melancholy, gloomy - hüzünlü deprive : bereave, strip - yoksun kalmak derive : come from a source - türemek descent : falling, - iniş desert : abandon, forsake - terk etmek design : plan, devise, project, contrive - tasarlamak desolate : barren, ravaged - ıssız despair : discouragement, disheartenment - umutsuzluk desperate : hopeless, desolate, extreme, excessive - umutsuz destiny : fate, doom - kader destitute : poor, devoid - yoksul destroy : smash, demolish - yok etmek detain : confine, arrest, keep - alıkoymak detect : spot, discern, discover - tespit etmek deter : prevent - engel olmak deteriorate : get worse - kötüleşmek detest : hate - nefret etmek detriment : harm - zarar, aleyhine deviate : diverge, wander, stray - sapmak device : plan, design; tool - plan; cihaz devise : contrive, invent, design - planlamak devoid : lacking - yoksun devote : dedicate -adamak devour : eat up - yiyip bitirmek devout : pious, devoted, saintly - dindar dictate : fix, impose, prescribe, ordain - zorla kabul ettirmek die : decease, perish, vanish - ölmek diffuse : spread, distribute, scatter, disperse - yayılmış digest : absorb, imbibe, assimilate - sindirmek dilemma : predicament, strait - ikilem

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diligent : hardworking - çalışkan dim : obscure, faint - loş diminish : lessen, reduce, decrease, shrink - azaltmak dirty : foul, unclean, filthy - kirli disadvantage : harm, damage, injury - aleyhine disappear : vanish, fade - yok olmak disappoint : frustrate, baffle - hayal kırıklığına uğramak disaster : calamity, mishap, catastrophe, adversity - felaket discern : perceive, notice, discriminate, distinguish - fark etmek discernible : noticeable, detectable, observable, perceptible - fark edilir disciple : pupil, student, scholar - öğrenci discipline : training, drill, exercise, practice - disiplin disclose : reveal, divulge, unveil - ifşa etmek disconcert : disturb, bewilder, perplex, embarrass - huzurunu kaçırmak discourage : dishearten, dispirit, depress - hevesini kırmak discreet : judicious, prudent, cautious, considerate - nazik disdain : condemn, despise, scorn - hor görme disgrace : shame, dishonor - yüz karası disgust : sicken, nauseate - iğrenmek disgusting : offensive, sickening, nauseous, nauseating - iğrenç dishonorable : disgraceful, shameful - onursuz disinterested : unbiased, impartial, fair - tarafsız disloyal : unfaithful - sadakatsiz dismiss : discharge, fire, refuse, reject, decline - atılmak disorder : mess, confusion, chaos - karmaşa disperse : scatter, dissipate, diffuse - yaymak displace : replace, remove - yerini değiştirmek dispute : argue, debate - tartışmak disregard : ignore, neglect, overlook - göz ardı etmek dissent : differ, disagree - ayrılmak, uyuşmamak dissolve : melt - erimek distinct : definite, clear, plain - sarih distinction : difference - ayrım distinguish : discriminate, differentiate - ayırmak distinguished : marked, famous, celebrated - tanınmış distort : mislead - yanlış yönlendirmek distress : pain, anxiety, agony, anguish - sıkıntı distribute : deal, allot, apportion, assign, dispense - dağıtmak disturbance : agitation, disorder, confusion, uproar - rahatsızlık diverse : various, manifold - çeşitli divulge : reveal - ifşa etmek doctrine : tenet, dogma, theory, principle - öğreti domain : area, field, territory, province - bölge dominant : ruling, prevailing, prevalent - egemen donation : gift, contribution, offering - bağış doom : fate, destiny, lot, ruin, death - kader draw : drag, pull, tug, attract - çekmek, cezbetmek dread : fear, awe - korku dreary : gloomy, dismay - can sıkıcı dubious : doubtful - şüpheli dull : boring, tedious, uninteresting, blunt - sıkıcı dumb : mute, speechless - dilsiz durable : lasting, enduring, constant, permanent - dayanıklı dusky : dim, shadowy, cloudy, obscure - gölgeli duty : obligation - görev dwarf : pygmy - cüce dwell : abide, reside, live, inhabit -yaşamak

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E earn : gain, acquire, win, obtain - kazanmak earnest : sincere, ardent, eager - samimi easy : facile, light - kolay ebb : subside, abate, recede, retire - çekilme economical : saving, thrifty, frugal - tutumlu edge : border, margin, boundary, verge, brink - kenar, sınır effect : result, consequence, outcome - etki effective : efficacious, efficient, effectual - etkili effort : endeavor, exertion, struggle, striving - çaba egoism : selfishness - bencillik elaborate : detailed, intricate, complicated - ayrıntılı elegant : tasteful, refined, polished, graceful - zarif elementary : primary, rudimentary, basic, fundamental - ilk, giriş elevate : raise, lift, exalt, heighten, increase - yükseltmek elicit : draw out - sonucuna varmak eliminate : remove - çıkarmak elude : avoid, escape, evade - kurtulmak, yakasını kurtarmak embark : 1. start - başlamak 2. get on a ship - güverteye çıkmak embarrass : confuse, perplex - şaşırtmak embed : fix, fasten, root - yerleştirmek emerge : emanate, appear - ortaya çıkmak emergency : crisis - aciliyet eminent : distinguished, prominent, renowned, outstanding - göze çarpan emit : discharge, shed, radiate - yaymak emphatic : forcible, strong - vurgulu employ : use, engage, hire - işletmek empower : authorize, warrant, enable, permit - yetki vermek empty : void, vacant, blank, unoccupied - boş enchant : fascinate, captivate, charm - cezbetmek encircle : surround, encompass, enclose - kuşatmak enclose : surround, circle, beset - kuşatmak encounter : face - yüzleşmek encourage : hearten, stimulate - cesaretlendirmek endeavor : effort, struggle, labor, exertion - mücadele etmek endemic : restricted to one place - yaygın endorse : support - desteklemek endow : confer, bestow, give - bahşetmek endowment : gift, capacity, talent - yetenek endure : sustain, bear, stand, tolerate - dayanmak enemy : foe, adversary, opponent, antagonist - düşman enforce : apply - uygulamak enhance : increase - büyütmek enlarge : extend, augment, amplify, magnify - genişletmek enlighten : illumine - aydınlatmak enliven : invigorate, animate - canlandırmak enmity : hatred - düşmanlık enormous : huge, immense, vast, gigantic - devasa enrage : anger, aggravate - öfkelendirmek ensue : follow, succeed - izlemek entangle : complicate, involve - karıştırmak enterprising : ambitious, adventurous, energetic - girişken entertain : divert, amuse, please - eğlendirmek enthusiasm : eagerness, zeal, passion - heves enthusiastic : ardent, zealous, eager, passionate - hevesli entice : seduce - ayartmak entitle : empower, qualify - yetki vermek

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entity : thing, individual, object - bağımsız envelop : surround, enclose - kapsamak envy : jealousy - kıskançlık equal : equivalent, alike - eşit equip : furnish, provide - donatmak era : time, period, age, epoch - çağ erect : upright standing, vertical - dikmek erroneous : mistaken, incorrect, false - hatalı err : mistake - hata yapmak error : mistake, blunder, slip - hata escape : flee, evade, avoid - kaçmak escort : convoy, guard, guide - eşlik etmek essence : spirit, principal - öz essential : indispensable, vital, fundamental - gerekli establish : found, institute - kurmak esteem : prize, value, respect - değer biçmek estimate : judge, assess, value, evaluate, appraise - tahmin etmek eternal : endless, everlasting, infinite - sonsuz evade : escape, elude, shun - kaçmak evaporate : vaporize - buharlaşmak even : equal - berabere event : occurrence, happening, incident - olay eventually : ultimately, finally, in time, in the long run - sonunda evict : eject sb from a property - arazisinden çıkartmak evident : plain, clear, obvious, manifest, apparent - açık, belli evil : immoral, malicious - şeytani examine : inspect, probe, investigate - tetkik etmek exceed : surpass, excel, outstrip - aşmak excel : surpass, outdo, exceed - üstün olmak excellent : fine, eminent - mükemmel exception : exclusion - istisna exceptional : unusual, extraordinary, abnormal - istisnai excessive : extreme - aşırı exchange : barter, interchange, swap - değiştirme excite : stir, arouse, stimulate, incite - heyecanlandırma exclamation : outcry - ünlem, haykırış exclude : expel - hariç tutmak exclusive : excluding - tekel execute : perform, achieve - işlemek exert : exercise, wield - çaba sarfetmek exhaust : expend, consume - tüketmek exhibit : present, display, show, demonstrate - teşhir etmek exorbitant : extreme, excessive, undue, extravagant - fahiş expand : extend, swell, enlarge - genişlemek expect : anticipate, await - ummak expel : oust, banish, exile - atmak expend : use, consume, spend, exhaust - harcamak expense : cost, charge, price, expenditure - tutar expensive : costly, dear - pahalı experiment : test, trial - deney expert : specialist, authority, master - uzman explain : elucidate, explicate, clarify - açıklamak explicit : clear, unambiguous, definite - açık exploit : feat, accomplishment - başarı expose : display, betray, reveal, uncover - maruz bırakmak express : utter, state, manifest, reveal, represent - dile getirmek extend : increase, grow, expand, enlarge - genişletmek extensive : wide, broad, spacious, vast - geniş

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extent : space, scope, range, stretch - kapsam exterior : outer, outside, external - dış exterminate : annihilate, destroy, eradicate, eliminate - yok etmek extinct : quenched, vanished - nesli tükenmiş extol : praise - methetmek extract : extort, derive - çıkartmak extraordinary : exceptional, inordinate, remarkable, unusual - sıradışı extravagant : wasteful, prodigal - müsrif extreme : ultimate, excessive, unreasonable - aşırı F fable : legend - efsane fabricate : make, build, produce, assemble, manufacture - üretmek faculty : ability, capacity, aptitude - yetkinlik fade : wither, decline, decay - yok olma failing : shortcoming, defect, flaw - hata faint : indistinct, dim, feeble - çok küçük fair : unbiased, just, impartial, disinterested - adil faith : confidence, trust, credit - sadakat faithful : true, reliable, trustworthy - sadık false : erroneous, wrong - yanlış fame : reputation, renown, eminence, celebrity - ün familiar : intimate, close, friendly, amicable - tanıdık famous : celebrated, well-known, eminent, distinguished - ünlü fancy : imagination, fantasy - hayali fascinate : charm, enchant, captivate, allure - cezbetmek fashion : style, vogue, mode - moda fast : quick, swift, rapid, fleet - hızlı fasten : fix, attach - bağlamak fat : plump, stout, obese - şişman fatal : deadly, mortal, lethal - ölümcül fate : doom, lot, destiny - kader fatigue : exhausted - bitkin fault : blemish, flaw, shortcoming - kusur favor : kindness, good-will - iyilik fear : apprehension, dread, terror, fright - korku feasible : possible, workable, practicable, viable - makul feast : celebration, anniversary, ceremony - kutlama feat : achievement, accomplishment, exploit - marifet feeble : weak, delicate, fragile - kırılgan feed : nourish, sustain - beslemek fertile : productive, fecund, fruitful - verimli fervent : ardent, earnest, zealous, passionate - iştiyaklı feud : hostility - kin fidelity : loyalty, faithfulness, devotion - adanmışlık fierce : ferocious, wild, savage, brutal - acımasız fiery : fervent, burning, afire - ateşli, kızgın fight : conflict, battle, war, combat - dövüşmek final : ultimate, conclusive - son financial : monetary, pecuniary - mali fine : delicate, elegant, exquisite - hoş firm : stable, steadfast, determined, reliable - sabit fiscal : financial - mali fix : arrange - ayarlamak flame : blaze, fire - alev

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flash : flame, flare, glare - flaş flat : horizontal, level, even, plane - düz flawless : perfect - defosuz flee : escape from - kaçmak flexible : plastic, adaptable, adjustable, pliable - esnek flock : bevy, brood, school, swarm, herd - sürü flood : deluge, overflow - sel flourish : thrive, prosper, succeed - gelişmek flow : stream, run - akış fluctuate : vary in level - dalgalanmak fluent : flowing - akıcı foe : enemy, opponent, adversary, antagonist - düşman fog : mist, haze - sis follow : succeed, ensue - takip etmek food : provisions - erzak foolish : silly, fatuous, stupid, dull - aptal forbid : inhibit, prohibit - yasaklamak force : strength, power, might, energy - zorlamak forecast : predict, foretell, foresee - ön görmek foresight : forethought - sezgi forgery : fake - sahte formidable : dreadful, threatening, fearful, frightful - korkunç foster : encourage, promote - teşvik etmek foul : filthy, dirty, stained, polluted - kötü, iğrenç foundation : base, basis, ground - kurum fraction : share - hisse fragrant : perfumed - hoş koku frame : structure - çerçeve frank : candid, outspoken - açık sözlü fraud : deceit, deception - sahtekarlık free : liberate, release, emancipate - özgür bırakmak freight : cargo, shipment, load - nakliye friction : rubbing - sürtünme fright : dismay, terror, panic - korku frighten : scare, terrify, alarm, dismay - korkutmak frightful : alarming, awful, horrible, gruesome - korkunç frugal : economical, thrifty - tutumlu fruitless : futile, sterile, unproductive - kısır frustrate : disappoint, thwart - boşa çıkarmak fume : smoke - duman fun : pleasure, amusement -eğlence fundamental : basic, underlying, essential, primary - temel funny : amusing, diverting - komik furnish : provide, supply - tedarik etmek fury : rage, anger, wrath - garez fuse : melt, dissolve - eritmek futile : ineffective, useless, vain - sonuçsuz G gaiety : mirth, glee, cheerfulness, joviality - neşe gain : obtain, secure, acquire, earn, win - kazanmak gallant : brave, valorous, valiant, intrepid - cesur gang : band, clique - çete gash : deep cut - kesik yara gasp : pant - soluk soluğa kalmak

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gather : collect, aggregate, assemble, muster - toplanmak gaze : stare - gözünü dikip bakmak generosity : charity, bountifulness - cömertlik generous : bountiful, unselfish, charitable - cömert genial : sympathetic, cordial, friendly, kindly - kibar gentle : clement, humane, merciful, amiable - kibar ghost : phantom, spirit - hayalet gift : donation, present, contribution, offering - yetenek gigantic : huge, enormous, tremendous, mammoth - devasa give : deliver, bestow, impart, accord - vermek glad : delighted, pleased, elated - mutlu glamorous : stylish, desirable - göz alıcı glance : glimpse - gözü çarpmak gleam : flash, beam, glimmer - ışıltı glee : exultation, merriment, hilarity - neşe glide : slide, slip - kaymak, süzülmek gloomy : obscure, depressed, dim, melancholy - melankolik glory : praise, honor, celebrity, fame - görmek godly : pious, saintly, devout, holy - yüce good-will : benevolence, favor, kindness - iyilik govern : rule, reign - hükmetmek grace : elegance, refinement - lütuf gracious : benign, courteous, polite - lütufkar grand : imposing, stately, dignified - büyük grant : bestow, confer, award - vermek grasp : seize, hold, clutch, grab, catch - kavramak grateful : appreciative, thankful, obliged - müteşekkir gratify : satisfy - sevindirmek grave : tomb; momentous, important, serious - mezar; ciddi great : immense, enormous, huge, vast, grand - büyük greed : avidity, avarice, covetousness - tamah greedy : avaricious, desirous, covetous - tamahkar greet : accost, salute - karşılamak grief : sorrow, woe, sadness - üzüntü grieve : lament, mourn, sorrow, bewail - üzülmek grind : grate, rub - öğütmek gross : bulky, massive, great - hantal grudge : malice, spite, malevolence - garez, kin guarantee : insure, warrant - taahhüt etmek guard : protect, shield, defend, shelter - korumak guess : conjecture, suppose, fancy - tahmin etmek guide : lead, conduct, show, escort - rehberlik etmek guilty : criminal, culpable - suçlu guiltless : innocent, blameless, immaculate - suçsuz gush : spurt, spout - fışkırmak H habitual : usual, regular, customary, accustomed - sıradan habituate : accustom, familiarize - alıştırmak halt : stop, cease - durmak hamper : impede, hinder, prevent, obstruct - engel olmak hang : suspend, dangle -asılmak happen : occur, befall - meydana gelmek harbor : accommodate, board, room, shelter - sığınmak hard : solid, inflexible, unyielding - sert hardship : trial, oppression, suffering - zorluk

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hardy : vigorous, sturdy, robust, stout - dayanıklı harm : injury, damage, hurt, mischief, detriment - zarar vermek harmony : agreement, concord, unity - uyum harsh : rough, severe, austere - sert hasten : hurry, accelerate, urge , quicken - acele etmek hate : detest, abhor, loathe - nefret etmek hatred : aversion, hate, detestation - nefret haughty : proud, arrogant - gururlu hazard : danger, peril, jeopardy - tehlike heal : cure, remedy, amend - tedavi etmek heap : mass, stack, pile, accumulation - yığın heavy : weighty, demanding, burdensome - yoğun, ağır hectic : busy, hurried - telaşlı helpful : useful, advantageous, profitable - yardımsever heredity : ancestry - kalıtsal heritage : inheritance - miras heroic : brave, courageous, dauntless, gallant - epik hide : conceal, screen, veil, shroud, cover - saklamak hinder : interrupt, check, impede, hamper - engellemek hint : suggestion, implication, allusion - tüyo hoarse : husky - kısık sesli hoax : trick - hile hoist : raise, elevate, lift - kaldırmak hole : opening, cavity, hollow, pit - delik homely : plain, simple, unattractive, ugly - sade honesty : uprightness, justice - dürüstlük honor : fame, repute, reputation - onur hopeless : desperate, despairing, despondent - ümitsiz horrible : terrible, dreadful, hideous, grim - korkunç hostile : antagonistic - düşmanca hostility : enmity, antagonism - düşmanlık huge : mammoth, vast, gigantic, colossal - devasa humane : merciful, benevolent, compassionate - merhametli humble : unassuming, meek, modest, unpretending - mütevazi humid : damp, moist - nemli humiliate : degrade, disgrace, shame - küçük düşürmek humorous : funny, comical - müzip hurt : injure, damage, mar, impair - yaralamak hypocrite : pretender - ikiyüzlü I ideal : perfect, model, exemplary - mükemmel idiotic : foolish, stupid, fatuous - aptalca idle : indolent, lazy, slothful - tembel ignite : catch fire - tutuşmak ignoble : mean, base, degraded - alçak ignorant : illiterate, uneducated - görgüsüz, cahil ignore : overlook, disregard, neglect - önemsememek illegal : unlawful, illegitimate, illicit - yasa dışı illustration : explanation - betimleme imaginary : fanciful, visionary - hayali imitate : mimic, mock, reproduce, copy - taklit etmek immense : huge - devasa immerse : submerge, dip, submerse - daldırmak imminent : impending - yakında olacak

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immoderate : excessive, extreme, exorbitant - aşırı immoral : vicious, corrupt, amoral - ahlak dışı impact : effect - etki impair : injure, deteriorate - zarar vermek impart : give, bestow, grant, confer - vermek, bildirmek impartial : unbiased, just, fair, disinterested - tarafsız impediment : obstacle - engel impel : compel, drive, urge - sevketmek imperceptible : barely visible - zor seçilen impetus : stimulus - hız implore : supplicate, beseech, entreat, crave - yalvarmak imply : mean indirectly - ima etmek impolite : uncivil, rude, discourteous - kaba importance : consequence, moment, significance - önem impose : enforce sth - empoze etmek impregnable : unassailable, invincible - ele geçirilemez impromptu : unrehearsed - doğaçlama improper : unfit, inappropriate - yakışıksız improve : ameliorate, better - geliştirmek improvident : unwary, thoughtless, careless, wasteful - savurgan improvised : impromptu - irticalen impudent : brazen, insolent, rude - kaba impulsive : emotional - duyguları harekete geçiren impunity : exemption - ceezadan kurtulacağını düşünme impute : attribute, accuse - suçlamak inaccurate : incorrect, erroneous - yanlış inactive : inert, lazy, passive, inanimate - hımbıl inadvertent : heedless, careless, negligent - kazara, kasıtsız inanimate : lifeless - cansız inapt : unsuited, unsuitable, inappropriate, unfit - uygun olmayan inborn : innate, native, natural - doğuştan incarcerate : imprison, confine - hapsetmek incense : scent, fragrance - tütsü incentive : motive, stimulus, spur, impulse - uyarıcı incessant : uninterrupted, unceasing, ceaseless, constant - devamlı incidental : accidental, casual, contingent - tesdüfi incisive : penetrating, keen - sorunla ilgilenen incite : stimulate, spur, instigate, provoke - uyarmak inclination : tendency, trend - meyil include : contain, comprise - içermek income : returns, revenue, gain, earnings - gelir incommode : impede, hinder, bother - rahatsız etmek incompatible : unable, incapable, incompetent - kabiliyet olarak yetersiz inconsistent : incompatible, inharmonious, incongruous, incoherent - çelişkili inconstant : fickle, variable, volatile, unstable - değişken incontrovertible : indisputable - tartışılmaz incorporate : combine, integrate, include - birleştirmek increase : augment, enlarge - artırmak incredulous : skeptical, doubtful, dubious - şüpheci incur : suffer sth unpleasant - (bir olay nedeniyle) çekmek indecent : vulgar, coarse, rude, immodest - yakışıksız indefinite : vague, obscure, confusing, uncertain - belirsiz indifference : unconcern, apathy, inattention - kayıtsızlık indignation : resentment, wrath, anger - kızgınlık indignity : humiliation, insult, scorn - onur kırıcı indispensable : necessary, requisite, essential - vazgeçilemez induce : persuade, instigate, urge - ikna etmek indulge : spoil - şımartmak

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industrious : diligent, assiduous - çalışkan inept : inapt, unsuitable, inappropriate - uygun olmayan inert : inactive - hareketsiz infamous : notorious, disgraceful - rezil infectious : contagious, communicable - bulaşıcı inflate : swell, expand - şişmek inflexible : rigid, unbending, stern, resolute - değişmez inform : notify, acquaint - bildirmek information : intelligence - istihbarat ingenious : wise - bilge inherent : natural, intrinsic, built-in, innate, congenital - kalıtsal inhabit : dwell - (bir yerde) yaşamak inhibit : restrain, prohibit, forbid - engellemek initial : first, introductory, beginning, inceptive - ilk , öncü initiate : begin, originate, commence, inaugurate - başlamak injury : harm, damage, detriment, impairment - yaralanmak innate : present from birth - doğuştan innocent : pure, blameless, faultless - masum innumerable : countless, numberless, numerous - sayısız inquire : ask, query - talep etmek inquiry : investigation, scrutiny, research - talep inquisitive : curious - meraklı insane : lunatic, crazy - çatlak insecure : unsafe, uncertain - emniyetsiz insolent : rude, overbearing, contemptuous, arrogant -görgüsüz instantly : immediately, instantaneously - anında instrument : tool, implement - araç insulation : isolation - yalıtım insult : scorn, slander, abuse - aşağılamak intact : uninjured, sound, unimpaired - etkilenmemiş, zarar görmemiş integrity : uprightness, honesty, righteousness - dürüstlük intensify : deepen, strengthen - yoğunlaştırmak intent : intention, design - niyet etmek intentional : deliberate, purposeful, designed, planned - niyet interfere : intervene, intrude - müdahele etmek interim : temporary - geçici interpret : explain, explicate, translate - çevirmek, anlamını vermek interrupt : suspend, intermit, stop, hinder - bölmek intervention : interference - ara intimate : close, familiar - yakın kişi intolerable : unbearable - tahammül edilemez intolerant : bigoted, narrow, prejudiced, biased - hoş görüsüz intricate : complex, elaborate, complicated - anlaşılması güç intrude : trespass, encroach, violate - sızmak, girmek intuition : insight - sezgi inundate : flood - sel invaluable : priceless, precious - paha biçilemez invariable : constant, uniform, unchangeable - değişmez involve : include, embrace, contain, comprise - içermek irrigate : water - sulamak irritate : vex, fret, anger, enrage, infuriate - tiksinmek irrevocable : irreversible - geri döndürülemez isolation : separation, segregation - yalıtım, dışlama issue : point, problem, question - konu

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J/K jam : pack, force, squeeze - sıkıştırmak jealous : envious - kıskanç jeer : scoff, mock, ridicule - alay etmek jeopardy : risk, danger, peril - tehlike jest : joke - şaka yapmak join : link, fasten, attach, combine - katılmak jolt : shock, startle - şok etmek joyful : glad, delighted, buoyant, elated - neşeli joyless : cheerless, gloomy, dismal - mutsuz judicial : judicious, juridical - adli judicious : wise, sensible, reasonable - adil jump : spring, bound, hop, leap - zıplamak junction : combination, union, joining, juncture - kesişim justify : back, confirm, testify - doğrulamak keen : sharp, acute, poignant - canlı, güçlü kill : slaughter, slay, assassinate, massacre - öldürmek kind : benign, humane, compassionate - kibar kindle : ignite, inflame, fire - tutuşturmak kinship : relationship - yakınlık knack : skill - maharet L labor : toil, work, exertion - iş laborious : 1. toilsome, arduous, burdensome, difficult - yorucu 2. diligent, industrious - çalışkan lack : deficiency, need, want, scarcity - eksik lag : linger - ağırca ilerlemek lament : bemoan, deplore, grieve, mourn - yas tutmak lane : path, way, passage, alley - yol languid : faint, weak, feeble, exhausted - uyuşuk, halsiz large : huge, enormous, immense - geniş last : final, ultimate, conclusive, terminal - son latent : hidden, concealed, potential - gizli laud : praise, exalt, applaud - beğenmek laugh : giggle, chuckled, grin, smile - gülmek lavish : expend, waste, squander - savurmak lawful : legal, legitimate, valid - yasal lax : not strict - gevşek layman : sb without knowledge on a subject - bir konuda söz sahibi olmayan lazy : idle, indolent, slothful, sluggish - tembel league : alliance, confederation, union - birlik lean : incline, bend - eğilmek leap : jump, bound, spring, hop - zıplamak leave : quit, depart - ayrılmak legacy : tradition, culture, heritage, inheritance - miras legend : fable, myth - efsane legitimate : licit, legal, lawful - yasal lengthen : extend, stretch, prolong, protract - uzatmak lenient : mild, clement, merciful - yumuşak, müşfik lessen : diminish, decrease, abate, dwindle - azaltmak level : even, flat, plain, horizontal - seviye liable : responsible, answerable, accountable - güvenilir liberal : tolerant, broad-minded, magnanimous - özgürlükçü liberate : release, free, disengage, deliver - serbest bırakmak

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lift : raise, elevate, exalt, uplift - yükseltmek light : illumination, radiance - ışık lighten : illuminate, brighten, shine - aydınlatmak likely : probable, possible - muhtemel limber : flexible - esnek limit : bound, boundary - sınır link : bond, tie, connection - bağ liquid : fluid - sıvı livelihood : living, employment - geçinme lively : energetic, active, vigorous, brisk - canlı livestock : animals for sale - davar load : burden - yük loathe : abominate, detest, hate, abhor - nefret etmek lodge : shelter, harbor, house, quarter - kiralık barınak loft : attic - tavan arası lofty : high, elevated, tall, sublime - yüce loiter : linger, loaf - aylak aylak gezinmek lone : solitary, lonely, secluded, separate - yalnız longing : desire, yearning, aspiration - özlem duymak loose : lax, slack - gevşek lordly : grand, magnificent, majestic, lofty - asil loud : noisy, clamorous, resounding, deafening - gürültülü lower : reduce, decrease, diminish, lessen - düşürmek loyal : faithful, devoted - sadık lubricious : slippery, smooth - kaygan lucid : clear, plain - akıcı lucrative : profitable - kazançlı ludicrous : ridiculous, comical, funny - saçma, gülünç luminous : bright, shining, lucid, brilliant - parlak lure : allure, decoy, attract, tempt, seduce - cezbetmek lust : sexual desire - şehvet luster : brilliance, brightness, radiance - pırıltı lusty : hearty, vigorous, robust, stout - canlı, dinç luxurious : sumptuous, ornate - lüks M mad : insane, lunatic, crazy - çılgın madden : infuriate, irritate, provoke, annoy - kızdırmak magnificent : splendid, august, stately, majestic - görkemli magnify : enlarge, augment, amplify, exaggerate - büyütmek magnitude : degree, extent, measure, proportion - büyüklük maid : girl, maiden, lass - kız main : chief, cardinal, prime, principal, leading - ana, temel maintain : keep, retain - iyi halde tutmak maintenance : subsistence, livelihood, living - bakım majestic : stately, grand, august, imposing - şahane maladroit : unskillful, awkward, clumsy, inept - beceriksiz malady : disease, illness, ailment - hastalık malcontent : dissatisfied, discontented - menuniyetsiz male : masculine, manly - ekrek malice : ill will, spite, enmity, malevolence - kötü niyet malicious : malevolent, evil-minded - kötü niyetli malignant : fatal - ölümcül maltreat : mistreat, abuse - kötü davranmak manage : conduct, control, direct, administer - yönetmek manager : administrator, executive, director - yönetici

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maneuver : move; scheme, plot - hareket etmek, plan manful : manly - erkekçe mangle : maim, ruin, spoil, mar - parçalamak mania : excitement, enthusiasm - heves manifest : evident, obvious, apparent - açık manifold : various, numerous - çeşitli manner : mode, fashion, way, method - tavır margin : border, edge, rim - sınır mariner : sailor, seaman - denizci mark : note, importance, distinction, eminence - işaretlemek marriage : wedding, matrimony - evlilik marvelous : wonderful, extraordinary, amazing, astonishing - olağanüstü mask : veil, disguise - gizlemek mass : aggregation, collection, accumulation, pile - birikinti massacre : slaughter, annihilation, murder - kıymak, katletmek massive : bulky, immense, huge, tremendous - toplu master : commander, chief, head - üstat matchless : unrivaled, unequaled, unparalleled - eşsiz matter : substance, material, stuff - madde mature : ripe, complete, grown, fully-developed - olgun maxim : proverb, saying - özdeyiş meager : scanty, deficient, insignificant, thin - yetersiz mean : signify, imply, express, humble, ignoble - cimri, kötü kalpli measureless : limitless, boundless, immense, infinite - sınırsız meddlesome : interfering - bölmek medicine : drug - ilaç meditate : contemplate, reflect, ponder - düşünmek medium : means - vasıta meet : encounter, confront, face - karşılaşmak melancholy : depressed, gloomy, despondent, dismal - hüzün melt : fuse, dissolve, thaw - erimek menace : threaten, intimidate - tehdit etmek mend : repair, fix - onarmak merciful : compassionate, clement, humane, sympathetic - merhametli merciless : pitiless, relentless, inexorable - merhametsiz mercy : compassion, benevolence - merhamet merit : worth, excellence, value - değer, kıymet merry : jolly, gay, mirthful, hilarious - neşe mess : confusion, muddle - karmaşa mighty : powerful, potent - güçlü migrate : immigrate, emigrate, move - göçmek mild : amiable, gentle, temperate, clement - yumuşak, hafif milestone : important event - kilometre taşı mingle : mix, blend - harmanlamak minor : secondary, subordinate - ikincil, önemsiz minute : detailed, precise - detaylı miraculous : marvelous, wonderful, incredible - mucizevi mirth : gaiety, glee, merriment - mutluluk miscellaneous : various - çeşitli, türlü mischief : harm, injury, damage, hurt - hasar miser : niggard - cimri miserable : wretched, unhappy - üzgün misery : wretchedness, distress, suffering, torture - üzüntü misgiving : apprehension, doubt, distrust, suspicion - kuşku, kaygı mislead : misguide, misdirect - yanıltmak mistake : error, blunder, slip - hata misty : foggy - sisli mix : blend - karışım

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moan : groan, mourn - üzülmek mock : ridicule, sneer - dalga geçmek moderate : reasonable, temperate, mild, average - vasat modest : humble, decent - ağır başlı modify : change, alter, vary - değiştirmek moist : damp, humid, wet - nemli momentous : important, consequent, serious - ciddi monetary : pecuniary - parasal monotonous : tedious, dull, unvaried - sıkıcı monster : demon, devil - canavar monstrous : tremendous, gigantic, prodigious, enormous - kocaman mood : disposition, temper - hal moody : gloomy, sullen - hüzünlü moral : ethical, righteous, virtuous - ahlaki moreover : besides, further, furthermore - dahası mortal : fatal, lethal, deadly - ölümcül mostly : generally, chiefly - genelde motif : figure, pattern, design, device - desen motion : gesture, movement, move - hareket motionless : fixed, still, stationary - hareketsiz motive : motivation, inducement, incentive - güdü, neden mount : ascend, climb, scale - tırmanmak mourn : grieve, lament, bewail, deplore - üzülmek movement : drive, crusade - hareket multitude : host, crowd, throng, mass, swarm - çok sayıda, kalabalık murder : assassination - cinayet murmur : grumble, mumble, mutter - söylenmek muse : meditate, ponder, contemplate - derince düşünmek mute : silent, dumb, still - sessiz ; dilsiz mutiny : revolt, rebellion, uprising, rebel - isyan mutual : reciprocal - karşılıklı N naive : ingenuous, candid, downright - saf, toy naked : nude, bare, stripped - çıplak namely : that is to say - yani narrow-minded : intolerant, illiberal - dar kafalı nasty : filthy, dirty, foul, impure, polluted - kötü, terbiyesiz native : inborn, inherent, natural, innate - yerli nearly : almost, approximately, well-nigh - neredeyse neat : orderly, trim, tidy, smart - düzenli necessary : essential, indispensable, requisite, vital - gerekli negate : deny - reddetmek neglect : disregard, ignore, overlook - önemsememek negligence : carelessness - ihmal negligible : trivial, unimportant - ihmal edilebilir negotiate : treat, bargain - uzlaşmak nervous : excitable, uneasy - sinirli noble : lofty, honorable, dignified - asil nonconformist : disobedient - asi notable : noteworthy, noticeable, remarkable - dikkat çekici notice : information, intelligence - fark etmek notify : inform, acquaint - bildirmek notion : opinion, view - tanım, ifade notorious : known for sth bad - kötü ünlü nourish : nurture, breed - beslemek

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novel : new, fresh - yeni nuisance : trouble - baş belası nullify : cancel - ertelemek numberless : innumerable, numerous, myriad, countless - sayısız nurse : care, look after - bakmak nurture : nurse - besleme nutrition : nourishment - besin O oath : promise - yemin obedient : submissive, docile - baş kaldırma object : protest, remonstrate - karşı çıkma objective : unprejudiced, unbiased, impartial, fair - yansız obligation : requirement, duty, responsibility - yaptırım oblige : require, compel, force - yaptırımda bulunmak obscene : explicit - müstehcen obscure : unclear, uncertain, ambiguous, blurred - muğlak observance : fulfillment, performance - itaat observation : noticing, perceiving, watching - inceleme observe : 1. perceive, notice, watch - incelemek 2. comply, conform, follow, fulfill - uymak obsolete : outdated - demode obstacle : obstruction, hindrance, impediment - engel obstinate : unyielding, stubborn, inflexible - dik kafalı obstruct : block, stop, bar, hinder, barricade, impede - engellemek obtain : get, acquire, procure - elde etmek obvious : evident, clear, apparent - açık, sarih occult : mysterious, secret, unknown, mystical - gizemli occupation : calling, trade, business, profession - meslek occupy : capture, seize - doldurmak occur : happen, befall - olmak occurrence : event, incident, affair - olay odd : unusual, strange, eccentric, bizarre - garip odor : smell, fragrance, scent, perfume - koku offend : irritate, annoy, vex, provoke - rencide etmek offense : transgression, sin, misdemeanor, crime, felony - suç offensive : displeasing, irritating, unpleasant - çirkin offer : present, proffer, tender - önermek old-fashioned : outmoded, antique, obsolete, archaic - eski moda ominous : foreboding - uğursuz omnipresent : ubiquitous - yaygın only : sole, single, unique - tek operate : work, manage - işlemek operation : transaction, business, affair - işlem, ameliyat operative : effective, efficient, effectual - etkili opponent : adversary - rakip opportune : timely, seasonable - yerli yerinde opportunity : chance, occasion - fırsat oppose : resist, object - karşı çıkmak opposite : contrary, reverse - karşı oppress : maltreat, persecute - sıkıntı vermek oppression : tyranny, despotism, persecution - sıkıntı oral : verbal, spoken, vocal - sözlü orbit : path, course - yörünge ordeal : trial, test - çetin sınav order : direction, mandate, command - emretmek

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orderly : regular, systematic, methodical - nizami ordinary : common, usual, customary - sıradan organize : construct, form, constitute - örgütlemek, yönetmek original : inventive, creative - özgün originate : spring, emanate, initiate - kaynak almak, doğmak ornament : decoration - süsleme outbreak : 1. epidemic, plague, rash - salgın 2. explosion, burst, outburst - patlak verme outcome : result, consequence - sonuç outdo : surpass, excel - alt etmek outlaw : criminal - kanun kaçağı outline : contour, sketch, draft - eskiz outlive : survive - hayatta kalmak outrage : insult, abuse, maltreat, injure - öfke outspoken : frank, open candid - açık sözlü outstanding : prominent, eminent, conspicuous, striking - göz alıcı overall : complete - tüm overcome : conquer, defeat, subdue, crush, surmount - üstesinden gelmek overlook : disregard, neglect, ignore; face - göz ardı etmek; yönü bakmak overpower : overcome, overwhelm, vanquish - alt etmek overrate : neglect - gözünde büyütmek oversee : supervise, superintend, survey, watch - göz kulak olmak oversight : mistake, blunder, slip, error - gözden kaçırma overthrow : upset, overturn, subvert - devirmek (hükümet) overwhelmingly : overpower, crush - ezici çoğunlukla own : acknowledge, admit, allow, recognize - sahiplenmek P pace : step, gait, walk, step - hız pacific : peaceful, calm, tranquil, quiet - sakin pacify : calm, tranquilize, assuage, ameliorate - sakinleştirmek pack : package, bundle, parcel - paketlemek pact : compact, contract, bond - anlaşma pain : suffering, distress, torment - ızdırap painstaking : assiduous, diligent - incelikle, hassasiyetli pale : pallid, wan - soluk panic : terror, fright, alarm - korkmak pant : gasp - nefes nefese kalmak parallel : corresponding - bezerlik gösteren paralyse : benumb - felç etmek paramount : supreme, chief, principal - üstün partake : participate, share - yer almak partial : biased, prejudiced, unfair - taraf tutan partisan : adherent, supporter - destekçi participation : contribution - katılım partition : divide, separate, apportion - bölme passage : way, route, path, lane, thoroughfare - geçit passion : zeal, ardor, fervor - tutku passionate : ardent, vehement, zealous, enthusiastic - tutkulu passive : inactive, inert - pasif pastime : diversion, entertainment, recreation - hoşça vakit geçirme patch : mend, repair, fix - yama pathetic : pitiable, touching, moving - acıklı patience : endurance, fortitude, perseverance - sabır pause : suspension, interruption, break, halt -durma

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peaceable : pacific, peaceful, amicable - barışçıl peaceful : tranquil, placid, serene, calm - huzurlu peak : top, rest, summit, acme - zirve peculiar : strange, odd, queer, eccentric, unique - tuhaf pecuniary : monetary, financial - mali pedestrian : walker - yaya peek : peep, peer, pry - dikizlemek peer : equal, mate, match - eş penance : self-punishment - kendini cezalandırma penetrate : pierce, permeate - girmek, sokmak penetrating : piercing, sharp, acute, keen - giren pensive : thoughtful, meditative, reflective - dalgın perceive : see, discern, notice, apprehend, understand - algılamak perception : understanding - algı perform : execute, discharge, fulfill, accomplish - icra etmek peril : risk, jeopardy, danger, hazard - tehlike period : age, era, epoch - dönem periphery : edge, border, fringe, margin, rim - alan perish : die, decay, wither, disappear, vanish - yok olmak permanent : lasting, constant, perpetual, everlasting - sürekli permission : leave, permit, allowance - izin permit : allow, let - izin vermek perpetual : everlasting, permanent, infinite - sonsuza dek süren perplex : confuse, puzzle - karıştırmak persecute : oppress, harass, molest, afflict - zulmetmek persevere : persist, endure - dayanmak persuade : induce, entice - ikna etmek pertinent : appropriate, suitable, fit, proper - uygun pervade : permeate, penetrate - doldurmak, kaplamak petition : entreat, supplicate, beg, solicit - talep phony : false - yanlış picturesque : colorful, scenic, beautiful - güzel manzaralı piece : segment, scrap, shred, fragment - parça pierce : penetrate - sokmak piety : devoutness - takva pile : heap up, accumulate, assemble, amass - yığmak pilgrim : wanderer - hacı pillar : column, prop - sütun pious : devout, reverent, religious - dindar piquant : sharp, pungent - acı, keskin pitiful : pitiable, pathetic, piteous - acıklı pitiless : merciless, cruel, ruthless, relentless - acımasız pity : sympathy, compassion - acıma placid : calm, peaceful, tranquil, serene, quiet - sakin plague : epidemic, outbreak - salgın plain : clear, distinct, lucid, unambiguous - açık, sade platform : stage, scaffold, scaffolding, pulpit - sahne plead : entreat, beg, supplicate - yalvarmak plight : predicament, dilemma - kötü durum plot : scheme, intrigue, conspiracy - senaryo plunge : immerse, submerge, dip - suya daldırmak pointed : sharp, piercing, severe, keen - sivri uçlu poison : venom - zehir polish : brighten, smooth, shine - parlatmak polished : smooth, glossy, shiny - parlak polite : courteous, civil, genteel - kibar pollute : dirty, contaminate - kirletmek ponder : meditate, reflect, deliberate - iyice düşünmek

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popular : common, prevailing, current, general - ünlü, yaygın port : harbor, haven - liman portion : part, section, segment, fragment - pay portray : picture, depict, represent, describe - resmetmek pose : state, assert, propound - ortaya sürmek position : station, place, locality, site - durum post : duty - görev postpone : defer, delay, procrastinate, adjourn - ertelemek posture : pose, attitude - tutum potent : powerful, mighty, influential - güçlü poverty : state of being poor - yoksulluk practicable : workable, achievable, attainable - uygulanabilir practice : custom, habit - uygulamak praise : laud, commend, admire, exalt - övmek, yüceltmek pray : entreat, supplicate, beg, beseech, implore - dua etmek precaution : prudence - önlem precious : valuable, dear, invaluable, priceless - kıymetli precise : definite, correct, strict, accurate - net, kesin predecessor : forerunner - selef predict : foretell, prophesy, foresee, forecast - tahmin etmek predisposition : innate - doğuştan predominant : prevailing, prevalent, dominant - baskın predominate : prevail, outweigh, surpass, dominate - üstün gelmek preeminent : conspicuous, noticeable, outstanding, eminent - üstün prejudice : bias, partiality - ön yargı preliminary : introductory, preparatory - başlangıç premises : building - bina premium : bonus, gift, reward - ödül, prim preoccupied : absorbed, engrossed - kafası meşgul prescribe : ordain, direct, dictate, decree - tarif etmek presently : currently - şu anda preserve : keep, conserve, shelter, shield - korumak prestige : reputation, influence, distinction - itibar presume : assume, suppose - öngörmek pretend : feign, affect, assume - gibi davranmak pretense : pretext, excuse - bahane prevail : prevalent, predominate, dominant, current - yenmek prevent : hinder, obstruct, hamper, impede, thwart, interrupt - engellemek previous : prior, earlier, former, preceding - önceki pride : conceit, self-esteem, vanity, arrogance - gurur primary : elementary, fundamental, basic - öncü, ilk prime : primary - ilk primitive : primeval, uncivilized, uncultured - ilkel principal : prime, paramount, capital, chief - temel, asıl private : individual, personal, confidential, secret - özel privilege : prerogative - ayrıcalık probe : examine, explore, investigate - soruşturmak procedure : proceeding, course, process - işleyiş proceed : advance, progress, continue - ilerlemek proclaim : announce, declare, promulgate - ilan etmek procure : acquire, gain, get, secure, win, obtain - edinmek prodigious : wonderful, marvelous, amazing, astonishing - muhteşem productive : fertile, fruitful - üretken profession : vocation, calling, business, employment - iş, meslek proficient : skilled, adept, skillful - yetenekli profound : deep - derin profusion : abundance, bounty - bolluk progress : advancement, advance, progression - ilerleme

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progressive : forward, advanced - ilerleyen progressively : increasingly - ilerleyerek prohibit : forbid, inhibit - yasaklamak project : plan, scheme, design - tasarı prolong : lengthen, extend, protract - uzatmak prominent : distinguished - seçkin promote : further, encourage - terfi ettirmek prone : inclined, disposed, liable, tending - meyilli proof : evidence, testimony - kanıt proper : appropriate, suitable, suited - uygun property : 1. possession, effects, estate - mal 2. quality, character, feature, characteristic - özellik prophesy : foretell, predict - gelecekten haber vermek proponent : supporter - destekçi proportion : size, extent, dimensions - oran propose : offer, proffer, suggest - önermek proposition : proposal - teklif prosecute : sue - dava açmak prospective : anticipated - müstakbel prosper : succeed, thrive, flourish - canlanmak, gelişmek prosperity : wealth - refah prosperous : successful, flourishing, thriving - başarılı protect : defend, guard, shield, shelter, harbor - korumak protest : remonstrate, complain, object - karşı çıkmak proud : arrogant, haughty, overbearing, self-important - kibirli prove : confirm, verify, corroborate, validate - kanıtlamak proverb : maxim, saying - atasözü provide : furnish, supply, afford - temin etmek provision : food, supplies - erzak provoke : enrage, exasperate, vex, irritate - galeyana getirmek prudent : cautious, discreet, careful, wary - temkinli pseudo : sham, counterfeit, false, fake - sahte publish : announce, proclaim, declare - yayınlamak purchase : buy, procure - satın almak pure : uncontaminated, clean, spotless, immaculate -saf purge : purity, cleanse, clear, clean, clarify - temizlemek purpose : object, intent, intention, aim, end - teklif etmek pursue : follow - takip etmek pursuit : search for - aramak push : shove, thrust - itmek pyre : fire of woods - odun ateşi

Q quaint : strange, odd, unusual, extraordinary - ilginç quake : shake, shudder, tremble, shiver - sarsılmak qualify : fit, suit, entitle, equip - yeterli olmak quality : characteristic, attribute, property - nitelik quarrel : dispute, argument, controversy - tartışma quest : search - araştırmak quick : prompt, rapid, swift, fleet - çabuk quiet : pacific, calm, tranquil, serene - sessiz, sakin quit : stop, cease, leave - sona erdirmek quiver : shiver. shake, tremble, vibrate - sarsılmak quote : mention - bahsetmek

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R radiant : shining, bright, brilliant, beaming - parlayan rage : anger, fury, wrath - öfke raid : invasion - saldırı raise : lift, elevate, hoist - yükseltmek random : haphazard, aimless - rasgele range : extent, scope, compass - saha rank : position, standing, station, level - rütbe rapid : speedy, fast, swift, fleet - çabuk rapture : ecstasy, joy, delight, bliss, exultation - büyük coşku rare : scarce, uncommon, extraordinary - nadir rascal : scamp, villain, scoundrel - alçak , namussuz rash : reckless, heedless, indiscreet, imprudent - dikkatsiz ratify : confirm, sanction, validate - onaylamak ration : apportion, distribute, mete - istihkak rational : reasonable, sensible - mantıklı raw : crude, rude, uncooked - ham reactionary : repulsive - gerici readily : easily, willingly - gönüllü real : actual, factual, authentic, genuine - gerçek realize : grasp, understand, comprehend, conceive - farketmek realm : kingdom - krallık rear : nurture, raise, nurse - yetiştirmek reasonable : rational, logical, sensible, judicious - makul reassure : encourage, comfort - garanti vermek rebel : insurgent, traitor - isyancı rebellion : mutiny, revolt - isyan rebellious : defiant, rebel, mutinous - isyancı rebuke : reprove, reprimand, reproach, scold - azarlamak recall : recollect, remember - hatırlamak recede : go back - geri çekilmek recency : latest - yenilik reciprocal : mutual - karşılıklı recite : rehearse - ezberden okumak reckless : careless, rash, heedless, imprudent - dikkatsiz reckon : 1. count, compute, calculate, enumerate - hesaplamak 2. consider, regard, deem - sayma, kabul etmek recommend : commend - önermek recompense : compensation, reward - tazmin etmek reconcile : conciliate, appease - barıştırmak recover : regain, reclaim, retrieve, restore - atlatmak reduce : decrease, abridge, abate, lessen - azaltmak refer : attribute, ascribe, impute - söz etmek referee : umpire, judge - hakem refined : purified, clarified, distilled - saflaştırılmış reflect : meditate, ponder, deliberate, contemplate - yansıtmak reflection : image - yansıma reform : better, rectify, correct, improve, repair - yenilemek refresh : freshen, enliven, reanimate - tazelemek refuge : sanctuary, haven - sığınak refuse : decline, reject, rebuff - reddetmek refute : disprove - yalanlamak regain : recover, retrieve - tekrar kazanmak regard : consider, account, deem - sanmak regardless : inattentive, neglectful, indifferent, unconcerned - dikkatsiz region : section, province - bölge register : enroll, list, record, catalogue - kaydolmak regret : deplore, lament - pişman olmak

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regular : uniform, even, systematic, formal - düzenli regulate : control, direct, adjust, arrange - düzenlemek regulation : rule, order, law - düzenleme rehearse : recite, practice, drill, train - prova yapmak reign : rule, govern, prevail, predominate - iktidara geçmek reinforce : strengthen, intensify - desteklemek rejoice : delight - zevk relation : connection, relationship, association, alliance - ilinti relax : loosen, slacken - gevşemek release : 1. emit, vent, give off, give out, let off - salmak 2. loosen, loose, untie, unbind, unclasp - gevşetmek relentless : severe, merciless, ruthless, pitiless - acımasız reliable : trustworthy, dependable, infallible - güvenilir relief : alleviation, ease - rahatlatma, kurtarma relieve : ease, alleviate - rahatlatmak, kurtarmak religious : pious, devout, reverent - dini relish : taste flavor, savor - zevk reluctant : unwilling, disinclined, loath, averse - gönülsüz remain : last, abide, endure - kalmak remainder : remnant, residue, rest - kalan remark : comment, utterance, statement - söz , görüş remarkable : notable, extraordinary, noteworthy, distinguished - dikkate değer remedy : cure, treatment - şifa remember : recall, recollect - hatırlamak remembrance : recollection, reminiscence, memory - anma remote : distant, removed - uzak remove : transfer, transport, carry - taşımak render : contribute, afford, present - vermek, sunmak renew : regenerate, renovate - yenilemek renown : repute, fame, eminence, reputation - şan rent : lease, let - kiralamak repair : mend, remodel, amend, fix - tamir etmek repel : repulse, parry - geri püskürtmek repent : regret, atone - pişman olmak replace : supersede, supplant, substitute - yerini değiştirmek represent : depict, express, portray - göstermek, betimlemek repress : check, restrain, curb - bastırmak reprimand : rebuke - azarlamak reproach : reprimand, condemn, rebuke, scold - azar reproduce : copy, duplicate, imitate, generate, beget - kopyalamak reprove : rebuke, blame - paylamak reputation : repute, honor, fame, distinction - ün request : petition, entreat, beg - talep require : demand, enjoin - gerektirmek requisite : necessary, essential, indispensable - gerekli rescue : save, deliver, redeem - kurtarmak research : investigate, study, examine, scrutinize - araştırmak resemblance : analogy, similarity - benzerlik resentment : anger - öfke reserve : save, retain, keep, hold - ayırmak, saklamak reside : dwell, abide, live, inhabit - yaşamak residence : dwelling, house, habitation - mesken resign : relinquish, abandon, forsake, quit - istifa etmek resilient : rebounding, elastic - esnek resist : withstand, oppose, confront - karşı koymak resolute : resolved, steadfast, determined - kararlı resolve : determine, decide, disintegrate, separate - karar vermek respect : esteem, deference, veneration, reverence - saygı duymak

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respectable : estimable, honorable - saygı değer respectful : courteous, polite, well-mannered, civil - saygılı responsible : accountable, answerable, liable - sorumlu restful : calm, tranquil, peaceful, serene - sakin restore : renew, renovate, repair, return - yenilemek restrain : check, repress, curb, suppress - dizginlemek restrict : confine, limit, restrain, curb - sınırlamak result : outcome, consequence - sonç retaliate : avenge, requite, revenge - misilleme yapmak retard : slow down - yavaşlatmak retire : withdraw, retreat, recede, retract - bir köşeye çekilmek reveal : disclose, divulge, unveil - ifşa etmek reverence : worship, respect - saygı göstermek reverse : invert - ters çevirmek revert : return, come back, revisit - geri dönmek review : survey, reexamination - gözden geçirip düzeltmek revise : change, modify, amend, alter, correct - gözden geçirmek revoke : cancel - iptal etmek revive : revitalize - yeniden canlandırmak revolt : rebel, mutiny - isyan etmek revolution : overthrow, revolt - ihtilal revolve : rotate, circulate, roll, orbit - dönmek reward : recompense, prize - ödül ridicule : mockery, sneer, mock, jeer - alay ridiculous : absurd, funny, comical - alaycı right : just, equitable, upright - doğru righteous : moral, upright, virtuous, equitable - doğruluk rigid : strict, severe, stern, rigorous - sert rigorous : painstaking - özenli rim : edge, border, margin, brim - kenar riot : uproar, disturbance - ayaklanma ripe : mature, mellow, developed - ham risk : hazard, danger, venture, peril - tehlike rival : competitor, contestant, antagonist, opponent - rakip roam : ramble, wander, rove, stray - gezmek roar : cry, bellow, shout, yell - kükremek rob : deprive, plunder, pillage - soymak robust : sturdy, vigorous, stalwart - dayanıklı rot : decay, corrupt, degenerate - çürüme rotate : turn, spin, revolve, wheel, roll - çevirmek rotten : decayed, foul, corrupt - çürük rough : uneven, rugged, violent, wild - kaba, işlenmemiş rouse : stir, excite, stimulate, awaken, provoke - uyarmak rude : discourteous, ill-mannered, impolite, coarse - kaba rudimentary : elementary, fundamental, basic - basit, temel ruin : decay, demolish, destroy, damage - yok etmek rural : rustic - kırsal rush : dash - acele etmek ruthless : pitiless, cruel, harsh, relentless - merhametsiz S sacred : holy, divine - kutsal sad : sorrowful, mournful - üzgün safe : secure, protected - güvenli sanction : permission, ratification, authorization - yetki sanguinary : bloody, bloodthirsty, cruel, ruthless - acımasız

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sanitary : sterile - temiz sarcasm : irony - iğneleme satire : irony, sarcasm - iğnelemek satisfy : gratify, meet, satiate, suffice - tatmin etmek savage : wild, cruel, brutal - vahşi save : rescue, salvage - kurtarmak savor : taste, flavor - tat scale : portion - ölçek scan : scrutinize, investigate - taramak scanty : meager, insufficient, inadequate - seyrek scarce : rare, insufficient, deficient - nadir scare : terrify, alarm, startle, frighten - korkutmak scatter : sprinkle, strew, disperse, dissipate - yaymak scent : odor, perfume - koku scheme : plan, design, project - tasarı scoff : mock, scorn, jeer, sneer - alay etmek scold : reprove, reproach, reprimand - azarlamak scope : range, extent, space - alan score : gain - puan almak scorn : contempt, disdain, mockery, scoff - alay scream : shriek, cry - çığlık atmak scrupulous : careful, painstaking, meticulous - ihtiyatlı scrutinize : examine, investigate, dissect, study - incelemek scrutiny : examination, investigation, dissection - inceleme search : seek, explore - aramak secluded : deserted - ıssız secret : clandestine, conceal, private - sır secure : safe, protect - güvence altına almak segregate : isolate, separate, dissociate - ayrı tutmak seize : grasp, grab, clutch, capture, grip - kuşatmak send : transmit, dispatch, convey -göndermek sensation : excitement, stimulation, agitation - duygu sensational : exciting, stimulating - duygusal sense : meaning, signification, significance, denotation - his senseless : stupid, foolish, silly, idiotic - hissiz sensibility : susceptibility, sensitivity, sensitiveness - hassasiyet sensible : judicious, sound, rational, reasonable - mantıklı sensitive : impressionable, susceptible - duyarlı sensual : voluptuous, sensuous - hissi sententious : concise, terse, succinct - özdeyişlerle konuşan sentiment : emotion, sentimentality, sensibility - duygu separate : divide, part, split - ayırmak sequence : succession, series - süreç serene : calm, peaceful, tranquil, placid - sakin serious : important, momentous, grave - ciddi serve : assist, help, aid, succor, contribute - yardım etmek sever : separate, divide, cut, cleave, rend - kesmek severe : tough, rigid, stern, strict - acı, şiddetli shabby : ragged, beggarly, poor - pejmürde shade : hide, protect, conceal, cover, shelter - gölge shake : sway, waver, agitate, shudder - sarsılmak shameful : disgraceful, humiliating, dishonorable, ignominious - utanç kaynağı shameless : brazen, impudent, insolent, unashamed - utanmaz share : portion, part - hisse sharp : keen, acute, pointed, pungent, severe - keskin shed : emit, radiate, diffuse - yaymak shatter : break, crush, crack - kırmak sheer : only - tek, yalnızca

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shelter : protect, harbor, defend - sığınak shield : protect, defend, secure, guard - kalkan shine : beam, glare, gleam, glisten - parlamak shining : radiant, gleaming, brilliant - parlayan shiver : tremble, quake, shudder, shake - titremek shorten : curtail, abbreviate, abridge, reduce - kısaltmak short-sighted : near-sighted, indiscreet, imprudent - miyop showy : ostentatious, gaudy, loud - havalı shrewd : astute, sharp, acute, penetrating - kurnaz shrink : contract, shrivel, diminish, decrease - kısalmak shun : elude, avoid, evade, escape - kaçınmak shy : bashful, reserved, timid, coy -utangaç siege : blockade, besieging - kuşatma sign : token, indication, trace, hint - işaret significant : important - belirgin signify : express, indicate, mean - simgelemek silent : speechless, dumb, mute, tacit - sessiz simultaneous : concurrent, concomitant, synchronous - eş zamanlı sin : transgression, crime, offense - günah sincere : candid, earnest, true, real - samimi sip : drink, absorb, sup - yudumlamak situation : location, position, site, place, spot - durum size : dimensions, proportions, magnitude - boyut skeptical : skeptic, doubtful, dubious, incredulous - şüpheci skilled : able, capable, competent - yetenekli skillful : adroit, deft, adept, proficient - yetenekli skip : spring, jump, leap, bound, hop - atlamak skirmish : battle, fight, conflict, combat - savaşmak slack : loose, relaxed - gevşek slander : defame, scandalize, vilify - karalama slaughter : butcher, murder, slay - kıyım slavery : bondage, servitude, subjection, enslavement - kölelik slay : murder, kill, slaughter, massacre, butcher - kıymak slender : slim, weak, fragile, feeble, delicate - zayıf, dayanıksız slide : glide - kaymak slight : insignificant, trivial, trifling - önemsiz slim : slender, thin - ince slip : mistake, error, blunder -sürçme slumber : sleep - uyumak sly : cunning, artful - kurnaz smart : intelligent, bright, sharp, clever - akıllı smash : shatter, crush, crash - çarpmak smooth : even, plain, flat - pürüzsüz snare : trap, lure, bait - tuzak sneer : scorn, jeer, gibe, scoff -hor görmek soak : steep, drench, wet, saturate - ıslanmak soar : tower, rise, ascend, mount - yükselmek sober : sane, sound - ayık sociable : affable - girişken soften : assuage, moderate, mitigate - yumuşatmak solace : comfort, consolation - teselli sole : only, single, solitary - yalnız solemn : serious, stately - ciddi solid : firm, substantial, sound, stable - katı solitary : isolated, lonely - yalnız solitude : isolation, loneliness - yalnızlık soothe : relieve, allay, mitigate, assuage - yatıştırmak sophisticated : artificial, mundane, worldly - karmaşık

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sore : painful, grieved, distressed, sorrowful - acı veren sorrow : distress, anguish, grief, sadness - acı sort : classify, class, assort - sınıflamak sound : uninjured, unharmed, unimpaired, healthy - sağ sour : acid, tart - ekşi sovereign : supreme, chief, paramount - lider, egemen spacious : ample, capacious, extensive, vast - geniş span : distance, length - mesafe spare : save, reserve - yedek sparkle : spark, glitter, twinkle - parıltı special : particular, especial, peculiar, specific - özel specimen : sample, model, pattern - misal spectacular : dramatic, sensational, impressive - etkileyici speculation : supposition, conjecture, surmise - söylenti speculative : tentative - kuramsal spend : expend, waste, consume - harcamak spin : turn, rotate - çevirmek spite : ill-will, maliciousness, malice - kötü niyet splendid : gorgeous, magnificent, sumptuous, dazzling - görkemli splendor : brilliance, grandeur, pomp - ihtişam split : cleave, rend, separate - ayrı spoil : damage, impair, ruin, harm, corrupt - berbat etmek spontaneous : voluntary, uncompelled, willing - içten gelen spot : find, locate, pinpoint, detect - yer spread : unfold, extend, stretch, expand - yaymak sprinkle : scatter, strew, disperse - saçmak spur : incitement, stimulus, incentive, provocation - dürtü squander : waste, lavish - israf etmek stab : thrust, plunge - bıçaklamak stable : invariable, constant, steady - sabit stagger : sway, totter, waver, falter - sendelemek stagnant : inert, inactive - durgun stain : taint, spot, dirty, blemish, blot - leke stake : stick - kazık stale : vapid, old, decayed - bayat stammer : stutter, hesitate, falter - kekelemek stamp : trample, crush, pound - damgalamak stand : endure, undergo, bear, tolerate, endure - dikilmek stare : gaze - dik dik bakmak startle : surprise, alarm, amaze, astound - şaşırtmak state : condition situation, status, environment - hal stately : imposing, grand, majestic, magnificent - görkemli statement : declaration, announcement, proclamation - ifade station : standing, rank - mevki status : position, standing, rank - konum steadfast : firm, stanch, steady, resolute - sadık stem : derive, originate - türemek sterile : barren, unproductive, fruitless - temiz, hijyenik stern : firm, severe, harsh, hard - haşin stick : adhere, cohere, cling, cleave - sadık kalmak stiff : rigid, solid - değişmez stifle : smother, suffocate, strangle, choke - boğmak still : motionless, stationary - hareketsiz stimulating : restorative, encouraging - motive eden stimulus : incentive, incitement, stimulation - uyarıcı stingy : parsimonious, miserly, mean - cimri stir : agitate, incite, instigate, prompt - karıştırmak stock : store, inventory, reserve, hoard - mevcut mal

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stoop : bend, lean, bow, crouch - eğik durmak stout : stalwart, sturdy, athletic, vigorous - dinç strain : stretch, tighten - germek strange : 1. unusual, extraordinary, bizarre - acayip 2. foreign, alien - yabancı stranger : alien, foreigner - yabancı stray : wander, rove, roam, ramble - yolunu kaybetmek stream : current, run, flow - akım strength : power, force, vigor, might - güç strenuous : vigorous, energetic, active - güçlü stress : emphasis, accent, force - vurgulamak stretch : extend, lengthen, pull - germek strict : rigid , stiff, severe, harsh - katı, sert strife : conflict, discord, quarrel - çekişme stringent : severe, constricted, tight, strict - sıkı, katı strike : hit, knock, beat, pound, slap - saldırı strive : endeavor, try, struggle, toil - uğraşmak stroke : striking, blow, beating, beat - atak, çarpıntı stroll : ramble, wander, roam, rove - gezinmek strong : powerful, vigorous, mighty, potent - güçlü stubborn : obstinate, dogged, rigid, stiff - dik kafalı stuff : material, substance, matter - şey, madde stun : astound, daze, astonish, amaze - şaşırtmak sturdy : strong, robust, stalwart, muscular - dayanıklı subdue : conquer, defeat, suppress, subjugate - boyunduruk altına almak submerse : dip, sink, plunge, immerse - suya daldırmak submit : yield, obey; give - boyun eğmek; teslim etmek subordinate : inferior, secondary - ikincil, ast subscribe : agree, assent, consent - onaylamak, abone olmak subsidize : back, finance, fund - sübvanse etmek substance : matter, material, stuff - madde substantial : real, actual, material - gerçek subtract : deduct, discount - çıkartmak succession : sequence, series - birbirini izleme successive : consecutive, continuous - ardı sıra succinct : concise, brief, lean, terse, condensed - az ve öz suffer : undergo, experience - bir şeyden çekmek sufficient : enough, adequate, ample - yeterli suggest : indicate, hint, intimate - önermek summary : digest, extract, abstract - özet summit : top, apex, pinnacle, acme - zirve summon : call, bid, convene, convoke - celp etmek superficial : shallow, external, outward - yüzeysel supernatural : miraculous, abnormal - doğa üstü supply : furnish, provide, replenish - tedarik etmek support : aid, help, assist, advocate - desteklemek suppose : assume, presume - sanmak surpass : exceed, excel, transcend, outdo - üstün gelmek surplus : abundant - bol surrender : give in, submit - teslim olmak survey : watch, inspect, examine, scrutinize - incelemek suspect : surmise, imagine, consider, suppose - şüphelenmek suspend : defer, postpone, delay - askıya almak suspense : uncertainty, doubt, indecision, hesitation - kararsızlık suspicion : doubt, mistrust, distrust - şüphe sustain : bear, carry, support, uphold -tahammül etmek swallow : eat, gorge, gulp, engulf, devour - yutmak sway : swing, wave, brandish, rule - hükmetmek

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swear : avow, vow - yemin etmek sweat : perspiration - ter sweep : clean - temiz sweeping : broad, wide, extensive, comprehensive - geniş içerikli swift : speedy, fleet, rapid - hızlı swivel : spin, rotate, turn - dönmek T taboo : prohibition - yasak tackle : deal with - baş etmek tale : story, narrative, account, fiction - hikaye talent : aptitude, capacity, capability, gift - yetenek talkative : garrulous, wordy, verbose - geveze tame : domesticated, mild, docile, domestic - terbiye etmek tangible : real, substantial, concrete, substantive - elle tutulur tear : rend, rip, sever, split - yırtmak tease : irritate, bother, disturb, annoy - kızdırmak tedious : boring - sıkıcı temperament : disposition, make-up, nature - mizaç temperate : moderate, self-restrained - ılımlı temporary : transient, transitory, fleeting, ephemeral - geçici tempt : induce, allure, seduce, attract - baştan çıkarmak tempting : inviting, seductive, attractive, alluring - cezbedici tendency : trend, proneness, inclination, bent - meyil tender : soft, delicate, lenient, mild - ılımlı tense : rigid, strained, nervous - gergin terrible : dreadful, awful, frightful, appalling - berbat terrific : splendid, glorious, superb, marvelous - harika terror : horror, panic, fright, dismay - korku thrifty : careful with money - tutumlu tiresome : wearisome, tedious, dull, boredom - yorucu toil : work, labor, strive - sıkı çalışmak token : symbolic - nişan, işaret tolerance : toleration, patience - hoş görü tolerate : endure - dayanmak toll : damage sustained - kayıp sayısı tool : instrument, implement, utensil - alet torment : afflict, pain, rack, torture - sancı torrential : heavy, severe - yoğun tide : stream, current - akım, dalga touch : impress, move, strike, stir - duygulandırmak tough : firm, strong, hard, sturdy - sert trace : vestige, mark, sign, track - iz traffic : trade - ticaret trail : drag, draw - iz sürmek traitor : betrayer - hain tranquility : serene - sakin transact : settle, perform, manage, conduct - iş görmek, yapmak transform : change alter, convert, transmute - değiştirmek transmit : send, dispatch, convey, carry - iletmek transparent : clear, pellucid, lucid, limpid - saydam transport : carry, convey, transport - taşımak trap : pitfall, snare - tuzak treachery : betrayal, treason - ihanet treasure : prize, cherish - hazine

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treat : entertain, regale, feast - ziyafet tremble : shake, quiver, quaver, quake - sallanmak, titremek tremendous : huge, gigantic, colossal - devasa trend : tendency, direction, inclination - eğilim trespass : encroach, infringe, intrude, invade - izinsiz girmek trial : hearing; affliction, suffering, distress, sorrow - duruşma; dert trick : cheat, swindle, beguile, deceive - oyun, hile trifling : trivial, insignificant, unimportant, petty - önemsiz trim : clip, prune, shave, shear, arrange - kırkmak triumph : win, succeed, prevail - zafer troop : band, squad, party company, group, herd - bölük trouble : disturb, distress, worry, annoy, vex, bother - sorun çıkarmak troublesome : annoying, laborious, difficult, arduous - sorun çıkaran true : factual, actual, real, authentic - gerçek trust : confidence, belief, faith, credit - güvenmek trustworthy : reliable, true, stanch, dependable - güvenilir tumult : commotion, disturbance, disorder - patırtı twinkle : glimmer, sparkle - parıldamak twist : contort, distort - bükmek typical : representative, symbolic, model, exemplary - özgü tyrannical : arbitrary, despotic, oppressive - zorba yönetim tyrant : dictator, oppressor - diktatör U ugly : unlovely, unsightly, homely - çirkin ultimate : final, last, extreme - son umpire : referee, arbiter, judge - hakem unaccountable : inexplicable, strange, incomprehensible - anlaşılmaz unanimity : accord, agreement - genel kabul gören unanimously : agreed on by everyone - genel kabul gören unassuming : modest, unpretending, unpretentious - alçakgönüllü unbearable : unendurable, intolerable, insufferable - dayanılmaz unbecoming : inappropriate, unsuitable - uyumsuz unbiased : fair, impartial, unprejudiced, disinterested - tarafsız unbounded : unlimited, boundless, limitless, immense - sınırsız uncivil : impolite, discourteous, impudent - kaba uncompromising : unyielding, inflexible, rigid, firm - uzlaşmaz undergo : experience, suffer - kötü bir şey yaşamak undermine : ruin, thwart - yıkmak undertake : assume - üstlenmek unequaled : unparalleled, matchless, peerless - benzersiz unexampled : unprecedented, matchless, peerless - benzersiz uniform : invariable, unchanging, consistent - tek tip uninterested : unconcerned, indifferent - ilgisiz unite : join, combine, incorporate, connect - birleşmek universal : entire, ecumenical - evrensel unlawful : illegal, illicit, illegitimate - yasa dışı unmindful : heedless, regardless, careless, inattentive - düşüncesiz unparalleled : matchless, unmatched, unequaled, unrivaled - eşsiz unpleasant : disagreeable, offensive, repulsive - hoş olmayan unreasonable : irrational, senseless, foolish, silly, preposterous - mantıksız unrefined : coarse, crude, unpolished, vulgar - işlenmemiş unrelenting : relentless, implacable, inexorable, harsh - acımasız unsettled : unstable, unsteady, shaky, unfixed - değişken, kararsız unsophisticated : simple, artless, ingenuous, naive - saf, cahil

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unstable : infirm, unsteady, precarious, inconstant - kararsız unsteady : unsettled, changeable, unstable - kararsız untie : unfasten, loose, unknot - çözmek unyielding : inflexible, firm, stanch, steadfast - bağnaz upright : erect, vertical, perpendicular, conscientious - dürüst uproar : disturbance, tumult, turbulence, commotion - şamata upset : 1. overturn - ters dönmek 2. defeat, overwhelm, embarrass - yenmek urge : force, impel, press, instigate, stimulate - zorlamak urgent : pressing, imperative, exigent - acil useful : serviceable, advantageous, profitable - kullanışlı V ineffective : empty, devoid, destitute - etkisiz, sonuçsuz vacant : empty, void, unoccupied - boş vagabond : wandering, nomadic, vagrant - avare vague : indefinite, unspecified, obscure, uncertain - müphem vain : useless, worthless, trifling, trivial - faydasız valiant : brave - cesur valid : sound, cogent, effective -geçerli vanish : disappear, end, cease, fade - kaybolmak vanity : excessive pride - kibir variable : changeable, inconstant, fickle, unsteady - değişken variety : diversity, kind, sort, species, type - tür various : diverse, varied - türlü vary : change, alter, diversify, transform, transmute - değişmek vast : extensive, immense, huge, enormous - bol velocity : speed, pace, rapidity, celerity - hız vengeance : avenging, revenge - intikam venture : hazard, danger, jeopardy, risk - tehlike verbal : oral, spoken - sözel verge : edge, rim, margin, brim, brink - sınır, kenar versatile : multi functional - çok yönlü version : translation - çeviri vertical : upright, plumb, erect, perpendicular - dikey vibrant : vibrating, shaking, oscillating - titreşimli vibrate : oscillate, shake, tremble, quiver, shiver - titremek vice : wickedness, evil - kötü vicious : immoral, depraved, corrupt, malicious - şeytani view : prospect, outlook, idea, notion - görüş vigilant : attentive, wary, alert, awake - tetikte vigorous : strong, robust, sturdy, energetic - dinç, atik villain : rascal, scoundrel - kötü kişi violation : breach, infringement, transgression - çiğneme (yasa) violence : vehemence, intensity, force - şiddet virgin : maiden, maid - bakire virtual : practical, implicit - sanal virtually : nearly - neredeyse virtue : goodness, uprightness, morality, justice -erdem virtuous : right, upright, moral, righteous, good, chaste - erdemli visible : apparent, obvious, evident, clear - görünür vision : sight, perception, discernment - görüş visionary : fanciful, imaginary, speculative, illusory - hayalperest vista : view, prospect, perspective - manzara vital : indispensable, important, critical, cardinal - önemli

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vivid : bright, brilliant, animated, spirited - canlı vocation : business, occupation, pursuit, profession - iş, meslek vogue : fashion, style, mode - moda void : useless, ineffectual, vain - boş, faydasız volume : size, measure, magnitude, mass - hacim voluntary : spontaneous, free, unforced - gönüllü vow : pledge, promise - yemin etmek voyage : cruise, sailing - seyahat etmek vulgar : coarse, mean, rude - kaba vulnerable : susceptible - meyilli, yatkın W wage : pay, salary, earnings - maaş wake : rouse, arouse - uyanmak wallow : flounder, roll - yuvarlanmak wander : ramble, rove, roam, stray - gezinmek ware : good, merchandise - mal warp : bend, deform, twist -eğriltmek wary : alert, careful, cautious - dikkatli waste : squander, dissipate, lavish - israf etmek watchful : vigilant, alert, observant, attentive - dikkatli wave : undulate, fluctuate - dalgalanmak weak : fragile, frail, delicate, feeble - zayıf, güçsüz weaken : deplete, diminish, lessen - zayıflatmak weakness : flaw, defect, fault - zayıflık, kusur wealth : abundance, profusion - varlık wear out : exhaust - yıpranmak wearisome : tiresome, boring, tedious, irksome - yorucu weary : exhausted, tired, wearied, fatigued - bitkin weave : intertwine, twist, curl, meander - dokumak weigh : consider, ponder, contemplate - düşünmek welfare : prosperity - refah wet : drenched, dampened, moistened, moist - ıslak, nemli whim : caprice, whimsy - kapris whip : lash, beat, flog, thrash - kırbaçlamak whirl : spin, rotate, revolve, wheel - dönmek wholesale : extensive, indiscriminate - toptan satış wholesome : healthful, healthy, salutary - sağlıklı wicked : evil, immoral, impious, profane - lanetli widespread : extensive, prevalent, sweeping - yaygın wild : untamed, undomesticated - vahşi wily : shrewd, cunning, crafty - kurnaz win : obtain, gain, procure, secure - kazanmak wise : judicious, sensible, rational - bilge withdraw : retire, retreat, secede - çekmek wither : fade, decay, decline - solmak, sönmek withhold : reserve, retain, hold back - saklamak witness : sb that sees a occurrence - şahit witty : amusing, clever, comic - şakacı woe : distress, affliction, sorrow, grief - keder wonder : surprise, astonishment, amazement, awe - merak wonderful : remarkable, awesome, astonishing - muhteşem workmanship : handicraft, handiwork - işçilik worry : torment, annoy, disturb - endişelenmek worship : revere, respect, venerate, adore - tapmak

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worthy : worthwhile, deserving - layık wound : injure, hurt - yara wrap : cover, envelop, muffle - sarmak, kaplamak wrath : anger, ire, rage, resentment, indignation - gazap wreck : destroy, devastate, ruin, shatter - yıkmak wretched : miserable, pitiable, dejected, distressed - zavallı Y yawn : gape - esnemek yearn : crave, desire, want - arzulamak yearning : longing, craving, desire - arzulayış yield : 1. produce, bear - üretmek 2. surrender, submit, concede - teslim olmak

Z zeal : passion, enthusiasm, ardor, zealousness - tutku zealous : ardent, enthusiastic, eager, earnest - tutkulu zenith : apex, peak, tip - zirve zest : gusto, heartiness, eagerness - çeşni, zevk

zone : area, area, region, district, section - bölge