High Rise Structures (1)

7/25/2019 High Rise Structures (1)

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HIGH RISE STRUCTURES


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Buildings between 75 feet and491 feet (23 m to 150 m) high

are considered high-risesBuildings taller than 492 feet(150 m) are classi!ed as

s"#scra$ers%he materials used for thestructural s#stem of high-risebuildings are reinforcedconcrete and steel%he structures are high & lead

to higher 'ertical loads and

higher lateral loads (mainl# due


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LOADS ON THE HIGHRISE

STRUCTURESVertical Loads

Horizontal Loads

Unexpected Defectionsind Loads

Eart!"#a$e Loads


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*%+,. ./ead loads arise from the weight to

the indi'idual construction elementsand the !nishing loads

.i'e loads de$end on the number of

stories

/*+/%. ./+t generall# arises from une$ected

de6ections wind and earth8ua"eloads

,alculation of lateral loads should becarefull scrutinied


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>ind tunnel e$eriments are used to seethe in6uence of the buildings sha$e onthe wind load

%he abilit# of wind loads to bring abuilding to swa# must also be "e$t inmind %his oscillation leads both to a

$erce$tible lateral acceleration foroccu$ants and to a maimum lateralde6ection*%?:@

+t tra'el through roc" and $ro'ide aneAecti'e wa# to image both sourcesand structures dee$ within the arth


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%D..-=*F %*:,%:*

=*F %:B %*:,%:*

% %*: %:B

%:B + %:B /* :.. ,/* %*:,%:*B:. %:B %*:,%:*

,/* /:%*+EE* D%F

DB*+ %*:,%:*
http://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/flat-slab/1455/http://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/flat-slab/1455/


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,ore structure s#stem

.ateral and gra'it# laodare su$$orted b# core

liminates columns andbracing elements


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B*, =*FBraced frames are

cantile'ered 'erticaltrusses resistinglaterals loads $rimaril#through the aialstiAness of the framemembers

ble to $roduce a

laterall# 'er# stiAstructure for aminimum of additionalmaterial ma"es it an

economical structural


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B*, =*F %*:,%:*D%F

braced frame is astructural s#stem whichis designed $rimaril# toresist windandearth8ua"eforcesFembers in a bracedframe are designed towor" in tensionand

com$ression similar to atruss Braced frames arealmost alwa#s com$osedof steel members
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind


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%D


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%EEirders onl# $artici$ate minimall# in the

lateral bracing action-=loor framingdesign is inde$endent of its le'el in thestructure,an be re$etiti'e u$ the height of the

building with ob'ious econom# in designand fabrication

+%E/bstruct the internal $lanning and thelocations of the windows and doorsH forthis reason braced bent are usuall#

incor$orated internall# along wall and


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%ube in tube s#etem%his 'ariation of theframed tube consists ofan outer frame tube the

IullJ togetherwith an internal ele'atorand ser'ice core

%he ull and core actKointl# in resisting bothgra'it# and lateralloading

%he outer framed tubeand the inner coreinteract horiontall# asthe shear and 6eural

com$onents of a wall-frame structure with thebene!t of increasedlateral stiAness

%he structural tubeusuall# ado$ts a highl#

dominant role becauseof its much reater


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*+E+ =*F %*:,%:*

,onsist of columns and girders Koinedb# moment resistant connections

+deall# suited for reinforced concretebuildings because of the inherent

rigidit# of reinforced concrete Kointslso used for steel frame buildingsbut moment-resistant connections insteel tend to be costl#

*igid frame of a t#$ical scale thatser'e alone to resist lateral loadingha'e an economic height limit of

about 25 stories


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%E +%E

Fa# be $lace in or around the core on theeterior or throughout the interior of thebuilding with minimal constraint on the

$lanning module

%he frame ma# be architecturall# e$osedto e$ress the grid li"e nature of the

structure/nl# suitable for building u$ to 20 L30

storiesonl#H member $ro$ortions andmaterials cost become unreasonable for

building higher than that


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* >.. D%F t#$e of rigid frame construction

%he shear wall is in steel or concrete to

$ro'ide greater lateral rigidit#

+t is a wall where the entire material of th

wall is em$lo#ed in the resistance of both

horiontal and 'ertical loads

+s com$osed of braced $anels (or shear

$anels) to counter the eAects of lateral

load acting on a structure


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>ind & earth8ua"e loads are the most

common among the loads=or s"#scra$ers as the sie of the

structure increases so does the sie of

the su$$orting wall hear walls tendto be used onl# in conKunction with

other su$$ort s#stems

>all thic"ness 'aries from 140 mm to500 mm


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shear walls that ma"e u$ the core of the building (housingele'ators stairwells and mechanical e8ui$ment rooms)while the outer ItubeJ is formed b# the eterior columns

s$aced e'er# M feet around the $erimeter of the building


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(steel $late shearwall)

result in alesser building weight incom$arison tobuildings that useconcrete shear walls

stud# $erformed for %he,entur# $roKect indicatedthat the total weight ofthe building as designedusing was

a$$roimatel# 1NO lessthan that of the buildingdesigned using aconcrete shear wall cores#stem which results ina reduction of foundationloads due to gra'it# and


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B:. %:B %*:,%:* bundled tube t#$icall# consists of a number

of indi'idual tubes interconnected to form amulticell tube in which the frames in thelateral load direction resist the shears whilethe 6ange frames carr# most of the o'erturning

moments.

uch buildings ha'e interior columns along

the $erimeters of the tubes when the# fallwithin the building en'elo$e

%he cells or the tubes can be arranged in a

'ariet# of wa#s to create diAerent massing

%he sha$e of each tube itself can be changedto an# other closed clustered sha$e.


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+%E

uPcient lateral stiAness

Building acts as a uni!ed s#stem of stiAenedtubes

estheticall# a$$ealing %he interaction between the indi'idual tubes

and the belt trusses at mechanical le'elsallows the building to attain its etremeheight

%hese trusses ta"e the gra'it# loads fromabo'e and redistribute them e'enl# onto the

tubes below

%E

+nterior $lanning limitations due to the bundled

tube con!guration.


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%he >illis %ower in ,hicago used this design

em$lo#ing nine tubes of 'ar#ing height toachie'e its distinct a$$earance +t consists ofeterior framed tube stiAened b# interiorframes to reduce the eAect of shear lag in theeterior columns

o interior columns 110 stories 14M9Q-0R in height

%allest building until 199M ach structural tube S 75Q-0R 75Q-0R ,om$leted in 1974

HE WILLIS OWER

DE AILS OF WILLIS OWER


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/:%*+EE* %*:D%F

Besides acting as astrong stiAeningmember for thelower $ortion of the

building structurethe outrigger andthe belt truss ser'ealso to su$$ort thedistributed loads

from the secondar#columns that$laced abo'e thebelt truss


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%he outrigger and belt truss s#stem is one of thelateral loads resisting s#stem in which theeternal columns are tied to the central core wall

with 'er# stiA outriggers and belt truss at one ormore le'els

belt truss tied the $eri$heral column of buildingwhile the outriggers engage them with main or

central shear wall %he aim of this method is toreduce obstructed s$ace com$ared to thecon'entional method %he 6oor s$ace is usuall#free of columns and is between the core and theeternal columns thus increasing the functional

ePcienc# of the building


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T!e Use O% O#tri&&ers In Hi&!'rise (#ildin&s ToControl T!e *orces

%he incor$oration of an outrigger which

connects the two elements together $ro'idesa stiAer com$onent which act together toresist the o'erturning forces

>hen an outrigger-braced building de6ects

under wind or seismic load the outriggerwhich connects to the core wall and theeterior columns ma"es the whole s#stem toact as a unit in resisting the lateral load

E+ >/*. =+,+.


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E+ >/*. =+,+.,%*

.ocated in shanghai chinaeight L 4N0 meters

Building materials- concrete steel

laminated glass


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%*:,%:*. D%F%hree $arallel and interacting structural

s#stems were used in the design in order toresist forces from t#$hoon winds and earth8ua"es

1 =irst was the mega structure which

consisted of the maKor structural columnthe maKor diagonals and the belt truss

2 %he second was the concrete shear walls ofthe ser'ice core

3 %he last structural s#stem wa theinteraction between the concrete walls ofthe ser'ice core and the mega column( created b# the outrigger trusses)


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=/:%+/


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=/:%+/


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%he columns of the mega structure are ofmied structural steel and reinforced concrete

+n the lower reaches of the building the

com$osite columns are of im$ressi'e sie *einforcing steel must necessaril# be 50mm india the largest sie a'ailable and bundledinto sets of four bars


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+ILE *OUNDATION

.,%+/ /= aterborne o$erations and trans$ortation limitations ma#dictate use of shorter $ile sections

due to $ile handling restrictions

5 tee$ terrain ma# ma"e the use of certain $ile e8ui$mentcostl# or im$ossible


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COLU,N COVERINGS


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,ETAL DEC-ING


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,ETAL DEC-ING


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DIAGRID S.STE,


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DIAGRID S.STE,

%he diagrids#stem is asteel frame

design withdiagonal gridwhich creates

triangularstructure withthe horiontalsu$$ort rings

%h di id t b ith


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%he diagrid s#stem can be with orwithout a core s#stem

%he core is made of *, and acts asa cantile'er while the diagrids#stem resists shear action

%ogether these two s#stems ma"e the

building stiA

Desi&n /e/0ers


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Desi&n /e/0ers

%he mainmembers indiagrid s#stem

are cornercolumns the$erimetergirders & tiebeams

+f there is nocore tie beams

are not needed

%he cornercolumns ta"e allthe load from

intermediatecolumns

%he $erimeter

grid com$rises ofring structurewhich isconnected at

nodes

Node desi&n


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Node desi&n

:nder 'ertical load

:nder horiontal shear

,od#les


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,od#les

(ene1ts o% #sin& dia&rid s2st


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(ene1ts o% #sin& dia&rid s2st%he maKor bene!t of this s#stem is that there is column

free interior s$ace throughout the 6oor

*oughl# it sa'es u$to 15th of the steel used forconstruction

%he techni8ue is sim$le for construction

as# and ePcient distribution of load in the structure

=ree clear and uni8ue 6oor $lans are $ossible +t is aestheticall# dominant and e$ressi'e

conomical for stories u$to 50-70

%he redundanc# can transfer load from a failed $ortion

to the other

High Rise Structures (1)

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