High gradient test results from X-BOX1
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High gradient test results from X-BOX1
Ben WoolleyWilfrid Farabolini
MevArc, ChamonixNovember 2013
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RF Processing of CLIC Structures• High accelerating gradient 100MV/m
200-300MV/m surface fields.
• Long conditioning period needed >2000hrs to reduce breakdown rate toward 3x10-7 for CLIC.
• The established method: – Start with short pulse length (50ns).– Ramp to nominal power(100MV/m,
~42MW) keeping BDR~10-5.– Increase pulse length by 50ns, drop
gradient by ~10% and repeat.
A. Grudiev, W. Wuensch, CERN
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Gallery
Bunker
Clockwise from top-left:• Modulator/klystron
(50MW, 1.5us pulse)• Pulse compressor
(250ns, ratio 2.8)• DUT + connections• Acc. structure (TD26CC)
Xbox-1 Layout
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System Layout and diagnostics
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Accelerating Structure Diagnostics
CLIC Accelerating StructureRF Hybrid
RF Load RF Load
RF Load
Asymmetric Reflection
Incident power
Reflected Power
Transmitted Power
Ion gauge readout
Ion gauge readout
50 dB directional coupler
Upstream Faraday cup signal
Downstream Faraday cup signal
RF Power From Klystron
WR90 Waveguide
Input coupler Output coupler
Beam-pipe Beam-pipe
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Accelerating Structure DiagnosticsFaraday CupDirectional coupler Ion Gauge
Structure output couplers
RF Load
Structure input couplers
Temperature probe
RF hybrid splitter(behind metal support)
Ion Pump
Vacuum valveIon Gauge
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Operator display
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BD Detection: Normal Pulse
• Transmitted pulse follows the incident pulse but with ~4dB of attenuation.
• Reflected signal is ~20dB lower than incident pulse.
• Only a few mV seen on the faraday cups. DC2-Upstream sees 1/10 of the signal compared to downstream.
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 30000
10
20
30
40
Slow RF Power signals
Time [ns]
Pow
er [M
W]
INTRA rescaledREF
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500-15
-10
-5
0
5x 10
-3 Slow FC signals
Time [ns]
FC v
olta
ge [V
/50o
hm]
DC1DC2
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BD Detection: Breakdown• Transmitted pulse drops as the
arc is established.• Reflected power increases to
the same order as the incident pulse.
• Faraday cup voltages are saturated: 100-1000x increase in charge emitted.
• We can use the difference in time between the transmitted power falling and the reflected power increasing to find the BD cell location.
• The phase of the reflected signal is used to pinpoint cell location.
Wilfrid Farabolini
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Breakdown: Steps taken
• We stop the next pulse from occurring and wait 2 seconds to let the vacuum level recover.
• All the signals are logged to file for later analysis.
• Over 20-30 seconds we ramp the power from zero back to the power set-point.
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Cavity Conditioning Algorithm
• Automatically controls incident power to structure.
• Short term: +10kW steps every 6 min and -10kW per BD event.
• Long Term: Measures BDR (1MPulse moving avg.) and will stop power increase if BDR too high.
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Results: TD26CC
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#785
~200 ns
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Wilfrid Farabolini
Results: TD26CC BD Location
Corrupted files and no powered periods have been removed from the record
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Wilfrid Farabolini
Results: TD24R05 BD Location
Cells nb.Records nb.
Hot cells (5 and 6) have appeared from record #50The very high peak values are an artifact of the normalization (if only 2 BDs during a record these cells will result very active)
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Wilfrid Farabolini
Initial Phase Measurements• We expect to see reflected
phase grouped into 3 bins separated by 120°. Need more data to reaffirm this.
• Accurate reflected phase measurement should take into account the incident phase fluctuation.
• About 25% of BDs see a drift in position:
– REF pulse is split in 2 parts that shows 2 different phases
– Phase drifts about 240o from raising edge to peak REF (1st and 2nd REF pulses).
– The drift is always negative BD arc is moving towards the input.
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Results: TD26CC UP-TIME
Uptime~75%
Re-Calibration of signal paths>1week
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Results: TD26CC UP-TIME
Klystron gun arcs cause high vacuum for 20-50hrs
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Xbox-1: Future Developments
• Try to solve the issue with the klystron arcs.
• Continue to develop phase measurement analysis.– Increase accuracy.– BD cell locations.– BD drifts.
• Dynamic range on DC measurements to be increased along with faster sampling. (Use logarithmic amplifier or split signal in two with low and high dynamic ranges respectively.)
• Soon to have installation of dark current energy spectrometer Should give better indication of the energies involved in accelerating electrons and ions during a BD.
• Quicker/better method of calibration to be devised (less downtime).
19
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Thank you for your attention!
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Extra Slides
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Summary• Phase signals are opening a very interesting new field of investigations • Still some improvements in signal acquisition to be performed• Many BDs show REF phase drifts (more or less by steps of 120o and 240o):
BD#: 1-2-5-7-13-15-17-20-34-35• These BDs are mainly associated to location drift from BD ignition to BD
extinction• Some stable location BDs are mainly associate with no RF drifts, BD#: 8-9-
18-26• When REF phase drifts it is always decreasing • INC phase is also affected after a BD, this effect is to be subtracted from
the measured REF phase• New BD diagnostics would help in BD evolution understanding (optical or
RF plasma probes)
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Future LLRF Generation and Acquisition for X-band test stands
IF2.4 GHz Oscillator
9.6GHz BPF
Amp
Vector Modulator
RFout
LOin LOout
12GHz vector modulated
signal to DUT
2.9 GHz Oscillator
X4 freq.
RF
LO
LOIF RF
12 GHz BPF
12 GHz BPF
12GHz CW reference
signal
2.4GHz vector modulated
signal
2.4GHz CW reference signal
11.6 GHz BPF
X4 freq.
LO
IF
RF Input 1
400 MHzLPFs
LO
IF
RF Input 2
LO
IF
RF Input 3
LO
IF
RF_Referance12GHz CW reference
signal
3dB hybrid
AmpIF Amps
Oscillators should be phase locked
1.6 GSPS
12-bit ADCs
Digital IQ demodulation