High-Energy-Density Experiments at MEC/LCLS filerelevant to astrophysical objects, including white...
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High-Energy-Density Experiments at MEC/LCLS Introduction Conclusions Acknowledgments The Matter in Extreme Condition (MEC) end station at the Linear Coherent Light Source (LCLS) provides unique experimental opportunities to study matter under the high-energy-density regime. The high-power optical lasers at MEC can heat or shock-compress material into warm dense matter (WDM) states, and the ultrafast ultra-bright X-ray from LCLS then allows us to dynamically probe the WDM system. These techniques can have important applications in laboratory astrophysics, including studies of giant planets and white dwarfs. Isochorically Heated Hydrogen Shock-Compressed Aluminum The long-pulse optical (527 nm) laser at MEC is able to deliver high power (~10 13 W/cm 2 ) shots with duration of tens of nanoseconds and focus diameter of 100-500 μm. The laser shot quickly heats up the plastic ablator on the surface of the target, which then launches a shock inside the target. In our experiment, two 4.5 J beams are used to produce two counter-propagating shocks in the sample, reaching a peak pressure of 5 Mbar (500 GPa) when the shocks collide. XRD data (Fig. 4) clearly shows the compression and melting of aluminum under shock. Fitting of XRTS data provides the electron temperature. The results have been published in L. B. Fletcher et al., Nature Photonics 9, 274-279 (2015). Energy Energy HAPG HAPG Cryostat (H 2 /D 2 - 17K) 5 μm diameter H 2 /D 2 jet 150 mJ, 400 nm (2ω), 70 fs. 5Hz CSPAD θ=10 0 5.5 keV x-ray (5 μm focus) 150 mJ focusing on microjet To Si-transmission spectrometer PI-CCD PI-CCD 5 μm diameter XRD Forward XRTS Backward XRTS Fig. 2: Experimental setup for isochoric heating of cryogenic hydrogen. 130˚ 13˚ 8 keV LCLS beam 527 nm 10 13 W cm -2 527 nm 10 13 W cm -2 Wavenumber resolved scattering Debye-Scherrer rings High-repetition rate target exchange Plasmon scattering Incident seeded beam Back- scattering Scattering spectra k S k 0 k 2 Fig. 3: Experimental setup for shock-compression study of warm dense aluminum. Linac Coherent Light Source at SLAC X-FEL based on last 1-km of existing 3-km linac Injector (35 º ) at 2 - km point Existing 1/3 Linac (1 km) (with modifications) Near Experiment Hall Far Experiment Hall Undulator (130 m) 1.5 - 15 Å (14 - 4.3 GeV) X - ray Transport Line (200 m) The short-pulse optical laser at MEC can operate at 400nm wavelength, with 150 mJ energy per shot at 5 Hz rate. Each shot heats the cryogenic hydrogen isochorically to temperatures of several eV (~10 4 K) within tens of femtoseconds (10 -15 s), driving the hydrogen into the WDM regime (see Fig. 1). Ultrafast X-ray pulses from LCLS are then used to probe the WDM system. Several diagnostics, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and forward/backward X-ray Thomson scattering (XRTS), provide information on the structure of the system and the electron/ion temperatures. By adjusting the time delay between the optical pump and the X-ray probe, we can observe the time-evolution of the properties of the system with picosecond (10 -12 s) resolution. 40 80 120 Experimental data W(k) Experimental data Yukawa + SRR (ρ=2.32ρ 0 ) Yukawa (ρ=2.32ρ 0 ) Solid density aluminum Yukawa + SRR (ρ=1.90ρ 0 ) Yukawa (ρ=1.90ρ 0 ) 0 0 3x10 3 2x10 3 1x10 3 40 80 120 0 k=3.65A -1 k=3.40A -1 (111) (200) (220) 0 0 Experimental data Experimental data Yukawa + SRR (ρ=1.38ρ 0 ) k=3.07A -1 0 solid-liquid compressed solid liquid S(k) Yukawa (ρ=1.38ρ 0 ) 40 80 120 0 40 80 120 0 liquid S(k) ambient solid DFT-MD DFT-MD Wavenumber (A -1 ) 0 1 2 3 4 5 20 30 40 50 60 70 Angle (2θ) DFT-MD ρ (111) =1.21ρ 0 ρ (111) =1.38ρ 0 t = 0 ns I = 35 TW/cm 2 t = 1.9 ns I = 35 TW/cm 2 t = 1.6 ns I = 32 TW/cm 2 t = 1.2 ns I = 16 TW/cm 2 t = 0.6 ns These works were performed at the MEC instrument of LCLS, under DOE Office of Science, Fusion Energy Science contract No. SF00515. Additional support was from LLNL under contract DE-AC52-07NA27344 and supported by LDRD grant 11-ER-050, and at NLUF Grants DE-FG52-07 NA28057 and DE-DE-FG52-09 NA29035, from FES - FWP 100182, and from DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division, under contract DE-AC02-76SF00515. The MEC instrument at LCLS makes it possible to produce and dynamically measure high-temperature, high-temperature systems, including those under the WDM regime. Such systems are highly relevant to astrophysical objects, including white dwarfs and giant plants, and the challenging nature of current theoretical approaches makes experimental data vital for our understanding of the universe. Fig. 4: XRD data for shock- compressed aluminum. From bottom to up, a clear shifting of the (111) peak to larger angles is observed, suggesting compression of the unit cell. In the middle graph, a broad ion-ion correlation feature appears below the (111) peak, suggesting the coexistence of melted and crystalline Al. At even higher pressures (top two panels), the peak disappears, and the ion-ion correlation feature shifts to larger angles. The experimental data shows excellent agreement with DFT-MD simulations. The melted system can also be described by Yukawa screening plus short-range repulsion (SRR), but not Yukawa alone. Hence our experimental data can be used to confirm/refute theoretical models for WDM systems. P. Sun 1,13 , L. B. Fletcher 1,3 , H. J. Lee 2 , T. Döppner 4 , E. Galtier 2 , B. Nagler 2 , E. J. Gamboa 1 , P. Heimann 2 , E. E. McBride 1,14 , M. Gauthier 1 , M. Mo 1 , M. MacDonald 1,16 , C. B. Curry 1,17 , A. Levitan 1 , S. Göde 1,14 , J. Kim 1 , C. Rödel 1 , R. Mishra 1 , C. Fortmann 5 , S. LePape 4 , T. Ma 4 , M. A. Millot 3,4 , A. Pak 4 , W. Schumaker 1 , D. Turnbull 4 , D. A. Chapman 6,7 , D. O. Gericke 6 , J. Vorberger 8 , T. White 9 , G. Gregori 9 , M. Wei 10 , B. Barbrel 3 , A. Ravasio 15 , Z. Chen 1,17 , E. Granados 2 , A. Fry 2 , A. Pelka 18 , D. Kraus 3,18 , R. W. Falcone 3 , C.-C. Kao 2 , H. Nuhn 2 , J. Welch 2 , U. Zastrau 2,11 , P. Neumayer 12 , J. B. Hastings 2 , and S. H. Glenzer 1 1. High Energy Density Science Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA 2. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA 3. University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA 4. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA 5. QuantumWise A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark 6. Atomic Weapons Establishment, Berkshire, UK 7. University of Warwick, Coventry, UK 8. Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany 9. University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 10. General Atomics, San Diego, CA, USA 11. Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany 12. GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany 13. Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA 14. European XFEL GmbH, Schenefeld, Germany 15. Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, Palaiseau Cedex, France 16. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 17. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada 18. Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany logT (K) log ρ (g/cm 3 ) -2 -1 0 1 3 4 Γ=178 Γ=1 Hugoniot H 2 H + Jupiter isentrope ε F =kT H 5 e+p Gliese-229b 0.3M O . Fig. 1: Phase diagram of hydrogen. D. Saumon et al., ApJS 99, 713 (1995).
Transcript of High-Energy-Density Experiments at MEC/LCLS filerelevant to astrophysical objects, including white...
High-Energy-Density Experiments at MEC/LCLS
Introduction
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
The Matter in Extreme Condition (MEC) end station at the Linear Coherent Light Source (LCLS) provides unique experimental opportunities to study matter under the high-energy-density regime. The high-power optical lasers at MEC can heat or shock-compress material into warm dense matter (WDM) states, and the ultrafast ultra-bright X-ray from LCLS then allows us to dynamically probe the WDM system. These techniques can have important applications in laboratory astrophysics, including studies of giant planets and white dwarfs.
Isochorically Heated Hydrogen
Shock-Compressed Aluminum The long-pulse optical (527 nm) laser at MEC is able to deliver high power (~1013 W/cm2) shots with duration of tens of nanoseconds and focus diameter of 100-500 µm. The laser shot quickly heats up the plastic ablator on the surface of the target, which then launches a shock inside the target. In our experiment, two 4.5 J beams are used to produce two counter-propagating shocks in the sample, reaching a peak pressure of 5 Mbar (500 GPa) when the shocks collide.
XRD data (Fig. 4) clearly shows the compression and melting of aluminum under shock. Fitting of XRTS data provides the electron temperature. The results have been published in L. B. Fletcher et al., Nature Photonics 9, 274-279 (2015).
Energy Energy
HAPG HAPG
Cryostat (H2/D2 - 17K)
5 µm diameter H2/D2 jet
150 mJ, 400 nm (2ω), 70 fs. 5Hz
CSPAD
θ=100
5.5 keV x-ray (5 µm focus)
150 mJ focusing on microjet
To Si-transmission spectrometer
PI-CCD
PI-CCD
5 µm diameter
XRD
Forward XRTSBackward XRTSFig. 2: Experimental setup for isochoric heating of cryogenic hydrogen.
130˚
13˚
8 keV LCLS beam
527 nm 1013 W cm-2
527 nm 1013 W cm-2
Wavenumber resolved scattering Debye-Scherrer rings
High-repetition rate target exchange
Plasmon scattering
Incident seeded beam
Back- scattering
Scattering spectra
k S
k 0 k
2
Solid Aluminum Melting phase Warm Dense Matter
Fig. 3: Experimental setup for shock-compression study of warm dense aluminum.
Linac Coherent Light Source at SLACX-FEL based on last 1-km of existing 3-km linac
Injector (35º)at 2-km point
Existing 1/3 Linac (1 km)(with modifications)
Near Experiment Hall
Far ExperimentHall
Undulator (130 m)
1.5-15 Å(14-4.3 GeV)
X-ray Transport Line (200 m)
The short-pulse optical laser at MEC can operate at 400nm wavelength, with 150 mJ energy per shot at 5 Hz rate. Each shot heats the cryogenic hydrogen isochorically to temperatures of several eV (~104
K) within tens of femtoseconds (10-15 s), driving the hydrogen into the WDM regime (see Fig. 1).
Ultrafast X-ray pulses from LCLS are then used to probe the WDM system. Several diagnostics, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and forward/backward X-ray Thomson scattering (XRTS), provide information on the structure of the system and the electron/ion temperatures.
By adjusting the time delay between the optical pump and the X-ray probe, we can observe the time-evolution of the properties of the system with picosecond (10-12 s) resolution.
40
80
120
Experimental data
W(k
)
Experimental data
Yukawa + SRR (ρ=2.32ρ0)
Yukawa (ρ=2.32ρ0)
Solid density aluminum
Yukawa + SRR (ρ=1.90ρ0)
Yukawa (ρ=1.90ρ0)
0
0
3x103
2x103
1x103
40
80
120
0
k=3.65A-1
k=3.40A-1
(111)
(200)
(220)
0
0
Experimental data
Experimental data
Yukawa + SRR (ρ=1.38ρ
0)
k=3.07A-10
solid-liquid
compressed solid
liquid S(k)
Yukawa (ρ=1.38ρ0)
40
80
120
0
40
80
120
0
liquid S(k)
ambient solid
DFT-MD
DFT-MD
Wavenumber (A-1)0
1 2 3 4 5
20 30 40 50 60 70Angle (2θ)
DFT-MD
ρ(111)
=1.21ρ0
ρ(111)
=1.38ρ0
t = 0 ns
I = 35 TW/cm2 t = 1.9 ns
I = 35 TW/cm2 t = 1.6 ns
I = 32 TW/cm2 t = 1.2 ns
I = 16 TW/cm2 t = 0.6 ns
These works were performed at the MEC instrument of LCLS, under DOE Office of Science, Fusion Energy Science contract No. SF00515. Additional support was from LLNL under contract DE-AC52-07NA27344 and supported by LDRD grant 11-ER-050, and at NLUF Grants DE-FG52-07 NA28057 and DE-DE-FG52-09 NA29035, from FES - FWP 100182, and from DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division, under contract DE-AC02-76SF00515.
The MEC instrument at LCLS makes it possible to produce and dynamically measure high-temperature, high-temperature systems, including those under the WDM regime. Such systems are highly relevant to astrophysical objects, including white dwarfs and giant plants, and the challenging nature of current theoretical approaches makes experimental data vital for our understanding of the universe.
Fig. 4: XRD data for shock-compressed aluminum. From bottom to up, a clear shifting of the (111) peak to larger angles is observed, suggesting compression of the unit cell. In the middle graph, a broad ion-ion correlation feature appears below the (111) peak, suggesting the coexistence of melted and crystalline Al. At even higher pressures (top two panels), the peak disappears, and the ion-ion correlation feature shifts to larger angles. The experimental data shows excellent agreement with DFT-MD simulations. The melted system can also be described by Yukawa screening plus short-range repulsion (SRR), but not Yukawa alone. Hence our experimental data can be used to confirm/refute theoretical models for WDM systems.
P. Sun1,13, L. B. Fletcher1,3, H. J. Lee2, T. Döppner4, E. Galtier2, B. Nagler2, E. J. Gamboa1, P. Heimann2, E. E. McBride1,14, M. Gauthier1, M. Mo1, M. MacDonald1,16, C. B. Curry1,17, A. Levitan1, S. Göde1,14, J. Kim1, C. Rödel1, R. Mishra1, C. Fortmann5, S. LePape4, T. Ma4, M. A. Millot3,4, A. Pak4, W. Schumaker1, D. Turnbull4, D. A. Chapman6,7, D. O. Gericke6, J. Vorberger8, T. White9, G. Gregori9, M. Wei10, B. Barbrel3, A. Ravasio15, Z. Chen1,17, E. Granados2, A. Fry2, A. Pelka18, D. Kraus3,18, R. W. Falcone3, C.-C. Kao2, H. Nuhn2, J. Welch2, U. Zastrau2,11, P. Neumayer12, J. B. Hastings2, and S. H. Glenzer1
1. High Energy Density Science Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA 2. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA 3. University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA 4. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA 5. QuantumWise A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark 6. Atomic Weapons Establishment, Berkshire, UK 7. University of Warwick, Coventry, UK 8. Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany 9. University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 10. General Atomics, San Diego, CA, USA 11. Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany 12. GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany 13. Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA 14. European XFEL GmbH, Schenefeld, Germany 15. Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, Palaiseau Cedex, France 16. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 17. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada 18. Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
logT
(K)
log ρ (g/cm3)-2 -1 0 1
3
4
Γ=178
Γ=1 Hugoniot
H2
H+
Jupit
er ise
ntrop
e
εF=kT
H
5 e+p
Gliese
-229b
0.3MO.
Fig. 1: Phase diagram of hydrogen. D. Saumon et al., ApJS 99, 713 (1995).
