High Energy Accelerators Dennis Silverman Physics and Astronomy U. C. Irvine.
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Transcript of High Energy Accelerators Dennis Silverman Physics and Astronomy U. C. Irvine.
High Energy AcceleratorsHigh Energy Accelerators
Dennis SilvermanDennis SilvermanPhysics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy
U. C. IrvineU. C. Irvine
SLAC B Meson FactorySLAC B Meson Factory Neutral BNeutral B00 mesons are composed of a u quark and a mesons are composed of a u quark and a
b antiquark.b antiquark. They live long enough to go some distance in the They live long enough to go some distance in the
detector, called BaBar.detector, called BaBar. They oscillate to their anti- BThey oscillate to their anti- B00 through annihilating through annihilating
to a Wto a W++ and W and W-- pair. pair. In this oscillation there is a discrepancy between In this oscillation there is a discrepancy between
particle and antiparticle rates.particle and antiparticle rates. This allows us to learn about such a discrepancy This allows us to learn about such a discrepancy
that allowed the universe to remain one part in a that allowed the universe to remain one part in a billion matter after matter and antimatter billion matter after matter and antimatter annihilated in the big bang.annihilated in the big bang.
A similar B factory called Belle is producing similar A similar B factory called Belle is producing similar results in Japan.results in Japan.
B – Anti-B pairs formed by e+ B – Anti-B pairs formed by e+ e-e-
AnnihilationAnnihilationB – anti-B pair created through virtual B – anti-B pair created through virtual
photonphoton e-
e+
b->anti-B
anti-b-> B
virtual photon
SLAC Accelerator – PEP SLAC Accelerator – PEP ringsrings
BaBar DetectorBaBar Detector
Typical collider detector Typical collider detector elementselements
Fermilab TevatronFermilab Tevatron Rings allow collisions of protons and anti-protons Rings allow collisions of protons and anti-protons
in their center of mass, each of 1TeV energy.in their center of mass, each of 1TeV energy. Included quarks and anti-quarks colliding at a Included quarks and anti-quarks colliding at a
typical 1/3 of a TeV each.typical 1/3 of a TeV each.
proton
Anti-proton
CDF (and D0) DetectorsCDF (and D0) Detectors
LHC at CERNLHC at CERN Large Hadron Collider at CERN GenevaLarge Hadron Collider at CERN Geneva 7 TeV protons on 7 TeV protons in their 7 TeV protons on 7 TeV protons in their
center of mass, 27 km long ring tunnelcenter of mass, 27 km long ring tunnel Cost of $2.5 billion to international Cost of $2.5 billion to international
collaboration, U.S. about $0.5 billion share, collaboration, U.S. about $0.5 billion share, including much manpowerincluding much manpower
Atlas and CMS detectorsAtlas and CMS detectors Capable of producing Higgs and SUSY Capable of producing Higgs and SUSY
particlesparticles Starting in 2007Starting in 2007
LHC Ring LayoutLHC Ring Layout
LHC Tunnel and AcceleratorLHC Tunnel and Accelerator
Cross Section of Two Beam Cross Section of Two Beam PathPath
Magnets Magnets
Atlas Detector – Five Stories Atlas Detector – Five Stories TallTall
Neutrino DetectorsNeutrino Detectors Large water detectorsLarge water detectors Charged particles produce Cherenkov light Charged particles produce Cherenkov light
conescones Detect atmospheric produced neutrinos from Detect atmospheric produced neutrinos from
cosmic rays, and their oscillationscosmic rays, and their oscillations Detect solar neutrinos and their oscillationsDetect solar neutrinos and their oscillations Detect supernova produced neutrinosDetect supernova produced neutrinos Search for proton decaySearch for proton decay Talk in the Fall from Hank SobelTalk in the Fall from Hank Sobel
Super-K (Kamiokande)Super-K (Kamiokande)
Super-KSuper-K 11,000 20 inch phototubes11,000 20 inch phototubes 50 kilotons of purified water50 kilotons of purified water In a deep mine In a deep mine Dimensions: 40 m diameter, 40 m Dimensions: 40 m diameter, 40 m
highhigh
New Phototube layoutNew Phototube layout
SNO (Sudbury Neutrino SNO (Sudbury Neutrino Detector)Detector)
1 kiloton of Canadian 1 kiloton of Canadian heavy water D20heavy water D20 7 kilotons of normal7 kilotons of normalwater surroundingwater surrounding 18 m sphere 18 m sphere surroundingsurrounding 10,000 phototubes10,000 phototubes