High Definition in the Archive Domain
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Transcript of High Definition in the Archive Domain
May 5, 2010High Definition in the Archive Domain
Joint Technical Symposium - 2010
Introduction – HDTV some key points
01
HD in the Archive Domain | May 5, 2010 3
A quick comparison HD/SD
Offer better and more attractive programmes to the viewer. It is done through:
A better picture resolution allowing a new viewing distance (3H versus 6H)
A better sound quality : 5.1 versus mono or stereo
A 16/9 aspect ratio wide screen versus 4/3
More scanning modes: Progressive or interleaved versus interleaved.
720 pixels per line576 Active lines( from 200 000
to 400 000 pixels)
1280 or 1920 pixels per line
720 or 1080 active lines
( from 900 000 to 2 000 000 pixels)
Image definition
Image definition
AudioAudio Mono or Stereo
Sound 5.1Digital Dolby
6 tracks
Scanning Scanning
Interleaved(i)
50 or 60 Hz
Interleaved ( i)
Progressive (p)
Progressive Segmented Frame (PSF)
50 , 60 ,24 Hz
SDSD
HDHD
Aspect ratioAspect ratio 4/3 or 16/9 16/9
HD in the Archive Domain | May 5, 2010 4
HDTV formats
International formats and standards are well defined and adopted but they are numerous:
Number of active pixels
per line
Number of active lines
per frame
Frame rates
Formats are described by:
Picture aspect ratio
Scanning mode
1920
1440
1280
1080
720
60
59,94
30
29,97
25
24
23,98
16/9interleaved
progressive
psf
HD in the Archive Domain | May 5, 2010 5
HDTV formats and standards
Most popular formats are:
1920x1080i1920x1080i 1280x720p1280x720p
50i,60i,25p,25 psf,30p,30 psf,50p and 60 p) and (24 p and 24 psf)50i,60i,25p,25 psf,30p,30 psf,50p and 60 p) and (24 p and 24 psf)
at
Going from one format to another requires cross conversion. Going from one format to another requires cross conversion.
Calculation ofpixels
and lines
Frame rate conversion
Interleave or de-interleave
HD in the Archive Domain | May 5, 2010 6
But there are as many practices as televisions….
There is a great variety of formats and compressions used in production postproduction and broadcast.
The production standard for TV programs is not necessarily the same as the broadcast standard
Though “labelled HD”, The “real quality” may vary in a wide range.
HD in the Archive Domain | May 5, 2010 7
A wide range of shooting solutions and quality
HD shootingHD shooting
Low end solutionsLow end solutionsBroadcast solutions Broadcast solutions
HDVMPEG2 25Mb/s
long GOP 6 or 12
HDVMPEG2 25Mb/s
long GOP 6 or 12
AVCHDH264 21Mb/s
long GOP
AVCHDH264 21Mb/s
long GOP
Sony’s HDXDCAMMPEG2 422 up to 50Mb/s
on 50GBoptical disk
Sony’s HDXDCAMMPEG2 422 up to 50Mb/s
on 50GBoptical disk
Panasonic’s DVCPRO HD AVC intra up to 100Mb/s
on 64 GB P2 cards
Panasonic’s DVCPRO HD AVC intra up to 100Mb/s
on 64 GB P2 cards
Sony’s’ XDCAM EX MPEG2 up to 35 Mb/s
on 32 GB SxS cards
Sony’s’ XDCAM EX MPEG2 up to 35 Mb/s
on 32 GB SxS cards
Grass Valley Infinity JPEG2000 up to 100 Mb/s
on Hard drive
Grass Valley Infinity JPEG2000 up to 100 Mb/s
on Hard drive
High quality capture High quality capture
HDCAM SRup to 880Mb/s in high speed mode
on tape
HDCAM SRup to 880Mb/s in high speed mode
on tape
HD in the Archive Domain | May 5, 2010 8
Main used compression types
MPEG2 HD
MPEG2 HD
DV HD
DV HD
H264 HD
H264 HD MJPEGMJPEG
DNx(AVID)
DNx(AVID)
Pro res (Apple)
Pro res (Apple)
JPEG2000JPEG2000
DVC pro HD
DVC pro HD
HD compressionsHD compressions
HD in the Archive Domain | May 5, 2010 9
Most used compression schemes
ShootingShooting Post Production Post Production Play outPlay out
MPEG2 HD long GOP
MPEG2 HD short GOP
DV HDAVC long GOP
AVC intra
MPEG2 HD long GOP
MPEG2 HD short GOP
DV HDAVC long GOP
AVC intra
Base band 1,5GB/sMPEG2 HD :up to 300Mb/s
DV HD up to 100Mb/sProprietary formats:
Pro Res (Apple)DNx (Avid)
Others...
Base band 1,5GB/sMPEG2 HD :up to 300Mb/s
DV HD up to 100Mb/sProprietary formats:
Pro Res (Apple)DNx (Avid)
Others...
MPEG2 HD20 to 80Mb/s
MPEG2 HD20 to 80Mb/s
BroadcastBroadcast
MPEG2 HD15 to 20Mb/s
H2648 to 16Mb/s
MPEG2 HD15 to 20Mb/s
H2648 to 16Mb/s
ArchivingArchiving
? ?
JPEG2
000
DPX D10
AVC-Intra
The Challenges
02
HD in the Archive Domain | May 5, 2010 11
The challenges
More and more televisions are producing and broadcasting HDTV.
The ratio of SD programmes versus HD programmes is decreasing rapidly
Archivists must face and manage 2 new challenges:
How to collect, store and make
accessible these new HD digital programmes?
How to collect, store and make
accessible these new HD digital programmes?
How could SD archives be re-used in
a HD environment?
How could SD archives be re-used in
a HD environment?
and
HD in the Archive Domain | May 5, 2010 12
Archiving HD
Standard definition video(uncompressed)
720 pixels 576 lines
1- hour programme file size : 72 GB
High definition video(uncompressed)
1980 pixels 1080 lines
1- hour programme file size : from 374 GB to 673 GB*
according to frame rates
To archive HD, Compression “could” be required.
? ?
JPEG2
000
DPX D10
AVC-Intra
? ?
?
?
HD in the Archive Domain | May 5, 2010 13
Using SD in HD programs
Sometimes, archivists have already digitised their original analogue archives in SD.
Questions …
How could these SD preservation masters be used and match the quality requirements of HDTV?
When will we need to reuse original media?
What kind of process do we need,to try to match HD quality requirements?
HD in the Archive Domain | May 5, 2010 14
Using SD in HD programs : video and film archives...
SD video program
SD video program
Up conversion
Up conversion HD programHD program
Film programs16/S16/35 mm
Film programs16/S16/35 mm
Up conversion
Up conversion
SD telecine
SD telecine
HD telecine
HD telecine
HD programHD program
?
HD in the Archive Domain | May 5, 2010 15
Using SD in HD programs : About up conversion...
The quality of the HD output depends very much on the quality of up conversion.
The main functions that an up converter must achieve, are:Calculation of missing pixels and linesFrame rate conversionResizing
Interleaving or de-interleaving
Frame rate conversion (cross conversion) could also degrade the picture.
HD in the Archive Domain | May 5, 2010 16
Using SD in HD programs : About resizing...
4:3 16:9
Top/ Bottom Crop
4:3 16:9
Side Panel
There are several possibilities to show 4/3 pictures in 16/9 programs
4:3 16:9
Stretching
Zoom,and stretching
?
Current practices
03
HD in the Archive Domain | May 5, 2010 18
The questionnaire
In 2009 a short questionnaire about HDTV current practices has been sent to FIAT/IFTA members.
This questionnaire has 4 chapters: 1-General information and current situation about HD of the company or television.2-Technical information about formats and standards used in the company for :>shooting>production and post production>Mastering >broadcasting
3-HD programs archiving >Volumes, media ,storage>expected evolutions or plans in the company about HD archiving?
4-Use of SD archives in HD programs.
HD in the Archive Domain | May 5, 2010 19
The questionnaire
12 companies have answered to the questionnaire:> Sound and Vision National Dutch Broadcast archives for Public Broadcast> ORF Austrian Broadcasting Corporation> SBS Korea> TFO French educational channel Toronto (Canada)> Televisio de Catalunya TVC (Spain)> CBS News> TSR Télévision Suisse Romande > SVT> CBC radio Canada> NBC news /NBC universal> NHK> CCTV
HD in the Archive Domain | May 5, 2010 20
Production: from shooting to broadcastingshooting Format1920x 1980 61280x 720p 21440x1080 1other 3
HDCAM/HDCAM SR 5HDXDCAM 3 DVCpro P2 3DNX HD 1D5 1ohter 1
ProductionHDCAM HDCAM SR 2HDXDCAM 3DnX HD 4Pro res 1DVCpro HD 2
MasteringHDCAM/HDCAM SR 5XDCAM HD 3D10? 1D5 1DVCpro HD 2
BroadcastingMPEG2 10H264 2
It seems that shooting full HD is predominant
Almost all televisions use all formats and shooting solutions :
Most used media are HDCAM HDXDCAM and DVCPro HD
For postproduction, most of the companies use
AVID DNx file format either 120 or 185.
For mastering HDCAM/HDCAM SR is preferred
MPEG2 broadcasting is still far ahead compared to H264.
HD in the Archive Domain | May 5, 2010 21
Archiving
Most companies archive original format on the shelves, but most of them intend to go file
MPEG2 HD seems to be the file format in use (or most expected)
H264 HD seems too young to be considered as a file format for archives
JPEG2000 that is standardised for digital cinema, is not well known and considered in televisions.
Current archivingOn the shelves 8archiving as files 2
intend to archive as filesYes 7not yet chosen 3
files MPEG2 and XDCAM 4DVCPro HD 2JPEG2000 1 on film onlyDNx 1
HD in the Archive Domain | May 5, 2010 22
4/3 use policy
Generally televisions perform up conversion indoor while independent archivists prefer to let end users to achieve the transformation.
The use of pillar box presentation has the preference of the televisions and archivists.
When the choice is made by the end user, any kind of transform may happen….
resizePilar box 6 no resizetop bottom crop 3stretch/zoom 0choice by end user 3
up conversionindoor 9end user 2
Our projects …..
04
HD in the Archive Domain | May 5, 2010 24
From our archives (SD) …..
We have now 450 000 hours of digitalized videos, mainly on the MPEG2 (8 Mb/s) format.
Fortunatly we went through a phase of dubbing on numeric Betacam, and we store hundreds thousands of numeric tapes.
The goal is to transfert the tape on files :To enable an easy use of archivesTo enable an easy use of upscaling and restoration for video and
film(… with some new HD transfert for the 35 mm film)
But we want to forget the tape without regrets …
HD in the Archive Domain | May 5, 2010 25
From our archives (SD) ….. A new format
We want a new formatWith complete specifications and documentation
Without impact of Patents (preferably) We store the national heritage!
With a very hight qualityIntraFrame, 4:2:2, 10 bits, 8 audio channels etcFrom 50 Mb/s to 100 Mb/s or more
This year we build a model to help us make the choice between : Several competitors AVC-Intra, D10, DPX and … JPEG2000
For our SD archives and for the new incoming HD programs.
HD in the Archive Domain | May 5, 2010 26
Model ...
STORAGE
Tape Library Scalar 10K
LTO 5
HSM
STORAGE
Tape Library Scalar 10K
LTO 5
HSM
HDCAMHDCAM SR
HDCAMHDCAM SR
BetacamNumeric Beta
BetacamNumeric Beta
Encoding in « NewFormat » wrapping in MXF
Encoding in « NewFormat » wrapping in MXF
Encoding in « NewFormat » wrapping in MXF
Encoding in « NewFormat » wrapping in MXF
Encoding orTranscoding
in « NewFormat » wrapping in MXF
Encoding orTranscoding
in « NewFormat » wrapping in MXF
ClippingClipping
TranscodingUpscaling
TranscodingUpscaling
x N
DV, MPEG HD, H264, DNx On demand !
RestitutionSDI/HDSDI RestitutionSDI/HDSDI
ClippingClipping TranscodingUpscaling
TranscodingUpscaling
RestitutionFTP
RestitutionFTP
Transcoding
H264Proxy
Transcoding
H264Proxy
Serveur NAS
x N
FilesPublic TV
FilesPublic TV
SDI
SDI
SAN