High Copper
Transcript of High Copper
![Page 1: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Bahan Tumpat Plastis
Gatot Sutrisno
![Page 2: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Amalgam
Alloy of mercury and one or more other metals.
Craig’s Restorative Dental Materials, 12th Edition
![Page 3: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Komponen Amalgam
UtamaUtama Silver Tin
TambahanTambahan CopperCopper ZincZinc Gold Palladium Platinum Indium Selenium mercury
• High Copper
• Low Copper
• Zinc containing
• Zinc freeUtk mengubah
resistensi thd korosi &
sifat2 fisik amalgam
![Page 4: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Jenis-Jenis Amalgam
Berdasarkan kandungan copper Berdasarkan kandungan zinc Berdasarkan ada/tidaknya phase γ2 Berdasarkan bentuk & ukuran partikel
![Page 5: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Komponen Copper Amalgam
High Copper 41-61% Ag 28-31 Sn 12-27% Cu Tdk adanya fase γ2 Sifat fisik lbh baik,
creep & korosi berkurang
Low Copper 70% Ag 26% Sn 3-4% Cu = conventional alloy
![Page 6: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Komponen Zinc
Fungsi oxide scavenger casting yg bersih
Zinc containing > 0,01% Fraktur margin berkurang dlm bebas klinis Delayed expansion berlebihan apabila
terkontaminasi air saat penumpatan Zinc free < 0,01%
![Page 7: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Fase γ2
γγ2-containing2-containing & γγ2-free2-free Low copper amalgam γ2-containing
Setting lambat Lemah Mudah korosi
High copper amalgam γ2-free Dg manipulasi yg baik
![Page 8: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Bentuk Partikel AmalgamLathe-cutLathe-cut SphericalSpherical
AdmixedAdmixedbtk irreguler
dg pemotongan ingot alloy
homogenisasi fase2 Ag-Sn (γ) dg beberapa regio fase Cu3Sn (ε)
Btk bulat
Dg atomisasi alloy (liquid) ke dlm aliran gas
≠ homogensasi Fase ε tersebut dlm matriks fase γ
Campuran
Modifikasi sifat2 pemaikaian, t.u. packability
Craig’s Restorative Dental Materials, 12th Edition
![Page 9: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Bentuk Partikel
GJ Mount, 2nd Edition
![Page 10: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Klasifikasi Amalgam
Low Copper, Lathe cut Low Copper, Spherical High Copper, Lathe cut High Copper, Spherical High Copper blend, Ag-Sn-Cu High Copper blend, Ag-Cu
Conventional / “silver tin”
Single melt high copper atau “ternary”
Dispersion modified atau Ag-Cu dispersed
![Page 11: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Klasifikasi
Low Copper, Lathe cut High Copper, Spherical
GJ Mount, 2nd Edition
![Page 12: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Klasifikasi
High Copper Blend, Ag-Sn-Cu High Copper Blend, Ag-Cu
GJ Mount, 2nd Edition
![Page 13: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Komposisi
Craig’s Restorative Dental Materials, 12th Edition
![Page 14: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Amalgamasi
Fase-fase dlm amalgam
GJ Mount, 2nd Edition
![Page 15: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Amalgamasi
Alloy dicampur dg mercury mercury membasahi permukaan partikel mercury berdifusi dlm partikel alloy (γ) mercury bereaksi dg Ag & Sn partikel mbtk senyawa Ag2Hg3 (γ1) & Sn7-8Hg (γ2)
Craig’s Restorative Dental Materials, 12th Edition
![Page 16: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
AmalgamasiHigh Copper Amalgam Mengandung copper dlm btk Ag-Cu eutectic (d)
atau Cu3Sn (ε)
Craig’s Restorative Dental Materials, 12th Edition
![Page 17: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Sifat-Sifat Amalgam
Compressive StrengthCompressive Strength Sifat yg paling baik dr
amalgam Amalgam kuat thd kompresi
tetapi lemah thd tarikan & shear kavitas hrs memadai
Bila diberi tekanan besar scr cepat amalgam bersifat brittle
TensileTensile StrengthStrength Jauh lebih rendah dr
compressive strength
Sturdevant’s Art & Science of Operative Dentistry, 4th Edition
![Page 18: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Sifat-Sifat Amalgam
Craig’s Restorative Dental Materials, 12th Edition
![Page 19: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Sifat-Sifat Amalgam
Craig’s Restorative Dental Materials, 12th Edition
![Page 20: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Sifat-sifat Amalgam
RigiditasRigiditas Penting utk restorasi daerah yg menerima beban
kunyah Modulus of elasticity amalgam (high copper)
55Gpa GIC 3-5 GPa CR 4-16 Gpa Dentin 18 Gpa Enamel 82,5 Gpa
High copper lebih kaku drpd low copper
![Page 21: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Sifat-Sifat Amalgam
Thermal ExpansionThermal Expansion Linear coefficient of thermal expansion amalgam 25 mm/mm/oC x 10-6
GIC 10-11 mm/mm/oC x 10-6
CR 30-60 mm/mm/oC x 10-6
Semakin besar semakin besar perubahan dimensi dg perubahan suhu
![Page 22: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Sifat-Sifat Amalgam
CreepCreep Adl deformasi permanen yg
progresif, di bawah tekanan, dari amalgam yg sudah setting
Low copper creep ↑ fraktur margin Dg adanya fase γ2 fase γ1
utk bergeser di bwh tekanan High copper creep ↓
Tdk ada fase γ2 Adanya kristal2 η1 (creep
resistant) pd tepi fase γ1 Tp lebih brittle
Sturdevant’s Art & Science of Operative Dentistry, 4th Edition
![Page 23: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Sifat-Sifat Amalgam
GJ Mount, 2nd Edition
![Page 24: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Sifat-Sifat Amalgam
Perubahan dimensiPerubahan dimensi Amalgam mengalami kontraksi ringan (dlm wtk 20 menit) Stlh itu tjd ekspansi amalgam s/d 24 jam
sensitivitas gigi post-restorasi Delayed expansion
Zinc-containing amalgam bila terkontaminasi air delayed expansion 400 μm/cm stlh 3-5
Kontaminasi air reaksi eletrolitik antara air & zinc tbtk gas hidrogen dlm amalgam ekspansi keluar kavitas leakage & nyeri
![Page 25: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Sifat-Sifat Amalgam
GJ Mount, 2nd Edition
![Page 26: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Sifat-Sifat Amalgam
KorosiKorosi Kerusakan elektrokimia suatu logam mll reaksi dg
lingkungan Korosi yang berlebihan dpt menyebabkan
Peningkatan porositas Penurunan integritas marginal Berkurangnya kekuatan Pelepasan produk-produk metal dlm linkungan rongga
mulut
![Page 27: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Sifat-Sifat Amalgam
Galvanic corrosionGalvanic corrosion Bila tjd kontak antara 2 jenis logam berbeda dlm
larutan elektrolit Bisa tjd antara amalgam dg:
Cast gold Alloy prostodonti Amalgam lama
![Page 28: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Sifat-Sifat Amalgam
Crevice CorrosionCrevice Corrosion Tjd krn perbedaan potensial di dlm
“interface” gigi dengan restorasi
Korosi pd phase2 dlm amalgam & pelepasan tin & copper produk2 korosi masuk & terjepit di dlm
krevis menutup “interface” “ self-sealing”
margin antara restorasi & dinding kavitas GJ Mount, 2nd Edition
![Page 29: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Sifat-Sifat Amalgam
Corrosion fatigueCorrosion fatigue Sering pd margin restorasi Fase γ2 paling rentan thd
korosi Proses korosi dlm
amalgam berjalan melalui fase γ2 diantara butiran γ1 & rongga-rongga
Btk: retakan “branchlike penetration”
Sturdevant’s Art & Science of Operative Dentistry, 4th Edition
![Page 30: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Sifat-Sifat Amalgam
TarnishTarnish Dr korosi permukaan Krn oksidasi phase Sn-Hg dlm amalgam low
copper atau phase2 dg Cu pd high copper
![Page 31: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Sifat-Sifat Amalgam
KonduktivitasKonduktivitas
Sturdevant’s Art & Science of Operative Dentistry, 4th Edition
![Page 32: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Manipulasi Klinis
Desain KavitasDesain Kavitas Harus eliminasi jaringan karies
Penetrasi bakteri dr margin Amalgam ≠ bioaktivitas
Tdk adhesi ke jaringan gigi Email tak didukung dentin hrs diangkat Sudut tepi amalgam dlm kavitas > 70o
![Page 33: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Manipulasi KlinisTriturasiTriturasi Tujuan membasahi seluruh permukaan
partikel alloy dg mercury amalgamasi
Over TriturationOver Trituration Triturasi yg benar
Under TriturationUnder Trituration• alloy panasalloy panas
• sulit dilepas drsulit dilepas dr
kapsulkapsul
• mengkilap basahmengkilap basah
& lembek& lembek
• plastisitas plastisitas ↓↓
• WT WT ↓↓
• kontraksi akhir kontraksi akhir ↑↑
bila dijatuhkan dr ketinggian 30cm alloy amalgam tetap utuh dan mengkilap
• alloy kering & alloy kering & rapuhrapuh
• wetting tdk wetting tdk
sempurnasempurna
• kekuatan kekuatan ↓↓
• porositas porositas ↑↑
• permukaan kasarpermukaan kasar
• korosi korosi ↑↑
![Page 34: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Manipulasi Klinis
Over TriturationOver TriturationUnder TriturationUnder Trituration
Triturasi yg benarTriturasi yg benar
Craig’s Restorative Dental Materials, 12th Edition
![Page 35: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Manipulasi Klinis
PackabilityPackability Adl: resistensi amalgam thd gaya-gaya
kondensasi dlm peletakan Bervariasi bdsrkan ukuran & distribusi antara
jenis partikel Spherical saja mudah dipadatkan krn partikel
bergerak dg mudah dibawah kondensor
![Page 36: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Manipulasi KlinisCondensationCondensation Peletakan amalgam scr incremental dlm kavitas
& penekanan tiap increment ke increment sebelumnya masa homogen
Tujuan: Adaptasi amalgam ke margin, dinding & sudut
kavitas Minimalisasi rongga & lapisan antara increment Meningkatkan sifat fisik Menghilangkan mercury berlebih
![Page 37: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Manipulasi Klinis
CondensationCondensation Lebih baik dg instrumen yg permukaan rata &
ukuran kecil tekanan lbh besar Lathe-cut small plugger Blended small flat plugger Spherical plugger paling besar yg bs masuk kavitas
PeletakanPeletakan Dlm waktu 3 menit stlh triturasi selesai
![Page 38: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Manipulasi Klinis
CarvingCarving Pola anatomis yg dalam / tajam inisiasi retakan Over-carve kontak dg gigi antagonis tdk baik
mengubah oklusi
BurnishingBurnishing Pre-carve burnish
Utk 15 dtk, tekanan ringan, dg burnisher yg besar, dr arah tengah restorasi keluar arah margin
Utk membuang mercury berlebih Final burnish
![Page 39: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Aspek Klinis
SealSeal Crevice corrosion Self-sealing amalgam
Low copper dlm wkt 2-3 bulan High copper dlm wkt 10-12 bulan
Dibantu dg: Liner GIC tipis Dg resin/dentin adhesive dg viscositas rendah Luting resin (chemically cured/dual cure) viscositas
tinggi
Sistem copal varnish tdk digunakan lagi……
![Page 40: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Aspek Klinis
Fraktur AmalgamFraktur Amalgam Margin breakdown, ditching, & crevice formation Tjd pd semua jenis amalgam, dg berjalannya wkt Tjd krn proses terus-menerus dari:
Beban oklusal Deformasi (creep) Corrosion fatigue Crevice corrosion + beban oklusal
![Page 41: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Aspek Klinis
GJ Mount, 2nd Edition
![Page 42: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Aspek klinis
Low-copper spherical amalgam
High-copper admixed amaglam
Evaluasi perbedaan antara low-copper dg high-copper stlh 3 thn
Craig’s Restorative Dental Materials, 12th Edition
![Page 43: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Aspek Klinis
Kontaminasi AirKontaminasi Air Akibatnya:
Peningkatan tarnish pd semua jenis amalgam Peningkatan korosi pd semua jenis amalgam Delayed expansion berlebih pd zinc-containing
amalgam Pencegahan:
Gunakan rubber dam Jangan menyentuh amalgam baru dg tangan Keringkan kavitas dr air, cairan sulkus, & darah
![Page 44: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Aspek Klinis
GJ Mount, 2nd Edition
![Page 45: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Aspek Klinis
Faktor2 utk Pencegahan Fraktur Penggunaan scr optimal dr high-copper amalgam Amalgam yg berlebih (permukaan oklusal /
proksimal) mudah fraktur Sudut tepi tumpatan amalgam mendekati 70o
Desain kavitas menghindari stres oklusal pd margin
![Page 46: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Aspek Klinis
BiocompatibilityBiocompatibility Alergi
Alergi thd mercury jarang Timbul dlm 1-2 hari Manifestasi:
lesi kulit (eksternal) urticarial rash pd muka & tungkai Oral lichen planus atau reaksi likenoid, dg erosi pd lidah
atau mukosa bukal disekitar tumpatan amalgam Stlh amalgam sudah setting sempurna lesi
berkurang
![Page 47: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Aspek Klinis
BiocompatibilityBiocompatibility Amalgam tattoo
Terjebaknya komponen amalgam dlm jaringan mulut Manifestasi: macula atau pigmentasi biru/hitam/abu-abu yg
sedikit menonjol di sekitar tumpatan amalgam Penyebab:
Pecahan amalgam masuk ke dlm luka Amalgam berlebih tertinggaldlm jaringan saat retrograde filling
apeks Pecahan amalgam dipaksa masuk dlm mukosa
![Page 48: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Aspek Klinis
Mercury safetyMercury safety Bentuk mercury
LiquidLiquid Bila tertelan tdk diabsorpsi dg baik & dibuang
UapUap Dlm paru-paru uap mercury diabsorpsi ke dlm darah
melewati blood-brain barrier terakumulasi Mercury : inhibitor enzim & mengganggu fungsi seluler Efek thd CNS:
Insomnia, Iritabilitas, Kehilangan daya ingat Sakit kepala, Depresi, tremor
![Page 49: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Aspek Klinis
Mercury safetyMercury safety Bentuk mercury
Senyawa anorganik Senyawa anorganik dlm amalgam (misal Ag-Hg) Toksisitas rendah Bila tertelan mudah diekskresi
Senyawa organikSenyawa organik Terutama senyawa methyl & ethyl sangat toksik dlm
konsentrasi rendah Tdk ada dlm amalgam
![Page 50: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Aspek Klinis
Mercury safety Mercury safety Pelepasan amalgam dlm prosedur restorasi
1 – 2 μg : triturasi 6 – 8 μg : peletakan 44 μg : pemolesan (kering) sampai
sangat mengkilap 2 – 4 μg : pemolesan (basah) sampai cukup
mengkilap 15 – 20 μg : pembongkaran amalgam dg semprotan
air & suction kecepatan tinggi 2 – 4 μg : idem, tp penggunaan suction
diperpanjang 30 dtk
![Page 51: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Aspek KlinisMercury safety Mercury safety Prosedur utk minimalisasi pelepasan mercury
Gunakan suction kecepatan tinggi utk 30 dtk setelah semua amalgam telah dibongkar dr restorasi lama
Lakukan pemolesan dg semprotan air Tak perlu mencapai hasil “mengkilap spt kaca”
Dental mercury hygiene GJ Mount 2nd edition, pg 240….
![Page 52: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Keuntungan vs. Kerugian
Mudah diinsersi Tdk terlalu sensitif Mampu mempertahankan
bentuk anatomis Memiliki resistensi thd
fraktur Mencegah leakage marginal
dlm wkt Dpt digunakan pd daerah yg
menerima beban Umur panjang
Warna Mengalami korosi &
galvanic action Mengalami “breakdown” di
margin Tdk membantu menguatkan
sisa jaringan gigi
![Page 53: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Bonded AmalgamBonded Amalgam
Teknik Dinding kavitas dipreparasi spt utk material resin-
to-dentin bonding Dinding kavitas diberi luting resin viskositas tinggi Amalgam dicampur & dipadatkan dlm kavitas Amalgam & luting resin setting bersamaan
Ikatan mekanis
![Page 54: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Bonded AmalgamBonded Amalgam
Keuntungan (promosi) Tdk perlu btk retensi
kavitas konservasi jaringan gigi
Peningkatan resistensi thd fraktur
Penutupan tubuli dentin mengurangi sensitivitas post-restorasi
Kenyataannya:
Msh perlu btk retensi agar bonding hanya utk optimalisasi seal
short term Tjd degradasi hidrolitik
bond Sulit dikonfirmasi scr
klinis
![Page 55: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Bonded AmalgamBonded Amalgam
Kesulitan prosedur Aplikasi luting resin scr merata sulit Dlm restorasi besar setting luting resin
mencegah carving optimal dr amalgam Resin dpt berakumulasi pd margin gingiva kavitas Ikatan antara resin ke dentin cenderung
degradasi stlh bbrp wkt
![Page 56: High Copper](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5889bcc61a28ab5c488c87c4/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Terima Kasih