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Transcript of Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit Computer Architecture – Part 2 – page 1 of 17 – Prof. Dr. Uwe...
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit Computer Architecture – Part 2 – page 1 of 17 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Part 2
Microprocessor Development -History and Future
Computer Architecture
Slide Sets
WS 2012/2013
Prof. Dr. Uwe BrinkschulteM.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
• The beginnings of the microprocessor era are closely related with the names of Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce.
• They founded the well-known company Fairchild Semiconductors in Mountain View, California, in 1957.
• Gordon Moore was the president and Robert Noyce the chief in design and development.
• Most of the basics of modern Planar Process Technology has been proposed and implemented in this company.
The Beginnings
Computer Architecture – Part 2 – page 2 of 17 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
• At this time Gordon Moore made his prediction about the
increasing complexity in chip design.
• This prediction became true over decades and is the most cited
statement about the exponential growth of transistor count in
integrated chips.
• It is well known as Moore-curve or Moore’s Law which shows the
doubling of transistor count every 18 month
The Beginnings
Computer Architecture – Part 2 – page 3 of 17 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Moore’s Law
Gordon Moore: Cramming more components onto integrated circuits, Electronics, Vol 38, Mr. 8, April 19, 1965
Computer Architecture – Part 2 – page 4 of 17 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
• 10 years later the company Intel was founded by the same two engineers.
• The main motivation for founding Intel was the replacement of the bulky and low capacity ferrit-core-memories by integrated memories on the basis of silicon.
• Intel became soon one of the leading companies for mass production of integrated memories.
• The responsible engineer scientist for the development of DRAMs was Andy Grove.
Foundation of Intel
Computer Architecture – Part 2 – page 5 of 17 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
year
µP-development
Production of first IC
Production of memory chips (DRAM)
First IntelProzessor Chip
Intel 4004 Intel 8008Intel 8080
Intel 32 Bit CISC Architectures
Intel 386Intel 486
1957 1968 1974 1984 2002 2004 2010
EPICIA64 arch. Itanium Chips
Intel Prozessor series:Pentium, Pentium Pro Pentium II, III, IV
Foundation of FairchildSemicon-ductor
Foundationof Intel
Core 2 DuoQuad Core
Core i7
Computer Architecture – Part 2 – page 6 of 17 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
1971: 4004 2 300 Trans. 10 µm 740 kHz1972: 8008 3 500 Trans. 10 µm 800 kHz1974: 8080 6 000 Trans. 6.0 µm 3 MHz1978: 8086 29 000 Trans. 3.0 µm 10 MHz1982: 80286 134 000 Trans. 1.5 µm 12 MHz1985: 80386 275 000 Trans. 1.0 µm 33 MHz1989: 80486 1.2 Mio Trans. 800 nm 50 MHz1993: Pentium 3.1 Mio Trans. 800 nm 66 MHz1995: Pentium Pro 5.5 Mio Trans. 600 nm 200 MHz1997: Pentium II 9 Mio Trans. 350 nm 300 MHz1999: Pentium III 9.5 Mio Trans. 250 nm 600 MHz2000: Pentium 4 55 Mio Trans. 180 nm 2 GHz2001: Itanium 25.4 Mio Trans. 180 nm 800 MHz2002: Itanium II 221 Mio Trans. 180 nm 1 GHz2006: Core 2 Duo 291 Mio Trans. 65 nm 3 GHz2007: Core 2 Quad 582 Mio Trans. 65 nm 2.4 GHz2009: Core i7 731 Mio Trans. 45 nm 3.3 GHz2011: Core i7 / 2 995 Mio Trans. 32 nm 2.5 GHz
Intel Microprocessors
Computer Architecture – Part 2 – page 7 of 17 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
The beginning of the microprocessor era was in the seventies initiated by a
joint project of Intel and the Japanese company Busycom.
The project deals with the design of integrated chips for a calculator
specified by Busycom.
Instead of the development of several special chips, a new concept was
proposed by Ted Hoff and Federico Faggin, both designer of Intel.
The concept of microprocessor
Computer Architecture – Part 2 – page 8 of 17 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
They combined the functionality of the special chips to one
microarchitecture with an own instruction set.
The instruction set was comparable to the ISA of a DEC
minicomputer at that time.
A chip set of 4 chips was designed (4001, 4002, 4003, 4004)
where the complete instruction set microarchitecture was
integrated on one chip (4004)
The concept of the microprocessor was born.
The concept of microprocessor
Computer Architecture – Part 2 – page 9 of 17 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
The concept of microprocessor
Journal: Electronic News
Computer Architecture – Part 2 – page 10 of 17 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
The concept of microprocessor
The 8008 microprocessor origined from a similar cooperation
The Datapoint Coorp. ordered Intel to develop a control component for a terminal
The project failed (control was too slow), but the resulting chip was sold by Intel as 8008
Computer Architecture – Part 2 – page 11 of 17 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Microprocessor families
After the start of the microprocessor era in the beginning of the
seventies new series and families of microcomputers with rapidly
increasing performance has been developed.
The high reputation of Intel in the group of microprocessor
manufactures was founded by the series
, 8008, 8080 followed by 80286, 80386 and 80486 up to the well
known PentiumX and Core series.
Due to the high success in microprocessor mass production Intel
decided to refuse from the memory market and to concentrate in
the microprocessor design.Computer Architecture – Part 2 – page 12 of 17 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Microprocessor families
Other important companies designed and fabricated their own successful
microprocessor families as e.g.:
• Motorola with the MC680XX series
• IBM with the Power PC architecture
• Texas Instruments with TMS 320XXX
• DEC/Compaq with Alpha processor family
• Transmeta with the Crusoe processors
• Intel/Siemens with I 8051
• Intel/HP with Itanium family
• Sun with Sparc (Ultra Sparc)
Computer Architecture – Part 2 – page 13 of 17 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Microprocessor applications
Examples for applications are:
• PCs, Multi-Media-PCs, Workstations, etc.
• Embedded Systems, Smartcards, Cell phones, Palmtops, etc.
• Server, High End Server, Computer nets, etc.
Microprocessors and memory chips are the basic integrated components of all modern computer applications.
All recent operating systems inclusive LINUX are available for microprocessors.
Computer Architecture – Part 2 – page 14 of 17 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Intel 4004
Design-gap
Software-productivity (8% -10% growth p.a.)design-productivity (20% -25% growth p.a.)Gates/cm² (M
oores Law, 59% growth p.a.)
(s)Intel Pentium IV
1969 2000 2010
# tr
ansi
stor
s
year
2300
55 M
995 M
Moore curve and design gaps
Intel Core i7 Sandy Bridge
Computer Architecture – Part 2 – page 15 of 17 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
CISC / RISC paradigm
From the beginning of the microprocessor era up the end of the eighties,
the CISC paradigm (Complex Instruction set) was dominant.
These decades are characterized by assembler programming.
Therefore the programmer should be supported with complex
instructions.
A high level functionality on the level of the Instruction Set Architecture
(ISA) was intended to bridge the semantic gap between machine
instructions and high level language.
The basic technology was microprogramming. Complex machine
instructions are decoded by microcode.
Prominent representation for this class of CISC processors is the x86 ISA.Computer Architecture – Part 2 – page 16 of 17 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
CISC / RISC paradigm
In the beginning of the eighties, a new concept, the RISC paradigm
(Reduced Instruction set) was developed.
By having simple instructions, these could be executed more quickly.
The main idea was, even so programs growing larger the overall execution
time could be reduced by quicker execution. This idea came true!
The RISC idea mainly triggered and influenced modern processor
microarchitecture
All today’s high performance microprocessor consist of an internal RISC
kernel
Some of them (e.g. Intel Pentium/Core) hide this RISC kernel by a CISC
like ISA layer (e.g. for compatibility reasons)
Computer Architecture – Part 2 – page 17 of 17 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting