HIDROLO KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE - Naslovnicargn.hr/~dpavelic/OG-Web-PDF/OG14 - Hidroloski ciklus i...
Transcript of HIDROLO KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE - Naslovnicargn.hr/~dpavelic/OG-Web-PDF/OG14 - Hidroloski ciklus i...
![Page 1: HIDROLO KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE - Naslovnicargn.hr/~dpavelic/OG-Web-PDF/OG14 - Hidroloski ciklus i podzemne vode.pdf · 146 HIDROLO‘ KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022013100/6082b4892d348279cd554e3b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
146
HIDROLOŠKI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Raspored voda na Zemlji
1,4 mrd. km3 u oceanima i morima
• ledenjaci i polarni led 43,4 mil. km3
• podzemne vode 15,4 mil. km3• jezera i rijeke 127.000 km3• atmosfera 15.000 km3• biosfera 2.000 km3
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Hidrološki ciklus
• kružni tok vode u prirodi–slijed prolaženja vode iz atmosfere na Zemlju kroz oborine, te njeno ponovno vraćanje u atmosferu isparavanjem
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
![Page 2: HIDROLO KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE - Naslovnicargn.hr/~dpavelic/OG-Web-PDF/OG14 - Hidroloski ciklus i podzemne vode.pdf · 146 HIDROLO‘ KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022013100/6082b4892d348279cd554e3b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
147
Hidrološki ciklus
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
vjetrovi nose vlagu prema obali
Postanak pustinja u sjeni kiše
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Moisture laden winds come
onshore.
količine vlage rastu i hlade se, uzrokujući precipitaciju ...
Postanak pustinja u sjeni kiše
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
![Page 3: HIDROLO KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE - Naslovnicargn.hr/~dpavelic/OG-Web-PDF/OG14 - Hidroloski ciklus i podzemne vode.pdf · 146 HIDROLO‘ KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022013100/6082b4892d348279cd554e3b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
148
Moisture laden winds come
onshore
Moist airmass rise and cool,
causing precipitation…
... formirajući kišnu padinu okrenutu prema vjetru
Postanak pustinja u sjeni kiše
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Moisture laden winds come
onshore
Moist airmass rise and cool,
causing precipitation…
…resulting in a rainy windward
slope
zračne mase s izgubljenom vodom tonu i zagrijavaju se, reducirajući relativnu vlažnost ...
Postanak pustinja u sjeni kiše
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Postanak pustinja u sjeni kiše
Moisture laden winds come
onshore
Moist airmass rise and cool,
causing precipitation…
…resulting in a rainy windward
slope
Moisture-depleted airmass sink and warm,
reducing relative humidity…
... formirajući sjenu kiše na stražnjoj strani planine.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
![Page 4: HIDROLO KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE - Naslovnicargn.hr/~dpavelic/OG-Web-PDF/OG14 - Hidroloski ciklus i podzemne vode.pdf · 146 HIDROLO‘ KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022013100/6082b4892d348279cd554e3b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
149
Prosječni protok većih rijeka u svijetu
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Poroznost
•omjer volumena pora i ukupnog volumena stijene
– postotak stijene ili sedimenta koji se sastoji od šupljina
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Propusnost
• kapacitet stijene da propusti fluid, kao što je voda ili nafta, kroz pore i frakture
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
![Page 5: HIDROLO KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE - Naslovnicargn.hr/~dpavelic/OG-Web-PDF/OG14 - Hidroloski ciklus i podzemne vode.pdf · 146 HIDROLO‘ KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022013100/6082b4892d348279cd554e3b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
150
Vodonosnik
• tijelo saturirane stijene ili sedimenta kroz kojeg se voda polako kreće
– vrlo propusni i saturirani vodom
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Poroznost• varira s:
– % cementa
– sortiranjem
– frakturiranjem
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Poroznost i propusnost različitih
tipova vodonosnika
Vrsta vodonosnika Poroznost Propusnost
Šljunak Vrlo visoka Vrlo visokaKrupno do sitnozrnasti pijesak VisokaVisokaSitnoszrnasti pijesak i silt Umjerena Umj. - niskaPješčenjak, umj. cementiran Umj. - niska NiskaFrakturirani šejl Niska NiskaMetamorfne stijene Niska Vrlo niskaNefrakturirani šejl Vrlo niska Vrlo niska
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
![Page 6: HIDROLO KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE - Naslovnicargn.hr/~dpavelic/OG-Web-PDF/OG14 - Hidroloski ciklus i podzemne vode.pdf · 146 HIDROLO‘ KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022013100/6082b4892d348279cd554e3b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
151
Vrste vodonosnika
• otvoreni:
• zatvoreni:
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
nesaturirana zona:
Otvoreni vodonosnik
saturirana zona:
vodno lice
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Vodno lice
• vrh saturirane zone podzemne vode
• razina do koje će voda narasti u zdencu i u otvorenom vodonosniku
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
![Page 7: HIDROLO KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE - Naslovnicargn.hr/~dpavelic/OG-Web-PDF/OG14 - Hidroloski ciklus i podzemne vode.pdf · 146 HIDROLO‘ KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022013100/6082b4892d348279cd554e3b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
152
Dinamika otvorenog vodonosnika u uvjetima umjerene klime
Voda ulazi u podzemlje infiltracijom zbog kišenja ili otapanja snijega, i otječe putem izvora i rijeka. Nesaturirana zona varira u debljini kako pada vodno lice tijekom suhe sezone i raste u vlažnoj sezoni.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
U vrijeme vlažne sezone ...
Dubina vodnog lica oscilira između vode dodane precipitacijom (obnavljanjem) i ...
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
U vrijeme suhe sezone …
... vode izgubljene evaporacijom uz otjecanje zbog bunara, izvora i tokova.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
![Page 8: HIDROLO KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE - Naslovnicargn.hr/~dpavelic/OG-Web-PDF/OG14 - Hidroloski ciklus i podzemne vode.pdf · 146 HIDROLO‘ KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022013100/6082b4892d348279cd554e3b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
153
Zatvoreni vodonosnik
područje obnavljanja
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Zatvoreni vodonosnik
piezometarska razinapodručje obnavljanja
nepropusnisloj
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
• područje obnavljanja
• piezometarska razina
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
![Page 9: HIDROLO KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE - Naslovnicargn.hr/~dpavelic/OG-Web-PDF/OG14 - Hidroloski ciklus i podzemne vode.pdf · 146 HIDROLO‘ KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022013100/6082b4892d348279cd554e3b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
154
Važne razlike:
• vodno lice: razina do koje će narasti voda u otvorenom vodonosniku
• piezometarska razina: razina do koje će narasti voda u zatvorenomvodonosniku
– arteški izvori
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Zatvoreni vodonosnik
piezometarska razinapodručje obnavljanja
arteški izvornepropusnisloj
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
piezometarska razinapovršina tla
arteški izvor
nepropusnisloj
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
![Page 10: HIDROLO KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE - Naslovnicargn.hr/~dpavelic/OG-Web-PDF/OG14 - Hidroloski ciklus i podzemne vode.pdf · 146 HIDROLO‘ KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022013100/6082b4892d348279cd554e3b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
155
Postanak konusne depresije
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Dinamika međudjelovanja slane
i slatke vode
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Darcyjev zakon
Q = A ( K x i)
Q = istjecanje (m3/dan)A = površina poprečnog presjeka (m2)K = hidraulička vodljivost (m/dan)i = hidraulički gradijent = h/l (bezdimenzijska veličina)
h - pad potencijala (m) na promatranom putu l (m)
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
![Page 11: HIDROLO KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE - Naslovnicargn.hr/~dpavelic/OG-Web-PDF/OG14 - Hidroloski ciklus i podzemne vode.pdf · 146 HIDROLO‘ KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022013100/6082b4892d348279cd554e3b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
156
Darcyjev zakon
A=površina poprečnog presjeka
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Ogallalavodonosnik:
“Rudarenjepodzemne
vode”
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Površinski krški oblici• škrape• ponikve (vrtače) • jame• ponori• uvale• polje• estavela• posebno: vrulja
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
![Page 12: HIDROLO KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE - Naslovnicargn.hr/~dpavelic/OG-Web-PDF/OG14 - Hidroloski ciklus i podzemne vode.pdf · 146 HIDROLO‘ KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022013100/6082b4892d348279cd554e3b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
157
Potpovršinski oblici krških područja
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
škrape
vrtače (ponikve)
ponor
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Antropogena aktivnost koja može zagaditi podzemne vode
Industrija
Septičke jame
Pesticidi i navodnjavanjeOnečišćene lagune i bazeni
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
![Page 13: HIDROLO KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE - Naslovnicargn.hr/~dpavelic/OG-Web-PDF/OG14 - Hidroloski ciklus i podzemne vode.pdf · 146 HIDROLO‘ KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022013100/6082b4892d348279cd554e3b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
158
Voda u kontinentalnoj kori
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Hidrotermalni sustavi
Voda ulazi u tlo infiltracijom
Zagrijana voda se izdiže
• topli izvori:
• gejziri:
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Hidrotermalni sustaviVoda ulazi u tlo
infiltracijom
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
![Page 14: HIDROLO KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE - Naslovnicargn.hr/~dpavelic/OG-Web-PDF/OG14 - Hidroloski ciklus i podzemne vode.pdf · 146 HIDROLO‘ KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022013100/6082b4892d348279cd554e3b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
159
Hidrotermalni sustaviVoda ulazi u tlo
infiltracijom
Zagrijana voda se izdiže
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Topli izvori: nastaju na mjestima gdje zagrijana podzemna voda izlazi na
površinu
Voda ulazi u tlo infiltracijom
Zagrijana voda se izdiže
Hidrotermalni sustavi
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________