Hi Frequency List
-
Upload
khairiah-abdullah-al-haj -
Category
Documents
-
view
233 -
download
0
Transcript of Hi Frequency List
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
1/26
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
2/26
It is I who am It is he / she who is ..
It is they / we who are ..
It is you who are ..
EconomicsStatististics
Mathematics
Thermodynamics is / has / does / requires
PhysicsLinguistics
Electronics
Statistics ----------------> are / have / do / take
A number of students ----------------> are / have / do / wantThe number of students ----------------> is / has / does / wants
There is followed by
There has been ----------------> subject (singular)
There are followed by
There have been ----------------> subject (plural)
11There was a Korean among the spectators.
Among the spectators, there was a Korean.
Among the spectators was a Korean.
12One of my neighbours likes classical music.He is one of my neighbours who likes classical music.
One of my friends who likes classical music is visiting me.
He is the only one among my neighbours who likes classical music.
13The evidence obtained by the archeologists
The type of programme
The box of oranges is / has / does / wants
Why so many students like grammar
2
}
}
}
}
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
3/26
Their playing so many games
SUBJUNCTIVES
Exception to S-V AGREEMENT
14 The returning officer recommends that he recount the votes.advised shesuggested they
urged you
demanded we
insisted I
ordered
directed
proposed *(the votes be recounted.)
*(the votes be NOT recounted.)
15 The retuning officer recommends recounting the votes.advisedsuggested
urged
demanded
insisted
ordered
directed
proposed
16 The returning officer insisted that they carried out the elections without biaslast week.
[This is NOT a subjunctive structure].
The evidence produced by the two archeologists suggests that inhabitants of theisland were excellent craftsmen.
[This is NOT a subjunctive structure].
17 It is important that he recount the votes.essential sheimperative they not recount the votes.
necessary we not recount the votes.vital you
crucial I
requiredthe votes be recounted.
3
(Base form)
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
4/26
the votes be NOT recounted.
CAUSATIVE VERBS
(Exception to S-V Agreement)
18
Make
HaveLet (+) object pronoun / noun (+) base form of the verb
Help
Examples:
(a) Let him go.
(b) Let him goes.[X]
(c) Please have him / the clerk file the letters.
(d) You make me feel unhappy.
(e) The students help the teacher carry the books.
CAUSATIVE VERBS(Exception to S-V Agreement)
19 Have him remove the rubbish.burn
take away
(base form active voice)
Have the rubbish removed.
burnt.
taken away.
(Past participle form passive voice)
VERBS OF PERCEPTION
(Exception to S-V Agreement)
20 .See / saw.Notice / noticed (+) object pronoun / noun (+) taking / take.Spot / spotted took/ takes [X]
.Hear / heard
Examples:
(a) I heard someone scream / screaming.
(b) I saw a boyjumped / jumps.[X]
(c) I notice a dog bark/barking.
4
}
}
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
5/26
PRONOUNS
21Use only OBJECT PRONOUNS / POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS afterPREPOSITIONS
all of
among us / thembetween my / your / their friends
with
tofrom him/ her / me/ them / you
about his father/ her sister/ your friend
exceptbut
22.. more efficient than
.. less responsible than.. slower than
23Use onlyINFINITIVE FORM after OBJECT PRONOUN.
Examples:
(a) He advised meto workharder.
(b) The instructor told them to run faster.
(Take note: EXCEPTIONS to this rule: See Verbs Of Perception)
PRONOUNS
24 Kamal, Tan and he produced excellent results.she
theywe
I
you
They invited everyone including Kamal, Tan and him.
her.
them.
us.I.
5
}} Followed bySUBJECT PRONOUN(Ex. he / she / they/ we / I / you)
Subject Subject
SubjectPronoun
Object Pronoun
Object Object
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
6/26
you.
PRONOUNS
25Use a possessive pronoun or a possessive form of a noun before the ing
form.
Example:
The lecturers do not like your coming late to class.
hisher
our
theirmy
Tans
PRONOUNS
26 Yours yours Theirs theirs
Ours ours
Hers hers
PRONOUNS
27 They managed to complete the project themselves.themself.theirselves.
NOUN-PRONOUN Agreement
PRONOUN-PRONOUN Agreement
28 Everyone who participated in the concert did their [] best.Everybody his
Each one his/ her
Each and everyone her
Ifone aspires to become successful, he / she must practise hard.
one
you []
they []
6
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
7/26
You must be aware ofyour responsibilities.
All of us who will be sitting for the English 1119 Exam will be asked to show
their[], your [], our identity card at the examination hall.
ADJECTIVES
29 He always works careless [] / carelessly.He is a carelessly [] / careless worker.
The carelessly [] / careless worker ..
ADJECTIVE (+) NOUN:
Examples: Diligent worker
Graceful worker
Skillful mechanic
Pretty woman
E X C E P T I O N:
(i) Adjective (+) VERB
Examples: Smell sweet
Tastes delicious
Tastes good
Tastes wonderful
Looks angry / tired
Appeared calm/ sad
Seemed cheerful / tired Feel hungry/ sick
(ii) adjective (+) adjective
Example: Dark brown shirt
ADVERBS
30 ADVERB (+) VERBExamples: works diligently
dances gracefully speaks fluently
E X C E P T I O N :
(i) adverb (+) adjective very suitable job
terribly cruel man
7
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
8/26
(ii) adverb (+) adverb very slowly
quite efficiently
good VS. well
31 Good (adj): He eats only good food.She has many good friends.
Well (adv): She sings well.
Well (adj): She is well (in good health)
real VS really
32 .real hungry .really hungry
He has real faith.
He really has faith.
He is really faithful.
hard VS. hardly
33 Hard (adverb): He works hard.He works hardly.
Hard (adjective): He is a hard worker.
The test is very hard.
Hardly (adverb): He hardly comes to class.
He has hardly any friends.
fast & late, lately
34Fast (adverb): She likes to finish her workfast.
Fast (adjective): Although he is a fast runner, he lost the race.
late (adverb): He was dismissed because he always came late.lately.[]
8
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
9/26
late (adjective): I managed to catch the late bus.
Lately (adverb) recently
Lately she has been acting rather strangely.
-ed & -ing Adjectives
35 Examples: Bored ....boring connected..connecting
Interested . interesting crowded crowding
Excited ..exciting prepared preparing
Confused....confusing developed .developing
Satisfied .satisfying involved.involving
The bored audience became very restless.[the audience experienced boredom]
The boring speech made the audience became very restless.
[the speech caused excitement in the reader]
I read a very exciting novel last week.
[the novel caused excitement in the reader]
The excited audience surrounded the singer.
[the audience experienced excitement]
36He appeared flushed.
determined. (past participles adjectives)reserved.
Adjective Clauses
37 who human (to refer to subject)whom human (to refer to object)
that Human & non-human (to refer to subject or object)which Non-human (to refer to subject or object)
whose Human + non-human (to show possession)
38 (i) The studentwho obtained the highest score.
9
subject
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
10/26
(ii) The student whomthe lecturer warned.
(iii) The student whose book was lost.
39 (a) The manwhomtheycaught was a priest.
(b) The manwhowas a priest was finally caught.
(c) The manwho (they thought) was a priest was actually an innocent man.
40 (a) John, whomtheyknew very wee, was arrested by the police yesterday.
(b) John, whotheyknewwas a spy, was arrested by the police yesterday.
(c) The manwhomthe police suspected committed suicide.
(d) The man whothe policesuspectedwas responsible for the murder
committed suicide.
41 The house where I lived in The house which I lived in .
The supermarket where I bought this dress from..
The supermarket which I bought this dress from
42 The chairon which he was comfortably sitting on collapsed.The chairon which he was comfortably sitting collapsed.
The chairwhich he was comfortably sitting on collapsed.
10
owner possession
subject verb
subject
subject
verbobject
verb
subjectverb
subject
S2S1 V2 V1 V1
object
object
subject verb
S1 S2 V2 V1
V1
verb
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
11/26
43 I locked the drawerwhich I left the money.I locked the drawerin which I left the money.
(I left the money in the drawer).
44 I like meeting foreigners and talking to them about their cultures which hasbenefited me a great deal.(VERY ambiguous. Avoid it!!!)I like meeting foreigners and talking to them about their cultures; and this has
benefited me a great deal.
(Or) ..their cultures. This has benefited me .
Verb Tenses
45 He finished his assignment and then tooka rest.After he had finished, he tooka rest.Afterfinishing his assignment, he took a rest.
Having finished his assignment, he tooka rest.
46 Perfect Tenses
Verb To HAVE (+) past participle
Has / have / had (+) swum
begunflown
drunk
hadraised / risen
lain/ laid
47 Tense Sequence
Before he became the President of that club, he was the Treasurer. had been
11
Simple Past TenseSimple Past Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Simple Present Tense Simple Present Tense
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
12/26
Before he becomes the President of that club, he is the Treasurer.
has been
48 Active Voice & Passive Voice
Verb To BE (+) past participle
is/ are/ am done / sungwas/ were/ been written / eaten
had established (active voice) S-V-OThey had established that company before Malaysia got her independence.
Was established (passive voice) O-V-SThat company was established in 1968.
49 Perfect Tenses
I have stayed here
She has lived there
50Verb Usage
(a) The bankwas opened at 10:00 oclock.
(b) The bank was open at 10:00 oclock.
(c) The man wasfreed last Sunday.
12
Present Perfect Tense
S
V
O
O
V
S
for the past 3 years.
for the last 3 years.
for more than 3 years now.during the last 3 years.
since 3 years ago.
since 1980.
since my/her father died.}(Opened : Past participle, used as a VERB)
(Open : used as an ADJECTIVE)
(Freed : Past participle, used as a VERB)
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
13/26
(d) The man was free last Sunday.
(e) The doorwas locked by the security guard.
(f) I could not enter because the door was locked.
Dangling Modifier
51 While returning from Johor,Returning from Johor,
Having returned from Johor,
After returning from Johor,
Being in a great hurry,Finding him hiding in the closet,
Found hiding in the closet,
Examples:(a) While returning from Johor, we witnessed that accident.
(b) Being in a great hurry, he forgot to bring some of his important document.
Comparison
52 (a) He was better than his room-mate in English.(b) He was the better student between / ofthe two.
(c) He was the best student among all of them.
53 different fromas skillful as
more skillful than
as < ADJECTIVE > asexample: He is as efficient as his manager in chairing a meeting.
as < ADVERB > asexample: He runs the event as efficiently as a master of an event.
13
(Free : usedas an ADJECTIVE)
(locked : Past participle, used as a VERB)
(locked : Past Participle used as anADJECTIVE)
}Followed by a
subject
Subject
adjective
adverb
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
14/26
54 more happier more happy
happier
55 (a) She behaves as if she were the Principal of this college. as though
(b) She talks as if she owned this college.
as though
56 The more .the less.the least
The more .the more.
the most
Examples:
(a) The more you give, the more you will get.
(b) The more you play, the less you will focus.
57 (a) The salary of a teacher is lower than a doctor.(b) The salary .that of a doctor.
(c) A teachers salary is lower than a doctor.
(d) A teachers.... a doctors.
(e) My cat is bigger than my neighbour.(f) My cat .neighbours (cat).
58She sang as she had never sung before.
She sang like Whitney Houston.
Statement with S-V Order
59(a) She speaks so well and so do I.
(b) She doesnt speak well and neither do I.
(c) Not until she apologizes will I ever speak to her.
14
verb subject
verb subject
verb verbsubject subject
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
15/26
Only after
Only when
Only if
(d) Not onlydoesshespeakwell, butshe also writes well.
(Shenot onlyspeaks well but also writes well).
(e) So expensive was the watch that I could not afford it.
(f) Never again will I buy a Honda Prelude.
(g) Seldom have I seen such good behaviour among students.
Rarely
Hardly Scarcely Not once
(h)No sooner had he arrived, he asked to see all the files.
(As soon as he arrived, he asked to see all the files).
(h) Under no circumstances are you allowed to return home during
orientation week.
(i) By no means will the authorities allow you to meet your parents.
(j) He didnt submit the report nor did he give a good reason for it.
Questions with S-V Order
15
SV
VS
V S
V S
V S
V S
VS
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
16/26
60 Direct Question: What isthe price?
Indirect Question: Can you tell me what the priceis?
Reported Question: He asked me what the pricewas.
Question Tag: That bookis useful, isnt it?
Use of Wh- words in Statements
61 (a) I dont know what he intends to do.
(b) Where he has hidden the treasure is not known.
(c) Ask him why his brother went to Australia.
Double Negatives
62(a)
Can hardly cannot hardly
Can barely cannot barely
Can scarcely cannot barely
Examples:
She can barely read at the age of seven. She is illiterate.
She cannot hardly read at the age of seven. She is illiterate.
(b)
With hardly any without hardly no
With barely any without barely no
With scarcely any without barely no
Example:He comes here with scarcely any stable income.
CONDITIONALS
63Conditional 1: * * * (Likely / True)
If she leaves now, she will reach on time.
16
S
V
V
S
S
S
V
S V
V
V
S V
S
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
17/26
Conditional 2: * * * (Unlikely / Untrue)
If she left now, she would reach on time. could reach should reach
If she were more proficient, she would pass the exam.
Conditional 3: * * * (statement of regrets)If she had left earlier, she would have reached on time.
Had she left earlier, she would have reached on time.
If she had been the best student, she would have received an award.
more on Conditionals :
64
I wish I were in Arabia now.
I wish I had been in Arabia at that time.
She speaks as if/ as though she were the principal of this college.
(Untrue Present)
Its time you went to bed. (Untrue Present)
I would rather you didnt spend all the time on television. (Untrue Present)
Parallel Structure:
65 adj adj adj present present present noun noun noun past past past
verb verb verb infinitive infinitive infinitive
Examples :
(a) She advised me to stop smoking, drinking and to gamble..
(b) I dont like to smoke, drink and gambling.
(c) The nation is facing many problems such as poverty, unemployment, and
there is corruption.
17
gambling
gamble
corruption
(gerund gerund gerund)
(infinitive infinitive infinitive)
(noun noun noun)
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
18/26
66 I like to workas a labourer and not clerk.
I scolded him not because he came late but he was rude.
I believe that all students should work very hard and they should cooperate
with their lecturers.
Transitive & Intransitive Verbs
67 Transitive Verbs verbs, followed by an objectIntransitive Verbs verbs, NOT followed by an object.
TRANSITIVE VERBS INTRANSITIVE VERBS
(a) The farmer raises vegetables.
(raise, raised, raised, raising)
(b) The sun rises in the east.
(rise, rose, risen, rising)
(c) I will set the book on the desk. (set, set, set, setting)
(d) I will sit in the front row.
(sit, sat, sat, sitting)
(e) I am laying the book on the desk.
(lay, laid, laid, laying)
(f) He is lying on the bed.
(g) He wants to lie down.
(lie, lay, lain, lying)
(h) He lied (to me) about his age.
(lie, lied, lied, lying)
(i) I shined my shoes.
(shine, shined, shined, shining)
(j) The sun shone through thewindow.
(shine, shone, shone, shining)
18
asbecause
that
V O
V O
V O
V O V
V
V
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
19/26
(k) I hung my clothes in the closet. (hang, hung, hung, hanging)
(l) They hanged the criminal by theneck.
(hang, hanged, hanged, hanging)
(m) The lumberjacks felled 10 trees. (fell, felled, felled, felling)
(n) Henry fell down on the road.
(fall, fell, fallen, falling)
(o) She is cooking some rice and boilingsome water.
(p) The rice is cooking and the water
is boiling.
Cardinal & Ordinal Numbers
68 The firstThe second
The thirdThe tenth
Gate One : The first gate
Act Two : The second act
Chapter Ten : The tenth chapterStudent Four : The fourth student
Redundancy
69 Discuss about ascend toreturn back comprise of consist of
repeat again despite of in spite of
descend down near to
70 The car which it met with an accident was towed to the workshop.
The lady whose her handbag was stolen reported the matter to the police.
71 Sufficient enough Loud in terms of volume
Approach toward
Wrong positions of Words
19
V
V
V
O
V
V O
O
V
V O
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
20/26
72 (a) This pair of shoes only cost RM14.
(b) This building only is 20 feet high.
(c) The police just have completed their investigation.
(d) The add stated that a piano was needed for the school
in a good condition.
Prepositions
73 interested in insist on object to capable of
similarto blame on
in dangerof blamefor
according to reply to
The ones who want to achieve and win championships motivate themselves.
(Mike Ditka)"
Miscellaneous Items
74Exception to INFINITIVE [ to (+) base form of verb ]:
Looking forward to
Accustomed to
Opposed to (+) ing formObject to
In addition to
Examples:I am looking forward to getting a reply from you.
She is accustomed to eating three plates of rice at one go.
Used to (+) ing form
(+) base form
75 The reason why he came is because..
20
}
}
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
21/26
The reason why he came is that..
He came here because
76 Because of ..Owing to Due to .
Countable & Uncountable Nouns
77
COUNTABLE: UNCOUNTABLE:
Fewer (students) Less (time)
A number of Some amount of
Nouns that can be Countable and Uncountable
Sometimes, the same noun can be countable anduncountable, often with a
change of meaning.
Countable Uncountable
There are two hairs in my coffee! hair I don't have much hair.
There are two lights in ourbedroom.
lightClose the curtain. There's too muchlight!
Shhhhh! I thought I heard a noise It's difficult to work when there is
21
Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns
All, Everybody, everything
Almost all books, almost
everyone
Most of, Many, a lot of, plenty
of
Some
A few
Nobody, no one
All, everything
few
HOW MANY? HOW MUCH?
100% 100%
99% 99%
75% 75%
50% 50%
25% 25%
5%
5%
Zero Nothing
Books, Pencils, cars,
people, buses
Air, water, knowledge,
information, butter
little
A little
some
Most of, Much, a lot
of, plenty of
Almost all
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
22/26
noise. too much noise.
Have you got a paper to read? (=
newspaper)paper
I want to draw a picture. Have you
got some paper?
Our house has seven rooms. room Is there room for me to sit here?
We had a great time at the party. time Have you got time for a coffee?
Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's
greatest works.work I have no money. I need work!
78 That kind of a person.That kind of the personThat kind of person.
79Prefer < -ing > to < -ing >Prefer < infinitive > to < infinitive >
Would rather < base form > than < base form >
Compare these sentences:
I would rather you went now. (but ..)
I would rathergo now.
80 I wish I were a good singer.
I wish I had bought the winning lottery ticket.
81very / so / too / such
(a) He is very intelligent.
(b) He is so intelligent that everyone admires him.
(c) He is so intelligent a student that everyone admires him.
(d) He is such an intelligent student that everyone admires him.
(e) He is too intelligent to fail the test.
82 As (+)subject(+) verb . While (+)subject(+) verb .Examples:
22
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
23/26
(a)As he was fishing, a jet flew over him.
(b) While the match was going on, the spectators threw sharp objects to the
footballers.
During (+)NOUN, ..Examples:
(c)During the match, the spectators threw sharp objects to the footballers.
(d)Duringhis leadership, many projects were successfully implemented.
83 Lets contracted form of let usExample: Lets go for a drink
Lets (verb)Example: She lets her children watch TV only on Sundays.
84 Theyre They are the top scorers for MUET.
(Compare With): There are (many students in the mosque).
Youre You are the cream of the crop.
(Compare With): Your help means so much to the college.
Its It is high-time that you master the verb tenses. (Compare With): The cat licks its tail. (its )
23
S V
S V
Noun
Noun
Contracted Form
Contracted Form
Contracted Form
Full Form
Full Form
Full Form
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
24/26
85 Please leave me rest for a while. let me allow me
86 Make improvementadvancemistake
progress
profit
Do . work
chore
assignment
exercise
homework
87 In spite ofDespite
Because of (+) Noun / noun phrase
Owing toDue to (+) the fact that (+)subject(+) verb
As a result of
Examples:
(a) In spite ofthe accident, he still performs excellently in the exams.
(b) Because ofthe lack of training, the defending champion performed badlyin that final lapse of the competition.
88
if / Unless
(a) Ifit rains, I shall not go out.
(b) Unless it rains, I shall not go out.
24
}Noun
Noun Phrase
(If it does NOT rain)
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
25/26
89Any / Any other
(a) John is better than any student in his class.
any other
(b) Any
student can apply for a scholarship.
90Tag Questions:
1st part of sentence 2nd part of sentence
She has gone home, hasnt she?Take note of the verb
(positive form? or negative form?)
Provide the opposite form of the verb
in the first part of the sentence
1st part of sentence 2nd part of sentence
She hasnt gone home, has she?Take note of the verb
(positive form? or negative form?)Provide the opposite form of the verbin the first part of the sentence
(*) Also, pay special attention to the subject (of the sentence).
(a) She has gone home, hasnt she?(b) She has a lot of money, doesnt she?
(c) They have done the speaking project, havent they?
(d) They have a lot of exercises to do, dont they?
(e) Dont be slow, will you?
(f) Stop walking, will you?
(g) Be careful when driving, wont you?
(h) Remember to lock all the doors, wont you?
(i) Im right, arent I?
(j) Im helpful, intelligent and beautiful, arent I?
(k) Lets go home, shall we?
(l) Lets eat here, shall we?
(m)Everybody is hungry, arent they?
(n) Everybody was late, werent they?
(o) Somebody witnessed the fight, didnt they? (also applies toEVERYONE,SOMEONE,NO ONE,NOBODY)
(p) No one likes homework, do they?
(q) Nothing is wrong with him, is it?
(r) Nobody likes him, do they?(s) He likesneithercoffee nortea, does he?
25
-
8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List
26/26
91 Plumbers Union possessive pronoun
Plumbers Union adjective
92 both . and .....as well as
PERSONAL PRONOUN
93 SUBJECTPRONOUN
OBJECT
PRONOUN
POSSESSIVE
PRONOUN
REFLEXIVE
PRONOUN
HE HIM HIS * / HIS HIMSELF
SHE HER HER * /HERS HERSELF
IT IT ITS */ ITS ITSELF
I ME MY*/ MY MYSELF
YOU YOU YOUR*/
YOURS
YOURSEL /
YOURSELVES
WE US OUR */ OURS OURSELVES
THEY THEM THEIR */ THEIR THEMSELVES
''Never walk away from failure. On the contrary, study it carefully and imaginatively
for its hidden assets'' (Michael Korda)
26