U S H I S T O R Y I I

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W O R C E S T E R S T A T E U N I V E R S I T Y

Chapter 26The New Deal, 1933-1941

Herbert Hoover (R) Al Smith (D)

Election of 1928 – Still Good Times

Hitting Bottom: not until early 1933

Depression: swelling the relief rolls

Dust Bowl

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Dust-storm-Texas-1935.png http://www-tc.pbs.org/kenburns/dustbowl/media/photos/s4383-lg.jpg

75% stayed25%, esp tenant farmers, leftMany went West as “Okies”

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (D)

Herbert Hoover (R)

Election of 1932

FDR’s confident (but experimental) approach to solving the Depression crisis:

• Involve smart, young thinkers & planners (“Brain Trust”)• Try Keynesian solutions to regulate the economy & major industries• Restore trust in the American system of capitalism• First extend temporary relief, then build a permanent “welfare state” to prevent future distress for society’s most vulnerable

“Nothing to Fear But Fear Itself” – Launching a New Deal

Emergency Banking Act, 1933

Later that year: FDIC = Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Securities & Exchange Commission

END OF PROHIBITION

1) Beer-Wine Revenue Act2) 21st Amendment

First Hundred Days: Step 1 – Banking/Economy

AAA = Agricultural Adjustment Act, 1933(produce less higher prices)Landowners benefited (renters didn’t)

Also Farm Mortgage Act, 1933

First Hundred Days: Step 2 – Rescue Rural America

TVA = Tennessee Valley Authority, 1933

Rural regional development

NRA = National Recovery Administration, 1933

First Hundred Days: Step 3 – Industrial Recovery / Direct Relief & Jobs

Civil Works AdministrationPublic Works AdministrationCivilian Conservative Corps

Ambitious Construction Projects

Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States, 1935

United States v. Butler, 1936

SUPREME COURT, 1932-1937

NRA

AAA

Critics of the New Deal: Supreme Court

Huey Long, aka “The Kingfish”

Political boss of Louisiana “Share Our Wealth”

Father Charles Coughlin

(Radio pundit)

Critics of the New Deal: Political MobilizersDr. Francis Townsend

(elderly pension plan)

Celebration of “common man” & “little guy” as seen in epic mural art of the era

First New Deal 1933-1935 Second New Deal 1935-1939

Economic recovery

Quick stabilization

Experimentation

Business, banking and employment

Temporary props to capitalism

Economic security

Social safety net for industrial workers

Redistributing income to restore purchasing power

Permanent welfare state

Redefined $ inequality as the enemy of American freedom

Let’s Make a Deal

Franklin Roosevelt Al Landon

Election of 1936

“Court-Packing Plan”

What’s So New about the New Deal?

The economic theory (Keynes = deficit spending)

The vision

The political coalition

The beneficiaries

The economic regulation

The shift in who’s responsible for citizens’ well-being

The creation of a welfare state we still live under (for better or worse, depending on your politics)

But: the New Deal didn’t end the Depression

ItalyBenito Mussolini

GermanyAdolf Hitler

American Isolationism During 1930s Rise of Fascism & Militaristic Nationalism

Japan Hideki Tojo

SpainFrancisco Franco

Expansion of Nazi Germany, 1930s

KristallnachtNovember 1938

Freedom from Want

Freedom from FearRoosevelt’s “Four Freedoms”

Freedom of SpeechFreedom of Worship

Roosevelt’s “Four Freedoms”

Election of 1940

Franklin Roosevelt

Wendell Wilkie

The Undeclared War, 1940-1941

Pearl Harbor, HawaiiDecember 7, 1941