ähÒH - »ª«∏bE’G ƒμ°ùfƒ«dG Öàμeunesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001459/145929m.pdfiv...

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Transcript of ähÒH - »ª«∏bE’G ƒμ°ùfƒ«dG Öàμeunesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001459/145929m.pdfiv...

  • hH - bEG fdG e

    :eGG dG `a `jQ`dGh ``dG QhOdGh jObGh YLG OHCG

    Gh dG jQdGh dG SGQO SSOdG OdG - HdG dG

    jj/dG fc ,hH2006

    6

  • dG - Gh dG jQdGh dG `a fj SGQO S QJ

    IMdG ,hH - HdG hdG `a Hd bEG fdG e Y HdG

    .HdG hdG `a fj d bEG

    :`H JG hCG HdG QSG hCG eG e jh

    hH - bEG fdG e

    ..U11-5244

    d - hH

    :Jg961 1 850013

    :ca961 1 824854

    :hdG [email protected]

    :ffG T Y bGwww.unesco.org.lb

    :SGQdG OGYEG `a QT

    ;fH - dGh d dG SQG ,edG G .O -

    ;GdG - jdG eL ,Y HL fi .O -

    ;Y S - SHb dG eL ,SeEG dG Y .O -

    .hH - bEG fdG e ,S OGY S .O -

    hH - bEG fdG e ,Xfi dG M L2006

    ISBN 92-990030-7-6

    h ,dDe AGQBG Y J SGQdG g `a Gh QaCGh AGQBG EG

    .AYCG hdG f fdG e f Lh IQhdH

    mailto:[email protected]://www.unesco.org.lb

  • jG

    J eGG dG `a jQdGh dG QhO :hG dGhO `a

    GdG - Y HL fi .O ,YLG dG - HdG G

    dG QWEGh G - hCG dG.................................

    Gh dG jQdGh dG `a Y QG GgCG.... IQKEG LGh SCG................................................. HLEG U Y J GAGLEG.............................. YLG aGG Y eGG HdG SfG..............

    eGG dGh HdG e - dG dG.................

    h``dG jQ``e e a`G FdG............................ fhdG jQH d Me je.......................... e``Gh `dG........................................... `Y`LG ``G QhO........................................... bGd Ibf e If........................................

    e GQJh e - ddG dG........................

    jQdGh dG H j e `a............................... fj - fdG LH j e `a........................jQdGh dG `a jc G GTE OjdG QhdH j e `a UGh dG YdG e eCGdG jQ j e `a........ JGSG jdhCH j e `a..............................

    eGG dG `a Gh dG jQdGh dG QhO :dG dGfJ - edG G .O ,ObG dG - HdG G hO `a

    dG QWEGh G - hCG dG.................................

    eGG dG e............................................ eGG dG b qeh dG LGJ dG dG gGdG... eGG dG `a jObG dG QhO.....................

    iii

    dG1

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  • iv

    G hO `a Gh dG jQdGh dG bGh - dG dG

    HdG.....................................................................

    ```fdG HdG..................................................

    `jFGG HdG.................................................

    ``H`G HdG...................................................

    UdGh LSG - ddG dG..............................

    LSG........................................................

    UdG...........................................................

    eGG dG `a jQdGh dG QhO :ddG dGhO `aoY S - S eEG dG Y .O ,dG dG - HdG G

    NGGh OHCGh gG - eGG dG - hCG dG.......

    eGG dG Uh............................................

    dhdG OGh eGG dG.................................

    dG HdG - dG dG........................................

    eGG dG `a dG dG..................................

    eGG dGh dG HdG..................................

    eGG dG `a HdG QhO...........................

    UdGh MG - ddG dG.................................

    MG...........................................................

    UdG...........................................................

    LGG

    jG dH SGQdG e.................................

    27

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    35

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    1

  • ``j``J

    TQd Vc gQNG q KK eGG dGh jQdGh dG

    eG) eGG dG `a jQdGh dG QhO M bEG dG-

    ,jdG19-21 jCG/S2005dG jQdGh dG efH QWEG `a dPh ,(

    Gh(TVET - UNEVOC) ed2004-2005H YE Heh ,

    hCG jJ/HcCG)2004GH hdG AGG LG N `a QU dGh ,(

    ,H) - zeGSGh WGGh d dG{28 hCG jJ/HcCG2004.(

    ) jdG Y TQh `a QTh(35G `a kUNGh kGNh khDe

    HdG13MhdGh hH e) fdG Y EG aVEG qHY dhO

    TQd dG dG UMh ,(H - Gh dG jQdGh d hdG cGh

    kah eGG d dGh jObGh YLG OHCG RGHEG IQhV Y dG

    ) eGG dG LCG e Hd hdG dG Y QWE2005 -2014,( dGh

    .HdG G LMG Y dG TQh `a bf dG FdG dG GQhCG `a

    - Gh dG jQdGh dG SGQO S e OdG Gg AL g eh

    dH bdG GP G `a WdGh bEG LdG d fj

    .eGG

    `a GcQT jdG UNGh AGG Y jG dH qLJCGh

    dG eGH `a e qdGh Ae qdG OL qJ CG eBGh ,SGQdG g OGYEG

    N SGQdG dhJ dG MGh QaCG d dH dGh jQdGh

    .G jdG eGHh

    eS eQ .O

    hH - dcdH bEG fdG e je

    1

  • hCG dG eGG dG `a `jQ`dGh dG QhO

    YLG dG - HdG G hO `a

    GdG - Y HL fi .O

    3

  • hCG dGdG QWEGh G

    dG a .eh IOe aGWCG Ve eGG HdG Ve

    Yh .IjY OHCG kjCG Gdh .eOh dG eGSH IWh bY edG

    `a cQJh dG H gG G UH bY G dG

    .IWh bY ...GgCG

    ieh Ya j CG (J SDe) SQe hCG c hCG e CG OGQCG dh

    GgCG VSG dh GgCG LGe khCG dP YS ,aGgC

    Hd fi GJ fLd ,UN Gh dG jQdGh dGh ,eY dG

    .G `a eGG HdG `a G YLG QhO SQ `a LGj dG

    Gh dG jQdGh dG `a Y QG GgCG

    Gh dG d (SQ) G GgCG Y e If dG d

    M EG He eh UY `a J gjCGd HdG GdG ZG `a

    ch ,T c fCG dP .c hCG Vh dG g GMGh T Cch ,H

    hCG H cJ fCG jCGQ ,VdG g `a H GPEGh .d G j d

    :j He e Y NH

    j j bh zG j dG eRdG GQH dG AZG{

    f S dP f CG fOQCG dh .ShQeh VGh Se G

    .dG `a YdG QhO e ddG f fG `a d Yd

    .dG gh SCG g GME Sh fc Qb ag d da

    NOEG hJ dG Cch zedG idG e G LMG J{

    d .e eY ib Jh ce `a (dG) UY Y

    5

    1.

    2.

  • YhGh (ddG) dG dG UdG g e `a Z

    .QdG e UGJ eO `a ZQ `ah ,dG `a g QhOh JZQh

    QdG cH dGh ,G dG `a ..dG QdG cGe{

    zG dG{ dP j jCG dG Qd heh z..LddG

    dP hCG ,dG Gg gS be CG EG G H VGh dh

    .edG jd US cdH d dG O G gh ,cdG

    YG dG e Sj edG idG g ,jJ hCG ,J{

    Id fK IOY Ggh z..gG edGh dGh G H

    SG dG IG bdG ffEG dG g f fG

    .dGh dG

    dG jf ?jQdG G jf ?dG QhO j e :g G GDdGh

    CG CG ?dG Y CG ?gG RG Y jf ?SGQdG dG jf ?jQdG

    ?iNCG Ie Ve He g

    IQKEG LGh SCG

    d kGQe JQKEG O q j e kdZh .gG J CG SCG W e

    G `a fe NCJh Yb a HLCG M EGh .Td kIYeh ,OG

    ,fBG HLEG Gh .bGh DhJ Y UCG e fc ,bGh H

    Qe GDS g c VH dH QGSd LM g S bCG a

    J SDe jCG hCG SQe hCG eh J e c Ca .HLEG EG j UCG

    :ddG SCG Gh dG dH

    :hCG QG

    ?jG gS jCG

    ?hCGS dG bGG CG

    6

    3.

    4.

  • :dG QG

    ?a G gS jCGh ?dG `a S e c

    ?J N f `a HGh QdG Ie UGS e e c

    :ddG QG

    ?G egG g e

    ?a G jdG g e

    ?jdG J gG J g

    ?G H j G G Y j dG QhdG e

    :HGdG QG

    ?e S qJ c

    ?j CG S e S q c

    ?G S fS c

    :eG QG

    ?G aj dP qc e c

    ?fl GAGLEG g jh ,j G aj c

    HLEG U Y J GAGLEG

    `a Fe J OLh Y hCG dO SCG g Y HLEG O q G

    jG e dP a ,HLEG H f He g fc GPG eG .dG dG

    .JJh SCG g Ffh GTDe ia H JCdh .dG dG IQGOEG `a

    jG HeAj YG g `a dhCG dGDdG qEG :

    H .Vh g eh ,jN gj jCG j G c GPEG qY

    e J e jh HLEG Y j G c G G

    GH jd bGh Ua YCG S dP qEa ,gG

    .a Mh J dSCGh geh

    7

    1.

  • jJ feEG d S Y bGe `a edG AGOCG ae G

    S dch .dG d dG LG e cGd gG

    Y GTDe j G dPh ,jH G CGQ Y Ia

    .G Y G bEG ie

    eGG HdG TDeid aGdG M g ddG dGDdG G :

    .GG SGh Qd (kdM - GG `a edG) jG

    jG Ah Y IjY YfG J b Y HLEG G

    jh .d ej dG eG gCH SMEGh d

    VSh .aG e UGdG ed jG afG Y Ia kjCG

    jG S ) H j c G Y ae LGh eCG Gg

    .(ke G dc ,kM Y

    G JGSH G jb eOQhJ MdG SCG EG :

    G jb ed S ieh ,G bGdH G JQG ie M

    Y dBGh jf gG J `a X d .dG gG `a

    jb eO `a dSCG CG Y G qJ G fCT e IOe

    cCG g - SCG c - dG dGh .dG dG `a G

    .dG S MHh YLG bGdH bdG dG CG

    JeGG HdG YaQJ MdG SCG Y G :

    eh GN e cG e bGe gh G ,gCG dH Ve M

    ie g dP e gGh .T e GAL UCa H GbG

    .(dG LQO YCG gh) GG J c e G dG IOSG

    YdG dGh HGH PEG ,dG g INCG G IG G :

    GAGLEG H NCJ VQCG Y bGh VGh dBG qj G d

    J gL dG a .Y H G Vh dG LGh

    dG Gd UJh YO e ,MdG LdG GAGLEG Y

    .aGfGh ANCG jJ EG ,dG IG `a

    8

    2.

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    4.

    5.

  • YLG aGG Y eGG HdG SfG

    JMeh bhQCG `a Qfi G QhO CG j e jdG j b

    eN `a G QhdG fi `a NCJ ce jJ QhO G f .NGdG

    `a NBG eSEG d OhG J ij d TG QhdG dh .G

    bd HGHCG ddG QhG J bh .YLG dG Y eGOEGh G jJ

    .LQG dGh G H e Ya

    dG aK YTEGH j G G Y dG QGhOCG gCG e G :

    - G H - j dP G .eOh adH c QhO g

    YLG fCG `a Ya GQhOh G Y e bY

    GOGeGh e bY a edGh G c j G j

    .fCG H HJ J

    IOGSGh d QOehCG eY e G j G G e :

    dG G CG dP b j bh .d Le hCG eY Gfl

    .(M gCG Y jG JCS) IY de j

    GQSG JQb `a hCG HY G YG G :

    `a LGh Y a (aG Ge EG bCG fc)..dG

    fCGh dG ah YLG d GQSG aJ

    .JJ jOhfih UNG M YLG

    YdG dG e bdG HdG QdG KCG :

    .dG Yb e LfEG hdG U Y IjY M

    Y Oj G LfEG dG `a QhO d Y da

    eGG H JGP bdG `ah ..ITG JGG H

    d j b dG dG Yb e bdG iY Kd MdG

    .e a dG hCG e edG M

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    4.

  • :jG jdGh jQdGG J QdG jQGSG G

    GQeh ee eGOEG Y dG UCGh jQGOEG IOdG Uj

    GG aJ `a QhO d j CG e H h .e edG

    g dG d eG AKCG G dG GQhOh jjdG

    .j gaJ Y a ,d LH

    10

    5.

  • 11

    dG dGeGG dGh HdG e

    G e dG id G Ofi Z GRe eGG HdG e G

    e G dG Gg GQJ H f G ,dG Yh .dG dH

    `a dG dG j qODj G dG G QhdH YdG ed Gh .dG

    d dG QdG Ge `a Yf Gb ij G ,WdG dG

    fGL gCG d jdG VdH b dh .HdG dG QbCG `a Gh dG

    :JBG dG fLd UJ `a VG hO e GG

    hdG jQe e aG FdG

    e Wf HdG dG QbCG `a Gh dG dG MS T

    SDeh L e dGh dG hdGh dG jQe GHEG M `a dG

    :GgCG e j e jQG aSG d .fl cTh eLh

    ,edG GQb jJ

    ,Gh dG dH G H GG bJ

    ,dGh dG hd Ua OjEG

    ,ANCG jJ Y dGh YdG dG dBG jJ

    edG aj G fCT e dG Gh dG adG e dM N

    .YdG h LfEG e jG EG

    g e jG (G S Y) Gh dG OQCG MS T bh

    ,dhdG dG e e dhO e e Ye bJG ,eCG e .bJG

    fCG dcdGh ,YGQdGh jZCG eh ,adGh dGh Hd IG CG eh

    hdG hd jdG dcdG ,(jL) hdG hd fHdG dcdGh ,dG hd

    .

    .

    .O

    .CG

    .`g

  • UGh dG YdG H cG jQG OY a a d `a eG .gZh14

    dG f eG .G d ce a H jQG g bh .kYhe

    e cCG J Y e a hOG12.iNCG HY GH `ah d `a eY

    fhdG jQH d Me je

    HdG Gh dG dG fCG H dGh hdG Uh TCG jJ

    .dG dd QdGh dG LQOh QGe M dch G G LM M

    :GOG g TCGh eCG eh .Je `a iNCG GOfi HY QbCG Th

    ,Ye fhJ bJH HdG JQG

    ,adG H ce ZQ OLh

    ,d hCG jd LM OLh

    ,aG c hCG eG d Ua OLh

    .YdGh IQG d IqKDeh Ya GQb OLh

    J `a RGdG Y hdG dG Gg e GOfi L e qEG

    ,G S Y ,d `a SGQdG H qT a .dGh G dG

    H - dG S LM J dG dG `a YdG dG Z

    Hc ic Lh L cQ d `a QdG g q bh - G

    .YLG ed WdG G cQeh UG G gGh G SQGG

    eGh dG

    G eN `a JfeEG Vh b J Gh dG gG G

    `a kGQfi ddG `a c G QhO qEa ,dEG ch .GNCe CG ITe

    JOeh MdG ag - dP fY c - a .ed jQdGh dG e Qb cG

    QWEG `a IOLe YLG SDe G G `a dG j G hO e IMdG

    .kAYh kGNCG e YJ G H ee YLG

    12

    .

    .

    .O

    .CG

    .`g

  • H GdG JY Y ke kGNDe jOdG HdG G NCG a

    G eh .YLG eG ae MCc G dG Jh d eG

    dG `a hH `a CfCG b fc zdGh FdG SQe{ hCG e SQe hCG

    1904dG `a c BGh .G dP e dG e dG Gg f b QdG G G ,

    2003 Qj e g53g G cP QG Gg `a Gh .e SQeh kGe

    13.Gh dG dG e ce Yhe

    dG Mh) M `a S dG dG q GdG `ah2003,(

    PEG ,HdG MdG `a Ija H zdG{ c d .dG S e dH

    dGh fc Y dG e) G cdG e dG dG g bJ

    G j a .jG fEd H .a d jQdG O d (UG

    gge h fEG aGe iMEG J ke kLe G GdG `a dG d

    .fEd Iaf bJG ah Y G J e bJ fEa (kFL hCG kc) J G

    IG G J e J fc dG dG G g cP G eh

    :e flh IOe ae `a J fc

    J fUh j EG G a) FGh BG SG QLG

    .(eh QhO H GGh ILCG

    c d Gc aGO dP e bh) d ShQe e H QLCG

    dG gL g dG - dG dG fH fG Ghj

    .(Gh dG

    G H G Y e dP c PG) JeN h G QYCG

    JeN j G j c JeN eJ G H ee jJ

    .(m Ve H

    .fEGh jQdH gG SQGh HQd aVEG QLCG

    13

  • QdG e INCe YS EG dG a Qj f qfEG dG Gg e FGa `Hh

    b fG `a jQ M GQe Y HQj qfEG c .fEH SMEH a hjh

    J Y dBG dG Gg G Wh .dG H (FL hG c) fLGj

    dP e gGh ,FGdG jRJ Jh .G Gh IG G H bdG J

    .SSCG H jQJ - J Y J dG G PG ,dG Y J c

    YLG G QhO

    a J hdG e eCG J IFGdG QdG H G G Z eh

    e hd j G G a .cP Y gCG J P G SDe

    ,Y IQ aZ eb a .gLh Ya a OQ M YLG SDG

    GM G S Y100 H IdG `a jQJ IQhO1999 -2004.jeQ QLCH

    Fc) IQG JGe aH GdG `a G eG eG MG bh

    CNCY LY GQhe QhG Hh . Hh fG Ve HQe jQd (

    .bGdG Y IH Z If d gG g

    bGd Ibf e If

    JGSd He ieh JgGh QG d IBGe dG

    J FbH j G j e dZ FG J QX e Gh .GgCGh

    GgCG H Y jGh jdG Y MdGh .GAGLEG `a N hCG f

    e dZ H ,dH Me LQGh NGdG HbdG Y j ,L H

    .dGh Hbd IOfi dBG N `a j

    dN e j d J Y TQhh GDe if G G e d dd

    f G j e a Y fl L e f Lh GSG

    gQaCG Qd Ghj G jDGh AGG QhO g a .IOG GgCG

    ?j G j c hCG , gf Lhh

    14

  • dG LdG g gG dG SGQdGh dG fUQ dh

    e IOfi J fCG Y TCG hCG c Q dG ddG GTDG fUd

    fCG `a iNCG QdG e dG `a J Q JGP bdG `a dh ,H

    .SGQO e Qj HdG Gh dG dG

    dH gGHdG Gh dG dG fCG `a b :

    cdG j - dP e bGh .dG SGQH VGh egG

    J eGH hCG ,dG SGQd e bCG hCG ha OLh -

    .dGh G - dH gG IQhV Y d

    ,HdG h YGQdG UG H egG b ,f

    `a IG YGQdG gGh SQGG `a ..G QO Qh

    jQJ G G ...HdG hdG `a Gh dG dG e dG

    .cj dG G EG QOf J dG G H dG

    H gGe HGhQ OLh EG ke QdG e c J :

    dZ dG hdG dSCG e IOhfi f iJ fG G .G

    ,jdG `a dh .MGh W e hG MGh G `a J e

    e dG S LMG Ud Wh c Y ja J e

    UdG YdG SGQdG g e G G ,eOb d edG

    gj G eh L e d UQ e a Jh b J G

    .eCG IHh Se H Gh dG dG f

    G jdhCGY e e Ic Od HdG dG fY :

    GdG e H CG G .SdGh jObGh YLG dG

    e HJ Gh ,NBG H CG Y j e jdhCG e jd HdG

    Y Vj HGdG Gd G bGdG G .deBGh JMW `a

    .GAGLEGh G c IOfi jdhCG flh JOb

    15

    1.

    2.

    3.

  • H dGh ,a `a edGh SdG VdG SG dh

    ,TdG VGZC ,SG d M f ,a Tf jdhCG Vj

    dG UH J IOfi UN jdhCG jCGd UG J

    VJ FGdG eCG aJ e j dG ObGh

    e Gh dG dG Ue jdhCd UN ef

    .QYG H NG

    GOdG f Y fGdGh eY dG fCG SQGJ d :

    G gQYH IOdG Y cj jCGd ,UN Gh dG

    H JGOT fG dP e gGh .d ahG FdG

    .GQcdGh ,LGh ,SjQddGh ,HdG :g HQCG hG GOT

    ddG J a .Jb e OhH dG OS dP G fh

    ,G S Y ,SjQddG SGQO e ddG dG `a SGQdG

    .dd kJ ,zIOdG{ Y M h GS e fCG e c S

    eEa .OhG g QOZ qG dG qCG f G e H

    I IQhO Nj G ddG6CG e j e d gDJ TCG

    d j fGG IOe e edG Gg G .NBG T

    .dG `a XdG dH Je fG dP .Md j G dG

    a Gh dG dG jN XJ `a cdG SJ G Gh

    .zXdG{ dG e d j G e H dG

    dGh dGh dG dG ef H edGd G J d :

    ge `a dG YVG O dG GdG FGhCG e c

    ie Y ddG `a c edG dP G eh .dG SdG dG

    dG GQG fGL Y cdG hO e jdG eG

    e G G ,...gG Qfi U Y dG dG dGh

    e Ue J dG dG fCG c `a e dG Gg

    .QdG e dG `a Y dY

    16

    4.

    5.

  • 17

    ddG dGe GQJh e

    eG SGQdGh GhdGh GDG e J dG UdG c

    H j e e :Ic dP SCGh .d jW NCj e bh .a

    dGh .d dBG hO e dG dG H e `a JCJ dG UdG

    HBG Z j Y JCJh JjdhCGh bGdG J UdG J c NBG

    dG GOdG OH j NBG G dGh .JGOfih dG UH

    ,J Y QJ Q hG ,J dH jJ kjJ GOfi kef J dG

    c `a dG UN e fOQhCG jG e Gg .dG cG dG H

    .H UN LMGh jdhCG LGj dG HdG fGH

    LJ e d iAGj e gCG H VGG bQdG g `a cf PGh

    h egh dhDG AYCG IOjd dh ,dG dC Ea ,GQJh

    . q e j b dhDe ,dG dhDe

    jQdGh dG H j e `a

    a .IdG JHjG d a dch ,IgdG HSCG cG d G ch

    fdG GfG hX `a dH G dhCG UNh - d K

    GG QH J dG FQdG hd j cG dG G - QGSGh

    IQN LGj dG e PdG Gg e dh .GQGdG PJG YS j

    ANCG `a bj b f Y J dG WG jOdG `a fi Ic

    .(dG f) Fe Z L

  • `a ODJ - GQeh Le OLh MG e cP e e - dG jce G

    Gg e `a GZEG G .GGh fd cGe Yh dG OL EG ddG

    Ie BG j H ,edG OGaCG id IQOGh IQOG hQ j dG

    .d Ie IjL dBG GHG hG dG `a jd Ya CGQ

    d a -cP c - JjdhCGh JUN HdG fGH e d G ch

    AYEG a ddh .JjdhCGh JUN ,SGQO a d M hCG ,SQe hCG e

    e UGdG iY KJh dG jM `a bCG ASDhdh jHdG IOd QhdG

    jcedG G .Gd cGe ejOh M dG j G fT e QGdG

    .dG `a AGMGh HSG Jh QdG cG ahG fh J

    fj - fdG LH j e `a

    dG jQdGh d M jDhQ Y fj T HOCG Y d

    dG GG bJh AYCG hdG AGN ge AGL AL Gh

    dG Y QYH Gh dG dG jH G hdG H Gh

    :INCG GDG HOCG Y Y e LdG J eh .G edG

    H `a Ya FQ fe Gh dG jQdGh dG L

    .IG ie dG

    JGSEGh e J f Gh dG jQdGh dG LJ

    .eGG dG

    H Ggh .d Gh dG dG Ua aJ Y UG

    ,dG e ehG WG S ,j e `a ,j G

    Sj ...QcdGh ,fGh ,Gh ,jdGh ,G dGh

    .LGh ZdGh dG

    18

    1.

    2.

    3.

  • dG Gg G G .M S QG Gg `a S HdG dG QbCG G

    JGSEG OLh hO e j Ggh .ShQe f H QGSGh edG j

    .GgCG H dG G Vhh eGG HdG ge d VGh

    jQdGh dG `a jc G GTE OjdG QhdH j e `a

    e H IQe Y GN e UG dG e G

    da e gZh eGh YGQdGh YdG G cG J fCG

    a ,ddh .IQG dGh G G a .eN hG S LfEG

    jh a edG GN eOh QGSG :edG jg Y Uj G j

    d gDJ G j dG fG g j dP hO e PG .geh JGfl

    .G IGh IQSd bKe GQe

    a .adG aK YTEG j G `a j G e G dG QhdG G

    G dG M `a Ya Y e FM Y j fG dG dG dG e

    G `a J VGh SS N e G j Ggh .dG H J

    j hO e dG EG LdGh ,QG hO e dG EG LdG aK G

    dG CGdG hO e dG EG LdGh ,OG a J dG GdGh CG

    CG H j G e H b dSQ zadG aK{ adG g e f qEG .fG

    SDG g cCG fc Gh dG G NCHh Y SDe hG Y e

    .H bdG

    UGh dG YdG e eCGdG jQ j e `a

    YdG HdG hdG `a Gh dG dG fCG Q N e J

    `a G e j b dG HdG e L LfEG H JQG KJ EG

    OLh HdG QdG KCG .Y VH d G J bG Gg

    .d fl J dG Gh dG

    19

  • 20

    NGO HU LQN HU

    gdGh UGdG GQe V dGh QGOEG dG OL

    cG dG ae Y d dG QhdG d G b Y

    VhdG GQe V cQd FGHh ae OLh Y

    JGOfih dG hX aJ Yh YdG bGdG ie V

    jQdG G IAc V

    edG QOdG EG Y

    VGh SS OLh Y

    .G e IjY dhDe G Y qfCG HdG g e VGh hjh

    dOe K AH G .dG SCG Y G dBGh dG jM gh c

    Ad SSCG e ,edGh dGh jQGOEG dG Y ,G Yb e

    .e cQJ bY

    JGSEG jdhCH j e `a

    .fN fN dh ,GjJh GQNG GOGh eG QNG

    .G GOe J b bGdG dBGh dG `a dG

    .LfEG He e H QSGh FdG e Y he dG QYG

    .SSCG e G G bK jDhQh fH Y G GG dG

    .jJ Z e SCGQ gQYH jdG OQGH gG

    GQSG QYGh agh JOeh dG dG Qfi ddG QYG

    .SGQO fCGh J Gh M M

    Gh fBG dGh YLG JLMGh G jH gG

    G Y dBH Oh SGQdG gG `a jb Jh.GHh

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6.

    7.

  • 21

    dG dGeGG dG `a Gh dG jQdGh dG QhO

    ObG dG - HdG G hO `a

    fJ - edG G .O

  • hCG dGdG QWEGh G

    eGG dG e

    fEG LMG qJ dG FGdGh edG dG eGG dH oj

    CG hO e Ieh ac H d GG aJ CG , kGZh dG

    CG j fEG M CG dP e ,GG aGJ `a M e MdG LCG

    j FGOh ac jObG G q j Ggh ,L H L IG ie Y j

    hCG dG GhdG Y j CG hO eh YLG dG d vM Lf

    .dG G eH q hCG gj

    fG H fRGJ q dG dG g eGG dG iNCG IQHh

    c `a dG qj CG j M dG fGh YLG fGh ObG

    j CG hO e CG jNBG fH SG hO e KdG fGG g e fL

    .e HM Y hCG jNBG fG MCG M Y e fL q

    Ma e e qaJ fEG T jQhV jObG da

    qj M IadG a j G Ggh JeNh Qh MSh YUh

    he `a j M dG VfG a jh ,dG d IjGG LMG

    G j M IOG a j c , Y a G

    c g qeg fL IYGe e d qH jObG dG g CG Y.SG

    .dG dGh YLG dG HS fcP

    23

  • eGG dG b qe h dG LGJ dG dG gGdG

    qdG J dGh dG gj qdG q qdG gG qdG qgCG e

    :cf eGG

    qfl J q ge H qdG Y LdG dG GfG

    LQO JQGh ,hRhCG H M dG dc LY j

    e H j OY VGfGh ,(QGG SfG) VQCG IQGM

    .dG dG dG RGdG `a gQhO d dG qG FdG

    M eqdG GdG `a UHh qd a H ddG JQG

    FGHG SGQ qdG jG hPh qqeCG Y IQe ddG J

    eG GOdG Mh H fdG dG jN EG JRh H

    ,S H S ddG `a e WG OY OGOj jdG dG

    EG H aj MEH GQT fCG `a j CG fCT e Ggh

    GVGh dH gQT Y IhY GhY hCG `aGfG S

    .DhdGh QGSG Yh

    e GPEGh ,UCG Ia g dG GdG `a UHh qeCGh dG OjORG

    GLEGh GfG S qEa e `a eCGh dG LG

    H ffEGh bNCG dG d edGh OdG dG j

    .eGh G LG

    FG dG ObG dG H Ghd OdG Z jRdG

    hdG H IdG Ja Ga AGdGh Z AZCG OGR dG

    IgL J edG h qdG qX Jh g Hh IdG h qdGh qG

    HCG J qd Jjeh eG hdH dd

    AGdG rnd `a JGdG Acc SSCG jG eG

    M a HT H ddG bJ H dPh , q qdGh

    UHh WGe H eCG f JQGh ,dG eG GOdG

    24

    -

    -

    -

    -

  • QgJ GAS eCGh qH dG OGR qh ,jdG Sh ICGG id

    dG Va dG jG ObG dG H gObG

    SDG UHh ,idG jObG JSDe QfG `a J

    `a AGS dG HUC fc dG jdG jObG

    dP EG jh .eG hCG IQdG hCG MdG hCG YdG

    e CG Gh gah qZ dG H YH dG bdG IdG

    .jdGh IYG j qdGh UGdG bdG IQqdG GgCG

    AGdG eMh AZCG L `a IOjR EG qOCG eGdG g c

    ej bJ a e IN S gGX dH RaCG q ,H c e Jh

    dG fEG qg L e gh ,eCH QdG Yh ,ge dc j H

    Y hCG dG M Y dG dP c EG qj h fc jW qjCH dG

    e GPEGh .SdG QJ jda ,ffEG OGh dG M Y hCG dG M

    eh ,GG S cdG Gg e qEa ,fcP e Y G SG

    dG ObG dG nnLGoj CG e Ue a dd dG S jdG

    H fRGG eGb jH ef Jh ,QeCG g c QYG `a NCJ qjQL LGe

    .fRGG g hO eGe J a dGh YLGh jObG fGG

    eGG dG `a jObG dG QhO

    Ma e e qaJ fEG T jQhV jObG dG G

    qj M IadG a j G Ggh JeNh Qh MSh YUh

    he `a j M dG VfG a jh ,dG d IjGG LMG

    .SG G j M IOG a j c ,Y a G

    fcP c g qeg fL IYGe e d qH jObG dG g CG Y

    .dG dGh YLG dG HS

    25

  • CG Y fEa GhdG IOjRh HdG jObG dG qM e c G nPEG

    j e qhCGh ,Shh dG jZ g fEG CG dP ,YLG dG YGJ

    IQhV e dP j eh ,a AJQGh dG `a WGG M V JYGe

    WMEG QhdG e fEG c ,gCdG IOYEGh G jdG jW Y FGOCG

    e h ,G QNCG e jMh dG MdG e XGh dH

    ,dEG j dG G SDG jJ CH QGdG NCG `a YdG cQG

    e h dG hX M e YLGh G bM IYGeh

    .jOGOdGh Gh OGdG jW Y gSCH WMEGh adGh dG Ua

    iNCG YLG FGa e j eh dG `a M e fEG CG AbEG Rj c

    J G GHh ,jdG JGe hCG jO hCG bY hCG L c e J hCG

    `a SSCG eYh jMh fEG eGc ee e e qe jObG dG

    .YLG eCGh dG ASQEG

    YGJ CG qH a G qhdGh dG d jQCG e GPEG jObG dG EG c

    J IOYEGh ,K qG YdG GSG Y Jj Ggh ,jCG dG fG

    Zh IOG jdG bdG GSGh ,dG GhdH LEG Yh ,jdG

    dG fEG H QGVEc Nh bGY dP Y qJ M ,d KG

    g dG fGGh FGh JdG dG OQGG Ofh ,jZh dG Sh g

    U QKBG e dd dLh G afh ,eOdG LCGh G Gg INP

    cc Y IG IOL jObG dG J CG j QNHh .fh fH

    .GhdG Y Y aGh VQCG

    26

  • dG dG Gh dG jQdGh dG bGh

    HdG G hO `a

    fG Me (Gh FGGh fJ) HdG G GH ObG j

    M ,UG dG QJ Gg Y qG bh .dG dG Y fG f qh

    J q HG `ah ,Hh LQG aH MG cdG Y q

    c Y J g MhG dTEGh .G Gg `a dhdG QhO Jh

    jW jCGh H ,a G d SG hO dG dG `a efG

    dG AYEG LSG g eh .eY WdG YG dd fG XJ

    ,G jdG dSCG J `a dG dH qh ,idG gCG jdGh

    gG Lh ,Gd .dG Gg EG `a Qfi QhO GP qG QWEG dH jh

    qdG cGe `a gQhH dG e qJ M JGAc gCJh jdG GQWEH

    .G QdG Ij SG jdG dGh dG eh

    bh .Fa gCG GP kSSCG kT hdG iG Y fG jJ jh

    S S e fdG qf dG hdG DG Y UN Gg QU1999,

    djEG ,jQH fG dG IhdGh(Turin, Italy) S2000hdG dG GTEH

    Y cCJ JhdG Jg Y IQOdG FKdG `ah ,jd HQhCG hdGh

    G jdGh jdG N SDG `a jQdG eOEG g eg f

    .f qd

    27

  • 28

    bQ hL1

    (G ,FGG ,fJ) HdG G GH M SSCG e

    f

    eCG

    9^22%

    35%

    48%

    dG f

    ObG

    6%

    2^5%

    5^5%

    dG f

    `aGdG

    jS

    21^1%

    28^1%

    7^1%

    dG OY

    H)

    (f

    91^9

    8^32

    6^29

    MG

    c2

    162155

    2380000

    450000

    dG

    fJ

    FGG

    G

    fdG HdG

    S 1993e jdG f `a c ,fdG dhDG EG dH

    .dG dGh G jdG SS `a eg q f ,fLCG AGG

    gCJh fdG jObG SDG UEGh edG dG SS f a

    FY e jh HdG dG GH gG e qH c ddG e LGeh

    .eGG dG aGhQ e aGQ EG

    ee YVe e EG bGdG `a j JGSG QNG Gg qEG

    eGh QG IQH YaG jObG dG JRaCG dG qdH j d qhCG

    aG OGTGh H Y H dG GSCG a e dP Y qdJ eh JGh

    fdG G aY dG edG dG j fKh .dhdG IQdG MS `a

    LEG OdG j f je H jJ Qj qS a :cJ `a

    edG d3) je1^2h GQcP e8^0Y jaGdG H e (fEG e e

    dG S80000.dGh SG GOdG eM e K S c

    dSCG QJh dG dGh G jdG ICf

    YdGh MdG `a `aG jdG ASH :SG b

    `a .d G H J J h e jJ g j aG

  • 29

    H e jdG1956h1976fK J fL Ea .G dH qj e X

    K hj b e J Lj c jQddG EG jh GS S hj jW

    .AdGh IQdGh IOGG e G iMCG `a jJ SQGdG a j GS

    H e jdG `a dG Gg Q qJ1976h1986e kGOY d

    T dh ,dBGh ,dGh ,SGh ,AHdGh ,AdG e UNG

    `a ej c jdG Gg CG MGh .jQddG e G dG e

    dh Ge dG Y G e jGGh dG OdG UeG EG SSCG

    .Obd eGG dG `a ITe SEG

    `a fO LQO e J H e G jdGh dG dG c CG H

    S e jGH UCG ,SGQdG `a dG H dR e dEG j dG f1993GAL

    dG IQGRh) GWCG e jdG a QJ eeh eT jHJ ee e

    dG IQGRh ,YdG IQGRh ,MdG IQGRh ,dGh jdG IQGRh ,jdGh

    dG H eJ H Jh (...dG d dhdG Hch ,dG

    M jdG i AJQGh e eh a jJ e dG S Y G

    SDd adG iH AJQGh L e ,NGdG dG LM j

    IQHh .iNCG L e dG iG Y IjGG gCG GP SdGh idG

    jHdG eG `a dG dGh G jdG ee jJ ILe

    :JBc fdG

    :hG MGSQGH GS J hJh SSCG jdG Me

    dG Gg CT e .jOGYEG gH dGG dGh FGHG

    d dG SDG `a dG Y aj CG QLEG

    Jh dG QG e Qb cCG h `ae OGR cCG Y

    .qJeGh SG SG e JG

    :fdG MGRLH J GS HQCG hj kjfK J qJ

    j Yh GOBG jdG dG fL EGh jQddG eG

    -

    -

  • 30

    SQGdG a j J T LJ qJh ObGh VjQh

    gG `a S qQj e fe `a gj Jh jf jJ

    .fH jfdG

    :ddG MGSGQO jQddG IOT Y G UGj

    INCG jdG `a cdG bh bh .MG dG c `a ddG

    SGh (K hCG S) dG YdGh dG dG Y

    SGQd dG gG `a c IOG Y H jdG dch

    .SG SQGeh dGh d dG SQGGh LddG

    JdBGh G jdG fCG

    dG dG e ej jHdG eG e CGj AL G jdG EG

    fEG Y EG QdGh GQG c dG G dG a j QN gh

    .dG S `a efGh

    ah JNJh S j H UN fb QWEH G jdG jh

    Gh GQGRdG e jdG g dPh ,IOfi jeh We je

    ,MdG IQGRh ,jdGh HdG IQGRh ,dG dG IQGRh) YLGh WdG

    YdGh IQdGh Yd fdG GjdG ,adG IQGRh ,dG IQGRh

    WdG OG ,d fdG dG OG ,Md fdG GjdG ,jdG

    .(fdG ICGd

    -

  • 31

    bQ hL2

    jdG ee `a NGG qgCG SG bW QJ

    2006

    70%

    4%

    5%

    21%

    2005

    67%

    7%

    4%

    22%

    2004

    66%

    5%

    4%

    25%

    2003

    67%

    4%

    4%

    25%

    2002

    70%

    %5

    7%

    18%

    G jd fdG dcdG

    Md fdG GjdG

    jdGh OTQEG dch

    MdG

    UG dG

    2001

    70%

    5%

    7%

    18%

    e qdG K jdG cGe EG NdG qJ dG SGQdG jG OM dh :K g GOdG gh ,dG S `a H e GOH

    G IAdG IOT -(CAP);

    G dG gDe -(BTP);

    edG dG gDe -(BTS)

    jQdGh hGdH jdG g jJ Y G jdG f j

    `ah UNG `a dPh G cQ VJ jJ eGH Yh ,G

    LG UGG QYG `a eGdG g OGYEG Y NCJh .HG jG

    jdG f Jjh .jdH HQG e ah UNG QWEG `a gOYG

    edG CG edG Gg LhCG RHCG e dh ,HdG dG e eJ bH G

    fCG dG dG CG H SSCG SQG H e Me `a RGdH j

    LhCG eh .G jdG f LdG hCG fdG dG UGe qeEG QS SGQdG

    Mh H JGOT Y jRG G jdG jN SH fCG jCG edG

    j e Gg .dG dG IQGRd HdG dG gG EG QdG We hT

    fi `a jh Jh G jdG J LCG e dhG OG

    EG dH SSCG SQd G H e d e d ObG

    dG e hCG MG `a LdGh ,(G IAdG IOT) hCG iG

  • 32

    jQddG Y UGh ,(G dG gDe) dG iG EG dH fdG

    .(edG dG gDe) ddG iG EG dH

    dG H HQh Ge e adG G `a G jdG Q qJ d

    e IYGdG YdG `a UG GdG eh YdG SDHh

    Y G jdG f jh JGh ,eYEG130YRe eY Gce

    h ,jQG GJ ec Y11h ,Ma jJ dch8.MdG GG `a ch

    `a fl GAch GN eG Y SQGdG d j dG jdG Yjh

    e cCG259dG SSCG GgCG e EG PEG ,YdG e jdG `ah kUNG

    e gDG Z edG f e dG g jdG SS dEG eJ64e %

    S edG ac L1994 EG47 S %2011GdG `a dG e CH Y ,

    Qj HhQhCG20 OY hL) %3 .(

    bQ hL3

    HhQhCG e fQe fH jdG je QJ

    2011

    20%

    33%

    47%

    2006

    15%

    31%

    54%

    HhQhCG

    20%

    6%

    20%

    fJ

    10%

    30%

    60%

    1994

    7%

    29%

    64%

    Y ie QWEG

    Se GAc

    gDe Z eY j

    2001

    :jdG Gg `a Mj e gCGh

    a L e jObG SDH dG HQ EG qLJ

    e eH JG jG dG bCGh dG JLMG

    .dGh YdG dGh dG H dG Hd iNCG L

    ee j Y UG SDG qH dPh UG EG qLJ

    .jQJh jJ `a ITe SEGh HGfG `a ZJ dG GQWEG

    -

    -

  • 33

    JSDe H e q ee e jJ dG jJ

    e IG a ,dP Y JYeh UG1993Gh

    YO EG SSCG J dGh G jdG b g IOYEG `a

    Jfe c aOh dG S J j dG Gg NJ

    Gg Jj .OdG J dG edG UEG Y Ij

    G dHh SdGh idG SDH VdG Y dG

    Yb cGe J q M ,G jdG ee e bfG

    Y jJh MdG gCJ YOh ,G d HG OGYE

    H e hdG Hh NdG W qT SH WMEGh HG

    I qY H bh M SdGh idG SDG b `a NG

    .qdG YdH WMEd SDe Vfi

    Y d VGbG dBGh jOdGh dG e ee Vh

    ```edG `H e fV hO e Mh Ie hH jdG

    ``Gh ``jdG ``YdH V```d ``WdG h``dGh

    hUh i``dG21-.21

    :fJ `a dGh G dGh jdG j dBG

    dG J ,gO G jdG dJ J dhdG fc CG H

    :CdG Gg `a GQGdG e jdG JG bh .a QhH gd UG

    dhdG q50; qhCG jdG J e %

    ;G jdG Y AGOCG W

    dhdG q25dG Y dG QWEG `a G jdG J e %

    OhM EG LddG `a250eG OSG dh . kGQjO dCG

    OG) hdG hdG f `a LCG j I qY e fdG

    :HQhCG45 :d fdG dcdG - hQj e72.(hQj e

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

  • 34

    :IaGG jdG bW jOhOe e ad MUEG G UY

    :SSCG G jdG YJ

    `H S SG bW H67000;Tp e

    YO f `a G jdG `a FdG dG SDH jdG L

    ;SDG e cGdG

    ;hGdH jdG J

    ;G G jQdH Vd WdG G RG

    Gg `a jdG Sgh fG jd WdG cG ge YO

    ;G

    ;GAdH HQG J

    SDG e jdG H adG e qH ) dG Hb V

    G G gDG He j GAdH HQGh

    ;(d TGh dG eOEG dHh fEG

    ;SdG GQG g `a G jdG GOT eM f aQ

    ;G jdG RL `a IOG f cJ

    ;gRG bGeh GgCG H f GQOEG

    RL jOhOe e ad JGh eG LdJ Y OYG

    ;H Y jdG NOEGh SSCG jdG

    ;jdG cGe eGH U Jh IQOG GAc GQOEG `a SdG

    jJ aJ b iNCG hO `a K SDe e eCGdG

    ;dhO H e GOTh

    eh Tj jdG cGe `a d jL OYG

    ;IOG f

    ;JG GgCG R UG dG Ife

  • 35

    ;dG gCJ efH `a GfG Y UG SDG M

    ;UG dG eP Y LZGdG SdG `a RG IN Vh

    ;UG SDG `a jdG dd G Yd dBG Vh

    ;G jdG YJ

    .jdG R dGh jdG WCG Fe UGe

    jFGG HdG

    fl eGd f IjY j FGG `a G jdG LGj

    :j e `a gM

    ,ddG eheh dH gG VJ dG jObG VdG

    CG M70 H e gQYCG hGJ jdG dG e %16h19S

    h50 H g %20h24QJ cGh .dG Y WY S

    c SQG qdG OGYEG Lh dG f dG ObG

    g X `a .jOhOe d qdG gCJh UN GAc

    VdGh MdG `a G jdG e j ,G

    .Ieh U ObH

    V GQSGh UN GO H j dG HdG dG

    ie cG e dG e Ic f dG dG d

    .LQGh HQhCG dG Y fG cG gDj jJh J

    jdGh dG b IFd fGe HQ H dhdG eb Gd

    dG KCd Gf c Z OG Gg j dP ZQ dh

    f H dG `aGdG2.G bdG `a %

    dG b ie hO b fCG Y G jdG EG G If

    GMEG e ZdH ,Y GOT f e q h eGh OcCG

    S e jQdcH GOT.2002

    -

    -

    -

  • 36

    :JqdBGh jqdG fCG

    jJh e J e G jdG GfCG H FGG `a dG j

    QOf dG Gg UCG a .eOEG jJh e e jJh qhCG e

    jdG GfCG dEG LJ dG RH Jj NBG H jJ qh SG

    :G S Y a .dH

    ;dhdG d qh G Y Y QG a j jdG e qhCG

    ;SDG eDJ G jdG e fK

    UNG `a qQG gCJ IOYEG Y j jdG e dK

    iNCGh UN cg H hdH REG qj ,UCG UNG Z

    ;ddG Y eCd WdG hdG e jH eY

    Y c J UN SDe eDJ G jdG e HGQ

    .AaG e JCG jdG

    gCG hP gh JSDGh G qdG e e aGj dG Ggh

    jdG EG dH FGG `a G jdG RL J jW a `a ib

    :ddG SDG `a aGG hCG jdG qj a ,ebEG e edG

    gOYh jQdGh G jdG cGe -523aJ qee e ,Gce

    dY IAc hP eY ,IAc eY ,fl eY :g je HQC jdG

    LJ c .Jh203jd dPh jQ We `a cGG d HJ ha

    g SG bW gJh .WG fl `a dG jdG aJ

    gJ cGG145000 aVEG e23000.d HdG SDG `a me

    aGgCG e Z qdHh ,G ec `a IaGe SDG g qCG e Z qdH

    :eg dTEG H dPh G hO gOhOe j ,VGdGh eSG

    :jdG LZGH jOhfi fKh ,ObG G Y dY ghCG

    OY Sa67-93jf ShQO cGG g `a jdG qj CG Y qj

  • 37

    Z j bGdG H (e fi `a J HJh J TCG) Jh

    e H e G q I q TQh NGO j j dG ZCG EG PEG ,dP

    .YdG SDG bGh Y jQJ j dG UNG

    :jc b EG Jh ebEG H Jh iNCG gG -

    G jdG `a G edG gG e Ljh :71Ge

    h22 LZGdG HSG bW .d HJ SDe28000me

    EG aVEH jd2800eJ .d HdG SDG `a me

    jJh fdG dG Y G dG AGMG EG gG g

    gG g LGJ .eS Jh J ie Y G qj M

    .jQdGh G jdG cGe VJ dG f cG

    G jdG ge LJ :6dG e jJ qe ge

    eGH OGYEG `a ,G jd WdG G e hdH ,gJh

    .jRJh h dG

    jdH J iNCG fl ge LJ ,g jdG SDe EG aVEG

    gh G jd WdG G e ,YdGh SdGh ,SGQdG J H

    gh G jdG bJh jd WdG Gh ,LZGdG SdH qe

    H Y G d WdG cGh ,LZGdG FSdGh jG OGYEH qe

    SDGh ,H Y ShQdG J UCG dG SGH ShQdG aJ qeh

    ceh ,fUh GdG AbH J gh G jdG Gd edG

    jdG H bdG SGQH qe gh GAdGh G Y dGh SGQdG

    JCG FGdG H j gh G jdGh d WdG hdGh ,dGh

    .jRJ IOYEG K cdG e

    j SDe `a J a ,edG jd iNCG Pd dH eCG

    :e a .jdG e hCG dG Y fl LZGH H Jh SGQdG a

  • 38

    qQdH jdGG jdG cGe `a IOLG UNG qj :

    dG qh ,G jdG `a qG WdG gGh jQdGh

    H gQYCG MGhG15h25e IAc ShQO qJ e S

    e ZCG fl jOe `a H d gDJ H ae d qhCG

    . kGLCG Vjh qaG YdG

    qSDG `a f qG eOEG H qdG H EG qdG Gg V qj

    H j qaG Y qdG Ge `a jJ ZCG qJ e Z qdH qfCG ,dd

    H e IdG Nh .qedG XdG b e f e cCG SG dP1999

    h2003HSGh c Vf jdG e dG Gg Y cdGh gG bh ,

    H fG OY JQG M dG d103053 EG126500 QJ H CG23.%

    H Y jdGbh .H Y jd WdG cG b e cJ bh :

    H GQ qJ VG G GdG N jdG e dG Gg Y

    QJ86H Y cG H bJG IY Y f Q qdG Ggh .%

    Gg qh .UGGh dG b qgCG eh H e iNCG Ybh

    jdG e dG4^5.jdG b e a %

    GFG ShQdG N e jdjTG AGLCG EG j :

    HG OY JQG bh .gCJh e GAc Y G e ed

    e9500 S1999 EG15200 S2003 H CG ,59Gj dP eh %

    hL) jdG e dG Gg jJ IOjR EG dG j4 h5.(

    -

    -

    -

  • 39

    bQ hL4

    edG dG He OY QJ

    f

    (%) dG

    07^30

    75^22

    47^86

    34^59

    44^30

    2003

    191000

    126500

    19000

    15200

    351700

    2002

    185980

    120165

    14938

    17714

    338797

    2001

    187413

    119144

    10334

    16610

    333501

    2000

    162025

    113141

    13501

    14897

    303564

    jdG GfCG

    ebEG e jdG

    qQdH jdG

    H Y jdG

    Fe ShQO `a jdG

    ``G

    1999

    146844

    103053

    10189

    9539

    269625

    bQ hL5

    G jd UG SDG OY QJ

    f

    (%) QdG

    29

    129

    17

    2003

    672

    46367

    24000

    2002

    638

    44661

    23807

    2001

    587

    38733

    23361

    `````SDG O`````Y

    `SG ``bW

    ``HG O`Y

    1999/2000

    518

    20216

    20512

    e G jd UN SDe GMEG q ,edG dG EG aVEHh

    S1991g aJh .bGGh GMEG hd HdG Sd ah dPh ,

    .d qG AaG W M ebEG e jdG SDG

    aH SDG g J70 EG SSCG J jd UNG10J ha

    `a G Y g e Y ,dG QSd hCG dG Gd LM H

    eGh ,aG YdG :UNG g gCG eh .edG SDG

    ,LddGh ,AHdGh ,eCdGh dGh ,qdGh IQGOEG Jh ,eYEG

    dH G g c .jdG dG dGh MdGh dGh ,WGh HGh

  • 40

    RdGh AHd WdG cdG EGSONEL GAZ QJ jd SG bW)

    H15000h94000 d WdG cdGh (AGLCG jJ IOYEG We(SONATRACH),

    GQNG jdG OQGG `a QSG CG J dG ddG jOe `a WdG cdGh

    .aJ cCG jh cdG e gZ Y gq JGSG

    WdG f H M ,FGG `a dG jObG qVdG EG kGfh

    H gQYCG hGJ q dG Y20 h24 S50SGQdG Y G fh ,%

    H qS q16h19 S70G jd jdhCG AYEG Y eG Y ,%

    c .Iqe qS `a SGQdG Y Gh dG Y WdG dG SG j M

    S OLe g e V CG ,T e AGMG qj CG Y eG qUCG2004`a

    a G Uh GL W efdG Gg CG e ZdHh .jQdGh jdG cGe

    b e HG GAdG e h dG OGYEG `a dhdG ZQ Y qj

    e dG Gg qS bh jObGh YLG IG `a LeOEGh c qdG

    jCG jdG e dG Gg U `ah .zdGh eOEG jJ{ jdG

    .dGh G dG EG fdG dG e LJ Oj CG NEG dM `a d

    .S J hCG J IOT Y d gDj Ggh

    jdG dG qj jdG jW Y eOEd NBG f dc Lj c

    `a jqd fl GfCG dP LC H bh ,J ie CG Y G qj

    jH S AdGh MdGh aG YdG60000 S e jGH T.2000

    dG dh .SDG H jW Y dG `a eOEG f jCG Ljh

    Y QN dG J Y IYd WdG G gh ,GG Gg Y hDG

    H Y JYeh d dG j qe G g qeh .G jdG RL

    GMEG) iU jQe30000hdG J M `a (GS K N he

    `a e IOSGh dG Y jG gCJ IOYEH ddG Y eCd WdG

    .aG YdGh dGh AdG

  • 41

    :FGG `a qdGh G dGh jdG j qdBG

    :dG dG Y qRJh fl QOe Y jdG W J

    .edH jH dhdG Jh :edG dG dG

    UG gG AaM j Y qc j :UG G dG

    qd UG SDG qLJ qj e Ggh .G jd

    jOG `a j qdc Ic GQSG J jO e `a

    .dGh eYEG

    jdG e dG Gd qdG eCdG qjh :cdG `a G jdG

    hCG ,GOdG d hCG J jJ T `a dPh cdG W e

    e) IjG dG jOe hCG N e qJh bCJ T `a

    T `a jCG hCG (...ddGh ,G IQh ,dGh ,JG

    hdG H bh ,jdG e dG Gg jdh .jQdG `a jJ

    S G jdGh jQdG jd WdG1999j Y Jh

    J Y cdG QLEG jW Y QhH hdG Gg50^0%

    h G jdG IFd QLCG e50^0`a jd jCG %

    j dG hdG Gg b e jdG g L jh SDG

    .jdhCG Mh cdG W M dP H jRJ

    hdG fGe e j j :dG Y Wd G jdG

    gG jW Y QhH gh ddG Y eCd WdG

    .ddG Y eCd G YLG

    eY jOU e JCJ idG jdG j f CG Mf Ggh

    .jdG dSCG `a IjL GjJ `a dG EG FGG Yj

    -

    -

    -

    -

  • 42

    HG HdG

    ObG ee `a fe MG EG j G CG e ZdG Y

    CG d j GVG e J dGRe Jee jWh Vh CG qEG ,dG

    e SCG gh .edG dG GH ie H qJ jObG cJ

    .Qe Z GeCG eGG dG QO `a G G dhfi

    aGh `aGdG qdG g eg eY Y f HdG g

    .jObG

    :dG Sh `aGdG qdG

    G qJ6^29 a dG qdG f qe bh ,f e9^1N %

    M XcG OGOS dG S CG bQCG g e fh .INCG S jdG

    `H edG idG f QJ62ADd dG iG CG c .dG e %

    CG M ,dG jG fOCG e j dG85j dG e %

    f CG Y IhY ,SSCG dG IOT j e a e bh Y FT

    EG J eCG50HGb dG S `a g jdG WGG OY j CG qbjh .%

    23 S f e.2014G jGdG H efH SQ EG eG YO q

    `H QGh dG dd5 S OhM EG je2014, GMEG j e gh420000

    INCG S jdG N OdG feEG CG M `a ,```S c jL Y We

    e cCG GMEH J 206000eGdH G SGQdG EG.``jS Y We

    .HG Obd eT gCH hdG `a dG EG YJ aGh aGdG

    :aGh HG ObG

    cj M IUCG L Y Ic S e HG ObG j

    H dG `a JhJ j q gGS hO e UdG `a ObG dG

    `a cJ dG M - YdGh SDG CG EG IQTEG Q c .G

  • 43

    SDe H Hh H aG Mf e UHh c H J - UdG

    e jdG SaEGh UNG jOhfi H dPh iNCG edG hdG

    :Lh gGdG g e qdh YdG SDG

    ,G jdG gh dG f LGe CG dG Yf

    UNG Hh dG Sh ObG W H FGh

    .IOLG dG

    .QGOEG dG f hO e dG dHh JSDG QWEH bdG

    :dSCG Q qJh G jdG ICf

    H UN IQGRh a edG HdG Y e G `a G jdG EG

    dG dH VdGh G jdG GjO :g fhDT H j eY gh

    S SCJ.1974YLG hDdGh dG IQGRh EG dH G jdG Ljh

    .G jdG eh dG e H dG qj edGh

    d ,SQG e jOaG S Sh qj c G jdG CG U

    a.j dG eDj QU M e je VH j UCG dG

    `a j dG d YLG G f Le G jdG c fdG

    S `a d ,SQG Qe1984HH UEG Y qhCG dG Gg Y NOoCG

    S `ah .edG TCG IQGRH1990,jdG `a G G jJ q

    j a dGh G jd dhdG Hc GMEG qeCG .ObG H HQh

    S EG.1995 S e jj/dG fc T `ah2000WdG G Vh ,

    .G `a G jdG f UEG SCG jdGh Hd

    -

    -

  • 44

    : JdBGh G jdG fCG

    :Y G `a G jdG f Jj

    ; qhCG G jdG

    ;dG N G jdG

    e GPEG f V H G jdG f `a SG bW J

    e cC J bdG g CG dP ,dH gHb200890N Fe HQe

    S2003/2004 j dG qCG M `a6286000 jdG jdG id15-24

    OY CG EG dG dG Gg Ojh .ObG L J jCG gh ,S

    qhCG G jd edG SDG EG NdG GQNGh GX TG

    j5SDG g jN eOEG f CG M `a ,IaGG YG OY Ge

    ) V H jdG2^54 Gb jdG e %9h jdG `a TCG70jdG e %

    Gb3Yf J d c eg j GR e dG gh (a GS

    .JLMh ObG d jdG

    S G jdG cGe jN OY qEG2003 Rhj 79600He

    76800 S e2002,Yh ,V Gj dG p ra nO q CG VH j Ggh

    GdG N bCG Y Je adG Gg Yj CG j2002/2005d

    jJ `a Gh hCG IQGRdG dEG YO dG d L H400000T

    SG N2003/.2007H dG dG IYb e jOdG G g

    .JGjJ dG GjO Y

    S jdG SDe OY H d2003/2004 `dG2132 e SDe482

    h eY1650 He ,UN2086 S SDe2002 e473h eY1610.UN

    Rh Ea dP eh ,UG d SGdG HH Y e jdG RL CG j Ggh

    S SG edG dG CG M dO GP H edG dG2003/2004

    126027, He qhCG jdG `a He64808 hL) UG dG `a qHe6(

    -

    -

  • 45

    bQ hL6

    hCG jdG `a HG OY

    2003-2004

    158800

    14240

    27850

    -

    -

    2002-2003

    130336

    13011

    15255

    23065

    181967

    ebEG e jdG

    hdH jdG

    QdH jdG

    Fe ShQO `a jdG

    G

    2001-2002

    122246

    14169

    13650

    22974

    173039

    h.RG Gg U `a jce FXH j jdG GjO Ea ahjd zSSCG G{ QhH j a G dSG d eY SDe fCG

    Y XG AGOCG e aGh QH j fCGh S Gh qhCG G

    ) G jdG80 h dM %70 S aCG `a %2007jdG e `a ad (

    eDj QYH50GdG N Yj CG EG Ye gh , qhCG jdG e %

    LJ FcQ iMEG g QdH hCG hdH jdG dSCG QJ EG :eOdG

    .G jd dhdG Hc JOM c G jdG

    YdG eLh G jdG GjO H hd LdG HdG qEG

    qdG hqd qfCG dcdG h L e fhdEGh FHdGh fGh fG

    (GTZ) S hdH jdG M fb qS EG H aO iNCG L e1996

    H dG Gg CG EG .WdG iG Y jdG e dG Gg J LCG e

    ) V4^7 dG Gg J CG dP ,(e GfG HG L e a %

    .Fe LZGH QWEG Y h Se j Y Gae j

    dBG CG e ,VH gj j G jdG ee jZ CG hj

    jdG RL IOb dSCG `a KCG q ,bH OM b FGLEG GgCGh dG

    fl H M jDhQ j j fEa eY Hh ,GqMe j dG

    .G jdG `a UG dGh edG dG H cGdG GWCG

  • 46

    :G jqdG j dBG

    LMG qj dh q edG cGG `a hCG jdG qEG

    CG Y e jdG SH UG dG qJ ,dd .jdG dd IjGG

    :Y qhCG G jdG j Jjh .jdG dJ qG j

    ;G jdG Y AGOCG e JCG NGG

    ;dhdG fGe e IOUG GOYG

    ;dhdG aG dGh jdG jOU

    . qUG qSDd JG qdG jqdG

    JdBG d Gf GL V a G G jdG j QOe qeCG

    `a gCG QhdG qODj dG dH VdGh G jdG Gjd qJh Hh

    OY hL) .G dG eCG QhH jh jdG f7.(

    -

    -

    -

    -

    bQ hL7

    H jdG j QOe

    2005-2009

    1700

    950

    850

    300

    3800

    QSG fGe

    (He gQO e)

    dhdG fGe e

    hdG hdG e

    G jdG Y AGOCG e

    UG dG e

    G

    2000-2004

    1430

    920

    630

    230

    3210

  • 47

    ddG dGUdGh LSG

    LSG

    f aY dG MUEGh jQG Gd HjG QKBG q

    :je IY Y dPh ObG `a fJ `a dGh G jdG

    :dG fG e SG bW JQG28000 S e2001

    EG67000 S e.2006

    G fGS `a NCdG EG SSCG SQG f iOCG :

    dG jJ ME WCG eR Ie MJEGh dG Y fG

    JQG EG iOCG e Ggh dG GQGh dG QH gjhJh

    OY fdG dG S `a Lj UCG Ggh .`aG gGe

    `a JGNh JGAH G GOdG UCG dG e g

    H J fdG dG S UCGh .Y dG G

    CG M gDd52hCG eL i j dG dW e %

    S eG GOdG UCG f Sh .e2006f

    57 aBG `a dG e cCGh .OG dG dW e %.2009

    :dGh dGdG LMH G jdG HQ EG Gf

    VfG EG iOCG e Ggh G jdG jN J OGORG

    e ddG fG M dG id UN ,ddG `a f

    8^15 S %1999 EG9^13 S %2004.(f i CG)

    GP G jdH qJ ddG f CG EG IQTEG Qh

    N (fSh GZRh bh jdGh dG) jdhCG

    .f IdG N f

    @

    @

    @

  • QSG,(HhQhCG e fJ b) `aGG edG fL EG :

    e h edG dG jJ Sd c ,(QGSG) YLGh

    jG e jdG fG `a dG KCG IG e dY LQO

    GP SDe gh SdG SDG e jdG Hh fH fLCG

    .(GFdGh GQd FHdG HGdG :e) dY LdJ

    SDG QhOfG Y dGh jdG SS e :

    jdG dG e jdG id IQOG hQ H e UG d

    dG e) IYGhh SM Yb `a SDe H Geb

    Y U e) d Y a J GPh ( fh dEGh , e YEG

    .(dGdH LddG dH dG

    :jdGh aGG jdG `a dhG GOG qOCG

    idG SDH Vd ING SdGh dG dGh

    jJh jdGh IfG cg YOh QSG jh SdGh

    IQOd jL aO AYEG EG FGh dG GReGh aGG

    jJ M dhdG jQdG RJ e gh ,UG QSG jJh

    jY e fQH W f fJ PEG ,QSG e

    i d NCG j dG M M i NCG G dG

    S SaGH dG ObG2004jObG adG M

    U bh .dG adG TDe EG dH qe JJ Y

    JG `a f QG M YCG aJ TD dH fJ

    36.jHh e e

    e cCG) IjGG dG W Ea G `a VdG UH qeCG400000

    Vh L e (e gDe d d HUCG ZCG S c `aVEG Y W

    bW Ye Y Fb dG g qdG j ,iNCG L e ObG W

    f EG K .AGdG qM Y UGh edG dG `a jdG `a SG

    48

    @

    @

    @

  • ,jOG c j h gGS hO e idG SDG Y SSCG ce jdG

    jQSG SDG CG EG Gf d M S OLh Y dP EG oj

    dG VhY H fRGG Y IQOdG gMh J dG jdGh jdG OQGd

    CG hj dd .jdG d edG dG `a e d jdG Hh JWh

    gCdG Y QGZ Y dG ie `a HU LGj G `a jdG f

    aGJ b dGh d qG LCG GWCG gqJ MUEG e C ,edG

    jObG fGG H adG `a HG G GQfG e IQhdH e

    .YLGh dGh

    :IQcG KdG HQG GdG `a G jdG bGd G Mj

    J H dG `a INBG G jdG EG dG CGdG If qCG

    VdG `a gCGh dG Gg QhH jGG YdG G `a a

    fCG Y dEG j j a ,jJ Y IYGh OdG ObH

    bW U `a ka keY UCG H SGQdG Y d Oe

    afi e GAc e aj ,ObG dG dEG j

    .Y ie GP

    j e j e FjEGh dG GH KdG hdG gG

    .VdG `a jJ e S e Y IhY ,jJ ofh SDeh

    jdG ee `a dG dG fL EG UG dG GfG

    G G fe fG e ,GJh jh GQ qJ G

    .G Gg `a UGGh dhdG O IV

    G jdG `a IjG LdG d HjEG SfG

    Y QOdG AdG QWEG jJ :jObGh YLG IG Y

    IjL T WGe N ,gJh Seh iU SDe H

    q ,jOhOeh edG AGOCG ,ddG e dG fCT e

    .cCG aJ IQb e qh jObG SDG gDj

    49

    -

    -

    -

    -

  • LGe e HQG GdG jObG qS SG g qEG

    g Ea HHh ,fdG ahCH dG dG `a GfGh dG qj

    dGh jdG ihL e q dG bG H CG j HjG

    :e dGh G

    ;jdG dW OYh jdG cGe `a SG bW H RGdG NG

    ;jObG IQhdG `a G jdG jN eOEG HU

    .jdG c JQGh jdG QOe jOhfi

    UdG

    ,dGh G dGh jQdG ee Y YdG e jG AVE

    :eCG j

    IYdG SH dPh ,jdG ge Y fhG e jG NOEG

    .IqG dG LMG e qdG Y j M d aG

    .dG dG SDeh jQdG cGe H dG MEG

    edGh dH G jQhdG QG e qQG

    e fUh GGh ILCd dG SGh L e G

    .fK L

    .dG fG dch jdG `a FdGh YLG dG IYGe

    .SSCG dGh G jdG H HdG MCG

    dG IOL Y UH G jdG j dG iG aQ

    .dP Y AH jdG eGH AGKEGh fd SSCG jHdG

    SSCG dG `a d G Gh G M YEG YO

    dG id QNG ee H jfdG MG `ah

    .G jdG ee f JGdG LdG Y JQbh

    50

  • HdG ee H edG U S Y N IQH

    dG GP UNG de j J Y J G j dGh

    ee J Y UG e jHdG eG `a LddG

    .G jdG e

    .dG dG ie `a edG

    SDG e jdG OYG UNh LZGdG UEG OGeG

    .dG dG SD G dG GP jdG M Y

    EG jdG eG e edG dG j AJQG aBG a

    .G dG SGQdG

    51

  • ddG dG eGG dG `a jQdGh dG QhO

    dG dG - HdG G hO `a

    oY S - S eCG dG Y .O

    53

  • hCG dGNGGh OHCGh gG - eGG dG

    eGG dG Uh

    eGG dG e X (Sustainable Development)MCc IH

    ,dGh dH UG GDGh fdG dG e dG `a SSCG gG

    Gg Y j Fc d Sh eBG e `a VG gCG j

    dh , qbf dG WdH d G Gg CG c .dG H UNh ,dG

    EG fih NGe e e g H ,dP d f jW WQN g

    e GPG IHh e `a jdG da ,AH hO dh ,OG e dG

    .eOdG LCdh d eBG c IM fOQCG

    dG eGG dG e QX LjhEcologically Sustainable

    Development) dG EG1980dG jM JGSEH j e Vh eY ,

    (World Conservation Strategy)Gg j dh .AGG e Y b e

    dG M dGh dH Gh G b e gG G1987eY

    ffhH jJ f (Bruntland Commission Report)fGY c dGh

    zG e{(Our Common Future) H SCH egG YCG dG ,

    eGG dG(Davis, 1998)b `a c G Gd G gG d

    dG jRGdG `a Y dG hCG VQCG1992dG e e JG dGh ,

    .d GQT eGG

    IG CG b `a eGG dG jJ IY X d

    bH G HdG OCG `ah ,IOG GH `a dch ,G Jeh

    cP dh ,jdG e jdG Od g G dh ,eGG dH dG

    55

  • aGO jh .d IQdG VJh QdG cd e H(Davis, 1998: 106)

    IG IOL fUh d jJ JGSG J'' fCG Y eGG dG

    hd Uj c .''dG dG O Y cCdG a j jH ,keh kdM

    (Lowe, 1998: 95)Se jObG dG L fCG Y eGG dG

    jObGh dG GQYG MJ N e dG dG jM e eh

    OQGe e dG eJ IOSG j G G H Gg jh .eJh

    LCG LMH NG hO e YLGh jObG dG `a W

    hd cjh .eOdG(Lowe, 1998: 95)j eGG d FGLEG jdG CG

    N e eOdG LCG e YGJ CG H fEG H j dG fCG G

    :g SSCG hT HQCG aJ

    .dG OQGd Qe Z GSG g j CG j c

    .d G G ej CG j

    .d YLG QGSG `a g hCG QGfG g j CG j

    .iNCG G `a eGSG Y KDJ CG j

    SSCG KK OHCG d eGG dG CG YCG OQh USG h

    cQCG H J gh ,dG dGh ,ObG dGh ,YLG dG g

    ) dG Vjh .eGG d1.H NGdGh ,OHCG J (

    56

    1.

    2.

    3.

    dG

    YLG

    dG

    ObG

    dG

    dG

    dG

    eGG

    ) dG1H NGdGh eGG dG OHCG :(

  • 57

    ) dG e j1Y d KdG eGG dG OHCG G YCG (

    dG g OHCG J AdG f d HJh ,NGe g H dG H

    ) dG Vj c .fEG gQfi dGh ,G eGG2FG fG (

    .OHCG d

    dGYLG

    dG GMGdG

    ja V dGdG be `a

    dGeGG

    H bdGdG HQCG

    H IGhGG

    `a bdGdG beWGG

    gG

    bGGdGh

    GQG

    eCG

    cdG IQGOEGIdGSG

    FGdG

    fGFGdG

    FGdGjObG

    dGdG

    dGObG

    ) dG2eGG dG OHC FG fG :(

  • 58

    dhdG OGh eGG dG

    Y CGa .edG Gd NCGh hCG hDG g dG Gg `a j e

    Y aGh jM `a fEG QhOh dH J dG YLGh GDG

    jh .a QhOh dH fEG bYh ,dGh dG e Y cdG N e

    `a fG dGh zVQCG b{ `H hG dGh dG M IG CG De

    dG `a jRGdG `a zhfL hO jQ{ je1992dH dG gG b

    cCG H fc fCG dG g e e RHCG dh .HdG QhOh Jeh

    c .dG SdG ILCG Y dG jdG Ie hC Vh c Th SS

    eGG dG `a gCGh fEG QhO Y dG cCGh(Palmer, 1998)cCG

    j dG ,eGG dG jd jQdGh dG LJ IQhVh gCG Y dc

    G JbW QSG `a IhQdG EG UdGh JGhP e J d G CG

    T Gj SdG Zh SdG dG CGh UN ,jQdGh dG N e

    eGG dG `a JLMG H OGaCG gG J `a jQhV

    dG AHh ,bNCGh dG YdG LQO bCG EG Ud gjh

    dh eGG dG GgCG e G GQGh IG gGh

    dGh bEG jdG IQGRh) QGdG PJG Y `a SGdG gCG cQG

    ,fdG1995.(

    `a jaEG L zfgL{ je `a Y dG fdG VQCG b ALh

    dG2002zeGG dG{ dG JG bh ,dH dG gG Ie d

    Jh eGe J H dG IOb GdG V EG dG agh ,d GQT

    e V eh .dG QGVCG e Jh AGd Se ae jObG

    gH G SDGh hdG b gCG eG j dG `a dEG IQTEG

    YLGh dG dG IYGe a J eGe J LCG e dGh jQdH

    e fEG IM U h ,jdG ASh dG Y AdG LCG e ,ObGh

    e dG QOG Y Gh ,U H Yh ,dG AG Y G N

  • 59

    QOeh fEG `a fdG XJh ,YLGh ObG dG QGSG

    IOG bdG .(World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002)

    QYG N e eGG dH egG IG CG LJ kGNCGh

    e IdG2005-2014dGh ,eGG dG LCG e d IG CG Y

    dG e ed jQhdG GGh GAGLEG J G hdG L e j

    fl `ah jG c `a dG eGdGh jHdG G `a eGG

    dG YdG(UNESCO-UNEVOC , 2004).

    Y a (G hO) bEG hCG (Y S) G dG Y eCG

    dG MJ HSGh dG jb b GhdGh GDG e jdG

    dG zH aBG{ De GDG J V eh .Meh UJ e dG

    e IdG `a e je `a fG17-18/6/2001e jdG a QTh ,

    IhdG Y c .e `a jQdGh dG QhOh ,dG jH G

    bCG bh dP b dG HdG `a dhdG QdG VGS bEG

    e IdG `a HO je `a28-30/4/2001IhdG e SSCG dG ch ,

    hO IOSG ieh eGG dGh dG HdG `a dhdG QdG RGHEG

    ;dG GDG `a SGh cQe HdG G hd CG c .e HdG G

    hG Ic f dG c GKCJ dG We cCG e G g C dPh

    AG e c J N e fEG Y QGVCG e S eh ,G H e dG

    .AGdGh HdGh

  • 61

    dG dG``dG ``HdG

    eGG dG `a dG dG

    d dG dG j S IG Cd HdG dG dG efH QUCG

    2005,H `a IeGh dG dG GdG G Vh GjL WG

    ,HdG) QGG SMG IgXh ,dG dG QfG H MCG

    2005,SG G `a YGQdG Hd Fg QfG dP Y eh .(

    f j c Gg .HG ceCG hO `a IG Hd G LGh

    d gf gGh cS N e Y aG EG fh ,H `a e

    .dG eGSH j e fY J

    eGSG hCG dh ObG d jQhV dG eGSG G

    e f cc `a LCG jW ObG OLh QJ h ,YLG

    `a fEG Y j dG ,fGGh JdG d fe j h ,dG OQGG

    g j CG j ,H eGSG g j dh .YdG `a fGh ,e

    fEG Y bh Y YdGh ,Gh ,bdG e dhCG OGd hDe GSG

    Gg `a cdG jh .fEd a ZG Z FdG e d IQG IQGOEGh

    ,````S) GQ````Gh ,`````dGh ``bG``Gh ,```g```G :``Y ``dG2005

    (UNESCO-UNEVOC Forum, 2004).

    Sh gG `a gL J AGLEG G e fEa OHCG J dh

    `a hG ,a j dG `a hCG ,dG iG Y kAGS dG G

    eR HdG NCG GPG G j d Ggh ,H j f c `a jCGh Y e

    jHdG SDG H cGdGh ,jQdGh dGh gG N e IQOG

    .iNCG G SDeh

  • eGG dGh dG HdG

    dG `a ke kGQhO SQ Z CG SQ fc AGS HdG ODJ

    .dG Gg `a GJ GMEG j FV `a dG FdG IGOCG gh ,eGG

    hd QTG bh (Lowe, 1998: 96)`a HdG Y OYd FQ S EG

    .dG Gg `a eGe J EG UdG dHh ,GdG Gg e GMEG

    ej fS jdG- dG cEG `a fCG g HdG CG EG Lj hCG dG

    LG jQhdGh eRdG GQGh eG - G `a edG IdG e

    e cCG Fb H GdG12HdG G j ch ,dG dG `a eY

    fc dh .d jMh YLG QgORGh YU J d QSG aCG g

    a ,dhd ObG dG HdG `a GO qj dG QOG aGJh YGQdG

    dhdG ObG j CG bj Ic W QOeh ,IL YGQR VGQCG aGJ

    d gDGh HQG edG idG aGJ g dP Oj dG a BG eCG ,jbh Gc

    jG dG CG e Zda dG dG eCG .G `ah VG bdG `a

    dG Yf Oj dG g dG G CG G c H CG jObG `a GQhO ODJ

    eCG G NGO GL SG e jdG a dP Y ch .Lj dG

    j dh .G `a eGSGh jhdG bdG QN M ec S e cC

    Gdh .dH GQGb NC gDJ dG e Me Y G j CG e H dP

    H ,a SQG GQL `a IQfi d fCG Y g HdG EG dG j

    aGO ijh .LQN EG GJ(Davis, 1998)ij CG j HdG e CG

    `a YQGGh ,fe `a dGh ,QGdG eh jQGOEG HJ d SQG

    `a dG IOYEGh ,G OGaCG J `a VGh GQhO YEG AYEGh ,YQGe

    L `a QcG a QTCG bh .eG dG EG VhdG e SGQdG gG

    ) Yh2005dG f jJ EG gG LJ hdG YSG GPG fG (

    `adG GdH j J CG ,b GP kJ geh GH Y J H

    Gg SfGh ,OdG a j dG d dG FG j J ,G

    Ea ,G FN e Tj gjJh ,jQdG Wh gG `a G

    62

  • JLfl J S dG Ea Yh ,d qah Lf J Lfl S Gg

    .eGSG jb M QhJ IOe Qe e j eh H a OdG jh

    H H G Y EGh ,dH d HdG JY Y G QhdG EG GPG

    Gg EG .eGG dG eN `a H G QhdG HdG AYE RdG G

    ODJ d GG jQdGh ,Gh ,SGQdG gG QhO `a dG IOYEG j

    .Lh cCG Y e G QhdG HdG

    e IG IdG CG fdG e YCG d2005-2014CG Y g

    GgCG e Y Vh dHh ,eGG dG LCG e d IG

    dG Gg e dG dG OM dh .dG Gg N EG G J

    (Connect, 2005a)dG LhCG L `a eGG dG b SZ{ fCG Y

    G QYGh ,eGSG e j j dG ,OGaCG S `a dG d

    :g Ya GgCG N dG dG Gg e fGh .zd

    dG `a dGh dG Y QhO Y HjG IQU J

    .eGG

    `a G H OdGh YdGh UGdGh JQG Y J

    .eGG dG LC dG

    N e Jh eGG dG EG IdG d Ua J

    .G YdGh ,dG Y TEG L

    .eGG dG LCG e dG `a dGh dG Y IOL jJ

    G QGe jJ LCG e jG L `a JGSG jJ

    .eGG dG LCG e dG `a

    G `a J dhfih QYG `a GgCG g NCG hdG L Y G

    UEG EG HdG hdG e c OY S bh .OG dG QGe Y jd jHdG

    .eGG dG e aGh ,dG j LG dG dG

    63

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

  • jd kY kGDeh Jhf Y q ,(Y S) G dG a

    ieh LCGh HdG iNCG hdG Q VGSG a ,fdG dG

    Y dGh Y OG d J f EG Ud e dG IOSG

    d jObG jDhdG QYG `a GNBG jG dG e e aGj

    2020, .G gOHCH eGG dG e dc YGeh

    eGG dG `a HdG QhO

    eGG d KdG OHCGh SGQdG gG .CG

    j e fL `a GQhO -jW eR eh - SGQdG gG d d

    fG Y kG qceh ,GOhfi H SCd dh .HdG dG `a dG HdH

    CG e ZdH ,c H dG cS Y QKBG J ddh ,a `aG

    V a .Y aGh dH jdG aGgCG V e Vh hdG H

    Jh dG YGdG a :e dG `a fdGh SSCG dG GgCG

    ,ZG) jMh ,dG af Y UGh2004CG Y S `ah .(

    j dG G e edG Y dG IQb g SSCG dG GgCG MCG

    Y aG ch dH UGh dG e(Ministry of Education, 2001)

    j dh .Sh bh GQe g H ,a Qe J dG HdG d

    jJh GQG cEG Y J G NGO M GN aGJ e H dP

    .gG

    GPEGh ,dG ge `a IOLe J b dG -QaCG e Y j e `ah

    j G id H Yh jJ `a J b PEG dNOEG a IOLe J

    .eGe H J `a

    64

  • 1SGQdG gG `a dG gG eOG .

    dG gG J c `a NGe KK HdG OCG `a LJ

    :g SGQdG gG `a

    G NGV e OGe hCG eGH OGYEG j dGh :

    .dG SGQH J SGQdG G

    FG NGOGG V UN GMh J jh :

    .dH J YLG SGQdGh dc Y QG

    (edG) LefG NGdG jbh dG gG eO jh :

    .H OGe hO ddG N V IOLG SGQdG OGG L `a

    J HdG IjG Th G hO `a jHdG dG eh

    `a dG gG J `a LefG NGh FG NG

    Y j b dG HdH e IOe OGYEG c SGQdG gG

    `a dGh dGh HdG IQGRh J a .dG Y Gc SGQO

    OGG V dG gG eOEG Ne IG HdG GQeEG dhO

    FG NG Y a ,eh Y S `a G SGQdG

    ,.O) SGQdG OGG H `a Ohfi H2004Y eCG eCG .(

    TdG d AMEG IOe `a CG a Y S ge e dP

    .H fEG bYh dH UN IMh dG dG e

    2jQdG `a jG dG XJ .

    efH eGSG dG HSG eGdG V e(BioNet)

    SG T NBG efH gh(EcoNet)CG efH hCG efda

    ,ffG T ee jbh dH dG id Yh jJ ag

    j c .SGQO `a fej d Ic ee ajh

    eh e eh fCG dG H dG YVG b Me

    65

    -

    -

    -

  • efdG `a LJ dG QGG MS N e jNBG(Sarnow,

    1997)fG NGO e SQGG e c OY efdG EG fG bh .

    .HhQhCG hdG e LQNh

    3G SGQdG .

    kM kYh dG cEG `a IG dG e jdG g J

    SeJ QTCG bh .H SMEGh ,H c(Thomas, 2004)EG

    eh SSCG Ac G cQj CG e H G SGQdG CG

    aGdG jd Jh ,dG gCH dG J fC ,SQG d

    GPG jdG g G .a dG S aCG Yh Y dGh d

    WGe jJ Y YS L H XJh J MCG e

    kh e eJ `a dG e Y ke kH qe

    dG jb e `a eGSG j dG dG GQe

    `a IOLe SQ gh .dG IOLh IG IOL H fRGGh

    GQjR N e HdG G hO bHh ,dG dG dG

    .Jfe Y dGh SGQd WGdGh dG d dG

    4dH J UN eGH .

    OGH ITe bY d d dH UN efH J j CG

    J Y eCG eh .SGQdG hCG dG e dH J dG jdG

    dH j dGh zIjG MdG{`H j efH ,eGdG

    `H jG(New Tourism)G `a SQGG H `a G

    MdH eDj OGaCG jJ EG efdG Gg jh .GSG

    dG NG e MdG fH j OGaCG OGYEG CG CG ,dG

    hDG FdG) QYG `a IOG fGLh(Holthouse, 1998

    66

  • 5VQGh MG GSG .

    Jfeh dG Y cCG dG MGh VQG g QGhR j

    Y SQ QGhdG j c .....bWh AGgh Aeh HJ e

    H e Tf `a dNO e ,dH bdG GP fCG e

    jb `a VQGh MG J Y dhDG jNBG eh ,dG

    IG `a gQhOh bdGh ,G J e H(Butler, 2004).

    PG ,bCG Y dG bGh `a fG Gd J SCdh

    ,dGh adG Y G j MG J EG dG IQjR G

    .dG MdG e kGL G I Z MG J CG c

    6dG jQe .

    e dG id GQG e Y J EG SSCH hG j

    .HdGh IAGdG Jh ,QGdG PJGh ,dGh ,dGh dG

    ddG H j dG hG j CG G a ,dG fG eh

    CG h .H b Y e YLG SGQdG hCG dG IOe `a

    j CG eCG a ,kjCG bhh ddG e Yh L EG j hG

    ,hG `a SQj dG dG dGh ddG H c MG g

    .Y aG Sh ,Jfeh H Y cCG IQH j dHh

    hO bHh Y S `a dG `a jQd L H f h

    .IOG `a dG H j J PG ,HdG G

    7SG jQdG dSCG GSG .

    dG YVe jQd G ej CG dSCG IY g

    g Y dN e dG hj dG hdG dG e

    e Y OdG hCG eY dCe e dG e e

    - fj ie)2004 ,4AG Gg Y Y S cQ bh .(

    67

  • dG f `a jG jQdG FGd J N e L H

    ,dGh HdG IQGRh) SSCG2004G hO bH G c ,(

    `a gCH fEG dPh ,FGdG J e J IjG Th HdG

    .jbh G ce f gGh cdG jJ

    8dG Gh QdGh G GSG .

    dG G e jdH HdG IjG Th HdG G hO NJ

    j edG dG gQJ dG (jdG H) e dH J

    fEG) h ,jdG jdG IGh dGh jdG IhdG

    dGh bEG jdG IQGRh gQJ a gh (dGh

    e G J MJ e XJ h ,Y H G OQGeh

    .Y aG ch ,dG YVe jQJ `a YVe

    9dG H HG .

    N e fEH bYh dH gG J j CG

    G Y ,LQN hCG SQGG NGO dG H J dG HG

    fG Y jCG H ,`aG fG Y HG J J

    HdG IQGRh J N e dH dG gG dh .cdG

    zSQG dG `a dGh adG He{ J He dGh

    ,dGh HdG IQGRh) aGgCG V e dG2001:(

    10dGh Gh fdGh dG e ah gG J .

    G OGaCG gEGh ,(fdG) dG H KCJ dG g dG G

    CG c .dG gOQGe GSGh gQgJ `a dP Y d

    NCj CGH bQdG g `a f f dG eGG dG e

    H eGe J g J dh ,jHdG b e SGh egG

    68

  • .Y aG j Gh ,G `a gNCG b dG J CG e

    fdGh dG H bdG Vj LP gDheRh zjQH{ QW bh

    ,fidG) dGh Gh2004 .(

    M e SGQO j ,e jb e j jQJh G J CG

    jdG H dG j dP Hh .Y HQCG UdG KCJ

    Y dG jdG `a j dG QGdG PJG EG UdG dHh

    G a dP Y ch ,GQGdG J d aCGh YCG e

    g Y IG eGSG Y KJ c dG b j b

    SGQH dG e G j K dG `a G Va ,VQCG

    c) fdG ,(G c ,G) dG g fGL HQCG e

    KG) G ,(M `a gJ CG ch G `a gS

    ,dH dG KCJ c) dGh ,(fEG IM Y dG

    dG dGh LGG J K .(dG gCJ IOYEG ch

    GNCGh , G aCG EG Ud MG Gh d

    .G hCG dG iG Y GAGLEG e Y dG

    ,HdG G hO ge `a fG Gg `a SQ IY gh

    dCJ YCG dH SSCG dG `a dG ge a

    a .dGh Gh fdGh dG e N e Jh

    dG H bdH UN IMh a Y SSCG SOdG dG

    .dGh G Y gKCJh fdGh

    eGG d KdG OHCGh jQdG .

    hCG dG iG Y c AGS eGG dG `a GL e QhO d

    EG aG bf e QhO fGh .gZh W e G `a H G ie Y

    GSGh fCG Y OYG e Me EG H fG EG j ,d e

    69

  • YJ Y j c ,a j dG G ce M `a G dG GQe

    H j Ggh .dG e TdG edGh dG dG f G OGaCG

    GSG j J Z GOGYCG G OGYEG c `a G Gg OGYEG G

    ) gGHEG QTCG bh .fl jQJh jQJ dSCG2001j CG j G CG EG (

    dG dG gQYG `a NCJ d eb JGSEG jC SSCG dG H

    IG CG Y IQOdG FKdG UhCG c .SSCG fcQCG hCG Jfe MCc

    J dG YVG G OGYEG eGd SQG G ifi hJ IQhH

    IN e IOSG c VJh ,bWh FEGh dG dG H

    ,Yh L) dG GP eG Z dG2005.(

    j CG ?eGG dG `a G jQJ j CG c dh

    GQe J CG dG a .eGG dG `a dG G jQJ

    gG dG cH j eGG dG `a dG QhO `a UN

    J IQhV g NBG a dc eCG j GPGh .dH UG dGh

    Gg .d J dG OcCGh jHdG GQG `a eGG dG YVe

    ebEG j CG a eG AKCG d dH eCG eG b d dH

    .KdG gOHCGh eGG dG ge J d Y TQhh Ze

    H H G OGYEG c H gG fEa ,dG dG Y cch

    dGh ,HdG gCdG `a HdG efH a ,MhG GQG N e a

    `H GQNG j(Postgraduate Certificate of Education) (PGCE)eL `a

    jTOJQg(University of Hertfordshire)IVfi N b IG H

    `a dG jb J j fG c ,dG HdG Y SCG c `a Y TQh J

    iNCG GQG (Bloomfield, 1998)eOEG a jOG fG jQL `a eCG .

    dG GQG L `a dG SCGh dG jM J dG dG jdG H

    `a fCG Sd YO jQdG eGdG `a hCG fCG eG c MJ

    ,Yh L) NCG G L2005.(

    70

  • eGG dG Ve GR Y H HdGh ,G iG Y eCG

    g c Gh .G OGYCGh jQdG SDe b e `adG gH j

    eH HdG H Qe OLh G S Y e gQfG OG H

    dh ,eG d QNG Qe gh ,zdG HdG{ GH SHb dG

    dG jM UN eL gh ,ihf eL `a dGh GOBG c CG c .jQLG

    fEG{ GH a SQj jdG dG Y jQLG GQe J Y H

    La GH b eH HdG c `a eCG .H fEG bH j zdGh

    gh ,dGh fEG S H bdG Y j zdG dG Y{ GH Qe

    .dG d QNG Qe

    KdG OHCGh G SDGh jHdG YdG H cGdG .

    eGG d

    ) jhh a ij2005P Y j dG SSCG UdG MCG CG (

    gCG g ,eGG dG LCG e dG EG j dG G dG

    f dG LJ IOYEG `a G e fl a cQe e H PG ,cGdG

    Y QhH j dG CG PEG ,e he eCG G H Ggh .eGG dG

    c G `a G YdG H M cGT g fc GPG G Lh cCG

    g e J dh .G eG YdGh ,YGQdGh IQdGh YdG

    J QGdG fU dGh dG `a UG dG ge a cGdG

    ,de) eh jQhV2004 .(

    Gg `a cdH IjL QdG e Y a Y S ie Yh

    j PG ,dG GQhCd e Sh dGh HdG IQGRh H cGdG e ,fG

    Gh dG j dG GQhCd e S fC Ve S c `a J

    e S H Y cCG dG dch ,Hh SCG AGT fCG SQ a

    bEGh ,jS gQGJ dH M HdG KCG bh .MG VG N e

    IQGRhh dGh HdG IQGRh H cGT LJ c .L H Y Gh dG

    71

  • fdG WGd af H dG j PG ,G OQGeh dGh bEG jdG

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  • 80

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    2004

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    562 :158-1622005

    ) TQ ,Gh ,fi ,jQU(dG HdG ,dGh fEG,

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    81

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    17.

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    ,eGG dfj - fdG If e ,9 ,2004 .

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    ,dG Y G ,dGh bEG jdG3 :17-10 ,1995.

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    82

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    84

  • The Role of Education and Training inSustainable Development: Social, Economic

    and Environmental Dimensions

    UNESCO - UNEVOC Studies on TVET

    Arabic Version - Issue Six

    Beirut, January 2006

    UNESCO RegionalOffice - Beirut

    6

  • ii

    The Arabic version of the UNESCO-UNEVOC Studies on TVET is

    published by UNESCO Regional Office for Education in the Arab

    States - Beirut, the Regional Unit of UNEVOC Network in the Arab

    States.

    For more information or inquires, you can contact:

    UNESCO Regional Bureau for Education in the Arab States - Beirut

    P. O. Box 11-5244

    Beirut - Lebanon

    Tel: 961 1 850 013/4/5

    Fax: 961 1 824 854

    E-mail: [email protected]

    Website: www.unesco.org.lb

    Authors of the study:

    - Dr. Mohammad Jabir Ali, Al - Nahrain University - Iraq

    - Dr. Abdallah AmboSaeedi, Sultan Qaboos University - Oman

    - Dr. Jilani Lamloumi, Ecole Superieure des Sciences et Techniques

    de Tunis.

    - Dr. Sulieman A. Sulieman, UNESCO Regional Office - Beirut

    \

    The opinions, ideas and terminology presented and used in the

    study are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent

    UNESCOs opinions toward Member States.

    mailto:[email protected]://www.unesco.org.lb

  • iii

    Content (English Summary)

    Foreword

    The Role of Education and Training in Sustainable Development

    for the Arab Mashrek Countries - Social Dimension

    Dr. Mohammad Jabir Ali - Iraq

    The Role of Technical and Vocational Education and Training

    in Sustainable Development for Maghreb Countries - Economic

    Dimension, Dr. Jilani Lamloumi - Tunisia.

    The Role of Education and Training in Sustainable

    Development for Arab Gulf States - Environmental Dimension

    Dr. Abdallah AmboSaeedi - Oman

    I.

    II.

    III.

  • 1

    Foreword

    Education, Training and Sustainable Development are three fields

    for life were selected to be the topic in the Regional Workshop on the

    Role of Education and Training in Sustainable Development (Manama -

    Kingdom of Bahrain, 19-21 September 2005), as part of TVET-UNEVOC

    programme for 2004-2005, and follow-up on Bonn Declaration issued

    at the end of the International Expert Meeting on Learning for Work,

    Citizenshie and Sustainability, Bonn, 25-28 October 2004.

    Thirty five (35) officiales, experts and specialists from thirteen (13)

    Arab countries, UNESCO Offices in Beirut and Doha, and the

    International Centre for TVET - Bonn Centre took part in Bahrain

    Workshop. The Organizing Committee for the Workshop had highlighted

    the social, economic and enviromental dimensions of sustainable

    development, according to the plan of action of the UN Decade on

    Education for Sustainable Development (2005-2014). The main working

    papers discussed in the Workshop were developed into a reference study

    in TVET-UNEVOC Searies to reflect on future orientations in the fields

    related to Sustainable Development in the Arab countries.

    I would like to thank the team of experts and specialists whom

    they participated in the preparations of the study, and call on

    colleagues to benefet in TVET-UNEVOC programmes to include

    presented ideas and sugesstions in the study within future

    developmental plans and programmes.

    Dr. Ramzi Salame

    Director, a.i

    UNESCO Regional Office - Beirut

  • 3

    I. The Role of Education and Training inSustainable Development for the Arab MashrekCountries - Social Dimension

    Dr. Mohammad Jabir Ali - Iraq

    Introduction

    After organizing, conducting, and attending numerous

    conferences and symposia, it is inevitable to ask what all of this

    effort has contributed to the structure of educational systems of

    Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET).

    Apparently, it has not. If it did, it has not got to the classroom and

    never to the student himself/herself. It defiantly has not reached the

    society and affected its sectors.

    TVET decision makers and educational leaders have been torn

    between two directions. One claims portraying contemporary spirit

    engaging in collecting debatable quantitative data to be analyzed in

    order to get to fruitful conclusions. Hence, ignoring, in most cases;

    qualitative aspects of this sophisticated phenomenon called learning.

    The second elaborates on very specialized terminologies and vague

    theories emphasizing theoretical differences trying to solve problems on

    this level. Hence, departing from the real on the ground issues, those

    issues that deal with the classrooms and eventually with the students.

    We need:

    Actual realistic and objective approa1ches which do not

    set aside actual details of the learning process taking

    place in the classroom and/or in the lab and in the

    institute or school itself.

    Objective analytical attitude, which avoids personal and

    subjective tendencies.

    1.

    2.

  • 4

    Alignment with the accumulation of knowledge

    emerging in the world in the area of TVET.

    It is evident that most of TVET systems in Arab countries have

    disappointed their societies by not fulfilling actual aspirations. They

    have been acting in a separate environment, which is not closely

    related to the social atmosphere.

    It is evident and clearly observed in TVET leadership believing

    that the ultimate goal of the institute/school is to make student

    graduate. There is a strong belief in many leaders that the role of

    institute ends when the student graduates. This is a fouls belief,

    especially when we consider the institute as one of the social bodies,

    which is closely integrated in the aspirations of the big society.

    ObjectivesThis paper aims at:

    Analyzing the status quo of TVET in some Arab states is

    relation to their role in sustainable development.

    Pinpointing some important factors, that contributes to

    the failure of some systems of TVET in implementing

    their role in sustainable development.

    Highlighting recommended approaches to develop a

    better and affective role of Arab TVET in sustainable

    development.

    ContentThe paper sighted some relevant citations from Arab TVET

    literature, which could contribute to verify its stands and

    conclusions. The writer has not emphasized detailed information

    1.

    2.

    3.

    3.

  • 5

    about certain Arab countries, for other papers would present them

    in the workshop.

    The paper comprises three chapters. The first gives a

    theoretical background and conceptual framework to the topic of

    TVET and its role in sustainable development, with emphases on

    social developments. The second gets into professional and

    educational conduct of some chosen countries, i.e. Iraq, Jordan,

    Palestine, Syria, and Lebanon in this category. The third gives

    recommended look and approach to be adopted in further

    development of TVET in Arab World.

    Major IssuesThe paper presents critical approach to many aspects of TVET

    systems based on the belief that criticism is one way to provoke

    attention and therefore development. The following are the main

    points presented in this regards:

    TVET stated objectives in most of Arab countries avoid

    the issue of graduates follow-up. They ignore the role of

    the institute in the society, sharing its aspirations and

    participating in its professional activities. They have

    been set, generally speaking, in a theoretical setting

    disregarding applications in the real society.

    Lack of experience in negotiation skills to participate in

    active sharing role with all sectors of production and

    industry.

    Lack of solid strategies dealing with actual involvement

    in vocational and professional contracts with the

    production agencies in the general society.

    1.

    2.

    3.

  • 6

    Conclusions

    The paper proposed several systematic questions to be asked

    by a concerned TVET institute in order to enable its leadership and

    staff to develop a systematic plans and approaches to develop its

    role in sustainable development. The following questions are a

    sample of the questions:

    Where would the graduate go after graduation?

    Who (and how many) would fail in work and why?

    How much of the experience gained will be sustainable?

    Can the students implement what they have gained?

    How much of whatever they will implement would be

    useful to the community?

    What are the most urgent and essential needs of the

    community.

    How much of the above information does the institute,

    or the department, knows?

    Does the institute have a certain policy and scientific

    approaches to deal with the outputs these questions

    provide?

    Can the institute develop new strategies accordingly?

    Would the institute take any action in this regards of

    developing an active role on devolvement in sustainable

    development?

    7.

    8.

    9.

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6.

    10.

  • 7

    II. The Role of Technical and Vocational Educationand Training in Sustainable Development forMaghreb Countries - Economic Dimension

    Dr. Jilani Lamloumi - Tunisia

    This survey deals with the technical and professional teaching

    and training in three North African countries: Algeria, Morocco and

    Tunisia. Its objective is to understand the functioning system of this

    kind of teaching, have a clear view about its evolution, and check

    up its efficiency in responding to the national needs of each country

    facilitating its integration in the new world economic order.

    To start with, it should be mentioned that people in general

    and the governments in particular are becoming more and more

    aware of the important role this sector may have to enhance the

    economic growth of their countries - The general view has shifted

    from considering the technical and professional teaching and

    training as a solution to those who have left school at an early age,

    to viewing it as a reliable sector capable of providing the country

    with highly skilled and qualified manpower urgently required by the

    economic development.

    The governments of the three countries have shown great

    interest for this sector and have worked a lot on establishing

    adequate strategies to promote this sector and have devoted much

    of the investments to set up and finance institutions and schools for

    technical and professional teaching.

    Apart from the states efforts, the technical and the professional

    teaching has benefited from private investors and entrepreneurs who

    also contributed in establishing special schools to help young people

    acquire new skills and get professional and technical qualifications.

  • 8

    The new attitude of the governments as well as that of people

    in general towards technical and professional teaching or training

    has led to many positive results, such as improving the competence

    and the productivity of the worker, teaching young people and

    helping them start up their own small or medium-sized enterprises,

    creating new jobs and reducing unemployment.

    These benefits will therefore enable the three North African

    countries to face globalization and improve their competitively in the

    international markets. However, many difficulties are facing the

    technical and professional teaching and are hindering its efficiency.

    The most important hurdles that are meeting the sector are the high

    cost of training on one hand and the limitation of the financing

    resources on the other, the imbalance between the offered places in

    training centres and the number of applicants, and the difficulty of

    integrating graduate people in the economic life because their

    qualifications don it meet the needs of the market.

    As a consequence, to increase the efficiency of this sector,

    certain points should be taken into consideration.

    First, the methods of training should be more and more flexible,

    by providing the trainee with a basic knowledge to help him cope

    easily with the continuously changing requirements of the market.

    Second, there should be some kind of collaboration between

    training centres and institutions of scientific research.

    Third, providing the trainee with the basic knowledge

    concerning the health and the professional safety on one hand and

    the correct usage of the machines and tools on the other hand.

    Finally, taking into account the social and environmental

    aspects in the training.

  • 9

    III. The Role of Education and Training inSustainable Development for Arab Gulf StatesEnvironmental Dimension

    Dr. Abdallah AmboSaeedi - Oman

    Introduction

    Environmental problems are no longer limited, but they have

    become multifaceted and intervening with many everyday life

    situations such as density of cities, energy crisis, developmental

    problems, armament race, poverty, inequality and illiteracy.

    Environmental issues do not affect a specific nation but all

    nations on earth have their share of these problems. But the

    developing world countries have paid the heavy price for these

    issues. It is sufficient to know that half the population in these

    countries live below the line of poverty; their living circumstances

    are hard, if not impossible, because of the scarcity of resources, air

    and water pollution, the cruelty of nature in the equatorial areas, the

    deterioration of environment, the scarcity of medicine besides the

    the suffering of more than 1.5 Billion of the population from diseases

    due to the lack of healthy drinking water or drinking polluted water

    as well as the inability to establish sanitation projects.

    Man is considered the axis of environment. He is the cause of

    the many problems that are taking place around us. Any solutions

    for the problems should spring from the knowledge of the nature of

    the relationship between man and environment as well as the

    weaknesses in this relationship. The beginning of remedy should

    start with man who is considered the main factor in environment. In

    the light of the above-mentioned facts, man has a tremendous

  • 10

    responsibility towards the environment in which he is living and in

    which his offspring will live in the future. This responsibility is

    reflected in the changes of behavior, attitudes and living patterns.

    The new century has witnessed great challenges. The greatest

    challenge is finding ways and techniques which enable people to

    live and work sustainably so all people - regardless of their religion,

    race, color or living places - can get their needs from the resources

    without affecting the future of next generations and the availability

    of resources which enable them to live in peace and comfort.

    In the light of all this, the concept of sustainable development

    emerged as one o the main concepts in the international conferences

    of environment and development. This reflects the importance of the

    issue in achieving safe life to every creature living on this earth

    especially human being. This concept is not as simple as we expect but

    it is multifaceted and needs a lot of efforts without delay if we want to

    guarantee safe and comfortable life to us and to the next generations.

    Achieving sustainable development requires radical changes in

    the attitudes and behaviors of the human being either on the

    personal or social level, in the society he is living in, in his

    workplace and in every activity he is doing. This is not going to

    happen unless education takes the initiative through the curricula,

    teaching and training and partnership between the educational

    institutions and other institutions in the society.

    The world is not just helplessly watching what is happening

    on our planet. Global conferences and summits have been held to

    stop this deterioration. The United Nations conference known as

    The Earth Summit which was held in Redo Janeiro (Brazil) in 1992

    is considered the peak of attention given to the environment and its

  • 11

    problems and the role of education. This summit was the largest

    political gathering which for the first time put the environmental

    issues on the political agenda. The summit emphasized the role of

    man in sustainable development and the importance of gearing

    teaching and training towards it. This means that teaching and

    training are essential for societies to achieve their identities and

    make the utmost of their resources.

    Finally, the United Nations concluded its attention to

    sustainable development by considering the era from 2005 to 2014 as

    the Untied Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development.

    This requires from all countries taking the necessary steps and

    measures to incorporate the concept of s


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