Heterosis Studies for Various Morphological Traits of Rice ... Kumar, et al.pdf · 6/10/2017 ·...

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(10): 507-521

507

Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.610.062

Heterosis Studies for Various Morphological Traits of

Rice under Drought Conditions

Santosh Kumar*, N.K. Singh, Rajesh Kumar, Satish Kumar Singh,

Nilanjaya, Chandan Kumar and Avinash Kumar

Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University

Pusa Samastipur- 848125, Bihar, India *Corresponding author

A B S T R A C T

Introduction

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a principal staple

food for more than 50% of the world’s

population. Rice is grown under diverse eco-

geographical conditions in various tropical

and subtropical countries, including India and

Pakistan. To meet the future food demand,

anticipated from the projected world

population increase, there is an urgent need to

take necessary steps for enhancing the

productivity of this crop (Ram et al., 2007).

Heterosis breeding is a fundamental tool for

the expression of various cross combinations

and its potential for commercial exploitation

of heterosis under different environmental

conditions. Overall positive heterosis desired

for yield and yield relating traits and negative

heterosis for days to 50% flowering and plant

height (Nuruzzaman et al., 2002). Generally

heterosis is expressed in three ways according

to the performance of the hybrids over its

parents (mid parent and better parent

heterosis) and commercially growing rice

varieties (standard heterosis) in comparison

with different morphological traits (Gupta,

2000). Heterosis breeding is very important

genetic tool in conventional breeding for the

enhancement of yield and many other yield

related traits both qualitative and quantitative

in all crops under stress conditions (Srivstava,

2000). Conventional breeding strategy play a

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 10 (2017) pp. 507-521 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Experiment was conducted to study heterosis for different morphological traits i.e. days to

fifty per cent flowering (DFF), plant height (PH), chlorophyll content (CC), tillers per

plant (TPP), relative water content (RWC), panicle length (PL), grains per panicle (GPP),

1000 grain weight (1000-GW), harvest index (HI) and yield per plant (GYP) under

drought conditions with Randomized Block Design (RBD) at DRPCAU, Pusa Samastipur

Bihar in 2016 Our results indicates that the maximum standard heterosis under drought

condition i.e. 119.05% was recorded in (P2 X P8) for tillers per plant followed by 109.86%

in (P4 x P10) for grain yield per plant, 73.53% in (P4 x P10) for grains perpanicle, 39.92% in

(P3 x P7) for chlorophyll content, 27.72% in (P1 x P2) for harvest index, 27.08% in (P3 x P5)

for 1000- grain weight, 24.40% in (P3 x P6) for panicle length and 10.78% in (P1 x P3) for

relative water content. Some hybrids had good heterosis for specific traits such as tillers

per plant, 1000 grain weight and yield per plant that can be used for the development of

new hybrid rice varieties. It can be concluded that our recent genotype has great potential

that can be used for development of new varieties.

K e y w o r d s

Heterosis, Rice,

Plant,

Morphological.

Accepted:

07 September 2017

Available Online: 10 October 2017

Article Info

https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.610.062


508

very important role for the screening,

production of high yielding hybrids and

exploitation of heterosis as well as the

specific combining ability of crosses. The

most important point for the plant breeders is

to produce high yielding hybrids is the

selection of the parents and their hybrids.

Diallel analysis is the most powerful tool for

estimating the general combining ability

(GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) and

the exploitation of the heterosis. Positive

heterosis for grain yield per plant and other

parameters were reported by many

researchers (Li et al., 2002). On the other

hand, positive significant heterosis was

reported by (Hong et al., (2002) and Alam et

al., (2004) for yield and various yield

contributing traits. Hybrid rice varieties have

been released from different countries with

greater yield potential 15 to 20% than the

commercial growing rice varieties under

different environments (Yuan et al., 2000).

Manickavelu et al., (2006) conducted an

experiment to develop and evaluate biparental

progenies for drought tolerance in rice.

Genetic analysis of biparental progenies

resulted that, the traits viz,. days to 50% RWC

and plant height were governed by additive

gene action for improvement of these traits

while, days to flowering, productive tillers per

plant, 1000- grain weight, and grain yield can

be improved by heterosis breeding. Main

objective of the study was to evaluate rice

genotypes for yield and yield related traits for

heterosis to develop new breeding lines that

can perform better in water stress conditions.

Materials and Methods

The experimental materials for the present

study consist of 10 rice genotypes received

from Department of Plant Breeding and

Genetics, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central

Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur,

Bihar in Table 1. These genotypes were

mated in half diallel fashion to obtain 45

direct crosses. During kharif 2015, the ten

genotypes were crossed among themselves in

diallel mating design (Griffing, Model-I,

Method-II) and thus 45 direct crosses were

obtained. These 45 F1’s hybrids along with 10

parents including checks (Sahbhagi dhan)

obtained from these crossing programme were

sown on 24 June 2016, eighteen days old

seedling were transplanted under drought

condition (rainout shelter) in randomized

Block Design (RBD) with three replications.

The total number of entries are 55 (45 crosses

+ 10 parents) including check. Sahbhagi dhan

was used as standard checks. The

experimental plot in each replication had two

rows of two meter length with inter row and

intra row spacing of 20cm and 15cm,

respectively. Eighteen days old seedlings

were transplanted with single plant per hill

.Recommended packages of practices were

followed to raise a good crop.

Chlorophyll content (SPAD)

Leaf chlorophyll content was recorded by

measuring leaf greenness using a portal

chlorophyll meter (Monilta Camera Co. Ltd.,

Japan). This meter operates by clamping the

sensor head on to a leaf blade. Leaf

chlorophyll content was measured by light

absorbance in the range of red and infrared. A

silicon photodiode receptor converts the

transmitted light to analogue electrical

signals, which are then converted into digital

signals and used by the microprocessor to

calculate the dimensionless SPAD unit value.

SPAD readings were collected from the

middle region of first fully opened leaf from

the top in five randomly selected plants of

each genotype and they were averaged across

each plot and expressed as SPAD reading per

plant.

Relative water content in flag leave (%)

Five fully expanded leaves were taken

randomly from flag leaves of selected plants


509

of rice. Fresh weight (FW) of the flag leaves

was measured immediately with an electronic

balance and immersed in the distilled water

for 12 hours so that they became fully turgid.

The flag leaves were dried with blotting paper

and turgid weight (TW) was recorded.

Afterward, leaves were placed in Kraft paper

bags and kept in oven for 24 hours at 800C

and dried weight (DW) was recorded. Leaf

relative water content (RWC) of the flag

leaves was determined using the equation

given by Barr and Weatherley (1962).

RWC = 100D.W.T.W.

D.W.F.W

Where,

F.W. = Fresh Weight of flag leaf (g)

D.W. = Dry Weight of flag leaf (g)

T.W. = Turgid Weight of flag leaf (g)

Harvest index (%)

Harvesting index is the ratio of economical

yield to biological yield and it was calculated

by using the following formula.

Harvest index =

100straw)yield(grainyieldbiologicaTotal

yieldGrain

Diallel cross

The ten genotypes were crossed in diallel

fashion to produce F1 seed in all possible

combination excluding the reciprocal crosses

during the year 2015. The seeds of F1 and

their parents were grown in the rainout shelter

in pots with RBD replicated trial under water

stress condition to determine better parent

heterosis and standard heterosis.

A replication comprised of 55 entries (45

F1s+ parents). Data was recorded of each

parent plant and their respective cross on the

basis of following observations days to fifty

per cent flowering, plant height, chlorophyll

content, tillers per plant, relative water

content, panicle length, grains per panicle,

1000 grain weight, harvest index and yield

per plant.

Statistical analysis

The data recorded on the 45 F1 hybrids and

10 parents were subjected to statistical

analysis SAS version 9.2. Combining ability

was also calculated by Grifing’s approach

(1956) Mid parent heterosis and better parent

heterosis were calculated by using different

formulas.

Estimation of relative heterosis,

heterobeltiosis and economic (standard)

heterosis

Percent increase or decrease of F1 over mid

parent, better parent and standard check has

been referred as heterosis, heterobeltiosis and

economic heterosis, respectively.

Heterosis (over mid parent), heterobeltiosis

(over better parent) and economic heterosis

(standard heterosis) was calculated as per

procedure suggested by Shull (1908), Fonseca

and Patterson (1968) and Meredith and

Bridge (1972), respectively for individual as

well as over the environments.

Relative heterosis

100(%) 1

MP

MPFHeterosis

Significance of heterosis was tested by using

student “t” test.

MPF

grSE

MPFt

1

1)1)(1(

Where,

F1 = Mean Value of F1

MP = Mean mid parent value

i.e. (P1+P2)/2


510

r

EMSSE

MPF 2

3

1

Where,

EMS = Error mean square

r = Number of replications

Heterobeltiosis

BP

BPFiosisHeterobelt

1

Significance of heterobeltiosis was tested by

using student “t” test

BPF

grSE

BPFt

1

1)1)(1(

Where,

BP = Value of better parent

r

EMSSE

BPF

2

1

Standard heterosis

BC

BCF 1heterosisStandard

Significance of economic heterosis was tested

by using student “t” test.

BCF

grSE

BCFt

1

1)1)(1(

Where,

BC = Value of standard check/best check

r

EMSSE

BCF

2

1

Heterosis in positive direction was considered

desirable for all the characters except traits

like days to 50% flowering and plant height

where negative direction was considered

desirable.

Results and Discussion

The analysis of variance was carried out to

partition the total variance in to variance due

to genotype and other sources for all

characters. Mean sum of square due to

treatment were found highly significant for all

the morpho-physiological characters studied,

indicating presence of ample amount of

variability among the treatment (Table 2).

The analysis of variance of the experimental

material generated through 10 x 10 half diallel

crosses for days to 50 per cent flowering,

plant height, chlorophyll content, tillers per

plant, relative water content in flag leaf (%),

panicle length (cm), grains per panicle, 1000-

grain weight (g), harvest index and grain yield

per plant. Perusal of the data revealed

significant variability for all the characters.

Highly significant differences were found

among the parents and their crosses for all the

traits, indicating that the material selected

were diverse for all the traits and also resulted

in creation of substantial genetic variability in

the crosses. The mean sum of squares for

genotypes and hybrids were highly significant

for all the characters for all the crosses

generated through diallel experiment.

Heterosis is a complex genetical phenomenon

which depends upon the balance of additive,

dominance and interaction components as

well as the distribution of genes in the

parental lines. Heterosis breeding is primarily

based on the identification of parents and their

cross combinations capable of producing the

highest level of transgressive seggregants.

The magnitude of heterosis depends on the

extent of genetic diversity between parents

and helps in choosing the parents for superior

Fl.

In the present investigation, two types of

heterosis viz., heterobeltiosis (HB) and

economic heterosis or standard heterosis (SH)

have been calculated. The magnitude of

heterosis have been expressed as per cent

increase or decrease of F1 value over better

parent (heterobeltiosis) and over standard


511

check (standard or economic heterosis). The

character wise results of better parent and

economic heterosis are presented in Tables 3–

6. For all the characters, positive values were

considered desirable whereas. For days to 50

per cent flowering and plant height negative

values were considered desirable for

calculating heterobeltiosis and economic

heterosis. Commercial exploitation of hybrid

vigoris feasible only if the vigor is in excess

of prevailing commercial check and better

parent.

One of the major objectives in plant breeding

is to get higher grain yield per plant,

therefore, emphasis was given in the present

study for heterosis over better parent and

standard check. The trait wise results are

summarized as under:

The knowledge of heterosis with inbreeding

depression would help in elimination of poor

crosses in early stages. The magnitude of

heterosis varied from cross to cross for all the

characters studied, of these, the character of

economic importance for rice is grain yield

and the heterotic response obtained for this

character is of greater importance for the

purpose of practical plant breeding. The

measure of heterosis over better parent and

standard check (Sahbhagi dhan) is of much

practical importance. In present investigation,

therefore, the heterosis has been measured

over the better parent and standard check.

Thus, the aim of heterosis analysis in the

present study was to search out the best

combination of parents giving high degree of

useful heterosis and characterization of

parents for their prospects for future use in

breeding programme. A large number of

hybrids had significant desired heterosis over

the better parent as well as standard check for

various traits.

The present study is an attempt to assess the

possibilities of commercial exploitation of

heterosis and to develop better varieties and

elite lines for further breeding programme.

The results revealed wide range of heterotic

patterns for all the traits studied. None of the

cross combination recorded significant

heterosis for all the traits simultaneously.

These results are in agreement with the

findings of Alam et al., (2004); Rashid et al.,

(2007); Parihar and Pathak (2008); Neelam et

al., (2009); Kumar et al., (2010); Najeeb et

al., (2011) and Dwivedi and Pandey (2012).

For grain yield per plant the range of

heterobeltiosis varied from -52.62** (IR 64 X

Vandana) to 83.87** (RAU-1415-35-76-9-5-

3-4 X Dhanlaxmi). Twelve cross

combinations out of 45 recorded significant

and positive heterobeltiosis over best parents.

For standard heterosis the spectrum of

variation ranged from -31.59** (RAU 1451-

66-1-1-5-1 X IR 64) to 109.86** (IR87707-

182-B-B-B X Sahbhagi dhan). Out of 45

crosses, 19 cross exhibited significant positive

standard heterosis for grain yield per plant.

Most of the crosses which showed significant

and positive heterosis for grain yield also

showed significant and positive heterosis for

most of the yield attributing characters. For

example the cross IR87707-182-B-B-B X

Sahbhagi dhan showed significant and

positive heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis

for seed yield also showed significant and

positive standard heterosis for grains per

panicle. The cross combination RAU1415-35-

76-9-5-3-4 X IR87707-182-B-B-B showed

significant and positive heterobeltiosis and

standard heterosis for seed yield also showed

significant standard heterosis for days to fifty

per cent flowering and chlorophyll content.

The cross RAU1421-12-1-7-3 X Sahbhagi

dhan showed significant and positive

heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis for seed

yield also showed significant standard

heterosis for days to fifty per cent flowering,

chlorophyll content, relative water content

and grains per panicle. The cross IR87707-

182-B-B-B X Richharia showed significant

and positive standard heterosis for seed yield


512

also showed significant and positive standard

heterosis for relative water content, panicle

length, and grains per panicle, while

RAU1415-35-76-9-5-3-4 X Dhanlaxmi

showed significant and positive


yield. This cross also showed significant and

positive standard heterosis for chlorophyll

content, tillers per plant and grains per

panicle. The cross combination RAU1451-66-

1-1-5-1 X Vandana, may be selected for

higher grain yield per plant, early flowering

and high relative water content, it showed

significant and positive standard heterosis for

these traits.

The cross RAU1451-66-1-1-5-1 X RAU1415-

35-76-9-5-3-4 showed significant and positive


yield per plant, it also showed significant and

positive standard heterosis for days to fifty

per cent flowering, plant height, chlorophyll

content, tillers per plant, grains per panicle

and harvest index, which is desirable under

drought stress condition. So, this cross may be

selected as promising and can be utilized in

future breeding programme for drought stress

condition. Some crosses did better than the

average grain yield per plant of their parents.

This showed the existence of dominance or

non-additive gene actions. These findings are

in close agreement with the various workers

who reported a standard heterosis of more

than 20 per cent for grain yield increase over

standard variety. Annadhurai and Nadarajan

(2001), Janardhanam et al., (2001), Yadav et

al., (2004), Datt and Mani (2004), Bhandarker

et al., (2005), Malini et al., (2006),

Eradasappa et al., (2007), Parihar and Pathak

(2008), Venkatesan et al., (2008), Roy et al.,

(2009), Kumar et al., (2010), Tiwari et al.,

(2011) and Kumar et al.,(2012), Dwivedi and

Pandey, (2012).

For days to 50 per cent flowering the heterotic

effects of 10 crosses out of 45 crosses showed

increase over better parental values and these

10 crosses were found to be negative

significant, and the heterosis ranged from -

4.37*% (Vandana X Richharia) to -13.48**%

(RAU-1415-35-76-9-5-3-4 X IR 64). The

range of positive heterosis was found to

0.00% (IR87707-182-B-B-B X Vandana) to

16.38% (RAU 1421-12-1-7-3 X Vandana).

The overall range of heterobeltiosis was

found to be from -13.48**% (RAU-1415-35-

76-9-5-3-4 X IR 64) to 16.38% (RAU 1421-

12-1-7-3 X Vandana). 24 crosses out of 45

crosses showed positive heterobeltiosis and

11 crosses out of 24 were found to be

significant. Significant negative standard

heterosis over standard check, Sahbhagi dhan.

Standard heterosis for days to 50% flowering

ranged from -18.28** (RAU 1451-66-1-1-5-1

X RAU-1415-35-76-9-5-3-4 $ RAU-1415-35-

76-9-5-3-4 X RAU 1421-12-1-7-3) to 2.99

(IR87707-182-B-B-B X IR 64). Thirty eight

crosses showed negative and significant

Stander heterosis for days to 50% flowering.

Out of 45 crosses, 10 crosses revealed

desirable heterobeltiosis and standard

heterosis. Some of the crosses manifested

significant positive heterobeltiosis, while

others exhibited low negative values,

probably due to the varying extent of genetic

diversity between parents of different crosses

for the component characters. Early flowering

in hybrids had been reported by Lokaparkash

et al., (1992), Patil et al., (2003) and Kumar

et al., (2010). Shorter plant type is an

important character of hybrid to withstand

lodging. High desirable heterobeltiosis for

plant height was observed in the cross

combination IR 64 X Richharia.

For plant height, heterobeltiosis ranged from -

16.61** (IR 64 X Richharia) to 49.72**

(IR87707-182-B-B-B X Vandana). Out of 45

crosses 9 cross combinations exhibited

negative and significant heterobeltiosis.

Standard heterosis for plant height ranged

from -20.36** (RAU 1451-66-1-1-5-1 X IR

64) to 52.75** (IR87707-182-B-B-B X


513

Vandana). Nine crosses showed negative and

significant Stander heterosis for plant height.

Maximum desirable standard heterosis for

plant height was observed in the cross

RAU1451-66-1-15-1 x IR64 compared to the

standard check. Luat et al., (1985), Rao et al.,

(1996) and Kumar et al., (2010). Also

observed negative heterosis for plant height.

Table.1 List of parental genotypes

Sl. No. Genotypes

1 RAU 1451-66-1-1-5-1

2 RAU-1415-35-76-9-5-3-4

3 RAU 1421-12-1-7-3

4 IR87707-182-B-B-B

5 IR 64

6 Vandana

7 Rasi

8 Dhanlakhmi

9 Richharia

10 Sahbhagi Dhan

Table.2 Analysis of variance for diallel mating desing (Method II, Model I) for fifteen

quantitative characters

Sl.

No

Mean sum of square

Characters Rep Genotypes Parent Crosses Parent

VS

Crosses

Error

Df 2.00 54.00 9.00 44.00 1.00 108.00

1 Days to fifty percent flowering (d) 111.44 66.71**1** 72.83** 58.40** 190.41** 3.85

2 Plant height (cm) 15.24 532.39** 311.70** 581.09** 904.95** 27.45

3 Chlorophyll content (SPAD) 9.26 43.67** 32.57** 44.77** 5.66** 7.63

4 Tillers per plant 1.80 15.43** 2.53 16.57** 92.45** 1.83

7 Relative water content (%) 0.32 28.80** 17.20** 30.40** 28.25** 10.07

8 Panicle length (cm) 032 9.80** 11.23** 9.77** 15.01** 1.76

12 Grains per panicle (no) 75.62 1327.96** 1300.37** 1393.11** 397.83** 26.44

13 1000- grain weight (g) 6.18 11.24** 6.40 12.66** 0.03 5.46

14 Harvest index 34.30 105.91** 26.37 122.67** 1.24 26.01

15 Grain yield per plant (g) 2.99 200.17** 161.61** 210.64** 424.09** 9.40

*, ** Significant at 5 and 1 per cent respectively


514

Table.3 Extant of heterosis for days to 50% flowering, plant height and chlorophyll content

Sl. No Crosses DFF PH CC

HB SH HB SH HB SH

1 P1 X P2 -2.67 -18.28 ** -0.91 -14.89** -6.97 14.43*

2 P1 X P3 1.77 -14.18** 2.59 -5.63 3.43 19.08**

3 P1 X P4 1.59 -4.85** -11.89** -11.65** -8.72 5.09

4 P1 X P5 -7.12** -7.46** -7.09 -20.36** -7.93 6.00

5 P1 X P6 3.88 -10.07** 4.19 6.30 -26.66** -15.57*

6 P1 X P7 0.88 -14.55** 10.26* -2.45 5.19 26.42**

7 P1 X P8 -1.27 -13.06** -6.53 -10.21* -1.05 21.88**

8 P1 X P9 -3.17 -8.96** -13.81** 0.74 -0.15 14.97*

9 P1 X P10 6.33** -5.97** 6.37 3.00 -5.59 13.95*

10 P2 X P3 -3.10 -18.28** -4.95 -12.56** -12.51* 7.62

11 P2 X P4 -2.39 -8.58** -6.55 -6.30 -5.34 16.44*

12 P2 X P5 -13.48** -13.81** -2.23 -16.03** 8.75 33.77**

13 P2 X P6 0.86 -12.69** 5.35 7.48 -6.15 15.44*

14 P2 X P7 3.52 -12.31** 4.29 -7.73 0.57 23.70**

15 P2 X P8 0.42 -11.57** -1.54 -5.42 1.91 25.52**

16 P2 X P9 -4.76* -10.45** -12.71** 2.02 -1.50 21.16**

17 P2 X P10 4.64* -7.46** -6.63 -9.58* -6.32 15.23*

18 P3 X P4 6.77** 0.00 5.43 5.72 -6.31 -1.67

19 P3 X P5 -5.24** -5.60** 2.75 -5.47 15.23* 20.94**

20 P3 X P6 16.38** 0.75 41.21** 44.07** -20.52** -9.75

21 P3 X P7 7.05** -9.33** 11.01* 2.12 16.43** 39.92**

22 P3 X P8 5.51** -7.09** -0.94 -4.85 -1.53 21.29**

23 P3 X P9 1.19 -4.85** -6.31 9.50* 2.69 18.24**

24 P3 X P10 6.33** -5.97** 4.37 1.07 -5.98 13.49*

25 P4 X P5 3.37 2.99 -9.83* -9.58* 9.48 14.40*

26 P4 X P6 0.00 -6.34** 49.72** 52.75** -3.95 9.07

27 P4 X P7 -7.97** -13.81** -2.10 -1.83 6.03 27.42**

28 P4 X P8 -1.99 -8.21** -1.12 -0.85 -6.21 15.53*

29 P4 X P9 9.13** 2.61 -13.76** 0.79 -10.32 3.27

30 P4 X P10 3.59 -2.99 -5.10 -4.84 -7.67 11.44

31 P5 X P6 -9.74** -10.07** 11.44** 13.69** 11.05 26.10**

32 P5 X P7 -7.12** -7.46** 7.38 -5.00 -8.92 9.46

33 P5 X P8 -8.99** -9.33** -3.51 -7.31 3.34 27.29**

34 P5 X P9 -1.87 -2.24 -16.61** -2.53 0.57 15.81*

35 P5 X P10 -0.75 -1.12 21.35** 17.51** -20.89** -4.51

36 P6 X P7 6.03** -8.21** -6.10 -4.20 -16.15** 0.76

37 P6 X P8 4.24* -8.21** -10.48* -8.67* -7.87 13.49*

38 P6 X P9 -4.37* -10.07** 2.39 19.68** 6.84 23.03**

39 P6 X P10 -2.11 -13.43** 2.16 4.23 -0.35 20.28**

40 P7 X P8 5.08* -7.46** 8.30 4.03 -15.60** 3.96

41 P7 X P9 0.79 -5.22** -2.51 13.95** -5.72 13.30*

42 P7 X P10 -4.64* -15.67** 9.57* 6.11 -3.23 16.80**

43 P8 X P9 -1.98 -7.84** -9.77** 5.46 -0.87 22.10**

44 P8 X P10 3.38 -8.58** -3.68 -6.73 -0.83 22.15**

45 P9 X P10 -2.38 -8.21** -13.93** 0.60 -6.04 13.41*

* and ** Significant at 5 and 1 per cent respectively


515

Table.4 Extant of heterosis for tillers per plant, relative water content and panicle length

Sl. No Crosses TPP RWC PL

HB SH HB SH HB SH

1 P1 X P2 94.44** 66.67** -1.91 5.64 -6.79 -1.99

2 P1 X P3 94.44** 66.67** 5.53 10.78** 10.10* 16.02**

3 P1 X P4 55.56** 33.33* -5.64 -0.95 7.74 7.44

4 P1 X P5 73.91** 90.48** 0.43 5.42 -5.21 1.80

5 P1 X P6 44.44* 23.81 1.33 8.05** -5.11 1.96

6 P1 X P7 72.73** 80.95** 3.85 9.01** -3.65 -3.91

7 P1 X P8 83.33** 57.14** 1.78 6.84* -13.11** -13.34**

8 P1 X P9 -13.04 -4.76 -5.67 -0.98 -0.97 7.54

9 P1 X P10 31.82* 38.10* 2.81 7.93** -7.91 0.00

10 P2 X P3 58.82** 28.57 -4.90 2.42 0.00 3.86

11 P2 X P4 22.22 4.76 -4.03 3.35 -4.81 0.10

12 P2 X P5 -8.70 0.00 -4.67 2.67 -2.12 5.13

13 P2 X P6 23.53 0.00 -8.82** -1.80 -3.26 3.94

14 P2 X P7 9.09 14.29 -1.58 6.00 -7.24 -2.46

15 P2 X P8 155.56** 119.05** -6.90* 0.26 -2.20 2.84

16 P2 X P9 43.48** 57.14** -4.58 2.76 1.91 10.67*

17 P2 X P10 54.55** 61.90** -0.81 6.83* -2.04 3.00

18 P3 X P4 -11.11 -23.81 -6.11 -3.11 -7.12 -2.13

19 P3 X P5 13.04 23.81 8.90** 10.23** 4.70 12.44**

20 P3 X P6 29.41 4.76 1.12 7.84** 15.78** 24.40**

21 P3 X P7 -9.09 -4.76 0.18 1.89 -7.62 -2.66

22 P3 X P8 0.00 -14.29 5.97 8.04** -6.44 -1.41

23 P3 X P9 -17.39 -9.52 0.57 2.03 -5.26 2.89

24 P3 X P10 9.09 14.29 8.95 10.28** 3.43 -3.36

25 P4 X P5 4.35 14.29 6.10 9.49** -1.52 5.77

26 P4 X P6 55.56** 33.33* 2.19 8.98** 7.75 15.77**

27 P4 X P7 18.18 23.81 6.18 9.57** 0.74 -1.40

28 P4 X P8 38.89* 19.05 -1.40 1.75 -1.69 -3.79

29 P4 X P9 -26.09 -19.05 4.90 8.25** 2.62 11.44**

30 P4 X P10 4.55 9.52 -1.38 1.77 7.15 3.44

31 P5 X P6 -26.09 -19.05 1.59 8.33** -0.80 6.59

32 P5 X P7 -13.04 -4.76 7.89* 9.73** -5.85 1.11

33 P5 X P8 -8.70 0.00 -4.73 -2.86 -11.13** -4.56

34 P5 X P9 -21.74 -14.29 5.09 6.62* 6.56 15.73**

35 P5 X P10 13.04 23.81 2.55 2.55 7.15 10.50*

36 P6 X P7 -22.73 -19.05 -5.85 0.40 -6.30 0.67

37 P6 X P8 72.22** 47.62** -0.80 5.79 -12.89** -6.40

38 P6 X P9 52.17** 66.67** -8.18* -2.09 10.71* 20.23**

39 P6 X P10 0.00 4.76 -3.29 3.13 3.99 11.73**

40 P7 X P8 36.36* 42.86** 1.20 3.18 17.51** 5.10

41 P7 X P9 4.35 14.29 1.02 2.75 8.93* 18.30**

42 P7 X P10 -13.64 -9.52 5.96 7.78** 1.29* 10.30*

43 P8 X P9 -13.04 -4.76 -3.24 -1.34 2.35 11.16**

44 P8 X P10 -27.27 -23.81 4.68 6.73* 7.46 7.44

45 P9 X P10 -17.39 -9.52 6.94* 8.80** -1.85 6.59



516

Table.5 Extant of heterosis for grains per panicle, 1000- grain weight and harvest index

Sl. No Crosses GPP 1000- GW HI

HB SH HB SH HB SH

1 P1 X P2 1.37 13.91** 13.69* 14.65 20.49* 27.72**

2 P1 X P3 19.40** 34.56** -2.25 8.08 13.69* 25.34**

3 P1 X P4 -7.92* 3.66 -2.11 8.38 1.94 13.04

4 P1 X P5 -3.28 8.85* -35.41** -19.08* -28.80** -21.83**

5 P1 X P6 -11.23** 2.06 11.00* 22.73 2.34 8.66

6 P1 X P7 7.92* 3.65 1.22 17.71 7.66* 22.12**

7 P1 X P8 -23.22** -13.60** 4.64 17.03 -40.96** -37.71**

8 P1 X P9 -33.68** -21.87** -3.23 19.97* 7.05* 5.57

9 P1 X P10 7.93* 21.51** -2.04 8.33 17.94* 17.93*

10 P2 X P3 -13.02** -3.44 6.16 13.08 2.30 12.78

11 P2 X P4 8.60* -2.03 16.28* 3.76 13.07* 14.30

12 P2 X P5 2.29 9.90** -9.03 13.96 11.86* 22.81**

13 P2 X P6 4.55 20.03** -1.51 8.33 3.39 9.77

14 P2 X P7 -18.91** -13.01** -10.98* 3.52 1.88 15.57

15 P2 X P8 14.33** 22.76** 13.10* 8.38 12.77* 8.92

16 P2 X P9 -11.75** 3.94 2.50 27.07* 2.12 8.24

17 P2 X P10 -10.88** -4.58 14.49 21.93* 2.90 9.06

18 P3 X P4 22.99** -14.24** 19.00* 20.68* 11.25* 12.28

19 P3 X P5 2.77 13.93** 1.43 27.08* 1.30 11.68

20 P3 X P6 8.29* 24.31** 12.66* 12.91 12.88* 13.42

21 P3 X P7 5.54 17.14** -1.40 14.67 2.75 16.55

22 P3 X P8 -19.67** -10.67** -3.36 8.08 -2.62 7.35

23 P3 X P9 41.25** -30.83** 18.08* 13.96 8.13* 1.29

24 P3 X P10 -1.66 9.30** 12.20 13.08 -8.72 0.63

25 P4 X P5 0.63 -1.26 -36.71** -20.72* -29.54** -21.87**

26 P4 X P6 9.36** 25.94** 10.13 21.93* -17.72* -8.75

27 P4 X P7 22.74** 21.08** 0.63 17.03 -0.31 13.08

28 P4 X P8 -21.94** -23.41** 7.27 19.97* -1.94 8.74

29 P4 X P9 26.63** -13.51** 15.05* 17.72 17.60* 2.48

30 P4 X P10 73.54** 73.53** 3.54 14.65 4.22 7.05

31 P5 X P6 -8.56* 5.08 -17.18* 3.75 -18.69* -10.74

32 P5 X P7 -0.31 -1.66 -20.19** -0.02 -28.58** -18.98**

33 P5 X P8 20.07** 3.02 0.59 26.02* 7.25* 17.75*

34 P5 X P9 1.04 18.90** -2.03 22.73* -13.63* -5.18

35 P5 X P10 -0.61 -0.72 1.46 12.22 3.06 8.90

36 P6 X P7 -13.37** -0.18 -16.37* -2.75 -10.83* 1.15

37 P6 X P8 27.27** 46.44** 10.91* 24.04* -6.47 -0.70

38 P6 X P9 20.89** 42.34** -9.79 11.83 -6.24 -0.45

39 P6 X P10 21.66** 39.79** 5.75 16.29 13.79 20.82*

40 P7 X P8 13.71** 12.53** -5.39 10.02 -5.47 7.23

41 P7 X P9 -10.18** 5.79 1.05 25.28* 0.11 13.55

42 P7 X P10 -4.00 -3.78 -4.80 10.71 -4.30 8.54

43 P8 X P9 10.70** 30.56** -7.94 14.13 10.11* 16.15

44 P8 X P10 2.27 2.56 -0.39 11.42 9.12 15.79

45 P9 X P10 -4.70 12.22 -5.53 17.09 11.29 11.29



517

Table.6 Extant of heterosis for grain yield per plant

Sl. No Crosses GYP

RH HB SH

1 P1 X P2 67.47** 64.01** 50.44**

2 P1 X P3 5.63 -14.95* 27.83**

3 P1 X P4 -18.31* -33.38** -3.15

4 P1 X P5 -36.73** -45.06** -31.59**

5 P1 X P6 59.45** 50.75** 55.22**

6 P1 X P7 67.06** 30.09* 19.33

7 P1 X P8 -8.42 -17.53 -24.36**

8 P1 X P9 21.50* 20.38 10.42

9 P1 X P10 52.48 46.19 46.20**

10 P2 X P3 -24.14** -39.88** -9.64

11 P2 X P4 57.62** 26.47** 83.87**

12 P2 X P5 -15.00 -27.49** -9.71

13 P2 X P6 23.52* 14.50 17.90

14 P2 X P7 83.01** 44.71** 27.25**

15 P2 X P8 100.35** 83.87** 61.68**

16 P2 X P9 16.02 14.66 3.24

17 P2 X P10 27.22 19.55 19.54

18 P3 X P4 14.74* 12.86 69.63**

19 P3 X P5 -6.21 -14.25 28.88**

20 P3 X P6 13.14 -4.67 43.28**

21 P3 X P7 27.62** -14.49* 28.53**

22 P3 X P8 -2.20 -27.20** 9.43

23 P3 X P9 22.38** 20.27** 47.07**

24 P3 X P10 44.44* 20.28** 80.78**

25 P4 X P5 -47.12** -50.92** -28.64**

26 P4 X P6 -10.35 -23.43** 11.32

27 P4 X P7 -0.87 -33.00** -2.60

28 P4 X P8 8.24 -18.53* 18.44

29 P4 X P9 38.58** 12.20 63.13**

30 P4 X P10 71.05** 44.35** 109.86**

31 P5 X P6 -48.13** -52.62** -41.00**

32 P5 X P7 15.68 -18.41* 1.60

33 P5 X P8 -17.70 -34.57** -18.53

34 P5 X P9 -13.41 -25.40** -7.11

35 P5 X P10 64.40** 49.16** 83.10**

36 P6 X P7 -12.27 -34.35** -32.41**

37 P6 X P8 -4.62 -18.28 -15.86

38 P6 X P9 18.37 10.94 14.23

39 P6 X P10 52.82 50.63** 55.08**

40 P7 X P8 31.91* 11.85 -17.83

41 P7 X P9 30.89* 2.61 -7.61

42 P7 X P10 64.97 24.65 24.67**

43 P8 X P9 55.76** 41.42** 27.34**

44 P8 X P10 17.69 2.06 2.05

45 P9 X P10 19.47 13.53 13.54



518

For chlorophyll content heterobeltiosis and

Standard heterosis ranged from -26.66**

(RAU 1451-66-1-1-5-1 X Vandana) to

16.43** (RAU 1421-12-1-7-3 X Rasi) and -

15.57* (RAU 1451-66-1-1-5-1 X Vandana) to

39.92** (RAU 1421-12-1-7-3 X Rasi),

respectively. Only two crosses out of 45

exhibited significant positive heterobeltiosis

for chlorophyll content, whereas 32 cross

combinations exhibited significant positive

Stander heterosis for chlorophyll content.

Maximum heterobeltiosis and standard

heterosis was exhibited by RAU 1421-12-1-7-

3 X Rasi to an extent of 16.43% and 39.92%

respectively.

For number of tillers per plant heterobeltiosis

ranged from -27.27 (Dhanlaxmi X Sahbhagi

dhan) to 155.56** (RAU-1415-35-76-9-5-3-4

X Dhanlaxmi). Out of 45 crosses 17 crosses

exhibited positive significant heterobeltiosis

for number of tillers per plant. Standard

heterosis for number of tillers per plant

ranged from -23.81 (RAU 1421-12-1-7-3 X

IR87707-182-B-B-B and Dhanlaxmi X

Sahbhagi dhan) to 119.05** (RAU-1415-35-

76-9-5-3-4 X Dhanlaxmi). Fourteen crosses

showed positive and significant Standard

heterosis for number of tillers per plant.

Maximum heterobeltiosis and standard

heterosis was exhibited by RAU-1415-35-76-

9-5-3-4 X Dhanlaxmi to an extent of 155.56%

and 119.05% respectively. Datt and Mani

(2004), Yadav et al., (2004), Pandya and

Tripathi (2006), Eradasappa et al., (2007),

Parihar and Pathak (2008) and Tiwari et al.,

(2011) also reported similar results in rice.

For relative water content Heterobeltiosis and

Standard heterosis ranged from -8.82**

(RAU-1415-35-76-9-5-3-4 X Vandana) to

8.90** (RAU 1421-12-1-7-3 X IR 64) and -

3.11 (RAU 1421-12-1-7-3 X IR87707-182-B-

B-B) to 10.78 (RAU 1451-66-1-1-5-1 X RAU

1421-12-1-7-3) respectively. Out of 45

crosses 3 crosses exhibited significant

positive heterotic effects over their respective

better parent. Whereas the 20 cross

combinations were found Significant and

positive standard heterosis over check

Sahbhagi dhan for high chlorophyll content in

leaves.

As regards to heterobeltiosis for panicle

length, RAU 1451-66-1-1-5-1 X RAU 1421-

12-1-7-3 (10.10*), RAU 1421-12-1-7-3 X

Vandana (15.78**), Vandana X Richharia

(10.71*), Rasi X Dhanlaxmi (17.51**), Rasi

X Richharia (8.93*), Rasi X Sahbhagi dhan

(1.29*), crosses expressed significant positive

heterotic effect. Maximum and minimum

heterobeltiosis was observed in the cross Rasi

X Dhanlaxmi (17.51**) and RAU 1451-66-1-

1-5-1 X Dhanlaxmi (-13.11**) respectively.

For Standard heterosis its range varied from -

13.34** (RAU 1451-66-1-1-5-1 X

Dhanlaxmi) to 24.40** (RAU 1421-12-1-7-3

X Vandana), significant positive standard

heterosis over standard check Sahbhagi dhan,

were observed in RAU 1451-66-1-1-5-1 X

RAU 1421-12-1-7-3 (16.02**), RAU-1415-

35-76-9-5-3-4 X Richharia (10.67*), RAU

1421-12-1-7-3 X IR 64 (12.44**), RAU

1421-12-1-7-3 X Vandana (24.40**),

IR87707-182-B-B-B X Vandana (15.77**),

IR87707-182-B-B-B X Richharia (11.44**),

IR 64 X Richharia (15.73**), IR 64 X

Sahbhagi dhan (10.50*), Vandana X

Richharia (20.23**), Vandana X Sahbhagi

dhan (11.73**), Rasi X Richharia (18.30**),

Rasi X Sahbhagi dhan (10.30*) and

Dhanlaxmi X Richharia (11.16**) hybrids for

panicle length.

For number of grains per panicle,

Heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis ranged

from –33.68** (RAU 1451-66-1-1-5-1 X

Richharia) to 73.54** (IR87707-182-B-B-B

X Sahbhagi dhan) and -23.41** (IR87707-

182-B-B-B X Dhanlaxmi) to 73.53**

(IR87707-182-B-B-B X Sahbhagi dhan)

respectively. Out of 45 crosses studied

eighteen crosses exhibited significant positive

heterotic effect over their respective better


519

parent for grains per panicle. Out of 45

crosses 20 crosses exhibited significant

positive standard heterosis over check

Sahbhagi dhan.

For 1000- Grain weight heterobeltiosis ranged

from -36.71** (IR87707-182-B-B-B X IR 64)

to 19.00** (RAU 1421-12-1-7-3 X IR87707-

182-B-B-B). Out of 45 crosses, nine crosses

exhibited significant heterobeltiosis in

positive direction. Standard heterosis ranged

from -20.72** (IR87707-182-B-B-B X IR 64)

to 27.08* (RAU 1421-12-1-7-3 X IR 64).

Eleven crosses out of 45 showed significant

positive standard heterosis for 1000- Grain

weight. The cross RAU 1421-12-1-7-3 X

IR87707-182-B-B-B recorded the maximum

heterobeltiosis, while the cross combination

RAU1421-12-1-7-3 X IR64 recorded the

maximum standard heterosis over the check

Sahbhagi dhan. Results are in agreement with

the findings of Datt and Mani (2004), Pandya

and Tripathi (2006), Singh et al., (2007),

Parihar and Pathak (2008), Roy et al., (2009),

Tiwari et al., (2011) and Kumar et al., (2012).

For harvest index with regards to

heterobeltiosis, its range varied from -40.96**

(RAU 1451-66-1-1-5-1 X Dhanlaxmi) to

20.49* (RAU 1451-66-1-1-5-1 X RAU-1415-

35-76-9-5-3-4). Standard heterosis for harvest

index ranged from -37.71** (RAU 1451-66-

1-1-5-1 X Dhanlaxmi) to 27.72** (RAU

1451-66-1-1-5-1 X RAU-1415-35-76-9-5-3-

4). Maximum desirable heterobeltiosis and

standard heterosis for harvest index was

observed in the cross RAU 1451-66-1-1-5-1

X RAU-1415-35-76-9-5-3-4, along with yield

and most of the yield attributing traits. Out of

45 crosses, 14 and 7 crosses revealed

desirable heterobeltiosis and standard

heterosis respectively. Some of the crosses

manifested significant negative

heterobeltiosis, while others exhibited low

positive values, probably due to the varying

extent of genetic diversity between parents of

different crosses for the component

characters. These findings are uniformity with

the results reported by kumar et al., (2010).

The exploitation of heterosis in crop plant is

regarded as one of the major breakthrough in

the field of plant breeding. The application of

heterosis is considered to be an outstanding

application of principles of genetics to

agriculture. The scope of exploitation of

hybrid vigour depends on directions and

magnitude of heterosis and type of gene

action involved.

In present study, the magnitude of the

heterosis varied from cross to cross. The top 5

crosses viz., IR87707-182-B-B-B X Sahbhagi

dhan, RAU-1415-35-76-9-5-3-4 X IR87707-

182-B-B-B, IR 64 X Sahbhagi dhan,

RAU1421-12-1-7-3 X Sahbhagi dhan and

RAU 1421-12-1-7-3 X IR87707-182-B-B-B,

showed high significant positive standard

heterosis over the check Sahbhagi dhan for

grain yield and various yield component

characters.

In general, considerable heterobeltiosis and

standard heterosis observed for grain yield per

plant and other associated characters

suggested the presence of large genetic

diversity among the parental genotype and

also the unidirectional distribution of allelic

constitution contributing towards desirable

heterosis in the present material. The negative

heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis and

expressed by a number of crosses for

characters such as days to 50 per cent

flowering and plant height suggested that

hybrids were superior to the parents for these

traits and heterotic effects were in the desired

direction.

References

Alam, M. F., Kumar, M. R., Nuruzzaman, M.,

Parvez, S., Swaraj, A. M., Alam, I. and

Ahsan, N. 2004. Genetic basis of

heterosis and inbreeding depression in


520

rice (Oryza sativa L.) J. Zhejiang

University Sci., 5 (4): 406-411.

Annadhurai, A., and Nadarajan, N. 2005.

Heterosis for yield and its component

traits in rice. Madras Agri. J., 88(1-3):

184-186.

Barr, H. D. and Weatherley, P. E. (1962).A

re-examination of the relative turgidity

technique for estimating water deficit in

leaves.Australian Journal of Biological

Science.15:413-428.

Bhandarkar, S., Rastogi, N. K. and Arvind, K.

2005. Study of heterosis in rice. Oryza,

42 (3): 218-119.

Datt, S., and Mani, S. C. 2004. Heterosis for

yield and grain dimensions in basmati

rice (Oryza sativa L.). Oryza, 41(1 and

2): 4-7.

Dwivedi, D. K., and Pandey, M. P. 2012.

Gene Action and Heterosis for Yield

and Associated Traits in Indica and

Tropical Japonica Crosses of Rice

(Oryza sativa L.) Involving Wide

Compatibility Gene(s). International

Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics

6: 140-150.

Eradasappa, E., Ganapathy, K. N., Satish, R.

G., Santhala, J. And Nandarajan, N.

2007. Heterosis studied for yield and

yield components using CMS lines in

rice. Crop Res., 34 (1, 2 and 3): 152-

155.

Gupta, S.K. (2000). Plant Breeding: theory

and techniques. Published by updesh

purohit for Agrobios, India.

Hong, D.L., K.Q. Yang, and E.F. Pan 2002.

Heterosis of F1s derived from different

ecological types and combining ability

of their parents in Japonica rice (Oryza

sativa L.). Chinese J. Rice Sci.,

16(3):216:220.

Janaradhanam, V., Nadarajan, N. and Jebraj,

S. 2001. Studies on heterosis in rice

(Oryza sativa L.). Madra Agric. J., 88:

721-723.

Kumar, A., Singh, S., and Singh, S, P. 2012.

Heterosis for Yield and Yield

Components in Basmati Rice. Asian

Journal of Agricultural Research 6(1):

21-29.

Kumar, S., Singh, H. B., Sharma, J. K. and

Sood, S. 2010. Heterosis for morpho-

physiologicsl and qualitative traits in

rice. Oryza, 47 (1): 17-21.

Li, W., J.Z. Zhang, G.Q. Zhang, and Q.F. Zuo

2002. Analysis of heterosis of main

agronomic traits in Indica-Japonica

lines of rice. J. southwest Agric. Univ.,

24 (4): 317-320.

Lokaprakash, R., Shivasankar, G.,

Mahadrppa, M., Gowda, B. T. S. and

Kulkarni, R. S. 1992. Heterosis in rice,

Oryza, 29: 293-297.

Malini, N., Sundaram, T., Ramakrishnan, S.

and Saravanan, S. 2006. Prediction of

hybrid vigour for yield attributes among

synthesized hybrids in rice. Research

Journal of Agricultural and Biological

Sciences 2: 166-170.

Manickavelu, A., N. Nadrajan, S.K. Ganesh

and R.P. Gnanamalar 2006. Genetic

analysis of biparental in rice (Oryza

sativa L.). Asian J. Pl. Sci., 5(1): 33-36.

Najeeb, S., Zargar, M. A., Rather, A. G.,

Sheikh, F. A., Ahanger, M. A. and

Razvi, S. M. 2011. Combining ability

study in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under

temperate conditions of Kashmir.

Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding

2(1): 31-40.

Neelam, S., Ramesha, M. S., Reddy, T. D.

and Sankar, A. 2009. Study of heterosis

by utilizing male sterility-restoration

system in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Journal of Rice Research 2: 110-120.

Nuruzzaman, M., M.F. Alam, M.G. Ahmad,

A.M. Shohael, M.K. Biswas, M.R.

Amin, and M.M. Hossain 2002. Studies

on parental variability and heterosis in

rice. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci., 5(10): 1006-

1009.

Pandya, R., and Tripathi, R. S. 2006.


521

Heterosis breeding in hybrid rice.

Oryza, 43 (2): 87-93.

Parihar, A., and Pathak, A. R. 2008.

Heterosis for various quantitative

traits in rice. Oryza 15: 181-187.

Patil, D. V., Thiyagarajan, K. and Pushpa, K.

2003. Heterosis exploration in two line

hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.). Crop

Research, 25: (3) 514-519.

Ram, S.G., V. Thiruvengadam and K.K.

Vinod 2007. Genetic diversity among

cultivars, landraces and wild relatives of

rice as revealed by microsatellite

markers. J. Appl. Genet. 48(4): 337-345.

Rao, A. M., Ramesh, S., Kulkarni, R. S.,

Savithramma, D. L. And Madhusudhan,

K. 1996. Heterosis and combining

ability in rice. Crop Improvement, 23

(1): 53-56.

Rashid, M., cheema, A. A. and Ashraf, M.

2007. Line x tester analysis in basmati

rice. Nuclear Institute for Agriculture

and Biology (NIAB) P. O. Box 128,

Jhang Road, Faisalabad,Pakistan Pak.

J. Bot., 39(6): 2035-2042

Roy, S. K., Senapati, B. K., Mahapatra, S. P.

and Sarkar, K. K. 2009. Heterosis for

yield and quality traits in rice. Oryza, 46

(2): 87-93.

Singh, N. K., Singh, A. K., Sharma, C. L.,

Singh, P. K. And Singh, O. N. 2007.

Study of heterosis in rice using line x

tester mating system. Oryza, 44 (3):

260-263.

Srivastava, H. K., 2000. Nuclear control and

mitochondrial transcript processing with

Relevance to cytoplasmic male sterility

in higher plants. Crop. Sci., 79(2): 176

186.

Tiwari, D. K., Pandey, P., Giri, S. P. and

Dwivedi, J. L. 2011. Heterosis studies

for yield and its components in rice

hybrids using CMS system.

International Journal of Botany 10: 29-

42.

Venkatesan, M., Anbuselvam, Y., Murugan,

S. and Palaniraja, K. 2008. Heterosis for

yield, its components and grain traits in

rice (Oryza sativa L.). Oryza, 45 (1):

76-78.

Yadav, L. S., Maurya, D. M., Giri, S. P. and

Singh, S. B. 2004. Nature and

magnitude of heterosis for growth yield

and yield components in hybrid rice.

Oryza, 41 (1 & 2): 1-3.

Yuan, S., S. Wen, Z. Li, J. Wan, Y. Tian and

C. Liu 2000. Study on the combining

ability of indica two line hybrid rice. J.

huazhong Agric. Univ., 19: 204-208.

How to cite this article:

Santosh Kumar, N.K. Singh, Rajesh Kumar, Satish Kumar Singh, Nilanjaya, Chandan Kumar

and Avinash Kumar. 2017. Heterosis Studies for Various Morphological Traits of Rice under

Drought Conditions. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 6(10): 507-521.

doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.610.062

https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.610.062

Heterosis Studies for Various Morphological Traits of Rice ... Kumar, et al.pdf · 6/10/2017 ·...

Documents

Transcript of Heterosis Studies for Various Morphological Traits of Rice ... Kumar, et al.pdf · 6/10/2017 ·...